1
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Xu Z, Lu J, Lu D, Li Y, Lei H, Chen B, Li W, Xue B, Cao Y, Wang W. Rapidly damping hydrogels engineered through molecular friction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4895. [PMID: 38851753 PMCID: PMC11162443 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels capable of swift mechanical energy dissipation hold promise for a range of applications including impact protection, shock absorption, and enhanced damage resistance. Traditional energy absorption in such materials typically relies on viscoelastic mechanisms, involving sacrificial bond breakage, yet often suffers from prolonged recovery times. Here, we introduce a hydrogel designed for friction-based damping. This hydrogel features an internal structure that facilitates the motion of a chain walker within its network, effectively dissipating mechanical stress. The hydrogel network architecture allows for rapid restoration of its damping capacity, often within seconds, ensuring swift material recovery post-deformation. We further demonstrate that this hydrogel can significantly shield encapsulated cells from mechanical trauma under repetitive compression, owing to its proficient energy damping and rapid rebound characteristics. Therefore, this hydrogel has potential for dynamic load applications like artificial muscles and synthetic cartilage, expanding the use of hydrogel dampers in biomechanics and related areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jiajun Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Di Lu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yiran Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Hai Lei
- School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Wenfei Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Bin Xue
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Yi Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- Chemistry and Biomedicine innovation center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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2
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Xu Z, Chen Y, Cao Y, Xue B. Tough Hydrogels with Different Toughening Mechanisms and Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2675. [PMID: 38473922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Load-bearing biological tissues, such as cartilage and muscles, exhibit several crucial properties, including high elasticity, strength, and recoverability. These characteristics enable these tissues to endure significant mechanical stresses and swiftly recover after deformation, contributing to their exceptional durability and functionality. In contrast, while hydrogels are highly biocompatible and hold promise as synthetic biomaterials, their inherent network structure often limits their ability to simultaneously possess a diverse range of superior mechanical properties. As a result, the applications of hydrogels are significantly constrained. This article delves into the design mechanisms and mechanical properties of various tough hydrogels and investigates their applications in tissue engineering, flexible electronics, and other fields. The objective is to provide insights into the fabrication and application of hydrogels with combined high strength, stretchability, toughness, and fast recovery as well as their future development directions and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yanru Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Bin Xue
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250000, China
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3
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Zhang M, Gong S, Hakobyan K, Gao Z, Shao Z, Peng S, Wu S, Hao X, Jiang Z, Wong EH, Liang K, Wang CH, Cheng W, Xu J. Biomimetic Electronic Skin through Hierarchical Polymer Structural Design. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309006. [PMID: 38072658 PMCID: PMC10870077 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Human skin comprises multiple hierarchical layers that perform various functions such as protection, sensing, and structural support. Developing electronic skin (E-skin) with similar properties has broad implications in health monitoring, prosthetics, and soft robotics. While previous efforts have predominantly concentrated on sensory capabilities, this study introduces a hierarchical polymer system that not only structurally resembles the epidermis-dermis bilayer structure of skin but also encompasses sensing functions. The system comprises a polymeric hydrogel, representing the "dermis", and a superimposed nanoporous polymer film, forming the "epidermis". Within the film, interconnected nanoparticles mimic the arrangement of interlocked corneocytes within the epidermis. The fabrication process employs a robust in situ interfacial precipitation polymerization of specific water-soluble monomers that become insoluble during polymerization. This process yields a hybrid layer establishing a durable interface between the film and hydrogel. Beyond the structural mimicry, this hierarchical structure offers functionalities resembling human skin, which includes (1) water loss protection of hydrogel by tailoring the hydrophobicity of the upper polymer film; (2) tactile sensing capability via self-powered triboelectric nanogenerators; (3) built-in gold nanowire-based resistive sensor toward temperature and pressure sensing. This hierarchical polymeric approach represents a potent strategy to replicate both the structure and functions of human skin in synthetic designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical EngineeringUNSWSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Shu Gong
- Department of Chemical & Biological EngineeringMonash UniversityClaytonVIC3800Australia
| | - Karen Hakobyan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical EngineeringUNSWSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Ziyan Gao
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUNSWSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Zeyu Shao
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical EngineeringUNSWSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Shuhua Peng
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUNSWSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Shuying Wu
- School of EngineeringMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSW2109Australia
| | - Xiaojing Hao
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy EngineeringUNSWSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Zhen Jiang
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic EngineeringUniversity of WollongongWollongongNSW2522Australia
| | - Edgar H. Wong
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical EngineeringUNSWSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Kang Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Graduate School of Biomedical EngineeringUNSWSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Chun H. Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUNSWSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Department of Chemical & Biological EngineeringMonash UniversityClaytonVIC3800Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical EngineeringUNSWSydneyNSW2052Australia
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4
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Tian Y, Wang Z, Cao S, Liu D, Zhang Y, Chen C, Jiang Z, Ma J, Wang Y. Connective tissue inspired elastomer-based hydrogel for artificial skin via radiation-indued penetrating polymerization. Nat Commun 2024; 15:636. [PMID: 38245537 PMCID: PMC10799914 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Robust hydrogels offer a candidate for artificial skin of bionic robots, yet few hydrogels have a comprehensive performance comparable to real human skin. Here, we present a general method to convert traditional elastomers into tough hydrogels via a unique radiation-induced penetrating polymerization method. The hydrogel is composed of the original hydrophobic crosslinking network from elastomers and grafted hydrophilic chains, which act as elastic collagen fibers and water-rich substances. Therefore, it successfully combines the advantages of both elastomers and hydrogels and provides similar Young's modulus and friction coefficients to human skin, as well as better compression and puncture load capacities than double network and polyampholyte hydrogels. Additionally, responsive abilities can be introduced during the preparation process, granting the hybrid hydrogels shape adaptability. With these unique properties, the hybrid hydrogel can be a candidate for artificial skin, fluid flow controller, wound dressing layer and many other bionic application scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhihao Wang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuiyan Cao
- College of Physics, MIIT Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics and Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621999, Sichuan, China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chong Chen
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiwen Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, Jiangsu, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Ma
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, Jiangsu, China.
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China.
| | - Yunlong Wang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Yang W, Chen J, Zhao Z, Wu M, Gong L, Sun Y, Huang C, Yan B, Zeng H. Recent advances in fabricating injectable hydrogels via tunable molecular interactions for bio-applications. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:332-349. [PMID: 37987037 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02105j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels with three-dimensional structures have been widely applied in various applications because of their tunable structures, which can be easily tailored with desired functionalities. However, the application of hydrogel materials in bioengineering is still constrained by their limited dosage flexibility and the requirement of invasive surgical procedures. Compared to traditional hydrogels, injectable hydrogels, with shear-thinning and/or in situ formation properties, simplify the implantation process and reduce tissue invasion, which can be directly delivered to target sites using a syringe injection, offering distinct advantages over traditional hydrogels. These injectable hydrogels incorporate physically non-covalent and/or dynamic covalent bonds, granting them self-healing abilities to recover their structural integrity after injection. This review summarizes our recent progress in preparing injectable hydrogels and discusses their performance in various bioengineering applications. Moreover, the underlying molecular interaction mechanisms that govern the injectable and functional properties of hydrogels were characterized by using nanomechanical techniques such as surface forces apparatus (SFA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The remaining challenges and future perspectives on the design and application of injectable hydrogels are also discussed. This work provides useful insights and guides future research directions in the field of injectable hydrogels for bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuai Yang
- Zhongyuan Critical Metals Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Jingsi Chen
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Ziqian Zhao
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Lu Gong
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Yimei Sun
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Charley Huang
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Bin Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
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6
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Zhu J, Tao J, Yan W, Song W. Pathways toward wearable and high-performance sensors based on hydrogels: toughening networks and conductive networks. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad180. [PMID: 37565203 PMCID: PMC10411675 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Wearable hydrogel sensors provide a user-friendly option for wearable electronics and align well with the existing manufacturing strategy for connecting and communicating with large numbers of Internet of Things devices. This is attributed to their components and structures, which exhibit exceptional adaptability, scalability, bio-compatibility, and self-healing properties, reminiscent of human skin. This review focuses on the recent research on principal structural elements of wearable hydrogels: toughening networks and conductive networks, highlighting the strategies for enhancing mechanical and electrical properties. Wearable hydrogel sensors are categorized for an extensive exploration of their composition, mechanism, and design approach. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of wearable hydrogels and offers guidance for the design of components and structures in order to develop high-performance wearable hydrogel sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jingchen Tao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Weixing Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
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7
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Ge X, Wen H, Fei Y, Xue R, Cheng Z, Li Y, Cai K, Li L, Li M, Luo Z. Structurally dynamic self-healable hydrogel cooperatively inhibits intestinal inflammation and promotes mucosal repair for enhanced ulcerative colitis treatment. Biomaterials 2023; 299:122184. [PMID: 37276796 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are a class of biocompatible materials with versatile functions that have been increasing explored for the localized treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC), but various mechanical stimuli may cause premature hydrogel breakage and detachment, impeding their further clinical translation. Here we report a multifunctional mechanically-resilient self-healing hydrogel for effective UC treatment, which is synthesized through the host-guest interaction between dopamine/β-cyclodextrin-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-CD-DA) and amantadine-modified carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS-AD). The excessive β-CD cavities allow the incorporation of dexamethasone (DEX), while the porous hydrogel network potentiates the encapsulation of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and L-alanyl-l-glutamine (ALG). DA moieties in HA components allow firm adhesion of the hydrogel to the ulcerative lesions after in-situ implantation, while the reversible host-guest interaction between CD and AD could enhance the persistence of hydrogel. The hydrogel demonstrated favorable biocompatibility and could continuously release DEX to induce M1-to-M2 repolarization of mucosal macrophages through inhibiting the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) axis. Furthermore, the co-delivered bFGF and ALG facilitates the regeneration of ulcerative mucosa and restore its barrier functions to ameliorate UC symptoms. The mechanically resilient hydrogel offers an integrative approach for UC therapy in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Ge
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Hong Wen
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yang Fei
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Rui Xue
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Zhuo Cheng
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yanan Li
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Kaiyong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Liqi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Menghuan Li
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Zhong Luo
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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8
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Li T, Wei H, Zhang Y, Wan T, Cui D, Zhao S, Zhang T, Ji Y, Algadi H, Guo Z, Chu L, Cheng B. Sodium alginate reinforced polyacrylamide/xanthan gum double network ionic hydrogels for stress sensing and self-powered wearable device applications. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 309:120678. [PMID: 36906361 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Strong and ductile sodium alginate (SA) reinforced polyacrylamide (PAM)/xanthan gum (XG) double network ionic hydrogels were constructed for stress sensing and self-powered wearable device applications. In the designed network of PXS-Mn+/LiCl (short for PAM/XG/SA-Mn+/LiCl, where Mn+ stands for Fe3+, Cu2+ or Zn2+), PAM acts as a flexible hydrophilic skeleton, and XG functions as a ductile second network. The macromolecule SA interacts with metal ion Mn+ to form a unique complex structure, significantly improving the mechanical strength of the hydrogel. The addition of inorganic salt LiCl endows the hydrogel with high electrical conductivity, and meanwhile reduces the freezing point and prevents water loss of the hydrogel. PXS-Mn+/LiCl exhibits excellent mechanical properties and ultra-high ductility (a fracture tensile strength up to 0.65 MPa and a fracture strain up to 1800%), and high stress-sensing performance (a high GF up to 4.56 and pressure sensitivity of 0.122). Moreover, a self-powered device with a dual-power-supply mode, i.e., PXS-Mn+/LiCl-based primary battery and TENG, and a capacitor as the energy storage component was constructed, which shows promising prospects for self-powered wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Huige Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | | | - Tong Wan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Dapeng Cui
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shixiang Zhao
- College of Electronic Information and Automation, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- College of Electronic Information and Automation, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Yanxiu Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hassan Algadi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Zhanhu Guo
- Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Liqiang Chu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Bowen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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9
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Qin Y, Li H, Shen HX, Wang CF, Chen S. Rapid Preparation of Superabsorbent Self-Healing Hydrogels by Frontal Polymerization. Gels 2023; 9:gels9050380. [PMID: 37232973 DOI: 10.3390/gels9050380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels have received increasing interest owing to their excellent physicochemical properties and wide applications. In this paper, we report the rapid fabrication of new hydrogels possessing a super water swelling capacity and self-healing ability using a fast, energy-efficient, and convenient method of frontal polymerization (FP). Self-sustained copolymerization of acrylamide (AM), 3-[Dimethyl-[2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethyl]azaniumyl]propane-1-sulfonate (SBMA), and acrylic acid (AA) within 10 min via FP yielded highly transparent and stretchable poly(AM-co-SBMA-co-AA) hydrogels. Thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful fabrication of poly(AM-co-SBMA-co-AA) hydrogels with a single copolymer composition without branched polymers. The effect of monomer ratio on FP features as well as porous morphology, swelling behavior, and self-healing performance of the hydrogels were systematically investigated, showing that the properties of the hydrogels could be tuned by adjusting the chemical composition. The resulting hydrogels were superabsorbent and sensitive to pH, exhibiting a high swelling ratio of up to 11,802% in water and 13,588% in an alkaline environment. The rheological data revealed a stable gel network. These hydrogels also had a favorable self-healing ability with a healing efficiency of up to 95%. This work contributes a simple and efficient method for the rapid preparation of superabsorbent and self-healing hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hai-Xia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Cai-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
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10
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Hu L, Chee PL, Sugiarto S, Yu Y, Shi C, Yan R, Yao Z, Shi X, Zhi J, Kai D, Yu HD, Huang W. Hydrogel-Based Flexible Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2205326. [PMID: 36037508 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronics is an emerging field of research involving multiple disciplines, which include but not limited to physics, chemistry, materials science, electronic engineering, and biology. However, the broad applications of flexible electronics are still restricted due to several limitations, including high Young's modulus, poor biocompatibility, and poor responsiveness. Innovative materials aiming for overcoming these drawbacks and boost its practical application is highly desirable. Hydrogel is a class of 3D crosslinked hydrated polymer networks, and its exceptional material properties render it as a promising candidate for the next generation of flexible electronics. Here, the latest methods of synthesizing advanced functional hydrogels and the state-of-art applications of hydrogel-based flexible electronics in various fields are reviewed. More importantly, the correlation between properties of the hydrogel and device performance is discussed here, to have better understanding of the development of flexible electronics by using environmentally responsive hydrogels. Last, perspectives on the current challenges and future directions in the development of hydrogel-based multifunctional flexible electronics are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixuan Hu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Pei Lin Chee
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A∗STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, No. 08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Sigit Sugiarto
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A∗STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, No. 08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Yong Yu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A∗STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, No. 08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Chuanqian Shi
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Ren Yan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoqi Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Xuewen Shi
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jiacai Zhi
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Dan Kai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A∗STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, No. 08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), A∗STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, No. 08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Hai-Dong Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
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Cheng Y, Xu J, Li L, Cai P, Li Y, Jiang Q, Wang W, Cao Y, Xue B. Boosting the Piezoelectric Sensitivity of Amino Acid Crystals by Mechanical Annealing for the Engineering of Fully Degradable Force Sensors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207269. [PMID: 36775849 PMCID: PMC10104669 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable piezoelectric force sensors can be used as implantable medical devices for monitoring physiological pressures of impaired organs or providing essential stimuli for drug delivery and tissue regeneration without the need of additional invasive removal surgery or battery power. However, traditional piezoelectric materials, such as inorganic ceramics and organic polymers, show unsatisfactory degradability, and cytotoxicity. Amino acid crystals are biocompatible and exhibit outstanding piezoelectric properties, but their small crystal size makes it difficult to align the crystals for practical applications. Here, a mechanical-annealing strategy is reported for engineering all-organic biodegradable piezoelectric force sensors using natural amino acid crystals as piezoelectric materials. It is shown that the piezoelectric constant of the mechanical-annealed crystals can reach 12 times that of the single crystal powders. Moreover, mechanical annealing results in flat and smooth surfaces, thus improving the contact of the crystal films with the electrodes and leading to high output voltages of the devices. The packaged force sensors can be used to monitor dynamic motions, including muscle contraction and lung respiration, in vivo for 4 weeks and then gradually degrade without causing obvious inflammation or systemic toxicity. This work provides a way to engineer all-organic and biodegradable force sensors for potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqi Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNational Laboratory of Solid State MicrostructureDepartment of PhysicsNanjing UniversityNanjing210093P. R. China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryJinan250021P. R. China
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyDivision of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive SurgeryDepartment of Orthopedic SurgeryDrum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjing210008P. R. China
| | - Lan Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyDivision of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive SurgeryDepartment of Orthopedic SurgeryDrum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjing210008P. R. China
| | - Pingqiang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyDivision of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive SurgeryDepartment of Orthopedic SurgeryDrum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjing210008P. R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Flexible Electronics (IAMFE)School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing University of Information Science & TechnologyNanjing210044P. R. China
| | - Qing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyDivision of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive SurgeryDepartment of Orthopedic SurgeryDrum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjing210008P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNational Laboratory of Solid State MicrostructureDepartment of PhysicsNanjing UniversityNanjing210093P. R. China
| | - Yi Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNational Laboratory of Solid State MicrostructureDepartment of PhysicsNanjing UniversityNanjing210093P. R. China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryJinan250021P. R. China
| | - Bin Xue
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNational Laboratory of Solid State MicrostructureDepartment of PhysicsNanjing UniversityNanjing210093P. R. China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryJinan250021P. R. China
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12
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Dai C, Wang Y, Shan Y, Ye C, Lv Z, Yang S, Cao L, Ren J, Yu H, Liu S, Shao Z, Li J, Chen W, Ling S. Cytoskeleton-inspired hydrogel ionotronics for tactile perception and electroluminescent display in complex mechanical environments. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:136-148. [PMID: 36317638 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01034h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The emerging applications of hydrogel ionotronics (HIs) in devices and machines require them to maintain their robustness under complex mechanical environments. Nevertheless, existing HIs still suffer from various mechanical limitations, such as the lack of balance between softness, strength, toughness, and fatigue fracture under cyclic loads. Inspired by the structure of the cytoskeleton, this study develops a sustainable HI supported by a double filamentous network. This cytoskeleton-like structure can enhance the strength of the HI by 26 times and its toughness by 3 times. It also enables HI to tolerate extreme mechanical stimuli, such as severe deformation, long-term cyclic loading, and high-frequency shearing and shocking. The advantages of these structurally- and mechanically-optimized HI devices in tactile perception and electroluminescent display, i.e., two practical applications where complex mechanical stimuli need to be sustained, are demonstrated. The findings reported in this study can inspire the design of human skin-like robust and anti-fatigue-fracture HI devices for long-term stable use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Dai
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yicheng Shan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
- School of Textile & Clothing, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Zhuochen Lv
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Shuo Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Leitao Cao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Roulevard North, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Jing Ren
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Haipeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Shouxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Zhengzhong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Wenshuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Shengjie Ling
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
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13
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Cao HL, Cai SQ. Recent advances in electronic skins: material progress and applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1083579. [PMID: 36588929 PMCID: PMC9795216 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1083579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic skins are currently in huge demand for health monitoring platforms and personalized medicine applications. To ensure safe monitoring for long-term periods, high-performance electronic skins that are softly interfaced with biological tissues are required. Stretchability, self-healing behavior, and biocompatibility of the materials will ensure the future application of electronic skins in biomedical engineering. This mini-review highlights recent advances in mechanically active materials and structural designs for electronic skins, which have been used successfully in these contexts. Firstly, the structural and biomechanical characteristics of biological skins are described and compared with those of artificial electronic skins. Thereafter, a wide variety of processing techniques for stretchable materials are reviewed, including geometric engineering and acquiring intrinsic stretchability. Then, different types of self-healing materials and their applications in electronic skins are critically assessed and compared. Finally, the mini-review is concluded with a discussion on remaining challenges and future opportunities for materials and biomedical research.
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Tan S, Wang C, Yang B, Luo J, Wu Y. Unbreakable Hydrogels with Self-Recoverable 10 200% Stretchability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2206904. [PMID: 36000832 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Design of tough hydrogels maintaining structural integrity under multivariable mechanical loads remains hugely challenging because the anticipated characteristics such as stretchability, strength, toughness, and fracture resistance can hardly be compatible. Herein, a simple but robust hydrogel network formed by copolymerization of divinyl benzene with acrylamide in micellar solutions for ultra-high fracture resistance and self-recoverable stretchability is proposed. The network provides dynamic association of hydrophobic domains and homogeneous crosslinking of hydrophilic chains, which shows step-by-step deformation process. The dynamic associations allow recoverable small deformations, then the homogeneous crosslinking ensures reversible unfolding and alignment of polymer chains to self-strengthen for ultra-large deformations without crack propagations. The resultant hydrogels exhibit comprehensive unbreakable feature with self-recoverable ultra-high stretchability (100% recovery from 10 200% strain), superior fracture resistance (toughness > 26 kJ m-2 ), and anticrack propagation and fatigue (fatigue threshold: ≈2.5 kJ m-2 ). Even the prenotched hydrogels can undergo tens cyclic loads at 10 200% strain and thousands cyclic loads at 200% strain without noticeable changes in mechanical performance. The robust network prepared from homogeneous hydrophobic crosslinking provides a facile approach and a new mechanism to explore tough hydrogels with superior antifracture and extreme self-recoverable deformability for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Baibin Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jie Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yong Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
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15
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16
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Wei J, Zhang B, Zhang P, Wei H, Yu Y. Bifunctional Phenol-enabled Sequential Polymerization Strategy for Printable Tough Hydrogels. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200419. [PMID: 35748664 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are promising material candidates in engineering soft robotics, mechanical sensors, biomimetic regenerative medicine, etc. However, developing multinetwork hydrogels with high mechanical properties and excellent printability is still challenging. Here, we report a bifunctional phenol-enabled sequential polymerization (BPSP) strategy to fabricate high-performance multinetwork hydrogels under the orthogonal catalysis of efficient ruthenium photochemistry. Benefiting from this bifunctional design, phenols can sequentially polymerize with typical monomers and themselves to fabricate various phenol-containing polymers (Ph-Ps) and Ph-Ps-based multinetwork tough hydrogels, respectively. The as-prepared hydrogels have maximum stress of 0.75 MPa and toughness of 2.2 MJ/m3 under the critical strain of 800%. These property parameters are a maximum of 16 times higher than that of the phenol-postmodified and phenol-free hydrogels. Moreover, the rapid coupling polymerization of phenols can shorten the gelation times of hydrogels to as low as ∼4 s, which enables its printable property for customizable applications. As a proof of concept, a 3D scaffold-like structure is optimized as highly sensitive mechanical sensors for detecting various human motions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Hongqiu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - You Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
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17
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Huang J, Wu P. Kneading-Inspired Versatile Design for Biomimetic Skins with a Wide Scope of Customizable Features. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200108. [PMID: 35315242 PMCID: PMC9109062 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic skins featuring customizable functions and human tissue-compatible mechanical properties have garnered tremendous interest for potential applications in human-machine interfaces, flexible wearable devices, and soft robotics. However, most existing skin-like materials require complex molecular design or multistep functionalization to achieve various functionalities that match or even surpass the performance of human skin. Thus, simultaneously minimizing production costs and achieving customizable features are still highly desirable yet challenging. Herein, inspired by a well-known kneading technique that renders a homogeneous mixture of all the ingredients, a versatile method involving two steps of kneading and resting is employed to prepare biomimetic skins with a wide scope of customizable features. Commonly used one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), three-dimensional (3D) nanofillers and even solvents are demonstrated to be homogeneously dispersed in the viscoelastic hydrogel matrices by hand kneading, which not only contributes to improved mechanical properties and new functionalities, but also makes full use of raw materials without waste. Furthermore, similar to the combination of "condiments" in kneading dough, the flexible integration of functional fillers offers exciting and versatile platforms for the design of biomimetic skins with tunable application-specific properties, such as mechanical compliance, sensory capabilities, freezing resistance, 3D printability, fluorescence tunability, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersDepartment of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced MaterialsFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Peiyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersDepartment of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced MaterialsFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and BiotechnologyCenter for Advanced Low‐Dimension MaterialsDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
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18
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Xiong Y, Han J, Wang Y, Wang ZL, Sun Q. Emerging Iontronic Sensing: Materials, Mechanisms, and Applications. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9867378. [PMID: 36072274 PMCID: PMC9414182 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9867378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Iontronic sensors represent a novel class of soft electronics which not only replicate the biomimetic structures and perception functions of human skin but also simulate the mechanical sensing mechanism. Relying on the similar mechanism with skin perception, the iontronic sensors can achieve ion migration/redistribution in response to external stimuli, promising iontronic sensing to establish more intelligent sensing interface for human-robotic interaction. Here, a comprehensive review on advanced technologies and diversified applications for the exploitation of iontronic sensors toward ionic skins and artificial intelligence is provided. By virtue of the excellent stretchability, high transparency, ultrahigh sensitivity, and mechanical conformality, numerous attempts have been made to explore various novel ionic materials to fabricate iontronic sensors with skin-like perceptive properties, such as self-healing and multimodal sensing. Moreover, to achieve multifunctional artificial skins and intelligent devices, various mechanisms based on iontronics have been investigated to satisfy multiple functions and human interactive experiences. Benefiting from the unique material property, diverse sensing mechanisms, and elaborate device structure, iontronic sensors have demonstrated a variety of applications toward ionic skins and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiong
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Han
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332, USA
| | - Qijun Sun
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Xue B, Gu J, Li L, Yu W, Yin S, Qin M, Jiang Q, Wang W, Cao Y. Hydrogel tapes for fault-tolerant strong wet adhesion. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7156. [PMID: 34887418 PMCID: PMC8660897 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27529-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast and strong bio-adhesives are in high demand for many biomedical applications, including closing wounds in surgeries, fixing implantable devices, and haemostasis. However, most strong bio-adhesives rely on the instant formation of irreversible covalent crosslinks to provide strong surface binding. Repositioning misplaced adhesives during surgical operations may cause severe secondary damage to tissues. Here, we report hydrogel tapes that can form strong physical interactions with tissues in seconds and gradually form covalent bonds in hours. This timescale-dependent adhesion mechanism allows instant and robust wet adhesion to be combined with fault-tolerant convenient surgical operations. Specifically, inspired by the catechol chemistry discovered in mussel foot proteins, we develop an electrical oxidation approach to controllably oxidize catechol to catecholquinone, which reacts slowly with amino groups on the tissue surface. We demonstrate that the tapes show fast and reversible adhesion at the initial stage and ultrastrong adhesion after the formation of covalent linkages over hours for various tissues and electronic devices. Given that the hydrogel tapes are biocompatible, easy to use, and robust for bio-adhesion, we anticipate that they may find broad biomedical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xue
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Gu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Lan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenting Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Yin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Qin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China.
- Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yi Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China.
- Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China.
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China.
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 325001, Wenzhou, China.
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