1
|
Liu H, Sun R, Yang Y, Zhang C, Zhao G, Zhang K, Liang L, Huang X. Review on Microreactors for Photo-Electrocatalysis Artificial Photosynthesis Regeneration of Coenzymes. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:789. [PMID: 38930759 PMCID: PMC11205774 DOI: 10.3390/mi15060789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, with the outbreak of the global energy crisis, renewable solar energy has become a focal point of research. However, the utilization efficiency of natural photosynthesis (NPS) is only about 1%. Inspired by NPS, artificial photosynthesis (APS) was developed and utilized in applications such as the regeneration of coenzymes. APS for coenzyme regeneration can overcome the problem of high energy consumption in comparison to electrocatalytic methods. Microreactors represent a promising technology. Compared with the conventional system, it has the advantages of a large specific surface area, the fast diffusion of small molecules, and high efficiency. Introducing microreactors can lead to more efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly coenzyme regeneration in artificial photosynthesis. This review begins with a brief introduction of APS and microreactors, and then summarizes research on traditional electrocatalytic coenzyme regeneration, as well as photocatalytic and photo-electrocatalysis coenzyme regeneration by APS, all based on microreactors, and compares them with the corresponding conventional system. Finally, it looks forward to the promising prospects of this technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250300, China; (H.L.); (Y.Y.); (C.Z.); (G.Z.)
| | - Rui Sun
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Biosemiconductors, Xiangfu Laboratory, Jiashan 314102, China;
| | - Yujing Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250300, China; (H.L.); (Y.Y.); (C.Z.); (G.Z.)
| | - Chuanhao Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250300, China; (H.L.); (Y.Y.); (C.Z.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gaozhen Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250300, China; (H.L.); (Y.Y.); (C.Z.); (G.Z.)
| | - Kaihuan Zhang
- 2020 X-Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China;
| | - Lijuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaowen Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250300, China; (H.L.); (Y.Y.); (C.Z.); (G.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li S, Xu Z, Lin S, Li L, Huang Y, Qiao X, Huang X. Temperature modulated sustainable on/off photosynthesis switching of microalgae towards hydrogen evolution. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6141-6150. [PMID: 38665525 PMCID: PMC11040640 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00128a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite great progress in the active interfacing between various abiotic materials and living organisms, the development of a smart polymer matrix with modulated functionality of algae towards the application of green bioenergy is still rare. Herein, we design a thermally sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-co-poly(butyl acrylate) with an LCST (ca. 25 °C) as a chassis, which could co-assemble with algal cells based on hydrophobic interaction to generate a new type of robust hybrid hydrogel living material. By modulating the temperature to 30 °C, the volume of the polymer matrix is shrunk by 9 times, which allows the formation of physical shading and metabolism changing of the algae, and then triggers the functionality switching of the algae from photosynthetic oxygen production to hydrogen production. By contrast, by decreasing the temperature to 20 °C, the hybrid living materials go into a sol state where the algae behave normally with photosynthetic oxygen production. In particular, due to the proliferation of the algae in living materials, a long-term and exponential enhancement in the amount of hydrogen produced is achieved. Overall, it is anticipated that our investigations could provide a new paradigm for the development of polymer/living organism-based hybrid living materials with synergistic functionality boosting green biomanufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shangsong Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology China
| | - Zhijun Xu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology China
| | - Song Lin
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology China
| | - Luxuan Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology China
| | - Yan Huang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology China
| | - Xin Qiao
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology China
| | - Xin Huang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu P, Shao S, Qian J, Li J, Xu R, Liu J, Zhou W. Scale-up of microalgal systems for decarbonization and bioproducts: Challenges and opportunities. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 398:130528. [PMID: 38437968 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The threat of global climate change presents a significant challenge for humanity. Microalgae-based carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technology has emerged as a promising solution to this global issue. This review aims to comprehensively evaluate the current advancements in scale-up of microalgae cultivation and its applications, specifically focusing on decarbonization from flue gases, organic wastewater remediation, and biogas upgrading. The study identifies critical challenges that need to be addressed during the scale-up process and evaluates the economic viability of microalgal CCU within the carbon market. Additionally, it analyzes the commercial status of microalgae-derived products and highlights those with high market demand. This review serves as a crucial resource for researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers to develop and implement innovative approaches to enhance the efficiency of microalgae-based CO2 utilization while addressing the challenges associated with the scale-up of microalgae technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peilun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and Center for Algae Innovation & Engineering Research, School of Resources & Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Shengxi Shao
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and Center for Algae Innovation & Engineering Research, School of Resources & Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Jun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and Center for Algae Innovation & Engineering Research, School of Resources & Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Jingjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and Center for Algae Innovation & Engineering Research, School of Resources & Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Rui Xu
- Jiangxi Ganneng Co., Ltd, Nanchang 330096, China.
| | - Jin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and Center for Algae Innovation & Engineering Research, School of Resources & Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Wenguang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and Center for Algae Innovation & Engineering Research, School of Resources & Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang C, Han ZY, Chen KW, Wang YZ, Bao P, Ji P, Yan X, Rao ZY, Zeng X, Zhang XZ. In Situ Formed Microalgae-Integrated Living Hydrogel for Enhanced Tumor Starvation Therapy and Immunotherapy through Photosynthetic Oxygenation. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:3801-3810. [PMID: 38477714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The effectiveness of various cancer therapies for solid tumors is substantially limited by the highly hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, a microalgae-integrated living hydrogel (ACG gel) is developed to concurrently enhance hypoxia-constrained tumor starvation therapy and immunotherapy. The ACG gel is formed in situ following intratumoral injection of a biohybrid fluid composed of alginate, Chlorella sorokiniana, and glucose oxidase, facilitated by the crossing-linking between divalent ions within tumors and alginate. The microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana embedded in ACG gel generate abundant oxygen through photosynthesis, enhancing glucose oxidase-catalyzed glucose consumption and shifting the TME from immunosuppressive to immunopermissive status, thus reducing the tumor cell energy supply and boosting antitumor immunity. In murine 4T1 tumor models, the ACG gel significantly suppresses tumor growth and effectively prevents postoperative tumor recurrence. This study, leveraging microalgae as natural oxygenerators, provides a versatile and universal strategy for the development of oxygen-dependent tumor therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Yi Han
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Zhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Peng Bao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Ping Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Yong Rao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
- Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment and Translational Medicine Hubei Engineering Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yao Y, Zhao W, Liu C, Gao J, Yang X, Xiao C, Qi J, Zhou Y, Zhu Z, Yang Y, Li J. Iron containing sludge-derived carbon towards efficient peroxymonosulfate activation: Active site synergy, performance and alternation mechanism. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170183. [PMID: 38246367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Converting industrial sludge into catalytic materials for water purification is a promising approach to simultaneously realize effective disposal of sludge and resource of water. However, manipulating the high efficiency remains a huge challenge due to the difficulty in the active sites control of the sludge. Herein, we proposed a constitutive modulation strategy by the combination of hydrothermal and pyrolysis (HTP) for the fabrication of defects-assistant Fe containing sludge-derived carbon catalysts on upgrading performance in peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation for pollutant degradation. Adjustable defects on dyeing sludge-derived carbon catalysts (DSCC) were achieved by introducing oxygen or nitrogen functional precursors (hydroquinone or p-phenylenediamine) during hydrothermal processes and by further pyrolysis, where O was detrimental while N was beneficial to defect generation. Compared to the DSCC with less defects (DHSC-O), the defect-rich sample (DHSC-2N) exhibited superior catalytic performance of PMS activation for bisphenol A (BPA) elimination (k = 0.45 min-1, 2.52 times of DHSC-O), as well as 81.4% total organic carbon (TOC) removal. Meanwhile, the degradation capacity was verified in wide pH range (2.1-8.1) and various aqueous matrices, reflecting the excellent adaptability and anti-interference performance. Furthermore, the continuous-flow experiments on industrial wastewater showed synchronous BPA and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, implying great potential for practical application. Solid electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and 57Fe Mösssbauer spectra analysis indicated that the defects acted as secondary active sites for Fe sites, which were beneficial to accelerating the electron transfer process. The only Fe active sites preferred the radical pathway. The controllable reaction tendency provides possibilities for the on-demand design of sludge-based catalysts to meet the requirements of practical wastewater treatment under Fenton-like reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wenyu Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Chuquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jiamin Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xuran Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Chengming Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Junwen Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yujun Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zhigao Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vellaiyan S. An integrated approach for wastewater treatment and algae cultivation: Nutrient removal analysis, biodiesel extraction, and energy and environmental metrics enhancement. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120410. [PMID: 38402784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Human urine is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, and the presence of these elements in wastewater significantly disrupts the biogeochemical cycle. Meanwhile, green algal biomass cultivation is unfeasible without these nutrients. Hence, the present study integrates wastewater treatment and algae cultivation to extract biodiesel and improve its performance through fuel modification. Chlorella vulgaris algae was cultivated in different dilution ratios of water and urine, and the nutrient removal rate was analyzed. Chlorella vulgaris algae biodiesel (CAB) was derived through Bligh and Dyer's method followed by transesterification, and its functional and elemental groups were analyzed. The various volume concentrations of CAB were blended with regular diesel fuel (RDF), and 10% water was added to a 30% CAB blended RDF to evaluate the combustion performance and environmental impacts. The results of the experiments demonstrated that the algae cultivation effectively removed the wastewater nutrients. The functional and elemental groups of CAB are identical to those of RDF. The engine characteristics of test fuels report that the CAB-blend RDF fuel mixtures generate low carbon footprints, whereas negative impacts have been drawn for performance metrics and oxides of nitrogen emissions. The water-emulsified fuel outweighed the unfavorable effects and promoted more efficient and cleaner combustion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Vellaiyan
- Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Y, Su W, Wang X, Lu J, Zhang W, Wei S. In situ topotactic formation of an inorganic intergrowth bulk NiS/FeS@MgFe-LDH heterojunction to simulate CODH for the photocatalytic reduction of CO 2. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38415719 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06581b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Enzyme-mimetic photocatalysis has been attracting much attention in bionic research, in which carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) is a suitable prototype for simulation to meet environmental and energy needs. In this study, we utilized the structural memory effect of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) to build inorganic intergrowth bulk heterojunctions (IIBHs) NiS/FeS@MgFe-LDHs via a pyrolytic topological vulcanization (PTV) method that imitated active C-clusters [Ni-4Fe-4S] in CODH. Enzyme mimicry was evaluated in terms of the microstructure and catalytic reaction site. The similarity between the microstructure of NiS/FeS@MgFe-LDHs and the CODH active group was demonstrated through XRD, XAFS and other characterisations. Subsequently, the obtained in situ irradiated X-ray photoelectron spectra and transient absorption spectra indicated the photogenerated electron transfer of the IIBH, wherein electrons finally accumulated in the conduction band of the NiS domain for the photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction, which was similar to that of C-clusters [Ni-4Fe-4S] in which the Ni2+ ion was the reactive site. As a result, NiS/FeS@MgFe-LDHs achieved a high yield of CO at a rate of 2151.974 μmol g-1 h-1, which was 39.8 and 9.7 times more than that of NiMgFe-LDHs and NiMgFe-MMO, respectively. The study offers an innovative design route for developing IIBHs, providing novel opportunities for enzyme-mimetic photocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuexian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering and College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P. Box 98, Beisanhuan East Road 15, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Wenli Su
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekou Outside Street 19, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering and College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P. Box 98, Beisanhuan East Road 15, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering and College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P. Box 98, Beisanhuan East Road 15, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P. Box 98, Beisanhuan East Road 15, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekou Outside Street 19, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Shuo Wei
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekou Outside Street 19, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Khairuddin F, Zaharah Mohd Fuzi SF, Ahmad A, Oon LK, Bokhari A, Dailin DJ, Habila MA, Nawaz A, Chuah LF. Evaluation on microalgae for the production of bio-chemicals and electricity. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141007. [PMID: 38141667 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancement in biophotovoltaic systems using microalgae, coupled with biorefinery approach, would improve economy-feasibility in production. The major concern is its commercial strength in terms of scalability, strain selection and extraction procedure cost. It must compete with conventional feedstocks such as fossil fuels. This project proposes to enhance the economic feasibility of microalgae-based biorefinery by evaluating their performance for bio-electricity, bio-diesel and carotenoids production in a single cycle. The first part of the study was to construct and select a Bio-bottle Voltaic (BBV) device that would allow microalgae to grow and produce bioproducts, as well as generate the maximum current output reading derived from the microalgae's photosynthesis process. The second phase consisted of a 25-day investigation into the biorefinery performance of six different microalgal species in producing bio-electricity, bio-diesel and carotenoid in a prototype BBV device. The prototype BBV device with aluminium foil and pencil lead as its anode and cathode produced the highest carotenoid and biodiesel component production from the two microalgae tested, according to the results of the first phase of the experiment. In the second portion of the study, Scenedesmus dimorphus and Chlorella vulgaris were identified as the two microalgae most capable of maintaining their growth throughout the experiment. The maximum current reading observed for C. vulgaris was 653 mV. High Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis showed four major carotenoid compounds found which were Neoxanthin, Cantaxanthin, Astaxanthin and 9-cis antheraxanthin, and the highest carotenoid producer was C. vulgaris which recorded at 1.73 μg/mL. C. vulgaris recorded as the most alkanes producer with 22 compounds detected and Heptacosane and Heneicosane as the two major biodiesel compounds found in the extracts. Evaluation of C. vulgaris data showed that it has enormous potential for microalgal biorefinery candidates. Further ongoing research and development efforts for C. vulgaris will improve the economic viability of microalgae-based industries and reduce reliance on depleted fossil fuels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farahayu Khairuddin
- Malaysia Genome & Vaccine Institute, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Jalan Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Applied Sciences & Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Hab Pendidikan Tinggi Pagoh, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, 84600, Panchor, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Fatimah Zaharah Mohd Fuzi
- Faculty of Applied Sciences & Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Hab Pendidikan Tinggi Pagoh, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, 84600, Panchor, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Awais Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Low Kheng Oon
- Malaysia Genome & Vaccine Institute, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Jalan Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A Bokhari
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Daniel Joe Dailin
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed A Habila
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alam Nawaz
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - L F Chuah
- School of Technology Management and Logistics, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 Sintok, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|