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Zaccone R, Renzi A, Chalfon C, Lenzi J, Bellei E, Marconato L, Ros E, Rigillo A, Bettini G, Faroni E, Guerra D, Sabattini S. Environmental risk factors for the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1398-1408. [PMID: 35633064 PMCID: PMC9308430 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in cats are derived from a single study dated almost 20 years ago. The relationship between inflammation of oral tissues and OSCC is still unclear. OBJECTIVES To investigate previously proposed and novel potential risk factors for OSCC development, including oral inflammatory diseases. ANIMALS Hundred cats with OSCC, 70 cats with chronic gingivostomatitis (CGS), 63 cats with periodontal disease (PD), and 500 controls. METHODS Prospective, observational case-control study. Cats with OSCC were compared with an age-matched control sample of client-owned cats and cats with CGS or PD. Owners of cats completed an anonymous questionnaire including demographic, environmental and lifestyle information. RESULTS On multivariable logistic regression, covariates significantly associated with an increased risk of OSCC were rural environment (OR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.03-3.04; P = .04), outdoor access (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.07-2.63; P = .02), environmental tobacco smoke (OR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.05-3; P = .03), and petfood containing chemical additives (OR: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.04-3.76; P = .04). Risk factors shared with CGS and PD were outdoor access and petfood containing chemical additives, respectively. A history of oral inflammation was reported in 35% of cats with OSCC but did not emerge as a risk factor. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The study proposes novel potential risk factors for OSCC in cats. Although a history of inflammatory oral disease was not significantly more frequent compared with random age-matched controls, OSCC shared several risk factors with CGS and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Zaccone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Renzi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carmit Chalfon
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jacopo Lenzi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emma Bellei
- I Portoni Rossi Veterinary Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Marconato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Rigillo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuliano Bettini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eugenio Faroni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dina Guerra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Sabattini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Go MD, Al-Delaimy WK, Schilling D, Vuylsteke B, Mehess S, Spindel ER, McEvoy CT. Hair and nail nicotine levels of mothers and their infants as valid biomarkers of exposure to intrauterine tobacco smoke. Tob Induc Dis 2022; 19:100. [PMID: 35035343 PMCID: PMC8693083 DOI: 10.18332/tid/143209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco use remains the single most modifiable cause of adverse pregnancy outcomes. It is crucial to be able to accurately quantify the burden of tobacco exposure on both the mother and fetus to have better measures of efficacy with interventions being studied. METHODS This is a descriptive and exploratory study conducted within a randomized controlled trial. Pregnant smoking and non-smoking women were followed from ≤22 weeks' gestation through delivery with monthly maternal smoking questionnaires, urine cotinine levels, and collection of maternal and infant hair and nail samples, at delivery. Nicotine was extracted and measured (ng/mg) using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. RESULTS Forty-six mother-infant dyads (34 pregnant smokers and 12 pregnant non-smokers) had successful completion of maternal and infant hair and nails samples. The median hair nicotine levels of the smoking mothers and their infants was significantly higher than those of the non-smokers (1.015 vs 0.037 ng/ mg, p<0.05 for the mothers; 0.445 vs 0.080 ng/mg, p<0.01 for the infants). Similarly, the median nail nicotine levels for smoking mothers and their infants were significantly higher than the non-smokers (2.130 vs 0.056 ng/mg, p<0.01 for the mothers; 0.594 vs 0.132 ng/mg, p<0.05 for the infants). We found a moderate but significant correlation between maternal hair and nail nicotine (r=0.64, p<0.001), infant hair and nail nicotine (r=0.64; p<0.001), maternal and infant hair nicotine (r=0.61, p<0.001), and maternal and infant nail nicotine levels (r=0.58, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that both infant hair and nail nicotine levels are valid biomarkers of intrauterine tobacco smoke exposure, and can be used to identify prenatal smoke exposure, correlating well with the level of maternal nicotine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzi D Go
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Wael K Al-Delaimy
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California-San Diego, California, United States
| | - Diane Schilling
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Brittany Vuylsteke
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Shawn Mehess
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Eliot R Spindel
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, United States
| | - Cindy T McEvoy
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
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Wilson KM, Moss A, Lowary M, Gambino J, Klein JD, Kerby GS, Hovell M, Winickoff JP. Smoking Behaviors Among Tobacco-Using Parents of Hospitalized Children and Association With Child Cotinine Level. Hosp Pediatr 2021; 11:17-24. [PMID: 33272923 PMCID: PMC7769203 DOI: 10.1542/hpeds.2020-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Understanding patterns of parental tobacco use and their association with child exposure can help us target interventions more appropriately. We aimed to examine the association between parental smoking practices and cotinine levels of hospitalized children. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of data collected from parents of hospitalized children, recruited for a cessation intervention randomized controlled trial. Smoking parents were identified by using a medical record screening question. Parent-reported demographics and smoking habits were compared to child urine cotinine by using geometric means and log-transformed cotinine levels in multivariable linear regression analyses. RESULTS A total of 213 patients had complete baseline parent-interview and urine cotinine data. The median age was 4 (interquartile range: 1-9); 57% were boys; 56% were white, 12% were Black, and 23% were multiracial; 36% identified as Hispanic. Most families (54%) had 1 smoker in the home; 36% had 2, and 9% had ≥3. Many (77%) reported having a ban on smoking in the home, and 86% reported smoking only outside. The geometric mean cotinine level of the cohort was 0.98 ng/mL. Higher cotinine levels were associated with more smokers in the home (ratio of 2.99) and smoking inside the house (ratio of 4.11). CONCLUSIONS Having more smokers in the home and parents who smoke inside are associated with increased smoke exposure; however, even children whose families who smoke only outside the home have significant levels of cotinine, a marker for toxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York;
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois
| | - Angela Moss
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | | | - Jonathan D Klein
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gwendolyn S Kerby
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Melbourne Hovell
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, College of Health and Human Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Jonathan P Winickoff
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Universty, Boston, Massachusetts
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Preservation of hair stable isotope signatures during freezing and law enforcement evidence packaging. Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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King G, Moolchan ET, Bendel RB, Yerger VB. Tanning Capacity and Nicotine Dependence Among African Americans. J Natl Med Assoc 2018; 110:358-366. [PMID: 30126561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent findings suggest a link between facultative melanin and nicotine dependence among African Americans. We hypothesized that tanning capacity is associated with the time to first cigarette (TTFC) of the day. METHODS Using a criterion based sample of 150 adult African American current smokers, reflectometer measures of constitutive and facultative melanin, tanning capacity, smoking status and history, saliva cotinine, sociodemographic characteristics, and stress and discrimination scales were recorded. TTFC was categorized as: 1) within the first 5 min versus more than 5 min; and 2) within the first 30 min versus more than 30 min. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were conducted. RESULTS Analysis revealed significantly higher tanning capacity among individuals who smoked their first cigarette of the day within the first 5 min of awakening (13.5) than among those who smoked after 5 min (10.3, p = 0.01) and among those who smoked within the first 30 min (12.8 vs. 9.6, p = 0.03) compared to those who initiated after this time point. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that tanning capacity was significantly and positively related (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.05-1.22) to TTFC within the first 5 min and was also significantly related to TTFC within the first 30 min (OR = 1.13, CI = 1.03-1.23). CONCLUSION Tanning capacity was positively associated with a behavioral measure of nicotine dependence among African American smokers. This association was consistent whether comparing smokers at higher or lower levels of dependence. Future research should examine tanning capacity and other indicators of melanin content with smoking cessation rates and tobacco-attributable health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary King
- Department of Behavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA.
| | | | - Robert B Bendel
- School of Nursing, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Valerie B Yerger
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Smoking Topography among Korean Smokers: Intensive Smoking Behavior with Larger Puff Volume and Shorter Interpuff Interval. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15051024. [PMID: 29783674 PMCID: PMC5982063 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15051024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The difference of smoker’s topography has been found to be a function many factors, including sex, personality, nicotine yield, cigarette type (i.e., flavored versus non-flavored) and ethnicity. We evaluated the puffing behaviors of Korean smokers and its association with smoking-related biomarker levels. A sample of 300 participants was randomly recruited from metropolitan areas in South Korea. Topography measures during a 24-hour period were obtained using a CReSS pocket device. Korean male smokers smoked two puffs less per cigarette compared to female smokers (15.0 (13.0–19.0) vs. 17.5 (15.0–21.0) as the median (Interquartile range)), but had a significantly larger puff volume (62.7 (52.7–75.5) mL vs. 53.5 (42.0–64.2) mL); p = 0.012). The interpuff interval was similar between men and women (8.9 (6.5–11.2) s vs. 8.3 (6.2–11.0) s; p = 0.122) but much shorter than other study results. A dose-response association (p = 0.0011) was observed between daily total puff volumes and urinary cotinine concentrations, after controlling for sex, age, household income level and nicotine addiction level. An understanding of the difference of topography measures, particularly the larger puff volume and shorter interpuff interval of Korean smokers, may help to overcome a potential underestimation of internal doses of hazardous byproducts of smoking.
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Smith VA, McBrearty AR, Watson DG, Mellor DJ, Spence S, Knottenbelt C. Hair nicotine concentration measurement in cats and its relationship to owner-reported environmental tobacco smoke exposure. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:3-9. [PMID: 28094859 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between hair nicotine concentration in cats and owner-reported exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. MATERIALS AND METHODS Owner questionnaires documented exposure. Nicotine was extracted from hair by sonification in methanol followed by hydrophilic interaction chromatography with mass spectrometry. Relationships between hair nicotine concentration and owner-reported exposure were examined using hypothesis-testing statistics and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS The hair nicotine concentration of reportedly exposed cats was significantly higher than unexposed cats and groups of cats with different levels of exposure had significantly different median hair nicotine concentrations corresponding to exposure. A hair nicotine concentration of 0·1 ng/mg had a specificity of 98% (95% confidence interval: 83 to 100) and a sensitivity of 69% (95% confidence interval: 54 to 84) for detecting environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Outdoors access, coat colour, urban or rural environment and length of time living with the owner were not obviously associated with hair nicotine concentration. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Feline hair nicotine concentration appears strongly associated with owner-reported environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Feline hair nicotine concentration could therefore be used as a biomarker for tobacco smoke exposure, allowing future studies to assess whether exposed cats have an increased risk of specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Smith
- Small Animal Hospital, Veterinary School, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH
| | - A R McBrearty
- Small Animal Hospital, Veterinary School, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH
| | - D G Watson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE
| | - D J Mellor
- Small Animal Hospital, Veterinary School, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH
| | - S Spence
- Small Animal Hospital, Veterinary School, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH
| | - C Knottenbelt
- Small Animal Hospital, Veterinary School, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH
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Bares CB, Kendler KS, Maes HHM. Racial differences in heritability of cigarette smoking in adolescents and young adults. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 166:75-84. [PMID: 27427414 PMCID: PMC4983522 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although epidemiologic studies suggest low levels of cigarette use among African American adolescents relative to White U.S. adolescents, it is not known whether this may be due to racial differences in the relative contribution of genes and environment to cigarette use initiation and progression to regular use. METHODS Using data from White (n=2665) and African American (n=809) twins and full siblings sampled in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescents, we fitted age-, sex- and race-specific variance decomposition models to estimate the magnitude of genetic and environmental effects on cigarette use initiation and cigarette use quantity in Whites and African Americans across adolescence and adulthood. We employ a causal-contingent-common pathway model to estimate the amount of variance explained in quantity of cigarettes smoked contingent on cigarette use initiation. RESULTS African Americans had lower cigarette use prevalence from adolescence through adulthood, and used cigarettes less heavily than Whites. Race-specific causal-contingent-common pathway models indicate that racial differences in genetic and environmental contributions to cigarette use initiation and cigarette use quantities are not present in adolescence but appear in young adulthood. Additive genetic factors were an important risk factor for cigarette use initiation for White but not African American young adults and adults. CONCLUSIONS Genetic and environmental contributions for cigarette use are similar by race in adolescence. In adulthood, genes have a stronger influence for cigarette use among White adolescents while the influence of the environment is minimal. For African Americans, both genetic and environmental influences are important in young adulthood and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina B. Bares
- 1080 S. University, School of Social Work, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- 800 E. Leigh Street, Department of Psychiatry and Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0126
| | - Hermine H. M. Maes
- 800 E. Leigh Street, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics and Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0126
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Delijewski M, Beberok A, Otręba M, Wrześniok D, Rok J, Buszman E. Effect of nicotine on melanogenesis and antioxidant status in HEMn-LP melanocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 134:309-314. [PMID: 25199971 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is a natural ingredient of tobacco plants and is responsible for the addictive properties of tobacco. Nowadays nicotine is also commonly used as a form of smoking cessation therapy. It is suggested that nicotine may be accumulated in human tissues containing melanin. This may in turn affect biochemical processes in human cells producing melanin. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of nicotine on melanogenesis and antioxidant status in cultured normal human melanocytes HEMn-LP. Nicotine induced concentration-dependent loss in melanocytes viability. The value of EC50 was determined to be 7.43 mM. Nicotine inhibited a melanization process in human light pigmented melanocytes and caused alterations of antioxidant defense system. Significant changes in cellular antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and in hydrogen peroxide content were stated. The obtained results may explain a potential influence of nicotine on biochemical processes in melanocytes in vivo during long term exposition to nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Delijewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Artur Beberok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Michał Otręba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Dorota Wrześniok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Jakub Rok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Ewa Buszman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
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Lund HME, Gjerde H, de Courtade SMB, Oiestad EL, Christophersen AS. A Norwegian study of the suitability of hair samples in epidemiological research of alcohol, nicotine and drug use. J Anal Toxicol 2013; 37:362-8. [PMID: 23689070 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkt038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A feasibility study was performed to examine the effectiveness of hair testing in determining the prevalence of drug use in a young adult population. The study included 200 randomly selected young adults in Norway. It was designed to make the collection, preparation and analysis of the samples as little resource demaning as possible. Full anonymity was provided for the participants. In total, 23.5% of the samples were positive for one or more substances (14.5%, excluding the nicotine metabolite cotinine). Of the samples, 5% were positive for at least one illegal drug, 9.5% for a medicinal drug, 11.5% for cotinine and 2.5% for the alcohol metabolite ethyl glucuronide. The preliminary findings suggest that the study protocol used to collect and analyze the samples was unable to produce results that could be generalized to the young adult population in Norway. Analysis of hair samples may underestimate the use of cannabis, alcohol, amphetamine and methamphetamine. It may, however, be done to estimate cocaine and general drug use if a sample-collection procedure different from that described in our study is used and includes information about hair length, sample length, length from the scalp, cosmetic treatment, washing and whether the samples always get washed/decontaminated prior to analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Marie Erøy Lund
- Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, Oslo N-0403, Norway.
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Branstetter SA, Muscat JE. Time to First Cigarette and 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanol (NNAL) Levels in Adult Smokers; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007–2010. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:615-22. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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