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Peeva S, Nikolova V, Nikolov N. Comparative study of the smoke emissions from fine-cut tobacco blends depending on the characteristics of the used RYO/MYO cigarette materials. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20224501015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The European tobacco market has experienced significant changes in the last years – with the introduction of new tobacco products and the increased consumption of certain traditional products. Recent research of fine-cut tobacco blends (for RYO and MYO cigarettes) in Bulgaria is very limited, which substantiates the current comparative investigation of the smoke emissions of RYO tobaccos, accounting for the used materials (cigarette paper and filter tips). Three variants of laboratory-made cigarettes from five tobacco blends (A -E) were analyzed: variant I – with ready-to-use cigarette tubes; variant II – with gummed cigarette paper and filter tips with diameter 8 mm and length 15 mm; variant III – with the same cigarette paper and filter tips with diameter 6 mm and length 20 mm. The highest levels of smoke emissions were found for variant I and the minimal -for variant III, with no uniform trend between the blends. The smoke emissions from the analyzed RYO tobaccos exceeded the legal limits for commercial cigarettes, except for nicotine from blends B and D, and CO from blend D in variant III. In all variants, a strong correlation between the studied smoke emissions was observed -positive for nicotine/tar and tar/CO, and negative for nicotine/CO.
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Tucker JS, Shadel WG, Seelam R, Golinelli D, Siconolfi D. Roll-your-own cigarette smoking among youth experiencing homelessness. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 205:107632. [PMID: 31678834 PMCID: PMC6893089 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Roll-your-own (RYO) cigarette smoking is uncommon among young smokers in the U.S. but may be more widespread among those experiencing homelessness as it is a less expensive source of cigarettes. This study examines the prevalence and correlates of RYO use among young cigarette smokers experiencing homelessness. METHODS The analytic sample consisted of 433 unaccompanied homeless youth who reported past month use of factory-manufactured cigarettes. Participants were sampled from 25 street and service sites in Los Angeles County, and completed a survey on their tobacco-related behaviors and cognitions. RESULTS RYO use was reported by 43% of cigarette smokers. Among those who filled RYOs with tobacco, 87% rolled them with used tobacco (typically mixed with new tobacco). Most RYO smokers reported engaging in high-risk smoking practices, such as smoking discarded cigarettes. Although RYO smokers were more likely than other smokers to perceive RYOs as less risky in general, these groups did not differ in the perceived relative harm, expense, and ease of access of RYOs compared to regular cigarettes. Multivariable analyses indicated that RYO use was associated with older age, less perceived riskiness of RYOs, greater exposure to RYO smokers, and stronger future intentions to smoke. CONCLUSION RYOs may encourage continued tobacco use among youth experiencing homelessness and pose additional health risks despite users' beliefs to the contrary. Future research is needed to obtain more detailed information on RYO practices and motivations for use, as well as how to address RYOs in efforts to reduce tobacco use in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan S. Tucker
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, PO Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138
| | - William G. Shadel
- RAND Corporation, 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2665
| | - Rachana Seelam
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, PO Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138
| | - Daniela Golinelli
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, PO Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138
| | - Daniel Siconolfi
- RAND Corporation, 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2665
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Minardi V, Ferrante G, D'Argenio P, Masocco M, Spizzichino L, Bietta C, Contoli B, Gallus S. Roll-your-own cigarette use in Italy: sales and consumer profile-data from PASSI surveillance, 2015-2016. Int J Public Health 2019; 64:423-430. [PMID: 30683951 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-019-01204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The use of roll-your-own (RYO) cigarette has substantially increased in most high-income countries recently. This work aims to update Italian trends on loose tobacco sales and to describe the consumer profile of predominant RYO users. METHODS Data from the Italian Agency of Customs and State Monopolies and from PASSI (Italian behavioral risk factor surveillance system) were used. Information on 16,858 interviews to current smokers aged 18-69 was analyzed. RESULTS Sales of loose tobacco increased more than sevenfold between 2004 and 2017. In 2015-2016, 11.6% of smokers reported smoking predominantly RYO cigarettes, with higher percentages among the youngest where a significant association between use of RYO and education was observed, unlike what happened in older adults. The association between economic difficulties and use of RYO was observed only in older adults. CONCLUSIONS A growing trend in RYO cigarette sales was registered between 2004 and 2017. In young smokers, the greater use of RYO was observed among the most educated regardless of financial strain, while in older ones among those with economic difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Minardi
- National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Ferrante
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Maria Masocco
- National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Spizzichino
- Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Italian Ministry of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Bietta
- Local Health Unit 2 of Umbria, Prevention Department, Epidemiology Unit, Perugia, Italy
| | - Benedetta Contoli
- National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvano Gallus
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
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Breslin E, Hanafin J, Clancy L. It's not all about price: factors associated with roll-your-own tobacco use among young people - a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:991. [PMID: 30089477 PMCID: PMC6083530 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5921-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smoking prevalence in Ireland is falling in all age groups, but the prevalence of roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco use is rising among young people. This qualitative study aims to explore and understand the factors associated with young people’s use of RYO products. Methods Semi-structured individual and focus group interviews were conducted with young people aged 16–22 years. Participants were recruited from a higher education institution and youth organisations working with early school leavers across Dublin. In total, there were 62 participants in the study, consisting of 22 individual interviews and eight focus group interviews with 40 participants. Categoric and thematic data analysis was used to generate the findings. Results We identified two broad themes, incentivising and disincentivising factors. The lower cost of RYO products compared to pre-manufactured cigarettes was the most important incentive for users. However, other product characteristics, such as the artisanal factors associated with RYO products were also found. Social and environmental influences were apparent, in which certain groups and environments facilitated and normalised RYO practices. Amenities and facilities often provided smokers with normalised spaces which could be dedicated to the enactment of rolling practices and to the creation and maintenance of social bonds with other users. Disincentives included negative features related to the product itself, adverse health effects, and the effects of tobacco denormalisation. Conclusions While the lower cost of RYO products is very important for young smokers, other product characteristics and influences also incentivise and disincentivise use. A more comprehensive understanding of the multi-dimensional appeal of these products will assist policymakers to target strategies to reduce the attractiveness to young smokers of these products. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-5921-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Breslin
- TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland (TFRI), Focas Research Institute, DIT Kevin Street, Camden Row, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Joan Hanafin
- TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland (TFRI), Focas Research Institute, DIT Kevin Street, Camden Row, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Luke Clancy
- TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland (TFRI), Focas Research Institute, DIT Kevin Street, Camden Row, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Joseph S, Krebs NM, Zhu J, Wert Y, Goel R, Reilly SM, Sun D, Richie JP, Nikiforov I, Cheriyath P, Muscat JE. Differences in nicotine dependence, smoke exposure and consumer characteristics between smokers of machine-injected roll-your-own cigarettes and factory-made cigarettes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 187:109-115. [PMID: 29655031 PMCID: PMC5959786 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of machine-injected roll-your-own (RYO) filtered cigarettes made from pipe tobacco increased almost 7-fold from 2008 to 2011 in the United States. METHODS We used data from the Pennsylvania Adult Smoking Study to compare the differences in sociodemographic, smoking topography, nicotine dependence, and cotinine levels between 280 smokers using factory made (FM) cigarettes and 68 smokers using RYO cigarettes. RESULTS RYO smokers were older (41 vs. 37, P = 0.053), had significantly lower levels of income (P < 0.001) and education (P = 0.007), and were less likely to be fully employed (P = 0.009). RYO smokers consumed more cigarettes per day [CPD] (21 vs. 15, P < 0.001), and had a higher mean score on the Fagerström Test for Cigarette/Nicotine Dependence (5.2 vs. 4.1, P < 0.001). The main reasons for choosing RYO cigarettes were the lower cost (68%) and believed they are less harmful (12%). The average cost per pack of FM cigarettes was $5.74 vs. $1.13 for RYO. In multiple regression analyses, RYO smokers had significantly lower cotinine levels across all levels of CPD. Among smokers of king-size cigarettes, mean interpuff interval (P < 0.05) and total smoke duration (P < 0.01) per cigarette was significantly greater in RYO smokers. In laboratory measurements, RYO cigarettes contained more tobacco by weight than FM cigarettes, but weight varied by both tobacco and cigarette tube brands. CONCLUSIONS Machine-injected RYO cigarettes made from pipe tobacco are cheaper than FM cigarettes but may have higher abuse liability. Smokers who might otherwise reduce their cigarette consumption or quit altogether may continue to smoke RYO cigarettes due to their affordability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Joseph
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Lehigh Valley Health Network, Lehigh Valley Hospital, P.O. Box 689, Allentown, PA 18103 USA
| | - Nicolle M. Krebs
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Junjia Zhu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Yijin Wert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pinnacle Health Hospitals, 205 S. Front St., Harrisburg, PA 17104 USA
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Samantha M. Reilly
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Dongxiao Sun
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - John P. Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Ivan Nikiforov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pinnacle Health Hospitals, 205 S. Front St., Harrisburg, PA 17104 USA
| | - Pramil Cheriyath
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pinnacle Health Hospitals, 205 S. Front St., Harrisburg, PA 17104 USA,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida, College of Medicine. 6850 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL 32827 USA
| | - Joshua E. Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033 USA
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Hoek J, Ferguson S, Court E, Gallopel-Morvan K. Qualitative exploration of young adult RYO smokers' practices. Tob Control 2016; 26:563-568. [PMID: 27625410 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco often elicits negative connotations of a lower class product, uptake and use by young adult smokers has grown because RYO is more cost-effective than tailor-made (TM) cigarettes. We explored the practices and beliefs young adults develop to distance themselves from unattractive stereotypes of RYO smokers. METHODS We conducted 20 in-depth interviews with New Zealand young adult RYO users aged between 18 and 30 years, and used thematic analysis to interpret the transcripts. RESULTS We identified three themes: establishing the superiority of RYO tobacco; creating and enacting usage rituals, and ritual disruption. Participants regarded RYO tobacco as more natural and better-tasting; they used it to control their tobacco use and facilitate interactions with others. Many described rolling rituals where they used specific artefacts and microbehaviours to construct cigarettes they saw as personal and artisanal. Several, though not all, disliked unattractively coloured papers as these disrupted the value their rituals created. CONCLUSIONS Young adults imbue RYO tobacco with positive attributes, many of which centre on rolling rituals or draw on widely held misperceptions of RYO tobacco as less harmful. Excise tax increases could counter perceptions of RYO as more cost-effective while mandating that dissuasively coloured paper could disrupt reduced-harm connotations. However, evidence that erroneous harm beliefs are widespread and entrenched may justify restricting or eliminating the key artefact-the product itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Hoek
- Department of Marketing, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Shelagh Ferguson
- Department of Marketing, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Erin Court
- Department of Marketing, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Edwards R, Ajmal A, Healey B, Hoek J. Impact of removing point-of-sale tobacco displays: data from a New Zealand youth survey. Tob Control 2016; 26:392-398. [PMID: 27377342 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The tobacco industry increasingly invests in point-of-sale (POS) marketing. In July 2012, New Zealand required the removal of POS tobacco displays concurrently with increased enforcement and penalties for selling tobacco to minors, and additional restrictions on tobacco sponsorship. We evaluated the impact of these measures using a before-after study. METHODS We analysed data from annual surveys of more than 25 000 year 10 (14-15 years) students from 2007 and 2011 to 2014. Measures included prevalence of smoking-related behaviours and strength of association between visiting tobacco-retailing stores and smoking behaviours. RESULTS Between 2011 and 2014, smoking experimentation (had smoked ever but smoked less than monthly currently) decreased from 23% in 2011 to 17% in 2014 (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.73, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.78); current smoking (at least monthly) prevalence from 9% to 7% (aOR 0.71, 0.64 to 0.79) and initiation in the last year from 13% to 11% (aOR 0.91, 0.84 to 0.98). Attempted purchase of cigarettes in the past 30 days among smokers decreased from 30% in 2012 to 26% in 2013 (aOR 0.77, 0.63 to 0.91). Positive associations between frequency of visiting tobacco-retailing stores and smoking-related behaviours weakened post-implementation. CONCLUSIONS The introduction of a POS display ban and concurrent measures was followed by significant reductions in initiation, experimental and regular smoking, attempted purchase of cigarettes, and reduced association between visiting tobacco-retailing stores and smoking behaviours. The findings suggest that POS display bans are important components of strategies to reduce smoking initiation among youth and young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Edwards
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ali Ajmal
- Action on Smoking and Health (ASH), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin Healey
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Janet Hoek
- Department of Marketing, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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