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Oluwadairo T, Whitehead L, Symanski E, Bauer C, Carson A, Han I. Effects of Road Traffic on the Accuracy and Bias of Low-Cost Particulate Matter Sensor Measurements in Houston, Texas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031086. [PMID: 35162113 PMCID: PMC8833980 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although PM2.5 measurements of low-cost particulate matter sensors (LCPMS) generally show moderate and strong correlations with those from research-grade air monitors, the data quality of LCPMS has not been fully assessed in urban environments with different road traffic conditions. We examined the linear relationships between PM2.5 measurements taken by an LCPMS (Dylos DC1700) and two research grade monitors, a personal environmental monitor (PEM) and the GRIMM 11R, in three different urban environments, and compared the accuracy (slope) and bias of these environments. PM2.5 measurements were carried out at three locations in Houston, Texas (Clinton Drive largely with diesel trucks, US-59 mostly with gasoline vehicles, and a residential home with no major sources of traffic emissions nearby). The slopes of the regressions of the PEM on Dylos and Grimm measurements varied by location (e.g., PEM/Dylos slope at Clinton Drive = 0.98 (R2 = 0.77), at US-59 = 0.63 (R2 = 0.42), and at the residence = 0.29 (R2 = 0.31)). Although the regression slopes and coefficients differed across the three urban environments, the mean percent bias was not significantly different. Using the correct slope for LCPMS measurements is key for accurately estimating ambient PM2.5 mass in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope Oluwadairo
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.O.); (L.W.); (A.C.)
| | - Lawrence Whitehead
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.O.); (L.W.); (A.C.)
| | - Elaine Symanski
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Cici Bauer
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Arch Carson
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.O.); (L.W.); (A.C.)
| | - Inkyu Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Temple University College of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Correspondence:
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Oluwadairo T, Whitehead L, Symanski E, Bauer C, Carson A, Han I. Effects of aerosol particle size on the measurement of airborne PM 2.5 with a low-cost particulate matter sensor (LCPMS) in a laboratory chamber. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:56. [PMID: 34989887 PMCID: PMC8842881 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Previous validation studies found a good linear correlation between the low-cost particulate matter sensors (LCPMS) and other research grade particulate matter (PM) monitors. This study aimed to determine if different particle size bins of PM would affect the linear relationship and agreement between the Dylos DC1700 (LCPMS) particle count measurements (converted to PM2.5 mass concentrations) and the Grimm 11R (research grade instrument) mass concentration measurements. Three size groups of PM2.5 (mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD): < 1 µm, 1-2 µm, and > 2 µm) were generated inside a laboratory chamber, controlled for temperature and relative humidity, by dispersing sodium chloride crystals through a nebulizer. A linear regression comparing 1-min average PM2.5 particle counts from the Dylos DC1700 (Dylos) to the Grimm 11R (Grimm) mass concentrations was estimated by particle size group. The slope for the linear regression was found to increase as MMAD increased (< 1 µm, 0.75 (R2 = 0.95); 1-2 µm, 0.90 (R2 = 0.93); and > 2 µm, 1.03 (R2 = 0.94). The linear slopes were used to convert Dylos counts to mass concentration, and the agreement between converted Dylos mass and Grimm mass was estimated. The absolute relative error between converted Dylos mass and the Grimm mass was smaller in the < 1 µm group (16%) and 1-2 µm group (16%) compared to the > 2 µm group (32%). Therefore, the bias between converted Dylos mass and Grimm mass varied by size group. Future studies examining particle size bins over a wider range of coarse particles (> 2.5 µm) would provide useful information for accurately converting LCPMS counts to mass concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope Oluwadairo
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lawrence Whitehead
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elaine Symanski
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cici Bauer
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arch Carson
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Inkyu Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Temple University College of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Singh A, Okello G, Semple S, Dobbie F, Kinnunen TI, Lartey KF, Logo DD, Bauld L, Ankrah ST, McNeill A, Owusu-Dabo E. Exposure to secondhand smoke in hospitality settings in Ghana: Evidence of changes since implementation of smoke-free legislation. Tob Induc Dis 2020; 18:44. [PMID: 32477039 PMCID: PMC7252429 DOI: 10.18332/tid/120934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ghana has a partial smoking ban with smoking allowed in designated smoking areas. Studies evaluating smoke-free laws are scarce in Sub-Saharan Africa. Evaluation of smoke-free laws is an effective means of measuring progress towards a smoke-free society. This study assessed the level of compliance to the provisions of the current smoke-free policy using air quality measurements for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in hospitality venues in Ghana. METHODS This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted in 2019 using a structured observational checklist complemented with air quality measurements using Dylos monitors across 152 randomly selected hospitality venues in three large cities in Ghana. RESULTS Smoking was observed in a third of the venues visited. The median indoor PM2.5 concentration was 14.6 μg/m3 (range: 5.2-349). PM2.5 concentrations were higher in venues where smoking was observed (28.3 μg/m3) compared to venues where smoking was not observed (12.3 μg/m3) (p<0.001). Hospitality locations in Accra, Ghana's capital city, had the lowest compliance levels (59.5%) and poorer air quality compared to the cities of Kumasi and Tamale. CONCLUSIONS The study shows that while smoking and SHS exposure continues in a substantial number of hospitality venues, there is a marked improvement in PM2.5 concentrations compared to earlier studies in Ghana. There is still a considerable way to go to increase compliance with the law. Efforts are needed to develop an action plan to build upon recent progress in providing smoke-free public spaces in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Singh
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Sean Semple
- University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Dobbie
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tarja I Kinnunen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kwabena F Lartey
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Divine D Logo
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Linda Bauld
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sampson T Ankrah
- Department of Mathematics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ann McNeill
- King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ellis Owusu-Dabo
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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M Bublitz F, Oetomo A, S Sahu K, Kuang A, X Fadrique L, E Velmovitsky P, M Nobrega R, P Morita P. Disruptive Technologies for Environment and Health Research: An Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, and Internet of Things. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3847. [PMID: 31614632 PMCID: PMC6843531 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16203847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this descriptive research paper is to initiate discussions on the use of innovative technologies and their potential to support the research and development of pan-Canadian monitoring and surveillance activities associated with environmental impacts on health and within the health system. Its primary aim is to provide a review of disruptive technologies and their current uses in the environment and in healthcare. Drawing on extensive experience in population-level surveillance through the use of technology, knowledge from prior projects in the field, and conducting a review of the technologies, this paper is meant to serve as the initial steps toward a better understanding of the research area. In doing so, we hope to be able to better assess which technologies might best be leveraged to advance this unique intersection of health and environment. This paper first outlines the current use of technologies at the intersection of public health and the environment, in particular, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT). The paper provides a description for each of these technologies, along with a summary of their current applications, and a description of the challenges one might face with adopting them. Thereafter, a high-level reference architecture, that addresses the challenges of the described technologies and could potentially be incorporated into the pan-Canadian surveillance system, is conceived and presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico M Bublitz
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
- Center for Strategic Technologies in Health (NUTES), State University of Paraiba (UEPB), Campina Grande, PB 58429-500, Brazil.
| | - Arlene Oetomo
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Kirti S Sahu
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Amethyst Kuang
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Laura X Fadrique
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Pedro E Velmovitsky
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Raphael M Nobrega
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Plinio P Morita
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M6, Canada.
- Research Institute for Aging, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2J 0E2, Canada.
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
- eHealth Innovation, Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
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Mdege N, Fairhurst C, Ferdous T, Hewitt C, Huque R, Jackson C, Kellar I, Parrott S, Semple S, Sheikh A, Swami S, Siddiqi K. Muslim Communities Learning About Second-hand Smoke in Bangladesh (MCLASS II): study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial of a community-based smoke-free homes intervention, with or without Indoor Air Quality feedback. Trials 2019; 20:11. [PMID: 30611292 PMCID: PMC6321715 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-3100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Second-hand smoke (SHS) is a serious health hazard costing 890,000 lives a year globally. Women and children in many economically developing countries are worst affected as smoke-free laws are only partially implemented and homes remain a major source of SHS exposure. There is limited evidence on interventions designed to reduce SHS exposure in homes, especially in community settings. Following a successful pilot, a community-based approach to promote smoke-free homes in Bangladesh, a country with a strong commitment to smoke-free environments but with high levels of SHS exposure, will be evaluated. The study aims to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a community-based intervention, Muslims for better Health (M4bH), with or without Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) feedback, in reducing non-smokers' exposure to SHS in the home. METHODS/DESIGN Based on behaviour-change theories, M4bH and IAQ feedback are designed to discourage people from smoking indoors. M4bH consists of a set of messages couched within mainstream Islamic discourse, delivered weekly by faith leaders (imams and khatibs) in mosques over 12 weeks (one message each week). The messages address key determinants of current smoking behaviours including lack of knowledge and misconceptions on specific harms associated with SHS exposure. IAQ feedback consists of personalised information on IAQ measured by a particulate matter (PM2.5) monitor within the home. Following adaptation of M4bH and IAQ feedback for the Bangladeshi context, a three-arm cluster randomised controlled trial will be conducted in Dhaka. Forty-five mosques and 1800 households, with at least one smoker and one non-smoker, will be recruited. Mosques will be randomised to: M4bH and IAQ feedback; M4bH alone; or usual services only. The primary outcome is 24-h mean household concentration of indoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at 12 months post randomisation. Secondary outcomes are 24-h mean household PM2.5 at 3 months post randomisation, frequency and severity of respiratory symptoms, health care service use and quality of life. A cost-effectiveness analysis and process evaluation will also be conducted. DISCUSSION The MCLASS II trial will test the potential of a community-based intervention to reduce second-hand smoke exposure at home and improve lung health among non-smokers in Bangladesh and beyond. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN, ISRCTN49975452 . Registered on 11 January 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Mdege
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Caroline Fairhurst
- York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Tarana Ferdous
- ARK Foundation, Suite C-3, C-4, House number 06, Road 109, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Catherine Hewitt
- York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Rumana Huque
- ARK Foundation, Suite C-3, C-4, House number 06, Road 109, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
- Department of Economics, Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Cath Jackson
- Valid Research Ltd, Sandown House, Sandbeck Way, Wetherby, LS22 7DN UK
| | - Ian Kellar
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Steve Parrott
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Sean Semple
- Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA UK
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG UK
| | - Shilpi Swami
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Kamran Siddiqi
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD UK
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Semple S, Mueller W, Leyland AH, Gray L, Cherrie JW. Assessing progress in protecting non-smokers from secondhand smoke. Tob Control 2018; 28:692-695. [PMID: 30158211 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine trends in population exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and consider two exposure metrics as appropriate targets for tobacco control policy-makers. DESIGN Comparison of adult non-smokers' salivary cotinine data available from 11 Scottish Health Surveys between 1998 and 2016. METHODS The proportions of non-smoking adults who had measurable levels of cotinine in their saliva were calculated for the 11 time points. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations of cotinine levels were calculated using Tobit regression. Changes in both parameters were assessed for the whole period and also for the years since implementation of smoke-free legislation in Scotland in 2006. RESULTS Salivary cotinine expressed as a GM fell from 0.464 ng/mL (95% CI 0.444 to 0.486 ng/mL) in 1998 to 0.013 ng/mL (95% CI 0.009 to 0.020 ng/mL) in 2016: a reduction of 97.2%. The percentage of non-smoking adults who had no measurable cotinine in their saliva increased by nearly sixfold between 1998 (12.5%, 95% CI 11.5% to 13.6%) and 2016 (81.6%, 95% CI 78.6% to 84.6%). Reductions in population exposure to SHS have continued even after smoke-free legislation in 2006. CONCLUSIONS Scotland has witnessed a dramatic reduction in SHS exposure in the past two decades, but there are still nearly one in five non-smoking adults who have measurable exposure to SHS on any given day. Tobacco control strategies globally should consider the use of both the proportion of non-smoking adults with undetectable salivary cotinine and the GM as targets to encourage policies that achieve a smoke-free future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Semple
- Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Will Mueller
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alastair H Leyland
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Linsay Gray
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John W Cherrie
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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Foley K, Ferencz L, Meghea C, Abram Z, Pénzes M, Fogarasi-Grenczer A, Balazs P, Schmidt L. Home- and Car-Based Rules in Foster Care Settings to Reduce Exposure to Secondhand Smoke: Before and after Romanian National Clean Air Legislation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15081631. [PMID: 30072587 PMCID: PMC6122015 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: To evaluate changes in smoke free rules in the foster care system after the implementation of the Romanian national clean air law. Methods: A repeated cross-sectional, self-administered questionnaire among foster care employees (n = 599) was conducted in 58 foster care homes during 2014 (n = 295) and 51 homes during 2016 (n = 304). We estimated the absolute difference in the proportion of employees who stated that smoke free rules existed before and after national clean air legislation. Results: There was an absolute increase in 4 of 5 smoke free measures after the law: bans on non-cigarette tobacco products (n = 169 to 206, +10.6%), non-smoking on premises for adults (n = 142 to 202, +18.3%), and for children (n = 201 to 239, +10.3%), and no smoking in cars to transport children (n = 194 to 227, +9%). There was a significant increase in the perception of outdoor bans that prohibit employees from smoking on foster care home premises (AOR 2.24, 95% CI 1.14–4.38). The increase in the perception of indoor smoking bans did not change. Conclusion: The national law may have had a spillover influence by strengthening smoke free rules in unregulated spaces. Nonetheless, foster care home rules could be further enhanced, particularly in cars that transport children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie Foley
- Department of Implementation Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Lorand Ferencz
- Department of Hygiene, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Targu Mures, Targu Mures 540139, Romania.
| | - Cristian Meghea
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Zoltan Abram
- Department of Hygiene, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Targu Mures, Targu Mures 540139, Romania.
| | - Melinda Pénzes
- Institute of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1088, Hungary.
| | | | - Peter Balazs
- Institute of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1088, Hungary.
| | - Lorand Schmidt
- Department of General Directorate of Social Assistance and Child Protection of Mures County, Targu Mures 540139, Romania.
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Morawska L, Thai PK, Liu X, Asumadu-Sakyi A, Ayoko G, Bartonova A, Bedini A, Chai F, Christensen B, Dunbabin M, Gao J, Hagler GSW, Jayaratne R, Kumar P, Lau AKH, Louie PKK, Mazaheri M, Ning Z, Motta N, Mullins B, Rahman MM, Ristovski Z, Shafiei M, Tjondronegoro D, Westerdahl D, Williams R. Applications of low-cost sensing technologies for air quality monitoring and exposure assessment: How far have they gone? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 116:286-299. [PMID: 29704807 PMCID: PMC6145068 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, a range of sensor technologies became available on the market, enabling a revolutionary shift in air pollution monitoring and assessment. With their cost of up to three orders of magnitude lower than standard/reference instruments, many avenues for applications have opened up. In particular, broader participation in air quality discussion and utilisation of information on air pollution by communities has become possible. However, many questions have been also asked about the actual benefits of these technologies. To address this issue, we conducted a comprehensive literature search including both the scientific and grey literature. We focused upon two questions: (1) Are these technologies fit for the various purposes envisaged? and (2) How far have these technologies and their applications progressed to provide answers and solutions? Regarding the former, we concluded that there is no clear answer to the question, due to a lack of: sensor/monitor manufacturers' quantitative specifications of performance, consensus regarding recommended end-use and associated minimal performance targets of these technologies, and the ability of the prospective users to formulate the requirements for their applications, or conditions of the intended use. Numerous studies have assessed and reported sensor/monitor performance under a range of specific conditions, and in many cases the performance was concluded to be satisfactory. The specific use cases for sensors/monitors included outdoor in a stationary mode, outdoor in a mobile mode, indoor environments and personal monitoring. Under certain conditions of application, project goals, and monitoring environments, some sensors/monitors were fit for a specific purpose. Based on analysis of 17 large projects, which reached applied outcome stage, and typically conducted by consortia of organizations, we observed that a sizable fraction of them (~ 30%) were commercial and/or crowd-funded. This fact by itself signals a paradigm change in air quality monitoring, which previously had been primarily implemented by government organizations. An additional paradigm-shift indicator is the growing use of machine learning or other advanced data processing approaches to improve sensor/monitor agreement with reference monitors. There is still some way to go in enhancing application of the technologies for source apportionment, which is of particular necessity and urgency in developing countries. Also, there has been somewhat less progress in wide-scale monitoring of personal exposures. However, it can be argued that with a significant future expansion of monitoring networks, including indoor environments, there may be less need for wearable or portable sensors/monitors to assess personal exposure. Traditional personal monitoring would still be valuable where spatial variability of pollutants of interest is at a finer resolution than the monitoring network can resolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Morawska
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, Science and Engineering Faculty, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, Science and Engineering Faculty, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Xiaoting Liu
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, Science and Engineering Faculty, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Akwasi Asumadu-Sakyi
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, Science and Engineering Faculty, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Godwin Ayoko
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, Science and Engineering Faculty, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alena Bartonova
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, POB 100, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - Fahe Chai
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Bryce Christensen
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, Science and Engineering Faculty, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew Dunbabin
- Queensland University of Technology, Institute for Future Environments, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jian Gao
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Gayle S W Hagler
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Rohan Jayaratne
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, Science and Engineering Faculty, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis K H Lau
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter K K Louie
- Environmental Protection Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| | - Mandana Mazaheri
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, Science and Engineering Faculty, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Climate and Atmospheric Science Branch, NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zhi Ning
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nunzio Motta
- Queensland University of Technology, Science and Engineering Faculty, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ben Mullins
- Curtin Institute for Computation, Occupation and Environment, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Md Mahmudur Rahman
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, Science and Engineering Faculty, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Zoran Ristovski
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, Science and Engineering Faculty, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mahnaz Shafiei
- Queensland University of Technology, Science and Engineering Faculty, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, Institute for Future Environments, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Dian Tjondronegoro
- School of Business and Tourism, Southern Cross University, QLD, Australia
| | - Dane Westerdahl
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ron Williams
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Gravely S, Nyamurungi KN, Kabwama SN, Okello G, Robertson L, Heng KKC, Ndikum AE, Oginni AS, Rusatira JC, Kakoulides S, Huffman MD, Yusuf S, Bianco E. Knowledge, opinions and compliance related to the 100% smoke-free law in hospitality venues in Kampala, Uganda: cross-sectional results from the KOMPLY Project. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e017601. [PMID: 29306880 PMCID: PMC5780705 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated knowledge, opinions and compliance related to Uganda's comprehensive smoke-free law among hospitality venues in Kampala Uganda. DESIGN This multi-method study presents cross-sectional findings of the extent of compliance in the early phase of Uganda's comprehensive smoke-free law (2 months postimplementation; pre-enforcement). SETTING Bars, pubs and restaurants in Kampala Uganda. PROCEDURE AND PARTICIPANTS A two-stage stratified cluster sampling procedure was used to select hospitality sites stratified by all five divisions in Kampala. A total of 222 establishments were selected for the study. One hospitality representative from each of the visited sites agreed to take part in a face-to-face administered questionnaire. A subsample of hospitality venues were randomly selected for tobacco air quality testing (n=108). Data were collected between June and August 2016. OUTCOME MEASURES Knowledge and opinions of the smoke-free law among hospitality venue staff and owners. The level of compliance with the smoke-free law in hospitality venues through: (1) systematic objective observations (eg, active smoking, the presence of designated smoking areas, 'no smoking' signage) and (2) air quality by measuring the levels of tobacco particulate matter (PM2.5) in both indoor and outdoor venues. RESULTS Active smoking was observed in 18% of venues, 31% had visible 'no smoking' signage and 47% had visible cigarette remains. Among interviewed respondents, 57% agreed that they had not been adequately informed about the smoke-free law; however, 90% were supportive of the ban. Nearly all respondents (97%) agreed that the law will protect workers' health, but 32% believed that the law would cause financial losses at their establishment. Indoor PM2.5 levels were hazardous (267.6 µg/m3) in venues that allowed smoking and moderate (29.6 µg/m3) in smoke-free establishments. CONCLUSIONS In the early phase of Uganda's smoke-free law, the level of compliance in hospitality venues settings in Kampala was suboptimal. Civil society and the media have strong potential to inform and educate the hospitality industry and smokers of the benefits and requirements of the smoke-free law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Gravely
- International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation (ITC)Project, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Steven Ndugwa Kabwama
- School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gabriel Okello
- Respiratory Group, Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lindsay Robertson
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Achiri Elvis Ndikum
- Association for the Promotion of Youth Leadership, Advocacy and Volunteerism (APYLAV), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Mark D Huffman
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Medicine-Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Department of Medicine and Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eduardo Bianco
- Centro de Investigación para la Epidemia del Tabaquismo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Luntungan NNHW, Byron MJ, Hovell MF, Rosen LJ, Anggraeni A, Rees VW. Children's Exposure to Secondhand Smoke during Ramadan in Jakarta, Indonesia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13100952. [PMID: 27681737 PMCID: PMC5086691 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13100952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Secondhand smoke exposure (SHS) causes a disproportionate health burden for children, yet existing smoke-free laws are often poorly enforced. We monitored air quality while observing children and adult nonsmokers present in public venues during Ramadan, a period of Muslim religious observance marked by family and social gatherings, in Jakarta, Indonesia. A repeated-measures design was used to assess indoor air quality during and after Ramadan in 43 restaurants and in five smoke-free control venues. Fine particulate matter of 2.5 microns or less (PM2.5) was sampled. The average number of children and active smokers present in each venue was also observed. PM2.5 levels were significantly higher during Ramadan (mean 86.5 µg/m3) compared with post-Ramadan (mean 63.2 µg/m3) in smoking venues (p = 0.015). During Ramadan, there were more active smokers (p = 0.012) and children (p = 0.051) observed in venues where smoking occurred, compared with the same venues post-Ramadan. Poor enforcement of the smoke-free law in Jakarta has failed to protect children from SHS exposure in public venues during Ramadan. Collaboration between the government, NGOs (such as the Indonesian Cancer Foundation (YKI) and the Smoking Control Foundation (LM3)), religious leaders, and venue owners and managers must be developed to ensure that the comprehensive smoking bans apply to all venues, and that smoke-free laws are enforced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Justin Byron
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Melbourne F Hovell
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Laura J Rosen
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, POB 39040, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Annisa Anggraeni
- School of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java 16424, Indonesia.
| | - Vaughan W Rees
- Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Pant P, Guttikunda SK, Peltier RE. Exposure to particulate matter in India: A synthesis of findings and future directions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 147:480-496. [PMID: 26974362 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution poses a critical threat to human health with ambient and household air pollution identified as key health risks in India. While there are many studies investigating concentration, composition, and health effects of air pollution, investigators are only beginning to focus on estimating or measuring personal exposure. Further, the relevance of exposures studies from the developed countries in developing countries is uncertain. This review summarizes existing research on exposure to particulate matter (PM) in India, identifies gaps and offers recommendations for future research. There are a limited number of studies focused on exposure to PM and/or associated health effects in India, but it is evident that levels of exposure are much higher than those reported in developed countries. Most studies have focused on coarse aerosols, with a few studies on fine aerosols. Additionally, most studies have focused on a handful of cities, and there are many unknowns in terms of ambient levels of PM as well as personal exposure. Given the high mortality burden associated with air pollution exposure in India, a deeper understanding of ambient pollutant levels as well as source strengths is crucial, both in urban and rural areas. Further, the attention needs to expand beyond the handful large cities that have been studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Pant
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 01003, USA
| | - Sarath K Guttikunda
- Institute of Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai, India; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 225 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Richard E Peltier
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 01003, USA.
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