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Powers JM, Zale EL, Deyo AG, Rubenstein D, Terry EL, Heckman BW, Ditre JW. Pain and Menthol Use Are Related to Greater Nicotine Dependence Among Black Adults Who Smoke Cigarettes at Wave 5 (2018-2019) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:2407-2416. [PMID: 36171497 PMCID: PMC10651305 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Burdens related to pain, smoking/nicotine dependence, and pain-smoking comorbidity disproportionately impact Black Americans, and menthol cigarette use is overrepresented among Black adults who smoke cigarettes. Menthol may increase nicotine exposure, potentially conferring enhanced acute analgesia and driving greater dependence. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to examine associations between pain, menthol cigarette use, and nicotine dependence. Data was drawn from Black adults who were current cigarette smokers (n = 1370) at Wave 5 (2018-2019) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Nicotine dependence was assessed using the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives. ANCOVA revealed that moderate/severe pain (vs. no/low pain) was associated with greater overall nicotine dependence (p < .001) and greater negative reinforcement, cognitive enhancement, and affiliative attachment smoking motives (ps < .001). Menthol smokers with moderate/severe pain also endorsed greater cigarette craving and tolerance, compared to non-menthol smokers with no/low pain (ps < .05). Findings support the notion that among Black individuals who smoke cigarettes, the presence of moderate/severe pain (vs. no/low pain) and menthol use may engender greater physical indices of nicotine dependence relative to non-menthol use. Compared to no/low pain, moderate/severe pain was associated with greater emotional attachment to smoking and greater proclivity to smoke for reducing negative affect and enhancing cognitive function. Clinical implications include the need to address the role of pain and menthol cigarette use in the assessment and treatment of nicotine dependence, particularly among Black adults. These data may help to inform evolving tobacco control policies aimed at regulating or banning menthol tobacco additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Powers
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA.
| | - Emily L Zale
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Alexa G Deyo
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Dana Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Ellen L Terry
- Biobehavioral Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Bryan W Heckman
- The Center for the Study of Social Determinants of Health, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Public Health, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joseph W Ditre
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
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Buu A, Cai Z, Li R, Wong SW, Lin HC, Su WC, Jorenby DE, Piper ME. Validating E-Cigarette Dependence Scales Based on Dynamic Patterns of Vaping Behaviors. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:1484-1489. [PMID: 33758949 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Existing e-cigarette dependence scales are mainly validated based on retrospective overall consumption or perception. Further, given that the majority of adult e-cigarette users also use combustible cigarettes, it is important to determine whether e-cigarette dependence scales capture the product-specific dependence. This study fills in the current knowledge gaps by validating e-cigarette dependence scales using novel indices of dynamic patterns of e-cigarette use behaviors and examining the association between dynamic patterns of smoking and e-cigarette dependence among dual users. METHODS Secondary analysis was conducted on the 2-week ecological momentary assessment data from 116 dual users. The Smoothly Clipped Absolute Deviation penalty (SCAD) was adopted to select important indices for dynamic patterns of consumption or craving and estimate their associations with e-cigarette dependence scales. RESULTS The fitted linear regression models support the hypothesis that higher e-cigarette dependence is associated with higher levels of e-cigarette consumption and craving as well as lower instability of e-cigarette consumption. Controlling for dynamic patterns of vaping, dual users with lower e-cigarette dependence tend to report higher day-to-day dramatic changes in combustible cigarette consumption but not higher average levels of smoking. CONCLUSIONS We found that more stable use patterns are related to higher levels of dependence, which has been demonstrated in combustible cigarettes and we have now illustrated in e-cigarettes. Furthermore, the e-cigarette dependence scales may capture the product-specific average consumption but not product-specific instability of consumption. IMPLICATIONS This study provides empirical support for three e-cigarette dependence measures: PS-ECDI, e-FTCD, and e-WISDM, based on dynamic patterns of e-cigarette consumption and craving revealed by EMA data that have great ecological validity. This is the first study that introduces novel indices of dynamic patterns and demonstrates their potential applications in vaping research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Buu
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhanrui Cai
- Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Runze Li
- Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Su-Wei Wong
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hsien-Chang Lin
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Wei-Chung Su
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Douglas E Jorenby
- Center for Tobacco Research & Intervention, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Megan E Piper
- Center for Tobacco Research & Intervention, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Votaw VR, Witkiewitz K. Motives for Substance Use in Daily Life: A Systematic Review of Studies Using Ecological Momentary Assessment. Clin Psychol Sci 2021; 9:535-562. [PMID: 34447615 DOI: 10.1177/2167702620978614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The motivational model of substance use posits four motive subtypes (coping, enhancement, social, conformity) dynamically interact with contextual factors to impact decisions about substance use. Yet, prior studies assessing the motivational model have relied on between-person, cross-sectional evaluations of trait motives. We systematically reviewed ecological momentary assessments (EMA) studies (N=64) on motives for substance use to examine: methodological features of EMA studies examining the motivational model, support for the motivational model between and within individuals, and associations between trait motives and daily processes. Results of the reviewed studies provide equivocal support for the motivational model, and suggest that EMA measures and trait measures of motives might not reflect the same construct. The reviewed body of research indicates most studies have not examined the momentary and dynamic nature of the motivational model and more research is needed to inform interventions that address heterogeneous reasons for substance use in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R Votaw
- Department of Psychology, Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, & Addictions, University of New Mexico
| | - Katie Witkiewitz
- Department of Psychology, Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, & Addictions, University of New Mexico
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Accounting for the Consequences of Tobacco Dependence on Cravings, Self-efficacy, and Motivation to Quit: Consideration of Identity Concerns. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 23:e34. [PMID: 32895063 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2020.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco dependence has been found to increase smoking cravings, and reduce both self-efficacy and motivation to quit. The present research proposes to test the hypothesis that such negative consequences are related to identity concerns and should thus appear more strongly in dependent smokers with a high (vs. low) smoker identity. In two correlational studies, daily smokers (Study 1: N = 237; Study 2: N = 154) were assessed for tobacco dependence, smoker identity, self-efficacy, craving to smoke (Study 1), and motivation to quit (Study 2). Among smokers who declared to be strongly dependent, those scoring high in smoker identity reported more smoking cravings (β = .28, p = .008, 95% CI [0.084, 0.563], $ {\upeta}_p^{{}^2} $ = .03) and less motivation to quit than those scoring low (β = -.58, p = .003, 95% CI [-1.379, -0.282], $ {\upeta}_p^{{}^2} $ = .06). Smoker identity was unrelated to these variables among non-dependent smokers (ps > .40). The relationship between tobacco dependence and self-efficacy was not affected by smoker identity (ps > .45). Through these studies, we provided evidence that the implications of tobacco dependence on smoking maintenance and difficulties in quitting may be, in part, explained by identity mechanisms.
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Smith TT, Wahlquist AE, Heckman BW, Cummings KM, Carpenter MJ. Impact of E-cigarette Sampling on Cigarette Dependence and Reinforcement Value. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:297-301. [PMID: 30500925 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION E-cigarettes have risen in prevalence in recent years, and most public health experts agree they deliver fewer toxicants than combustible tobacco products such as cigarettes. Thus, it is important to understand how use of e-cigarettes by current smokers impacts dependence on combustible cigarettes. METHODS The present study is a secondary analysis of a randomized pilot trial of e-cigarette sampling. Nontreatment seeking current smokers were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to either receive or not receive a weekly supply of e-cigarettes for 3 weeks. Participants completed the Brief Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM) scale and the cigarette purchase task before and after the sampling period and at monthly follow-up visits for 3 months. RESULTS Individuals assigned to receive an e-cigarette had significantly lower mean WISDM scores at the end of sampling and the end of the follow-up period compared with those in the control group. Both frequency of e-cigarette use as well as nicotine concentration of the e-cigarette given to smokers were significant predictors of changes in the mean WISDM score. E-cigarette sampling significantly reduced the demand parameter Omax, which measures the maximum amount of money participants estimate they would spend on cigarettes in a single day. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that current smokers who try using an e-cigarette may experience reductions in dependence on combustible cigarettes. IMPLICATIONS The present analysis suggests that providing an e-cigarette to current cigarette smokers is likely to reduce cigarette dependence, especially if the e-cigarette delivers sufficient nicotine and is used frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy T Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC.,Cancer Control and Prevention, Hollings Cancer Center, MUSC, Charleston, SC
| | - Amy E Wahlquist
- Cancer Control and Prevention, Hollings Cancer Center, MUSC, Charleston, SC.,Department of Public Health Sciences, MUSC, Charleston, SC
| | - Bryan W Heckman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC.,Cancer Control and Prevention, Hollings Cancer Center, MUSC, Charleston, SC
| | - K Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC.,Cancer Control and Prevention, Hollings Cancer Center, MUSC, Charleston, SC.,Department of Public Health Sciences, MUSC, Charleston, SC
| | - Matthew J Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC.,Cancer Control and Prevention, Hollings Cancer Center, MUSC, Charleston, SC.,Department of Public Health Sciences, MUSC, Charleston, SC
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Cwalina SN, Majmundar A, Unger JB, Barrington-Trimis JL, Pentz MA. Adolescent menthol cigarette use and risk of nicotine dependence: Findings from the national Population Assessment on Tobacco and Health (PATH) study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 206:107715. [PMID: 31760252 PMCID: PMC6980659 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menthol cigarettes appeal to adolescents because they mask the harsh taste and sensation of tobacco smoke thereby making it easier to inhale the smoke. As a result, menthol cigarette users expose themselves to higher levels of nicotine relative to non-menthol cigarettes and increase their risk for developing nicotine dependence. We examined whether adolescent menthol smokers (vs. non-menthol smokers) reported higher nicotine dependence. METHODS Data were from adolescent past 30-day cigarette smokers participating in Wave 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health survey (n = 434). Nicotine dependence was assessed using eight items from the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives corresponding to individual subscale constructs. Linear regression models evaluated the association of past 30-day menthol (vs. non-menthol) cigarette use with each dependence outcome in separate models, adjusting for age, gender, race, and other tobacco product use. RESULTS 49.5% of past 30-day youth cigarette smokers reported smoking menthol cigarettes. In adjusted models, menthol smokers (vs. non-menthol smokers) reported significantly higher nicotine dependence for three constructs: craving (p = 0.005), affiliative attachment (p = 0.005), and tolerance (p = 0.003). No differences for menthol vs. non-menthol smokers were observed for loss of control, negative reinforcement, cognitive enhancement, automaticity, or social environment after correction for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that menthol cigarette smokers are not just more physically dependent on nicotine but also experience increased emotional attachments to cigarettes compared to their non-menthol smoking peers. Because adolescents are vulnerable to developing nicotine dependence, tobacco control policies that restrict youth access to menthol cigarettes are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam N. Cwalina
- Corresponding author at: 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States. (S.N. Cwalina)
| | - Anuja Majmundar
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
| | | | | | - Mary Ann Pentz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
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Trela CJ, Hayes AW, Bartholow BD, Sher KJ, Heath AC, Piasecki TM. Moderation of alcohol craving reactivity to drinking-related contexts by individual differences in alcohol sensitivity: An ecological investigation. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2018; 26:354-365. [PMID: 29985018 PMCID: PMC6072623 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory cue exposure investigations have demonstrated that, relative to drinkers who report a high sensitivity to the pharmacologic effects of alcohol, low-sensitivity (LS) drinkers show exaggerated neurocognitive and behavioral reactivity to alcohol-related stimuli. The current study extends this line of work by testing whether LS drinkers report stronger cravings for alcohol in daily life. Data were from an ecological momentary assessment study in which participants (N = 403 frequent drinkers) carried a palmtop computer for 21 days and responded to questions regarding drinking behavior, alcohol craving, mood states, and situational context. Initial analyses identified subjective states (positive and negative mood, cigarette craving) and contextual factors (bar-restaurant location, weekend, time of day, presence of friend, recent smoking) associated with elevated craving states during nondrinking moments. Effects for nearly all these craving correlates were moderated by individual differences in alcohol sensitivity, such that the associations between situational factors and current alcohol craving were larger among LS individuals (as determined by a questionnaire completed at baseline). Complementary idiographic analyses indicated that self-reported craving increased when the constellation of situational factors more closely resembled individuals' observed drinking situations. Again, this effect was moderated by alcohol sensitivity, with greater craving response increases among LS drinkers. The findings align with predictions generated from theory and laboratory cue exposure investigations and should encourage further study of craving and incentive processes in LS drinkers. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine J. Trela
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Missouri
- Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Alexander W. Hayes
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Missouri
- Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Bruce D. Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Missouri
- Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Kenneth J. Sher
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Missouri
- Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Thomas M. Piasecki
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Missouri
- Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine
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