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Vuchinich RE, Tucker JA, Acuff SF, Reed DD, Buscemi J, Murphy JG. Matching, behavioral economics, and teleological behaviorism: Final cause analysis of substance use and health behavior. J Exp Anal Behav 2023; 119:240-258. [PMID: 36541360 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Howard Rachlin and his contemporaries pioneered basic behavioral science innovations that have been usefully applied to advance understanding of human substance use disorder and related health behaviors. We briefly summarize the innovations of molar behaviorism (the matching law), behavioral economics, and teleological behaviorism. Behavioral economics and teleological behaviorism's focus on final causes are especially illuminating for these applied fields. Translational and applied research are summarized for laboratory studies of temporal discounting and economic demand, cohort studies of alcohol and other drug use in the natural environment, and experimental behavioral economic modeling of health behavior-related public health policies. We argue that the teleological behavioral perspective on health behavior is conducive to and merges seamlessly with the contemporary socioecological model of health behavior, which broadens the contextual influences (e.g., community, economic, infrastructure, health care access and policy) of individuals' substance use and other health risk behaviors. Basic-to-applied translations to date have been successful and bode well for continued applications of basic science areas pioneered by Howard Rachlin and his contemporaries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jalie A Tucker
- University of Florida and Center for Behavioral Economic Health Research, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Derek D Reed
- University of Kansas and Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, Lawrence, KS
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Reed DD, Naudé GP, Salzer AR, Peper M, Monroe-Gulick AL, Gelino BW, Harsin JD, Foster RNS, Nighbor TD, Kaplan BA, Koffarnus MN, Higgins ST. Behavioral economic measurement of cigarette demand: A descriptive review of published approaches to the cigarette purchase task. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2020; 28:688-705. [PMID: 31961164 PMCID: PMC8428680 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cigarette purchase task (CPT) is a behavioral economic method for assessing demand for cigarettes. Growing interest in behavioral correlates of tobacco use in clinical and general populations as well as empirical efforts to inform policy has seen an increase in published articles employing the CPT. Accordingly, an examination of the published methods and procedures for obtaining these behavioral economic metrics is timely. The purpose of this investigation was to provide a review of published approaches to using the CPT. We searched specific Boolean operators (["behavioral economic" AND "purchase task"] OR ["demand" AND "cigarette"]) and identified 49 empirical articles published through the year 2018 that reported administering a CPT. Articles were coded for participant characteristics (e.g., sample size, population type, age), CPT task structure (e.g., price framing, number and sequence of prices; vignettes, contextual factors), and data analytic approach (e.g., method of generating indices of cigarette demand). Results of this review indicate no standard approach to administering the CPT and underscore the need for replicability of these behavioral economic measures for the purpose of guiding clinical and policy decisions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek D. Reed
- University of Kansas and Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Gideon P. Naudé
- University of Kansas and Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Allyson R. Salzer
- University of Kansas and Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, Lawrence, Kansas
| | | | | | - Brett W. Gelino
- University of Kansas and Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Joshua D. Harsin
- University of Kansas and Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Rachel N. S. Foster
- University of Kansas and Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Tyler D. Nighbor
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington, Vermont, and University of Vermont
| | | | | | - Stephen T. Higgins
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington, Vermont, and University of Vermont
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Nicotine reduction does not alter essential value of nicotine or reduce cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 212:108020. [PMID: 32362438 PMCID: PMC7293915 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Reduction of nicotine content in tobacco products is a regulatory control strategy intended to decrease smoking dependence, and is hypothesized to produce gradual reductions of nicotine intake. Rats were initially trained to self-administer 0.06 mg/kg/infusion nicotine (Phase 1), which was followed by a threshold procedure to determine nicotine demand via a behavioral economics (BE) paradigm (Phase 2). Rats then either self-administered the training dose (high dose group), or were switched to a low dose of nicotine (0.001 mg/kg/infusion; low dose group) in Phase 3. Both groups then underwent a second threshold procedure and demand curves were re-determined (Phase 4). In Phase 5, responding for nicotine was extinguished over the course of 21 sessions. Cue-induced reinstatement was then evaluated (Phase 6). Rats in the low dose group maintained a steady amount of infusions, and thus, did not compensate for nicotine reduction. Rats in the low dose group also showed similar demand elasticity and nicotine seeking (Phase 6) compared to the high dose group, indicating that nicotine reduction did not decrease nicotine demand or seeking. Further, both groups displayed resistance to extinction, indicating that nicotine reduction did not facilitate extinction learning. These results suggest that although compensation of intake does not occur, decreasing the dose of nicotine does not alter nicotine reinforcement value or relapse vulnerability. Further, these results indicate persistence of nicotine-motivated behavior after self-administration of a low nicotine dose. Translationally, these results suggest that alternative strategies may be needed to achieve positive smoking cessation outcomes.
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Bergeria CL, Dolan SB, Johnson MW, Campbell CM, Dunn KE. Evaluating the co-use of opioids and cannabis for pain among current users using hypothetical purchase tasks. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:654-662. [PMID: 32267192 PMCID: PMC7246164 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120914211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabinoids may potentiate opioid analgesia and therefore could be used to reduce reliance on opioids for analgesia. AIMS The current study evaluated whether the concurrent availability of cannabis influences opioid consumption using a behavioral economic demand framework. METHODS An online survey assessed cannabis and opioid use frequency and dependence measures, pain severity, and demand for both cannabis and opioids alone and when concurrently available using hypothetical purchase tasks. Adults reporting current use of opioids for pain management and past 30-day cannabis exposure (N=155) completed two hypothetical purchase tasks in which only grams of cannabis or units of participants' index opioids were available for purchase, and two hypothetical tasks in which both were concurrently available and the price of one drug increased whereas the other was kept constant. Paired-sample t-tests compared the demand of each drug alone with when it was available concurrently with an alternative. RESULTS Demand intensity was significantly reduced and demand elasticity was significantly increased for both cannabis and opioids when the alternate commodity was available, although the reductions in cannabis consumption were more pronounced than they were for opioid consumption in the presence of the alternate commodity. CONCLUSIONS These data provide behavioral economic evidence that cannabis access may modestly reduce demand for opioids in persons who have pain. Additional clinical studies that evaluate the analgesic effects of cannabis and cannabis-opioid effects on pain are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia L Bergeria
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Sean B Dolan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Matthew W Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Claudia M Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Kelly E Dunn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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Perkins KA, Karelitz JL. Differences in acute reinforcement across reduced nicotine content cigarettes. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1885-1891. [PMID: 32221696 PMCID: PMC7244375 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05509-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The smallest difference in nicotine that can change a smoker's cigarette preference is not clearly known. OBJECTIVE A procedure to efficiently identify the difference in nicotine needed to change cigarette preference could help inform research to gauge effects of a nicotine reduction policy. METHODS Using a within-subject design, we assessed preference for research cigarettes varying in nicotine contents (NIC; 18.7, 10.8, 5.3, 2.3, and 1.3 mg/g of tobacco), relative to a very low nicotine cigarette (VLNC; 0.4 mg/g), in 17 adult-dependent non-menthol smokers abstinent overnight. Only one NIC was compared vs. the VLNC per session, with order of the five NIC contents randomized across sessions on five separate days. Preference for each NIC vs. VLNC was determined by validated forced choice procedure, with those NIC chosen more than VLNC indicating greater reinforcement due to greater nicotine per se. Secondarily, less preference for lower NIC (vs. VLNC), relative to choice for the highest NIC, 18.7 mg/g (vs. VLNC), indexed reduced reinforcement. RESULTS Overall, NIC choices increased as their nicotine increased, as anticipated. Relative to the 0.4 mg/g VLNC, choice was greater for NIC ≥ 5.3 mg/g but not ≤ 2.3 mg/g. Correspondingly, relative to choice for 18.7 mg/g, choice was less for NIC ≤ 2.3 mg/g but not ≥ 5.3 mg/g. CONCLUSIONS Although replication with larger samples and longer access is needed, results indicate that nicotine reduction to ≤ 2.3 mg/g in cigarettes would attenuate reinforcement. This choice procedure may efficiently inform future clinical trials to assess relative reinforcing effects of smoking reduced nicotine cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Perkins
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Joshua L Karelitz
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Gunawan T, Tripoli CS, Silberberg A, Kearns DN. The effect of economy type on heroin and saccharin essential value. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2019; 27:598-608. [PMID: 30896241 PMCID: PMC6754797 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
According to behavioral economics, reinforcer value should be lower in an open economy than in a closed economy. An animal model was used to determine how economy type affected the value of heroin and saccharin. In a first phase, separate groups of rats worked for heroin or saccharin. The price of these reinforcers increased over sessions. For rats in the open heroin or open saccharin economies, the work period of each session was followed by a postwork period where a cheaper source of heroin or saccharin was available for three hours. For rats in the closed economies, the work period was their only opportunity to obtain the reinforcer. Rats in the open saccharin economy worked less hard to defend consumption of saccharin as price increased than rats in the closed saccharin economy. That is, opening the saccharin economy reduced its essential value. In contrast, economy type had no effect on heroin's essential value. In a second phase, rats were allowed to choose between heroin and saccharin. The majority of rats strongly preferred saccharin over heroin regardless of economy type. The finding that economy type changed the essential value of saccharin, but not heroin, adds to previous findings suggesting that the value of drug reinforcers is unaffected by future drug availability. The difference in effect of economy type on drug versus nondrug reinforcers could be relevant to addiction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Aston ER, Cassidy RN. Behavioral economic demand assessments in the addictions. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 30:42-47. [PMID: 30807957 PMCID: PMC6661217 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral economics in the addictions is the application of both economics and psychology to study multifaceted components of substance use decision-making behavior. One such component is demand: the relative value of a substance for a user (i.e., the association between drug use and cost). The degree to which a user values a substance can be measured via performance on hypothetical purchase tasks which replicate drug purchase and consumption. Demand has been evaluated across substances, including alcohol, marijuana, tobacco, and alternative tobacco products. Recent advances in the study of demand have greatly improved the assessment of drug value, including application to novel products, selection of optimal task unit, assessment of demand in naïve or potential future users, and the importance of instructional set specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912, United States; Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, RI, 02912, United States.
| | - Rachel N Cassidy
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912, United States; Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, RI, 02912, United States
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Zvorsky I, Nighbor TD, Kurti AN, DeSarno M, Naudé G, Reed DD, Higgins ST. Sensitivity of hypothetical purchase task indices when studying substance use: A systematic literature review. Prev Med 2019; 128:105789. [PMID: 31400376 PMCID: PMC6879840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hypothetical Purchase Tasks (HPTs) simulate demand for a substance as a function of escalating price. HPTs are increasingly used to examine relationships between substance-related correlates and outcomes and demand typically characterized using a common battery of indices (Intensity, Omax, Pmax, Breakpoint, Elasticity). This review examines the relative sensitivity of the HPT indices. Reports were identified using the search term "purchase task" in PubMed and Web of Science. For inclusion, reports had to be original studies in English, examine relationships between HPT indices and substance-related correlates or outcomes, and appear in a peer-reviewed journal through December 2017. Indices were compared using effect sizes (Cohen's d) and the proportion of studies in which statistically significant relationships were observed. The search identified 1274 reports with 114 (9%) receiving full-text review and 82 (6%) meeting inclusion criteria. 41 reports examined alcohol, 34 examined cigarettes/nicotine products, and 10 examined other substances. Overall, statistically significant relationships between HPT indices and substance-related correlates and outcomes were most often reported for Intensity (88.61%, 70/79), followed by Omax (81.16%, 56/69), Elasticity (72.15%, 57/59), Breakpoint (62.12%, 41/66), and Pmax (48.08%; 25/52). The largest effect sizes were observed for Intensity (0.75 ± 0.04, CI 0.67-0.84) and Omax (0.64 ± 0.04, CI 0.56-0.71), followed by Elasticity (0.44 ± 0.04, CI 0.37-0.51), Breakpoint (0.30 ± 0.03, CI 0.25-0.36), and Pmax (0.25 ± 0.04, CI 0.18-0.33). Patterns were largely consistent across substances. In conclusion, HPTs can be highly effective in revealing relationships between demand and substance-related correlates and outcomes, with Intensity and Omax exhibiting the greatest sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivori Zvorsky
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, United States of America; Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, United States of America
| | - Tyler D Nighbor
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, United States of America
| | - Allison N Kurti
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, United States of America; Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, United States of America
| | - Michael DeSarno
- Department of Biomedical Statistics, University of Vermont, United States of America
| | - Gideon Naudé
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, United States of America
| | - Derek D Reed
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, United States of America
| | - Stephen T Higgins
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, United States of America; Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, United States of America.
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Heckman BW, Cummings KM, Nahas GJ, Willemsen MC, O’Connor RJ, Borland R, Hirsch AA, Bickel WK, Carpenter MJ. Behavioral Economic Purchase Tasks to Estimate Demand for Novel Nicotine/tobacco Products and Prospectively Predict Future Use: Evidence From The Netherlands. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:784-791. [PMID: 29547973 PMCID: PMC6528146 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The demand for alternative nicotine/tobacco products is not well established. This paper uses a behavioral economic approach to test whether smokers have differential demand for conventional factory-made, electronic, and very low nicotine content cigarettes (FMCs/ECs/VLNCs) and uses the prospective cohort design to test the predictive validity of demand indices on subsequent use of commercially available FMCs and ECs. METHODS Daily smokers (≥16 years) from the Netherlands completed an online survey in April 2014 (N = 1215). Purchase tasks were completed for FMCs, ECs, and VLNCs. Participants indicated the number of cigarettes they would consume in 24 h, across a range of prices (0-30 euro). The relationship between consumption and price was quantified into four indices of demand (intensity, Pmax, breakpoint, and essential value). A follow-up survey in July 2015 measured FMC and EC use. RESULTS At baseline, greater demand was observed for FMCs relative to ECs and VLNCs across all demand indices, with no difference between ECs and VLNCs. At follow-up, greater baseline FMC demand (intensity, essential value) was associated with lower quit rates and higher relapse. EC demand (Pmax, breakpoint, essential value) was positively associated with any EC use between survey waves, past 30 day EC use, and EC purchase between waves. CONCLUSIONS Smokers valued FMCs more than ECs or VLNCs, and FMCs were less sensitive to price increases. Demand indices predicted use of commercially available products over a 15 month period. To serve as viable substitutes for FMCs, ECs and VLNCs will need to be priced lower than FMCs. IMPLICATIONS Purchase tasks can be adapted for novel nicotine/tobacco products as a means to efficiently quantify demand and predict use. Among current daily smokers, the demand for ECs and VLNCs is lower than FMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W Heckman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Cancer Control, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - K Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Cancer Control, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Georges J Nahas
- Cancer Control, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Marc C Willemsen
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University (CAPHRI), Maastricht, Netherlands
- Dutch Alliance for a Smokefree Society, The Hague, NL
| | - Richard J O’Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Ron Borland
- Nigel Gray Fellowship Group, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander A Hirsch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA
| | - Matthew J Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Cancer Control, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Stein JS, Koffarnus MN, O’Connor RJ, Hatsukami DK, Bickel WK. Effects of Filter Ventilation on Behavioral Economic Demand for Cigarettes: A Preliminary Investigation. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 20:1278-1282. [PMID: 29065197 PMCID: PMC6121863 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The majority of cigarettes sold in the United States and abroad feature filter ventilation holes designed to dilute mainstream smoke. Although initially intended to produce a safer cigarette, data instead suggest that filter ventilation increases total harm from smoking. In the present study, we examined the effects of blocking ventilation holes on behavioral economic demand for cigarettes (i.e., consumption as a function of price). Methods In a within-subjects design, regular smokers (N = 15) of ventilated cigarettes sampled vent-blocked cigarettes for 3 days. Subsequently, they completed three sessions in which they used an experimental income to purchase vent-blocked and/or control cigarettes across a range of prices. Participants also completed the Drug Effects/Liking Scale. Results In sessions in which only one cigarette type was available, demand measures were undifferentiated between cigarette types. However, in sessions in which both cigarettes were available at equivalent prices, significantly greater preference for ventilated control cigarettes emerged in demand measures. Regardless of session type, participants also rated vent-blocked cigarettes more poorly in the Drug Effects/Liking Scale (more bad effects, fewer good effects, and less liking, desire, and less likely to use again). Conclusions Removing filter ventilation reduced cigarette abuse liability, as measured by behavioral economic demand and the Drug Effects/Liking Scale. However, reduced demand was only apparent when both cigarette types were concurrently available. This selective effect suggests that regulatory action banning filter ventilation would only reduce cigarette consumption when effective substitutes for vent-blocked cigarettes are available. Implications This preliminary study indicates that regulatory action designed to ban or restrict cigarette filter ventilation may decrease cigarette abuse liability as measured by both behavioral economic demand and self-report measures. However, effects of removing filter ventilation on demand measures appear to depend on concurrent availability of alternative, preferred cigarette types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Stein
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA
| | - Mikhail N Koffarnus
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA
| | - Richard J O’Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | | | - Warren K Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA
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Zawertailo L. Translational Science: Basic Science to Public Policy and Back Again. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 20:787-788. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Zawertailo
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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