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Ribeiro FJ, Poínhos R. Nootropic supplements for esports. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2024; 94:275-295. [PMID: 37563907 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Background: esports, or organized video game competitions, have been expanding quickly. The use of dietary supplements by esports players appears vulgarized but lacks supporting evidence. Objectives: To outline studies that tested the effects of dietary supplements on video gaming, summarize their findings, highlight knowledge gaps, and recommend future research. Eligibility criteria: Clinical trials published in English between 1990 and 2023 that assessed the effects of dietary supplements on the cognitive performance of video gamers. Sources of evidence: The Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Charting methods: PRISMA's (2020) flow diagram was used to create the data chart. Results: Sixteen studies were outlined. Thirteen were randomized, thirteen applied acute interventions, ten applied a crossover design and only three weren't placebo-controlled. Of the 10 studies that included caffeine (40-200 mg), four reported significant positive effects on cognition (attention, processing speed, working memory), two on first-person shooter video gaming performance (reaction time, hit accuracy, time to hit 60 targets), and one on Tetris game score. All 3 studies that included arginine silicate (1500 mg) reported significant improvements in one or more aspects of cognition (reaction time, attention, visual representation, and spatial planning). Two studies that tested sucrose (21 and 26.8 g) didn't report significant improvements, while one study that tested 26.1 g of glucose registered significant positive effects on processing speed and sustained attention. Conclusions: The published literature has focused on the effects of caffeine, which may exert both positive and negative effects on esports players. Additional, high-quality research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J Ribeiro
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Poínhos
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
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2
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Dalgaard LB, Kruse DZ, Norup K, Andersen BV, Hansen M. A dairy-based, protein-rich breakfast enhances satiety and cognitive concentration before lunch in overweight to obese young females: A randomized controlled crossover study. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2653-2667. [PMID: 38135050 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate if consumption of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate breakfast (PRO) leads to a lower subsequent ad libitum energy intake at lunch and the rest of the day compared with ingestion of an isocaloric low-protein, high-carbohydrate breakfast (CHO) or no breakfast (CON). The study was designed as a randomized controlled 3-period crossover study. Thirty young (18-30 yr) females with overweight to obesity (body mass index >25 kg/m2) in random order completed 3 separate experimental days where they consumed either a PRO, CHO, or CON breakfast test meal followed by an ad libitum lunch meal 3 h after breakfast. Participants were allocated to a sequence group by their inclusion number. The PRO and CHO breakfasts were matched in dietary fiber and fat content. Energy intake at lunch was calculated and dietary records were obtained for the rest of the day to calculate the total daily energy intake and macronutrient intake. Ratings of appetite sensations between meals and palatability of the test meals were assessed using visual analog scale sheets in intervals ranging from 10 to 30 min. In addition, blood samples were obtained at multiple time points separated by 10 to 60 min intervals between breakfast and lunch and were analyzed for appetite-regulating gut hormones, insulin, and glucose. Finally, performance in a cognitive concentration test was tested 150 min after breakfast. Compared with CHO and CON, the area under the curves for satiety, fullness, and satisfaction in the 3 h after breakfast were significantly higher after PRO, whereas the areas under the curve for hunger, desire to eat, and prospective eating were significantly lower after PRO. The appetite-regulating gut hormones cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1, and ghrelin in the hours after breakfast, energy intake during the ad libitum lunch meal, and the total daily energy intake did not differ significantly between PRO, CHO, and CON. However, the cognitive concentration test score was 3.5 percentage points higher for PRO, but not CHO, versus CON. A dairy-based high-protein, low-carbohydrate breakfast increased satiety sensation in the hours after breakfast but did not reduce total daily energy intake compared with an isocaloric low-protein, high-carbohydrate breakfast or omitting breakfast. However, performance in a cognitive concentration test before lunch was enhanced after the high-protein, low-carbohydrate breakfast, but not the low-protein, high-carbohydrate breakfast, compared with omitting breakfast.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Dalgaard
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Internal Medicine, G⊘dstrup Hospital, 7400 Herning, Denmark
| | - D Z Kruse
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - K Norup
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - B V Andersen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
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3
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Pinheiro FI, Araújo-Filho I, do Rego ACM, de Azevedo EP, Cobucci RN, Guzen FP. Hepatopancreatic metabolic disorders and their implications in the development of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 96:102250. [PMID: 38417711 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Dementia has been faced with significant public health challenges and economic burdens that urges the need to develop safe and effective interventions. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on the relationship between dementia and liver and pancreatic metabolic disorders that result in diseases such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Previous reports have shown that there is a plausible correlation between pathologies caused by hepatopancreatic dysfunctions and dementia. Glucose, insulin and IGF-1 metabolized in the liver and pancreas probably have an important influence on the pathophysiology of the most common dementias: Alzheimer's and vascular dementia. This current review highlights recent studies aimed at identifying convergent mechanisms, such as insulin resistance and other diseases, linked to altered hepatic and pancreatic metabolism, which are capable of causing brain changes that ultimately lead to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco I Pinheiro
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil; Department of Surgical, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59010-180, Brazil; Institute of Education, Research and Innovation of the Liga Norte Rio-Grandense Against Cancer
| | - Irami Araújo-Filho
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil; Department of Surgical, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59010-180, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Amália C M do Rego
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil; Institute of Education, Research and Innovation of the Liga Norte Rio-Grandense Against Cancer
| | - Eduardo P de Azevedo
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Ricardo N Cobucci
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Science Applied to Women`s Health, Medical School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Fausto P Guzen
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Health and Society, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, Brazil.
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4
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Gillespie KM, White MJ, Kemps E, Moore H, Dymond A, Bartlett SE. The Impact of Free and Added Sugars on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 16:75. [PMID: 38201905 PMCID: PMC10780393 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A relationship between excessive sugar consumption and cognitive function has been described in animal models, but the specific effects of sugars in humans remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the current knowledge, research characteristics, and quality of evidence of studies investigating the impacts of free and added sugars on human cognition in healthy participants. The review identified 77 studies (65 experimental trials, n = 3831; 9 cross-sectional studies, n = 11,456; and 3 cohort studies, n = 2059). All cohort studies and eight of the nine cross-sectional studies found significant positive correlations between added sugar consumption and risk of cognitive impairment. Four studies identified reduced risk of cognitive impairment associated with natural fructose-containing foods. The majority of randomised control trials assessed short-term glucose facilitation effects on cognitive outcomes. The results from these studies suggest the need for a tightly regulated blood glucose level, dependent on individualised physiological factors, for optimal cognitive function. A meta-analysis of a subset of studies that assessed the impact of glucose on recall found improvements in immediate free recall compared to controls (p = 0.002). The findings highlight the potentially detrimental effect of excessive, long-term, or prenatal added sugar consumption on cognitive function. Further research is needed to examine the specific effects of free and added sugars on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri M. Gillespie
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;
| | - Melanie J. White
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;
| | - Eva Kemps
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia;
| | - Halim Moore
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63170 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Alexander Dymond
- Mental Health and Specialist Services, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia;
| | - Selena E. Bartlett
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;
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Yılmaz HÖ, Meriç ÇS, Yabancı Ayhan N. Comparing the effects of dietary sugars on cognitive performance and reaction time: A randomized, placebo- controlled and double-blind experimental trial. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37453741 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2023.2232911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the effects of acute intake dietary sugars on cognitive performance and reaction time. This study was, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind experimental design, conducted with 75 healthy adults. At the beginning of the study, the participants (36 male, 39 female; 21.6 ± 1.3 years of age; body mass index: 21.59 ± 1.94 kg/m2) were randomly divided into equal five groups (n:15) (glucose (10 g), fructose (10 g), sucrose (10 g), saccharin (0.24 g), placebo), and received dietary sugars dissolved in 200 mL of water. Cognitive performance was determined with Cancelation Test, and the Simple Response Time and Ruler Drop Tests were used in order to response and reaction time of participants, respectively. General score of cognitive performance (0.93 ± 0.1), reaction (295 ± 20 ms), and response (204 ms) were highest in glucose and lowest in placebo (0.63 ± 0.1; 368 ± 22 ms; 251 ms, respectively) (p < .001). Saccharin groups had a higher reaction (312 ± 22 ms) and response (216 ms) time score compared to consumed fructose (316 ± 39; 227 ms), sucrose (354 ± 26; 246 ms), and placebo (368 ± 22; 251 ms) groups, respectively (p < .001). These findings show that differences in the absorption pattern and sweetness levels of sugar types may have different effects on cognitive performance and reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hacı Ömer Yılmaz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gümüşhane University, Gümüşhane, Türkiye
| | - Çağdaş Salih Meriç
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
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6
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Blokland A. Can placebo or nocebo pills improve or impair cognition performance? Hum Psychopharmacol 2023; 38:e2869. [PMID: 37140377 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the placebo effect is well known to affect many behaviors, the effects on cognitive performance are less well investigated. METHODS In this study, the effects of a placebo and a nocebo manipulation on cognitive performance was investigated in healthy young participants in an unblinded between-subjects study. In addition, the participants were asked about their subjective experience in the placebo and nocebo condition. RESULTS The data suggested that the placebo condition induced the feeling of being more attentive and more motivated and the nocebo condition induced a feeling of being less attentive and alert and that they performed less well than normal. However, no placebo or nocebo effects were found on the actual performance on word learning, working memory, Tower of London task, or spatial pattern separation. CONCLUSIONS These findings further support the notion that placebo or nocebo effects are not likely to occur in young healthy volunteers. However, other studies suggest that placebo effects can be found in implicit memory tasks and in participants with memory problems. Further placebo/nocebo studies are indicated using different experimental designs and different populations in order to better understand the placebo effect on cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Blokland
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology. EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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7
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Kendig MD, Chow JYL, Martire SI, Rooney KB, Boakes RA. Switching from Sugar- to Artificially-Sweetened Beverages: A 12-Week Trial. Nutrients 2023; 15:2191. [PMID: 37432352 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) forms the primary source of added sugar intake and can increase the risk of metabolic disease. Evidence from studies in humans and rodents also indicates that consumption of SSBs can impair performance on cognitive tests, but that removing SSB access can ameliorate these effects. METHODS The present study used an unblinded 3-group parallel design to assess the effects of a 12-week intervention in which young healthy adults (mean age = 22.85, SD = 3.89; mean BMI: 23.2, SD = 3.6) who regularly consumed SSBs were instructed to replace SSB intake with artificially-sweetened beverages (n = 28) or water (n = 25), or (c) to continue SSB intake (n = 27). RESULTS No significant group differences were observed in short-term verbal memory on the Logical Memory test or the ratio of waist circumference to height (primary outcomes), nor in secondary measures of effect, impulsivity, adiposity, or glucose tolerance. One notable change was a significant reduction in liking for strong sucrose solutions in participants who switched to water. Switching from SSBs to 'diet' drinks or water had no detectable impact on cognitive or metabolic health over the relatively short time frame studied here. This study was prospectively registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12615001004550; Universal Trial Number: U1111-1170-4543).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Kendig
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Julie Y L Chow
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sarah I Martire
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kieron B Rooney
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Robert A Boakes
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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8
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Ballestero-Arnau M, Rodríguez-Herreros B, Nuño-Bermúdez N, Cunillera T. Sporadic fasting reduces attentional control without altering overall executive function in a binary classification task. Physiol Behav 2023; 260:114065. [PMID: 36549561 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diets with intermittent fasting are an efficient method for producing clinically significant weight loss and preventing the development of obesity. However, individuals following intermittent fasting must face the difficulty of avoiding eating when experiencing the feeling of hunger. In this study, we investigated which aspects of executive function were affected following a prolonged period of food deprivation in participants that have never previously undergone intermittent fasting. Twenty-six participants with normal weight performed two binary classification tasks (Stop Signal (SST) and Go/NoGo) after either a 12 h fasting or a nonfasting period in separate sessions. We measured their performance in several underlying decision-making processes, such as response inhibition and attentional control. In line with previous studies, our results revealed that decision-making processes to resolve the classification task were unaffected by fasting. Response inhibition, as indexed by the stop signal reaction time in the SST, remained as well unaltered after food deprivation. Rather, we observed a higher error rate in NoGo trials following a fasting period, which was associated with disrupted attentional control. Overall, these results indicate that when a hunger feeling reaches consciousness, it induces deficits over certain aspects of attentional control. Our findings hint at the importance of structured behavioral change strategies to cope with fasting-induced difficulties in attentional control, to help achieve weight management goals through successful self-monitoring of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ballestero-Arnau
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology. Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona; Pg. Vall d'Hebron, 171; 08035, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences (UBNeuro), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Rodríguez-Herreros
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N Nuño-Bermúdez
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology. Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona; Pg. Vall d'Hebron, 171; 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Cunillera
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology. Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona; Pg. Vall d'Hebron, 171; 08035, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences (UBNeuro), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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9
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The Impact of Free Sugar on Human Health-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040889. [PMID: 36839247 PMCID: PMC9966020 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of nutrition in human health has been understood for over a century. However, debate is ongoing regarding the role of added and free sugars in physiological and neurological health. In this narrative review, we have addressed several key issues around this debate and the major health conditions previously associated with sugar. We aim to determine the current evidence regarding the role of free sugars in human health, specifically obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cognition, and mood. We also present some predominant theories on mechanisms of action. The findings suggest a negative effect of excessive added sugar consumption on human health and wellbeing. Specific class and source of carbohydrate appears to greatly influence the impact of these macronutrients on health. Further research into individual effects of carbohydrate forms in diverse populations is needed to understand the complex relationship between sugar and health.
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10
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Sauchelli S, Rogers PJ, Fry G, Hamilton-Shield JP. Preference for high-carbohydrate foods does not change for children and adolescents in insulin-induced hypoglycemia. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2022; 10:10/6/e003065. [PMID: 36351679 PMCID: PMC9644309 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2022-003065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypoglycemia elicits coordinated counter-regulatory neuroendocrine responses. The extent to which this process involves an increased drive to eat, together with greater preference for foods high in carbohydrate content, is unclear. Our objective was to examine this effect in children and adolescents (age 5-19 years) without diabetes and no prior known experience of hypoglycemic episodes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We administered a computerised task designed to examine preference for high-carbohydrate foods (sweet and savory) to pediatric patients (n=26) undergoing an insulin tolerance test as part of the routine clinical assessment of pituitary hormone secretory capacity. The task was completed at baseline and three time points after intravenous infusion of insulin (approximately 7, 20 and 90 min). RESULTS Although all patients reached insulin-induced hypoglycemia (mean venous glucose at nadir=1.9 mmol/L), there was moderate evidence of no effect on preference for high-carbohydrate foods (moderate evidence for the null hypothesis) compared with euglycemia. Patients also did not display an increase in selection of foods of high compared with low energy density. Sensitivity of the task was demonstrated by decreased preference for sweet, high-carbohydrate foods after consumption of sweet food and drink. CONCLUSIONS Results support the view that acute hypoglycemia does not automatically prompt the choice of high-carbohydrate foods for rapid glucose restoration, and further stresses the importance that people and families with children vulnerable to hypoglycemic episodes ensure that 'rapidly absorbed glucose rescue therapy' is always available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sauchelli
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Peter J Rogers
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Julian P Hamilton-Shield
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Dalile B, Kim C, Challinor A, Geurts L, Gibney ER, Galdos MV, La Fata G, Layé S, Mathers JC, Vauzour D, Verkuyl JM, Thuret S. The EAT-Lancet reference diet and cognitive function across the life course. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e749-e759. [PMID: 36087605 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The EAT-Lancet Commission devised a sustainable reference diet with the aim of reducing the incidence of non-communicable diseases and mortality globally while improving food system sustainability. The extent to which the reference diet supports cognitive function across the life course, however, has not yet been evaluated. This Review assesses the evidence for diet supporting cognitive function from childhood into old age. A comprehensive but non-exhaustive literature search was done, synthesising studies that investigated the effect of whole foods on cognition in healthy, community-dwelling human participants. We found that the current evidence base is weak with mixed conclusions and multiple methodological caveats, which precludes strong conclusions pertaining to the suitability of dietary recommendations for each food group per age group. Long-term intervention and prospective cohort studies are needed to reduce this knowledge deficit. Revising dietary recommendations with the aim of maintaining an adequate nutrient intake to sustain healthy cognitive function across the life course could be worthwhile. This Review outlines recommendations for future work to help improve the current knowledge deficit regarding dietary intake and cognitive function across the life course and its implications for dietary guidelines such as the EAT-Lancet Commission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boushra Dalile
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Curie Kim
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andy Challinor
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Lucie Geurts
- International Life Sciences Institute European Branch, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eileen R Gibney
- Institute of Food Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marcelo V Galdos
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Giorgio La Fata
- Health Nutrition and Care Innovation, Global Research and Development Center, DSM Nutritional Products, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Layé
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - John C Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, Biomedical Research Centre, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - J Martin Verkuyl
- Danone Nutricia Research, Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Thuret
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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12
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Yan X, Xu Y, Huang J, Li Y, Li Q, Zheng J, Chen Q, Yang W. Association of consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages with cognitive function among the adolescents aged 12-16 years in US, NHANES III, 1988-1994. Front Nutr 2022; 9:939820. [PMID: 36034905 PMCID: PMC9403544 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.939820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective As a major source of added sugar, the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) continues to increase worldwide. The adverse health effects associated with SSBs are also risk factors for cognitive development, but studies on the relationship between SSBs and adolescents' cognitive function are limited. We used data released by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1988-1994) to explore the association between the consumption of SSBs and cognitive function among children and adolescents aged 12-16 years in the United States. Methods and procedures A nationally representative population sample included 1,809 adolescents aged 12-16 years who participated in the United States NHANES from 1988 to 1994 and provided samples for the dietary intake frequency questionnaire and measures of cognitive function. Binary logistic regression was used to estimate the association between the frequency of SSB consumption and scores on cognitive function tests. Results This study of 1,809 adolescents aged 12-16 years comprised 963 girls (weighted proportion, 48.17%) and 846 boys (weighted, 51.83%), with a weighted mean (SE) age of 13.99 (0.05) years. Compared with adolescents who intake SSBs 0-1 times per week, those who drank 4-7 times per week had better scores in arithmetic, reading, and digit span tests, with odds ratios (ORs) of 0.36 (95% CI = 0.16-0.82), 0.35 (95% CI = 0.18-0.70), and 0.19 (95% CI = 0.08-0.44), respectively. The ORs for abnormal block design scores increase with the frequency of SSB intake after being adjusted for potential confounders (P for trend 0.02). Stratified analyses showed that compared with normal or below BMI, among overweight or obese individuals, the frequency of SSB intake had significant ORs for abnormal digit span scores (OR = 4.76, 95% CI = 1.19-18.96 vs. 0.35, 95% CI = 0.10-1.25; P for interaction = 0.01). Conclusion The positive associations of SSBs at moderate level intake with better scores in arithmetic, reading, and digit span were observed, but no dose-response relationship was identified at the overall level. Additionally, with the increasing frequency of SSB consumption, the risk of anomalous block design scores increased among US adolescents. Further investigation is warranted to confirm the association and mechanism between SSBs and cognitive function among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Yan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingxia Xu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jitian Huang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanmei Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Zheng
- Baiyun Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingsong Chen
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhan Yang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Kirvalidze M, Hodkinson A, Storman D, Fairchild TJ, Bała M, Beridze G, Zuriaga A, Brudasc NI, Brini S. The role of glucose on cognition, risk of dementia, and related biomarkers in individuals without type 2 diabetes mellitus or the metabolic syndrome: a systematic review of observational studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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14
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Benau EM, Makara A, Orloff NC, Benner E, Serpell L, Timko CA. How Does Fasting Affect Cognition? An Updated Systematic Review (2013-2020). Curr Nutr Rep 2021; 10:376-390. [PMID: 34595721 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-021-00370-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this review was to provide an update on the literature examining how voluntary, temporary abstention from eating impacts cognitive function. RECENT FINDINGS We evaluated peer-reviewed articles published between August 2013 and January 2021 that assessed adults, included a measure of cognitive functioning with neutral stimuli, and compared individuals in a fasted state to individuals in a fed state (either within- or between-subject designs). Nineteen articles (21 studies) met inclusion criteria. Sample sizes, fasting methods, and tasks varied across studies. Review of studies indicated that fasting was associated with deficits in cognitive functioning; few studies indicated a benefit in cognitive functioning following a single voluntary fast. The heterogeneity and rarity of available studies limits the conclusions that can be drawn. Several crucial psychosocial and sociodemographic moderators remain unexplored. Recommendations for future work are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Makara
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Eleanor Benner
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - C Alix Timko
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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15
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McFerren A, Riddle J, Walker C, Buse JB, Frohlich F. Causal role of frontal-midline theta in cognitive effort: a pilot study. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:1221-1233. [PMID: 34469696 PMCID: PMC8560423 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00068.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontal-midline theta (FMT) oscillations are increased in amplitude during cognitive control tasks. Since these tasks often conflate cognitive control and cognitive effort, it remains unknown if FMT amplitude maps onto cognitive control or effort. To address this gap, we utilized the glucose facilitation effect to manipulate cognitive effort without changing cognitive control demands. We performed a single-blind, crossover human study in which we provided participants with a glucose drink (control session: volume-matched water) to reduce cognitive effort and improve performance on a visuospatial working memory task. Following glucose consumption, participants performed the working memory task at multiple time points of a 3-h window to sample across the rise and fall of blood glucose. Using high-density electroencephalography (EEG), we calculated FMT amplitude during the delay period of the working memory task. Source localization analysis revealed that FMT oscillations originated from bilateral prefrontal cortex. We found that glucose increased working memory accuracy during the high working memory load condition but decreased FMT amplitude. The decrease in FMT amplitude coincided with both peak blood glucose elevation and peak performance enhancement for glucose relative to water. Therefore, the positive association between glucose consumption and task performance provided causal evidence that the amplitude of FMT oscillations may correspond to cognitive effort, rather than cognitive control. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, data collection was terminated prematurely; the preliminary nature of these findings due to small sample size should be contextualized by rigorous experimental design and use of a novel causal perturbation to dissociate cognitive effort and cognitive control.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigated whether frontal-midline theta (FMT) oscillations tracked with cognitive control or cognitive effort by simultaneous manipulation of cognitive control demands in a working memory task and causal perturbation of cognitive effort using glucose consumption. Facilitation of performance from glucose consumption corresponded with decreased FMT amplitude, which provided preliminary causal evidence for a relationship between FMT amplitude with cognitive effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber McFerren
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Justin Riddle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christopher Walker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - John B Buse
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Flavio Frohlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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16
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Kendig MD, Martire SI, Boakes RA, Rooney KB. Comparable metabolic effects of isocaloric sucrose and glucose solutions in rats. Physiol Behav 2021; 229:113239. [PMID: 33152355 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Much of the global increase in sugar intake is attributable to rising consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Because people compensate poorly for liquid calories, SSB consumption increases total energy intake, raising the risk of harmful metabolic effects in addition to possible effects of sugars per se. Glucose and fructose, the constituent sugars in sucrose, can exert distinct effects on metabolism and also differ in their satiating properties, suggesting that compensation for the calories in these sugars may also vary. In light of claims that the fructose within sucrose is particularly harmful, the present study compared the effects of giving rats access to either a sucrose or an isoenergetic glucose solution. Adult male rats were fed standard chow and water supplemented with 95 ml of 10% glucose (Glucose group; n = 10), 9% sucrose solution (Sucrose group; n = 10) or water only (Control group; n = 10) daily for 7 weeks. Sugar-fed groups had higher total energy intakes than the Control group, but the extent of this incomplete compensation did not vary between Sucrose and Glucose groups. In a short-term compensation test, sugar groups were less sensitive to the effects of a sweet pre-meal, with no differences between the Glucose and Sucrose groups. Relative to water, both sugars reduced insulin sensitivity after 4 weeks on the diets and elevated fat mass at 7 weeks. Results suggest that sucrose and glucose induce comparable metabolic impairments and alter the homeostatic regulation of food intake even under conditions where daily access is capped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Kendig
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Sarah I Martire
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Robert A Boakes
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Kieron B Rooney
- Faculty of Medicine and Healthy, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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