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Parrilla GE, Gupta V, Wall RV, Salkar A, Basavarajappa D, Mirzaei M, Chitranshi N, Graham SL, You Y. The role of myelin in neurodegeneration: implications for drug targets and neuroprotection strategies. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:271-292. [PMID: 37983528 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Myelination of axons in the central nervous system offers numerous advantages, including decreased energy expenditure for signal transmission and enhanced signal speed. The myelin sheaths surrounding an axon consist of a multi-layered membrane that is formed by oligodendrocytes, while specific glycoproteins and lipids play various roles in this formation process. As beneficial as myelin can be, its dysregulation and degeneration can prove detrimental. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and changes in cellular metabolism and the extracellular matrix can lead to demyelination of these axons. These factors are hallmark characteristics of certain demyelinating diseases including multiple sclerosis. The effects of demyelination are also implicated in primary degeneration in diseases such as glaucoma and Alzheimer's disease, as well as in processes of secondary degeneration. This reveals a relationship between myelin and secondary processes of neurodegeneration, including resultant degeneration following traumatic injury and transsynaptic degeneration. The role of myelin in primary and secondary degeneration is also of interest in the exploration of strategies and targets for remyelination, including the use of anti-inflammatory molecules or nanoparticles to deliver drugs. Although the use of these methods in animal models of diseases have shown to be effective in promoting remyelination, very few clinical trials in patients have met primary end points. This may be due to shortcomings or considerations that are not met while designing a clinical trial that targets remyelination. Potential solutions include diversifying disease targets and requiring concomitant interventions to promote rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella E Parrilla
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Roshana Vander Wall
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Akanksha Salkar
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Devaraj Basavarajappa
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie St, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Yuyi You
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie St, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
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Bohn T, de Lera AR, Landrier JF, Rühl R. Carotenoid metabolites, their tissue and blood concentrations in humans and further bioactivity via retinoid receptor-mediated signalling. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:498-511. [PMID: 36380523 DOI: 10.1017/s095442242200021x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies have emphasised the relation between carotenoid dietary intake and their circulating concentrations and beneficial health effects, such as lower risk of cardiometabolic diseases and cancer. However, there is dispute as to whether the attributed health benefits are due to native carotenoids or whether they are instead induced by their metabolites. Several categories of metabolites have been reported, most notably involving (a) modifications at the cyclohexenyl ring or the polyene chain, such as epoxides and geometric isomers, (b) excentric cleavage metabolites with alcohol-, aldehyde- or carboxylic acid-functional groups or (c) centric cleaved metabolites with additional hydroxyl, aldehyde or carboxyl functionalities, not counting their potential phase-II glucuronidated / sulphated derivatives. Of special interest are the apo-carotenoids, which originate in the intestine and other tissues from carotenoid cleavage by β-carotene oxygenases 1/2 in a symmetrical / non-symmetrical fashion. These are more water soluble and more electrophilic and, therefore, putative candidates for interactions with transcription factors such as NF-kB and Nrf2, as well as ligands for RAR-RXR nuclear receptor interactions. In this review, we discuss in vivo detected apo-carotenoids, their reported tissue concentrations, and potential associated health effects, focusing exclusively on the human situation and based on quantified / semi-quantified carotenoid metabolites proven to be present in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Bohn
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Precision Health Department, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B, rue Thomas Edison, L-1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departmento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO and IBIV, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Ralph Rühl
- CISCAREX UG, Berlin, Germany
- Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary
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Park I, Lee JH, Ma JY, Tan Y, Lee J. Antivirulence activities of retinoic acids against Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1224085. [PMID: 37771707 PMCID: PMC10525321 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1224085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus constitute a global health problem. Gram-positive S. aureus secretes various toxins associated with its pathogenesis, and its biofilm formation plays an important role in antibiotic tolerance and virulence. Hence, we investigated if the metabolites of vitamin A1 might diminish S. aureus biofilm formation and toxin production. Of the three retinoic acids examined, 13-cis-retinoic acid at 10 μg/mL significantly decreased S. aureus biofilm formation without affecting its planktonic cell growth (MIC >400 μg/mL) and also inhibited biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis (MIC >400 μg/mL), but less affected biofilm formation by a uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain, a Vibrio strain, or a fungal Candida strain. Notably, 13-cis-retinoic acid and all-trans-retinoic acid significantly inhibited the hemolytic activity and staphyloxanthin production by S. aureus. Furthermore, transcriptional analysis disclosed that 13-cis-retinoic acid repressed the expressions of virulence- and biofilm-related genes, such as the two-component arlRS system, α-hemolysin hla, nuclease (nuc1 and nuc2), and psmα (phenol soluble modulins α) in S. aureus. In addition, plant and nematode toxicity assays showed that 13-cis-retinoic acid was only mildly toxic at concentrations many folds higher than its effective antibiofilm concentrations. These findings suggest that metabolites of vitamin A1, particularly 13-cis-retinoic acid, might be useful for suppressing biofilm formation and the virulence characteristics of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inji Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yulong Tan
- Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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Marie A, Leroy J, Darricau M, Alfos S, De Smedt-Peyrusse V, Richard E, Vancassel S, Bosch-Bouju C. Preventive Vitamin A Supplementation Improves Striatal Function in 6-Hydroxydopamine Hemiparkinsonian Rats. Front Nutr 2022; 9:811843. [PMID: 35178422 PMCID: PMC8843942 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.811843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms leading to a loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in Parkinson's disease (PD) have multifactorial origins. In this context, nutrition is currently investigated as a modifiable environmental factor for the prevention of PD. In particular, initial studies revealed the deleterious consequences of vitamin A signaling failure on dopamine-related motor behaviors. However, the potential of vitamin A supplementation itself to prevent neurodegeneration has not been established yet. Objective The hypothesis tested in this study is that preventive vitamin A supplementation can protect DA neurons in a rat model of PD. Methods The impact of a 5-week preventive supplementation with vitamin A (20 IU/g of diet) was measured on motor and neurobiological alterations induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) unilateral injections in the striatum of rats. Rotarod, step test and cylinder tests were performed up to 3 weeks after the lesion. Post-mortem analyses (retinol and monoamines dosages, western blots, immunofluorescence) were performed to investigate neurobiological processes. Results Vitamin A supplementation improved voluntary movements in the cylinder test. In 6-OHDA lesioned rats, a marked decrease of dopamine levels in striatum homogenates was measured. Tyrosine hydroxylase labeling in the SNc and in the striatum was significantly decreased by 6-OHDA injection, without effect of vitamin A. By contrast, vitamin A supplementation increased striatal expression of D2 and RXR receptors in the striatum of 6-OHDA lesioned rats. Conclusions Vitamin A supplementation partially alleviates motor alterations and improved striatal function, revealing a possible beneficial preventive approach for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Marie
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (INP), NutriNeuro, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julien Leroy
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (INP), NutriNeuro, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Morgane Darricau
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (INP), NutriNeuro, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Serge Alfos
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (INP), NutriNeuro, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Veronique De Smedt-Peyrusse
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (INP), NutriNeuro, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Emmanuel Richard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre Hospital-Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylvie Vancassel
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (INP), NutriNeuro, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Clementine Bosch-Bouju
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (INP), NutriNeuro, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- *Correspondence: Clementine Bosch-Bouju
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Manhas KR, Marshall PA, Wagner CE, Jurutka PW, Mancenido MV, Debray HZ, Blattman JN. Rexinoids Modulate Effector T Cell Expression of Mucosal Homing Markers CCR9 and α4β7 Integrin and Direct Their Migration In Vitro. Front Immunol 2022; 13:746484. [PMID: 35154092 PMCID: PMC8829570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.746484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Altering T cell trafficking to mucosal regions can enhance immune responses towards pathogenic infections and cancers at these sites, leading to better outcomes. All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) promotes T cell migration to mucosal surfaces by inducing transcription of the mucosal-homing receptors CCR9 and α4β7 via binding to retinoic acid receptors (RARs), which heterodimerize with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) to function. However, the unstable nature and toxicity of ATRA limit its use as a widespread treatment modality for mucosal diseases. Therefore, identifying alternatives that could reduce or eliminate the use of ATRA are needed. Rexinoids are synthetically derived compounds structurally similar to ATRA. Originally named for their ability to bind RXRs, rexinoids can enhance RAR-mediated gene transcription. Furthermore, rexinoids are more stable than ATRA and possess an improved safety profile, making them attractive candidates for use in clinical settings. Here we show that select novel rexinoids act as ATRA mimics, as they cause increased CCR9 and α4β7 expression and enhanced migration to the CCR9 ligand, CCL25 in vitro, even in the absence of ATRA. Conversely, other rexinoids act synergistically with ATRA, as culturing cells with suboptimal doses of both compounds resulted in CCR9 expression and migration to CCL25. Overall, our findings show that rexinoids can be used independently or synergistically with ATRA to promote mucosal homing of T cells in vitro, and lends support for the prospective clinical use of these compounds in immunotherapeutic approaches for pathogenic infections or cancers at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita R. Manhas
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Pamela A. Marshall
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West Campus, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Carl E. Wagner
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West Campus, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Peter W. Jurutka
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West Campus, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Michelle V. Mancenido
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West Campus, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Hannah Z. Debray
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Joseph N. Blattman
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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Vitamin A5/X, a New Food to Lipid Hormone Concept for a Nutritional Ligand to Control RXR-Mediated Signaling. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030925. [PMID: 33809241 PMCID: PMC7999121 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is a family of derivatives synthesized from carotenoids acquired from the diet and can be converted in animals to bioactive forms essential for life. Vitamin A1 (all-trans-retinol/ATROL) and provitamin A1 (all-trans-β,β-carotene/ATBC) are precursors of all-trans-retinoic acid acting as a ligand for the retinoic acid receptors. The contribution of ATROL and ATBC to formation of 9-cis-13,14-dihydroretinoic acid (9CDHRA), the only endogenous retinoid acting as retinoid X receptor (RXR) ligand, remains unknown. To address this point novel and already known retinoids and carotenoids were stereoselectively synthesized and administered in vitro to oligodendrocyte cell culture and supplemented in vivo (orally) to mice with a following high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS)/UV-Vis based metabolic profiling. In this study, we show that ATROL and ATBC are at best only weak and non-selective precursors of 9CDHRA. Instead, we identify 9-cis-13,14-dihydroretinol (9CDHROL) and 9-cis-13,14-dihydro-β,β-carotene (9CDHBC) as novel direct nutritional precursors of 9CDHRA, which are present endogenously in humans and the human food chain matrix. Furthermore, 9CDHROL displayed RXR-dependent promnemonic activity in working memory test similar to that reported for 9CDHRA. We also propose that the endogenous carotenoid 9-cis-β,β-carotene (9CBC) can act as weak, indirect precursor of 9CDHRA via hydrogenation to 9CDHBC and further metabolism to 9CDHROL and/or 9CDHRA. In summary, since classical vitamin A1 is not an efficient 9CDHRA precursor, we conclude that this group of molecules constitutes a new class of vitamin or a new independent member of the vitamin A family, named “Vitamin A5/X”.
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Retinoic Acid and Germ Cell Development in the Ovary and Testis. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120775. [PMID: 31771306 PMCID: PMC6995559 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), a derivative of vitamin A, is critical for the production of oocytes and sperm in mammals. These gametes derive from primordial germ cells, which colonize the nascent gonad, and later undertake sexual differentiation to produce oocytes or sperm. During fetal development, germ cells in the ovary initiate meiosis in response to RA, whereas those in the testis do not yet initiate meiosis, as they are insulated from RA, and undergo cell cycle arrest. After birth, male germ cells resume proliferation and undergo a transition to spermatogonia, which are destined to develop into haploid spermatozoa via spermatogenesis. Recent findings indicate that RA levels change periodically in adult testes to direct not only meiotic initiation, but also other key developmental transitions to ensure that spermatogenesis is precisely organized for the prodigious output of sperm. This review focuses on how female and male germ cells develop in the ovary and testis, respectively, and the role of RA in this process.
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Coronel J, Pinos I, Amengual J. β-carotene in Obesity Research: Technical Considerations and Current Status of the Field. Nutrients 2019; 11:E842. [PMID: 31013923 PMCID: PMC6521044 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, obesity has become a rising health problem as the accessibility to high calorie, low nutritional value food has increased. Research shows that some bioactive components in fruits and vegetables, such as carotenoids, could contribute to the prevention and treatment of obesity. Some of these carotenoids are responsible for vitamin A production, a hormone-like vitamin with pleiotropic effects in mammals. Among these effects, vitamin A is a potent regulator of adipose tissue development, and is therefore important for obesity. This review focuses on the role of the provitamin A carotenoid β-carotene in human health, emphasizing the mechanisms by which this compound and its derivatives regulate adipocyte biology. It also discusses the physiological relevance of carotenoid accumulation, the implication of the carotenoid-cleaving enzymes, and the technical difficulties and considerations researchers must take when working with these bioactive molecules. Thanks to the broad spectrum of functions carotenoids have in modern nutrition and health, it is necessary to understand their benefits regarding to metabolic diseases such as obesity in order to evaluate their applicability to the medical and pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana Coronel
- Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Ivan Pinos
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Jaume Amengual
- Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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