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Foti G, Merlo L, Finstad GL, Giorgi G. COVID-19 Symptoms and Mental Health Outcomes among Italian Healthcare Workers: A Latent Class Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1403. [PMID: 39057546 PMCID: PMC11275353 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12141403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to long-lasting consequences for workers leading to what has been termed a "psychological pandemic". Some categories, such as healthcare workers (HCWs), are considered high risk due to factors such as increased exposure and stressful working conditions. In this study, we investigate whether levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms and COVID-19-related fear (IES-6 and PSI-4) are associated with illness severity in a sample of 318 infected HCWs in Italy. To investigate the presence of different profiles of COVID-19 severity, Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was performed based on 11 symptoms. Differences in the IES-6 and PSI-4 scores across the latent classes were compared using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis (KW) test with Dunn's multiple comparison post hoc testing. Our analyses show that the LCA identified three classes of symptoms, reflecting no/low, mild and severe symptoms. The classes include vomiting, confusion, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, dyspnea, headache, ageusia, fever, anosmia, osteo muscle articular pain and asthenia. We found that HCWs who experienced more intense symptoms reported significantly higher IES-6 and PSI-4 scores. Moreover, we found gender-related differences in IES-6 and PSI-4 scores as females exhibited higher levels than males. Indeed, these findings are useful for developing health prevention and emergency management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Foti
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, 00163 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.L.F.); (G.G.)
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Rentmeesters N, Wynsberghe D, Hermans D. Development of a stepped care intervention model of evidence-based interventions for the management of posttraumatic stress in the Belgian Police. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:1-12. [PMID: 38828913 PMCID: PMC11149569 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2349448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Police officers are frequently exposed to a wide variety of potentially traumatic events (PTE) and are therefore at a considerable risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous research estimated the point prevalence of PTSD in Belgian police officers at 7.4%, significantly higher than in the general population. An effective organisational strategy to manage posttraumatic stress is essential.Objective: We aimed to develop a novel organisational approach regarding traumatic stress for Belgian police, combining evidence-based strategies for the prevention and treatment of posttraumatic stress in a stepped care intervention model.Method: In a broad development process, we combined scientific literature, case studies of best practices from other police organisations with insights gathered from a number of expert panels, thematic working groups and feedback groups.Results: A comprehensive stepped care intervention model was developed, consisting of evidence-based interventions for the prevention and treatment of posttraumatic stress.Conclusions: The intervention model is a promising organisational strategy for the management of posttraumatic stress in police organisations based on evidence-based interventions. Its effectiveness will be studied in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Rentmeesters
- Psychological Medical Service, Federal Police, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Wynsberghe
- Psychological Medical Service, Federal Police, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk Hermans
- Center for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Stileman HM, Jones CA. Revisiting the debriefing debate: does psychological debriefing reduce PTSD symptomology following work-related trauma? A meta-analysis. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1248924. [PMID: 38204890 PMCID: PMC10779682 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1248924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Psychological debriefing is an early post-trauma intervention which aims to prevent the development of PTSD and accelerate normal recovery through discussing, validating, and normalising group members responses to trauma. While originally designed in the 1980s for groups of emergency service personnel, the scope of psychological debriefing extended to individual primary victims of trauma. A Cochrane review in 2002 concluded that psychological debriefing was ineffective, yet some authors have argued that many of the studies that informed the Cochrane review did not adhere to key elements of psychological debriefing. This meta-analysis sought to re-examine the effectiveness of psychological debriefing in preventing or reducing PTSD symptoms following work-related trauma. Appropriate studies were selected from three databases (MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO). Inclusion criteria was intentionally broad so that features of psychological debriefing that may determine its effectiveness could be explored through a series of subgroup analyses. The overall synthesis did not find consistent evidence that psychological debriefing helps to prevent or reduce PTSD symptoms following work-related trauma. Shortcomings in the methodology and reporting of many of the studies meant that several important subgroup analyses could not be conducted. Further well-designed studies in this field are warranted to ensure that employees exposed to potentially traumatic events receive the effective support they need and deserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry M. Stileman
- Centre of Applied Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A. Jones
- Centre of Applied Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Billings J, Zhan Yuen Wong N, Nicholls H, Burton P, Zosmer M, Albert I, Grey N, El-Leithy S, Murphy D, Tehrani N, Wheatley J, Bloomfield MAP, Greene T. Post-incident psychosocial interventions after a traumatic incident in the workplace: a systematic review of current research evidence and clinical guidance. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2281751. [PMID: 38032045 PMCID: PMC10990448 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2281751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: After a traumatic incident in the workplace organisations want to provide support for their employees to prevent PTSD. However, what is safe and effective to offer has not yet been established, despite many organisations offering some form of intervention after a traumatic event.Objective: To systematically review the evidence for post-incident psychosocial interventions offered within one month of a workplace trauma, and to compare the content, effectiveness and acceptability of these interventions. Given the lack of a yet clearly established evidence-base in this field, we sought to examine both published empirical research as well as guidelines published by expert groups working with staff in high-risk roles.Methods: We conducted systematic searches for empirical research across bibliographic databases and searched online for clinical practice guidelines to April 2023. We were also referred to potentially relevant literature by experts in workplace trauma. Both empirical research and clinical guidelines were appraised for their quality.Results: A total of 80 research studies and 11 clinical practice guidelines were included in the review. Interventions included Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD), Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM), unspecified Debriefing, Trauma Risk Management (TRiM), Psychological First Aid (PFA), EMDR, CBT and group counselling. Most research and guidance were of poor quality. The findings of this review do not demonstrate any harm caused by CISD, CISM, PFA, TRiM, EMDR, group counselling or CBT interventions when delivered in a workplace setting. However, they do not conclusively demonstrate benefits of these interventions nor do they establish superiority of any specific intervention. Generic debriefing was associated with some negative outcomes. Current clinical guidelines were inconsistent with the current research evidence base. Nevertheless, interventions were generally valued by workers.Conclusions: Better quality research and guidance is urgently needed, including more detailed exploration of the specific aspects of delivery of post-incident interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Billings
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Helen Nicholls
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Burton
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maya Zosmer
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Idit Albert
- King’s College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nick Grey
- University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
- Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Worthing, West Sussex, UK
| | | | - Dominic Murphy
- King’s College London, London, UK
- Combat Stress, London, UK
| | | | - Jon Wheatley
- Homerton Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael A. P. Bloomfield
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- Camden & Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Talya Greene
- Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
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Schwartz JA, Granger DA, Calvi JL, Jodis CA, Steiner B. The Implications of Stress Among Correctional Officers: A Summary of the Risks and Promising Intervention Strategies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2023:306624X231213316. [PMID: 38124325 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x231213316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a detailed summary and discussion of the concept of stress and how it relates to the health, wellbeing, and performance of corrections officers. In line with these objectives, we focus on three areas: (1) providing a more detailed definition of the concept of stress; (2) a discussion of the ways that increased exposure to stress may impact corrections officers' physical and mental health; and (3) a summary of prevention and intervention strategies that are relevant for corrections officers and have shown promise in dampening the consequences of increased stress exposure. More in-depth knowledge of the concept of stress and the underlying processes that link stress to negative outcomes will provide policy makers and corrections departments with an understanding of the characteristics of prevention and intervention strategies that are expected to be most effective in limiting the consequences of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas A Granger
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- University of California, Irvine, USA
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Berry K, Allsopp K, Gaskin F, Price O. Staff support for workplace trauma: a freedom of information act request survey for NHS trusts providing mental health care in England. J Ment Health 2023:1-5. [PMID: 37933756 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2023.2278094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Workplace trauma in mental health settings is defined as exposure to verbal and physical aggression, witnessing self-harm or hearing about patients' histories of abuse. Support for workplace trauma is important for staff well-being, staff retention and ultimately patient care. Assessing the extent and adequacy of staff support for workplace trauma in mental health settings is important in identifying areas of need and good practice. AIM To determine what staff support systems are in place for workplace trauma in mental health services across England. METHODS Freedom of Information Act requests were sent to all 57 National Health Service Trusts providing mental health care in England to identify policies on the support to mental health staff after traumatic incidents that they have experienced in the course of their clinical duties. RESULTS Fifty-five Trusts provided usable data. Only half provided evidence of a psychologically informed incident response that went beyond a fact-finding exercise and only a fifth of Trusts used an established model for the response process. A small proportion of policies acknowledged workplace traumas related to staff discrimination on the basis of protected characteristics. CONCLUSION There is insufficient attention to supporting mental health staff with the effects of workplace trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Berry
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Complex Trauma and Resilience Research Unit, Department of Research and Innovation, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Kate Allsopp
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Complex Trauma and Resilience Research Unit, Department of Research and Innovation, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Fay Gaskin
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Owen Price
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Greenberg N, Forbes D. Workplace mental health screening for trauma-exposed workforces. Occup Med (Lond) 2023:kqad098. [PMID: 37772338 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental health screening is often used by trauma-prone organizations with the intent of protecting their workers’ mental health. However, not only is the term screening somewhat ambiguous, the available evidence does not support formal, healthcare-delivered, mandatory screening either to select staff for higher-risk roles or as a mechanism to encourage trauma-exposed workers, with mental health difficulties, to access mental health treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Greenberg
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Forbes
- Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Brooks SK, Patel D, Greenberg N. Mental health of diplomatic personnel: scoping review. Occup Med (Lond) 2023; 73:155-160. [PMID: 36893355 PMCID: PMC10132204 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diplomatic personnel frequently relocate as part of their roles, requiring them to adapt to various cultural and political conditions; many are also at risk of experiencing trauma from being deployed to high-threat postings. With diplomatic personnel having to balance the usual pressures of their work with the uncertainties of COVID-19 in recent years, it is particularly important now to understand how to protect their mental health. AIMS To synthesize existing literature on the well-being of diplomatic personnel to improve understanding of how to protect their mental health. METHODS A scoping review was carried out to explore what is already known about the well-being of staff working in diplomatic roles. Four databases were searched and reference lists, as well as one key journal, were hand-searched. RESULTS Fifteen relevant publications were included. There was little consensus as to how the psychological well-being of diplomatic personnel compares to other populations or which factors predict well-being. Diplomats' psychological responses to traumatic experiences appeared similar to those of other trauma-exposed occupational groups. CONCLUSIONS Further research is needed to better understand the well-being of diplomatic personnel, particularly those not deployed to high-threat posts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Brooks
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, Weston Education Centre, London SE5 9RJ, UK
| | - D Patel
- Overseas Health and Welfare, Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, King Charles Street, London SW1A 2AH, UK
| | - N Greenberg
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, Weston Education Centre, London SE5 9RJ, UK
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Evans TR, Burns C, Essex R, Finnerty G, Hatton E, Clements AJ, Breau G, Quinn F, Elliott H, Smith LD, Matthews B, Jennings K, Crossman J, Williams G, Miller D, Harold B, Gurnett P, Jagodzinski L, Smith J, Milligan W, Markowski M, Collins P, Yoshimatsu Y, Margalef Turull J, Colpus M, Dayson ML, Weldon S. A systematic scoping review on the evidence behind debriefing practices for the wellbeing/emotional outcomes of healthcare workers. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1078797. [PMID: 37032950 PMCID: PMC10080145 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1078797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Debriefings give healthcare workers voice through the opportunity to discuss unanticipated or difficult events and recommend changes. The typical goal of routine debriefings has been to improve clinical outcomes by learning through discussion and reflection of events and then transferring that learning into clinical practice. However, little research has investigated the effects of debriefings on the emotional experiences and well-being of healthcare workers. There is some evidence that debriefings are a multi-faceted and cost-effective intervention for minimising negative health outcomes, but their use is inconsistent and they are infrequently adopted with the specific intention of giving healthcare workers a voice. The purpose of this systematic scoping review is therefore to assess the scope of existing evidence on debriefing practices for the well-being and emotional outcomes of healthcare workers. Methods Following screening, 184 papers were synthesised through keyword mapping and exploratory trend identification. Results The body of evidence reviewed were clustered geographically, but diverse on many other criteria of interest including the types of evidence produced, debriefing models and practices, and outcomes captured. Discussion The current review provides a clear map of our existing understanding and highlights the need for more systematic, collaborative and rigorous bodies of evidence to determine the potential of debriefing to support the emotional outcomes of those working within healthcare. Systematic Review Registration https://osf.io/za6rj.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rhys Evans
- School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Thomas Rhys Evans,
| | - Calvin Burns
- School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Essex
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Finnerty
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
- School of Health Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ella Hatton
- School of Psychology, Arden University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - Genevieve Breau
- School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francis Quinn
- School of Applied Social Studies, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Elliott
- School of Health Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine D. Smith
- School of Education, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Matthews
- School of Health Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kath Jennings
- School of Health Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jodie Crossman
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Williams
- School of Health Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Denise Miller
- School of Education, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Harold
- School of Health Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Gurnett
- School of Health Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
- Greenwich Learning and Simulation Centre, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Jagodzinski
- School of Health Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
- Greenwich Learning and Simulation Centre, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Smith
- School of Health Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Milligan
- School of Health Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne Markowski
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
- School of Health Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Collins
- School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuki Yoshimatsu
- School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
- Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark Colpus
- School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark L. Dayson
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
- School of Health Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Weldon
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
- School of Health Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
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Auth NM, Booker MJ, Wild J, Riley R. Mental health and help seeking among trauma-exposed emergency service staff: a qualitative evidence synthesis. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e047814. [PMID: 35110304 PMCID: PMC8811562 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify factors and contexts that may contribute to mental health and recovery from psychological difficulties for emergency service workers (ESWs) exposed to occupational trauma, and barriers and facilitators to help-seeking behaviour among trauma-exposed ESWs. BACKGROUND ESWs are at greater risk of stressor-related psychopathology than the general population. Exposure to occupational stressors and trauma contribute to the observed rates of post-trauma psychopathology in this occupational group with implications for workforce sustainability. Types of organisational interventions offered to trauma-exposed ESWs are inconsistent across the UK, with uncertainty around how to engage staff. DESIGN Four databases (OVID MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and SCOPUS) were systematically searched from 1 January 1980 to March 2020, with citation tracking and reference chaining. A modified Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool and quality appraisal prompts were used to identify fatally flawed studies. Qualitative studies of trauma-exposure in front-line ESWs were included, and data were extracted using a customised extraction table. Included studies were analysed using thematic synthesis. RESULTS A qualitative evidence synthesis was conducted with 24 qualitative studies meeting inclusion criteria, as defined by the PerSPEcTiF framework. Fourteen descriptive themes emerged from this review, categorised into two overarching constructs: (1) factors contributing to mental health (such as the need for downtime, peer support and reassurance) and (2) factors influencing help-seeking behaviour (such as stigma, the content/form/mandatory nature of interventions, and mental health literacy issues including emotional awareness and education). CONCLUSION ESWs reported disconnect between the organisations' cultural positioning on trauma-related mental health, the reality of undertaking the role and the perceived applicability and usefulness of trauma interventions. Following traumatic exposure, ESWs identify benefitting from recovery time and informal support from trusted colleagues. A culture which encourages help seeking and open dialogue around mental health may reduce stigma and improve recovery from mental ill health associated with trauma exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer Wild
- Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruth Riley
- Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Tan L, Petrie K, Deady M, Bryant RA, Harvey SB. Systematic review of first responder post-deployment or post-incident psychosocial interventions. Occup Med (Lond) 2022; 72:160-169. [PMID: 35020931 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqab182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND First responder populations, such as emergency services and the military, report elevated levels of mental health problems. Although post-deployment or post-incident psychosocial support interventions are widely implemented within these services, its effectiveness in preventing the development of mental disorders is unclear. AIMS To systematically assess which, if any, post-deployment or post-incident psychosocial interventions are effective at preventing the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and common mental disorders (CMD) amongst military and emergency service worker (ESW) settings. METHODS A systematic review was conducted by searching four databases for any randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or controlled trials of post-deployment or post-incident interventions. The primary outcomes assessed were differences in symptoms of PTSD and CMD. Study quality was examined using the Downs and Black checklist. Pooled effect sizes and 95% CI were calculated using random-effects modelling for main meta-analyses, planned subgroup and sensitivity analyses. RESULTS From 317 articles, seven RCTs were included in the final meta-analysis. Interventions identified included psychological debriefing, screening, stress education, team-based skills training and a peer-delivered risk assessment. A very small but significant effect was found for team-based skills training in reducing CMD symptoms. Some evidence was also found for team cohesion training in reducing both PTSD and CMD. CONCLUSIONS Limited evidence was found for post-deployment or post-incident psychosocial interventions within military and ESW populations. More high-quality studies, particularly among ESW settings, are urgently needed to determine how to better prevent the development of trauma related disorders after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Tan
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine Petrie
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Deady
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard A Bryant
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Samuel B Harvey
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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Flaherty M, O'Neil VE. Psychological peer support for staff: implementing the Trauma Risk Management model in a hospital setting. NURSING MANAGEMENT (HARROW, LONDON, ENGLAND : 1994) 2021; 29:26-31. [PMID: 34664436 DOI: 10.7748/nm.2021.e1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
One of the many consequences of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is that the psychological well-being of nurses and other healthcare staff has received greater attention. The Supporting Our Staff (SOS) service, set up in 2017 at Northampton General Hospital NHS Trust, provides psychological peer support to staff using the Trauma Risk Management (TRiM) model. TRiM is a psychological risk assessment and peer support model designed to mitigate the risks associated with exposure to traumatic events. It was initially developed and used in the UK armed forces but has started to be used in healthcare organisations. This article describes the development and expansion of the SOS service, the implementation of the TRiM model by the SOS team, and the significant part the service has played in the trust's response to the increased psychological support needs of its staff during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moya Flaherty
- Northampton General Hospital NHS Trust, Northampton, England
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13
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Caesar BC, Nutt J, Jukes CP, Ahmed M, Counihan CM, Butler-Manuel WR, Khan M. Burnout in trauma and orthopaedic surgeons: can the UK military stress management model help? ORTHOPAEDICS AND TRAUMA 2021; 35:305-308. [PMID: 36568031 PMCID: PMC9760296 DOI: 10.1016/j.mporth.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The recent coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has increased doctors' stresses at work and at home, putting them at increased risk of burnout. Considering this, we recently conducted the British Orthopaedic Association (BOA) Burnout and Wellbeing Survey which showed that, from 1298 respondents (approximately 25% of the membership of the BOA), 40% reported burnout and a further 50% were just below the threshold. The burnout rates were found to be higher in Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME), female and LGBTQ+ groups (45.6%) compared to white, heterosexual males (33.6% - p < 0.001) and also higher in trainees (49.1%) and associate specialists (52.1%) compared to consultants (35.7% - p < 0.001). We discuss what can be learned from the experience of the UK Armed Forces in their programme for stress management, their mental resilience training and their campaign to destigmatize mental wellbeing, that may mitigate burnout in our profession. We also put forward the case for appropriate resources to be allocated to tackling burnout in orthopaedic doctors and introduce the BOA's Wellbeing Initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Caesar
- Consultant Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgeon (UHS NHS Foundation Trust), 16 Medical Regiment, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Specialty Trainee Year 8 Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Specialty Trainee Year 7 Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Specialty Trainee Year 3 Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Core Trainee Year 1, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- - Foundation Year 1, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- No authors declare any conflicts of interest
| | - James Nutt
- Consultant Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgeon (UHS NHS Foundation Trust), 16 Medical Regiment, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Specialty Trainee Year 8 Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Specialty Trainee Year 7 Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Specialty Trainee Year 3 Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Core Trainee Year 1, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- - Foundation Year 1, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- No authors declare any conflicts of interest
| | - Christopher P Jukes
- Consultant Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgeon (UHS NHS Foundation Trust), 16 Medical Regiment, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Specialty Trainee Year 8 Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Specialty Trainee Year 7 Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Specialty Trainee Year 3 Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Core Trainee Year 1, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- - Foundation Year 1, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- No authors declare any conflicts of interest
| | - Maryam Ahmed
- Consultant Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgeon (UHS NHS Foundation Trust), 16 Medical Regiment, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Specialty Trainee Year 8 Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Specialty Trainee Year 7 Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Specialty Trainee Year 3 Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Core Trainee Year 1, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- - Foundation Year 1, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- No authors declare any conflicts of interest
| | - Callum M Counihan
- Consultant Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgeon (UHS NHS Foundation Trust), 16 Medical Regiment, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Specialty Trainee Year 8 Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Specialty Trainee Year 7 Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Specialty Trainee Year 3 Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Core Trainee Year 1, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- - Foundation Year 1, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- No authors declare any conflicts of interest
| | - William R Butler-Manuel
- Consultant Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgeon (UHS NHS Foundation Trust), 16 Medical Regiment, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Specialty Trainee Year 8 Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Specialty Trainee Year 7 Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Specialty Trainee Year 3 Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Core Trainee Year 1, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- - Foundation Year 1, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- No authors declare any conflicts of interest
| | - Mansoor Khan
- Consultant Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgeon (UHS NHS Foundation Trust), 16 Medical Regiment, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Specialty Trainee Year 8 Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Specialty Trainee Year 7 Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Specialty Trainee Year 3 Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Core Trainee Year 1, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- - Foundation Year 1, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Conflicts of interest: none declared
- No authors declare any conflicts of interest
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Hooper JJ, Saulsman L, Hall T, Waters F. Addressing the psychological impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers: learning from a systematic review of early interventions for frontline responders. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e044134. [PMID: 34020974 PMCID: PMC8142676 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Protecting healthcare workers from psychological harm is an urgent clinical issue within the current COVID-19 pandemic. Research on early psychological programmes that aim to prevent or reduce mental health symptoms and that have been tested in frontline responders may assist service providers with choosing a suitable intervention for rapid dissemination in healthcare settings. DESIGN AND OUTCOME MEASURES First, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO and Google Scholar were searched through a systematic literature review of early psychological interventions administered to frontline responders in the last 15 years. Interventions were included if they were designed to prevent or reduce psychological impact and had outcome measures of psychological distress (eg, general psychopathology, post-traumatic stress disorder and stress) and/or positive mental health domains (eg, resilience, self-efficacy and life satisfaction). Second, the suitability of these programmes for the healthcare workforce was evaluated according to the criteria of effectiveness, content applicability and feasibility. RESULTS Of 320 articles retrieved, 12 relevant studies were included that described six early psychological interventions. Although the evidence base is limited, psychological first aid, eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing, and trauma risk management showed effectiveness across at least two studies each with frontline workers. Resilience and coping for the healthcare community; anticipate, plan, and deter; and resilience at work programmes found promising results in single studies. Concerning other suitability criteria, all programmes appear applicable to healthcare settings and have acceptable feasibility for rapid implementation. CONCLUSIONS Despite the limited evidence, several interventions were identified as potentially suitable and useful for improving psychological functioning of healthcare workers across a variety of disaster situations. Service providers should continue to implement and evaluate early psychological interventions in frontline workers in order to refine best practices for managing the psychological impact of future disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Jean Hooper
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lisa Saulsman
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tammy Hall
- Clinical Research Centre Gascoyne House, West Wing, Graylands Hospital, Mount Claremont, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Flavie Waters
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Clinical Research Centre Gascoyne House, West Wing, Graylands Hospital, Mount Claremont, Western Australia, Australia
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15
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior research has identified behavioural health outcomes as key sequelae to combat deployment. However, relatively little is known about differential patterns of change in depression or generalised anxiety linked to deployment to a combat zone. In this paper, we add to the existing trajectory literature and examine key predictive factors of behavioural health risk. AIMS The primary aim is to leverage growth mixture modelling to ascertain trajectories of psychological distress, operationalised as a coherent construct combining depression and generalised anxiety, and to identify factors that differentiate adaptive and maladaptive patterns of change. METHOD Data were collected from a brigade combat team prior to a combat deployment to Afghanistan, during deployment, at immediate re-integration and approximately 2-3 months thereafter. The main outcome was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS). RESULTS Three latent trajectories were identified: a low-stable trajectory, a declining trajectory and a rising trajectory. Most individuals aligned with the low-stable trajectory. A conditional model using covariates measured during deployment showed that the low-stable trajectory differed consistently from the remaining trajectories on self-reported loneliness and non-combat deployment stressors. CONCLUSIONS The examination of differential patterns of adaptation, to identify individuals at higher risk, is critical for the efficient targeting of resources. Our findings further indicate that loneliness may be a useful leverage point for clinical and organisational intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A Cabrera
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate-West, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, USA
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16
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Williams S, Cartwright T. Post-traumatic stress, personal risk and post-traumatic growth among UK journalists. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2021; 12:1881727. [PMID: 34025922 PMCID: PMC8128116 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2021.1881727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Journalists covering traumatic news events can develop symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, they may also experience perceived post-traumatic growth (PTG). The outcome may be affected by whether work-related traumatic stress has a degree of personal risk. Objective: To investigate the relationship between PTSD symptoms and PTG among journalists who experienced work-related trauma and to examine whether positive associations would exist between exposure to personal risk and PTG. Method: A web-based survey measuring post-traumatic stress symptoms and post-traumatic growth was completed by print and broadcast journalists (N = 69) working for UK-based media organizations. An open-ended question asked participants how media organizations can help to promote growth after work-related trauma. Results: The findings show a significant relationship between PTSD symptoms and PTG (p = 0.04). Journalists working in war-zones had significantly more PTSD symptoms (p < .001) and PTG scores (p < .001) than those who did not. Journalists who described their worst, work-related trauma as having a degree of personal, life-threatening risk, also reported higher levels of PTG than those who did not (p < .001). This was consistent across all PTG subscales. Conclusions: This study, the first to examine PTSD symptoms, personal risk and post-traumatic growth within journalists, suggests those working in conflict areas experience significantly higher levels of post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth, than those who do not. Those who experience personal risk also had high PTG levels. Media companies can help develop PTG by recognizing when personal risk plays a role in covering demanding assignments. Participants suggested organizations also needed to allow sufficient time for reflection and meaning-making for all those working in hostile environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian Williams
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Tina Cartwright
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
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17
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Greenberg N, Rafferty L. Post-traumatic stress disorder in the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic. World Psychiatry 2021; 20:53-54. [PMID: 33432762 PMCID: PMC7801831 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Greenberg
- Health Protection Research Unit, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Rafferty
- King's Centre for Military Health Research, King's College London, London, UK
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18
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Chen S, Bagrodia R, Pfeffer CC, Meli L, Bonanno GA. Anxiety and resilience in the face of natural disasters associated with climate change: A review and methodological critique. J Anxiety Disord 2020; 76:102297. [PMID: 32957002 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, climate change-related natural disasters, such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts have become increasingly frequent and severe, impacting the emotional and psychological well-being of those who are directly or indirectly exposed to them. Despite great interest in understanding differences in anxiety and resilience in response to natural disasters, enthusiasm appears to outstrip empirical clarity, as there remains considerable ambiguity as to determinants of resilient or pathological outcomes following exposure to natural disasters. In addition, there are several major methodological limitations in climate change and related natural disaster research, including the use of univariate analyses, cross-sectional design, and retrospective measures. Keeping these limitations in mind, we first review literature examining the mental health outcomes of natural disasters. Findings suggest that, overall, resilience is more common than pathological outcomes. Second, we use a multi-dimensional framework of resilience to selectively review factors at the event, individual, as well as family and community levels that could help inform resilient or pathological outcomes. Finally, we consider key limitations and future directions for research and practice in the field of anxiety and resilience in response to climate disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuquan Chen
- Department of Clinical and Counseling Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, United States.
| | - Rohini Bagrodia
- Department of Clinical and Counseling Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, United States
| | - Charlotte C Pfeffer
- Department of Clinical and Counseling Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, United States
| | - Laura Meli
- Department of Clinical and Counseling Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, United States
| | - George A Bonanno
- Department of Clinical and Counseling Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, United States.
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19
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The mental health impact of providing spine care during COVID-19. Spine J 2020; 20:1363-1366. [PMID: 32534951 PMCID: PMC7286638 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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20
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Antony J, Brar R, Khan PA, Ghassemi M, Nincic V, Sharpe JP, Straus SE, Tricco AC. Interventions for the prevention and management of occupational stress injury in first responders: a rapid overview of reviews. Syst Rev 2020; 9:121. [PMID: 32475353 PMCID: PMC7262749 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-020-01367-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND First responders are a high-risk population for occupational stress injuries as they often encounter prolonged stress within their line of work. The aim of this rapid overview of reviews is to summarize existing evidence on interventions for the prevention and management of occupational stress injury (OSI) in first responders. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched for systematic reviews examining the impact of prevention, rehabilitation, and resilience-building strategies targeting frontline community safety personnel in February 2019. Pairs of reviewers screened titles and abstracts followed by full-text articles and conducted data abstraction and quality appraisal using the AMSTAR II tool. To ensure a rapid overview process, the search strategy was limited to the last 10 years, quality appraisal of reviews and abstraction of study-level data was completed by one person and verified by another, and the quality of the individual primary studies was not appraised. The findings were summarized descriptively. RESULTS A total of 14 reviews with 47 unique primary studies were found after screening 1393 records. A majority of studies targeted OSI in police officers (78.7%), followed by firefighters (17%) and correctional officers (4.3%). Of the 47 included primary studies, 24 targeted prevention of OSI (i.e., resilience training, stress management, suicide prevention, and other health promotions) and 23 targeted rehabilitation (i.e., drug therapy, psychotherapy, and other therapies). Prevention strategies including resilience training programs had positive outcomes, while suicide prevention and psychotherapy interventions reported mixed results. CONCLUSIONS Some promising interventions targeting the prevention and rehabilitation of OSI among police officers, firefighters, and correctional officers were identified in the included studies, and these results will serve as a basis for the development of evidence-based strategies to mitigate future risks in this population. However, several gaps were also identified in this area that will require further investigation prior to widespread implementation of effective interventions. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42019125945.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesmin Antony
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, East Building, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1 W8 Canada
| | - Raman Brar
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, East Building, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1 W8 Canada
| | - Paul A. Khan
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, East Building, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1 W8 Canada
| | - Marco Ghassemi
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, East Building, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1 W8 Canada
| | - Vera Nincic
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, East Building, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1 W8 Canada
| | - Jane P. Sharpe
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, East Building, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1 W8 Canada
| | - Sharon E. Straus
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, East Building, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1 W8 Canada
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Andrea C. Tricco
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, East Building, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1 W8 Canada
- Epidemiology Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Institute for Health, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
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21
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Greenberg N, Megnin-Viggars O, Leach J. Occupational health professionals and 2018 NICE post-traumatic stress disorder guidelines. Occup Med (Lond) 2020; 69:397-399. [PMID: 31573041 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqz058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Greenberg
- King's Centre for Military Health Research, King's College London and Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, UK
| | - Odette Megnin-Viggars
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness, Research Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, and National Guideline Alliance, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Leach
- Davenal House Surgery Bromsgrove, NHS England Medical Director for Armed Forces and Veterans Health
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22
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Brooks SK, Dunn R, Amlôt R, Rubin GJ, Greenberg N. Protecting the psychological wellbeing of staff exposed to disaster or emergency at work: a qualitative study. BMC Psychol 2019; 7:78. [PMID: 31823824 PMCID: PMC6905092 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-019-0360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disasters are becoming more prevalent across the world and people are frequently exposed to them as part of their occupational groups. It is important for organisations to understand how best to support employees who have experienced a trauma such as a disaster. The purpose of this study was to explore employees’ perceptions of workplace support and help-seeking in the context of a disaster. Methods Forty employees in England took part in semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was used to extract recurring themes from the data. Results Participants reported both positive and negative psychological outcomes of experiencing a disaster or emergency at work. Most had little training in how to prepare for, and cope with, the psychological impact. They perceived stigma around mental health and treatment for psychological issues which often made them reluctant to seek help. Many reported that the psychological support available in the workplace was insufficient and tended to be reactive rather than proactive. Interpersonal relationships at work were viewed as being important sources of support, particularly support from managers. Participants suggested that psychosocial training in the workplace could be beneficial in providing education about mental health, encouraging supportive workplace relationships, and developing listening skills and empathy. Conclusions Organisations can take steps to reduce the psychological impact of disasters on employees. This could be done through provision of training workshops incorporating mental health education to reduce stigma, and team-building exercises to encourage supportive workplace relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Brooks
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ, UK.
| | - Rebecca Dunn
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ, UK
| | - Richard Amlôt
- Public Health England, Emergency Response Department Science & Technology, Health Protection Directorate, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - G James Rubin
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ, UK
| | - Neil Greenberg
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ, UK
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23
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Agarwal B, Brooks SK, Greenberg N. The Role of Peer Support in Managing Occupational Stress: A Qualitative Study of the Sustaining Resilience at Work Intervention. Workplace Health Saf 2019; 68:57-64. [PMID: 31538851 DOI: 10.1177/2165079919873934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Peer support at work may support psychological resilience by enhancing coping skills and providing social support. The current study aimed to examine how a workplace peer support program, "Sustaining Resilience at Work" (StRaW), may support employee mental health from the perspective of the trained peer supporter. Method: Nine individuals from various public and private organizations who had completed StRaW peer supporter training participated in semi-structured interviews to explore their views on the StRaW program. Data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Findings: Three main themes emerged: the impact of workplace stressors on employee mental health, the impact of StRaW, and feedback on StRaW. The results suggested positive effects of StRaW training on practitioners' ability to support colleagues and maintain their own psychological well-being. Discussion/Application to Practice: Our results indicated that peer support programs in the workplace may improve employees' well-being and relationships between employees. As such, occupational health professionals should recommend that their organizations invest in these types of programs to improve organizational resilience. They should encourage employees they consider to be capable of supporting their colleagues to undergo this training as evidence suggests this is beneficial to the trained employees' own well-being, rather than making them feel burdened or under pressure. Occupational health professionals should also view such programs as useful ways of improving attitudes toward mental health within their organizations.
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24
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Knobloch LK, Owens JL, Matheson LN, Dodson MB. Evaluating the effectiveness of REBOOT Combat Recovery: A faith-based combat trauma resiliency program. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2019.1630228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Spencer SA, Nolan JP, Osborn M, Georgiou A. The presence of psychological trauma symptoms in resuscitation providers and an exploration of debriefing practices. Resuscitation 2019; 142:175-181. [PMID: 31251894 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.06.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Witnessing traumatic experiences can cause post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The true impact on healthcare staff of attending in-hospital cardiac arrests (IHCAs) has not been studied. This cross-sectional study examined cardiac arrest debriefing practices and the burden of attending IHCAs on nursing and medical staff. METHODS A 33-item questionnaire-survey was sent to 517 doctors (of all grades), nurses and health-care assistants (HCAs) working in the emergency department, the acute medical unit and the intensive care unit of a district general hospital between April and August 2018. There were three sections: demographics; cardiac arrest and debriefing practices; trauma-screening questionnaire (TSQ). RESULTS The response rate was 414/517 (80.1%); 312/414 (75.4%) were involved with IHCAs. Out of 1463 arrests, 258 (17.6%) were debriefed. Twenty-nine of 302 (9.6%) staff screened positively for PTSD. Healthcare assistants and Foundation Year 1 doctors had higher TSQ scores than nurses or more senior doctors (p = 0.02, p = 0.02, respectively). Debriefing was not associated with PTSD risk (p = 0.98). Only 8/67 (11.9%) of resuscitation leaders had prior debriefing training. CONCLUSIONS Nearly 10% of acute care staff screened positively for PTSD as a result of attending an IHCA, with junior staff being most at risk of developing trauma symptoms. Very few debriefs occurred, possibly because of a lack of debrief training amongst cardiac arrest team leaders. More support is required for acute care nursing and medical staff following an IHCA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerry P Nolan
- Royal United Hospital, Bath, United Kingdom; Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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26
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Lane-Fall MB, Kuza CM, Fakhry S, Kaplan LJ. The Lifetime Effects of Injury: Postintensive Care Syndrome and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Anesthesiol Clin 2018; 37:135-150. [PMID: 30711227 DOI: 10.1016/j.anclin.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Postintensive care syndrome (PICS) is a heterogeneous syndrome marked by physical, cognitive, and mental health impairments experienced by critical care survivors. It is a syndrome that bears significant human and health care costs. Additional research is needed to identify risk factors and diagnostic, preventative, and treatment strategies for PICS. Trauma intensive care unit patients are particularly vulnerable to posttraumatic stress disorder, which shares some of the adverse long-term consequences of PICS and also requires additional research into effective preventative and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan B Lane-Fall
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 423 Guardian Drive, 309 Blockley Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, 3641 Locust Walk # 210, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Catherine M Kuza
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles County Health System, 1450 San Pablo Street, Suite 3600, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Samir Fakhry
- Department of Surgery, Synergy Surgicalists, Inc, Reston Hospital Center, 1850 Town Center Parkway Suite 309, Reston, VA 20190, USA
| | - Lewis J Kaplan
- Surgical Services, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Veteran's Administration Medical Center, Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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27
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Daffey-Moore E. Why is building psychological resilience relevant to UK Service personnel in order to improve military mental health? BMJ Mil Health 2018; 166:89-94. [DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2018-000962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This article will aim to give an overview of stress and resilience, briefly exploring current definitions. It will try to identify why psychological resilience is relevant in the military context and suggest why the UK military could be exploring data from other countries and welfare bodies to enhance their own stress management policies in order to improve military mental health. The MOD (Ministry of Defence) understands their duty of care and has developed a clear strategic intent to tackle the increasing numbers of personnel developing mental health issues. While all three Services currently have in place comprehensive predeployment and postdeployment strategies to signpost individuals, there is a lack of psychological fitness training. Examining resilience in the civilian sector has identified the relevance for individuals to be psychologically resilient in any context. The skills and techniques of the Special Forces are now becoming popular in the business world to increase resilience in individuals and their organisations. The MOD could improve military mental health through relevant strategies aimed at building resilience.
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Jones N, Whybrow D, Coetzee R. UK military doctors; stigma, mental health and help-seeking: a comparative cohort study. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2018. [PMID: 29523754 DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2018-000928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies suggest that medical doctors can suffer from substantial levels of mental ill-health. Little is known about military doctors' mental health and well-being; we therefore assessed attitudes to mental health, self-stigma, psychological distress and help-seeking among UK Armed Forces doctors. METHODS Six hundred and seventy-eight military doctors (response rate 59%) completed an anonymous online survey. Comparisons were made with serving and ex-military personnel (n=1448, response rate 84.5%) participating in a mental health-related help-seeking survey. Basic sociodemographic data were gathered, and participants completed measures of mental health-related stigmatisation, perceived barriers to care and the 12-Item General Health Questionnaire. All participants were asked if in the last three years they had experienced stress, emotional, mental health, alcohol, family or relationship problems, and whether they had sought help from formal sources. RESULTS Military doctors reported fewer mental disorder symptoms than the comparison groups. They endorsed higher levels of stigmatising beliefs, negative attitudes to mental healthcare, desire to self-manage and self-stigmatisation than each of the comparison groups. They were most concerned about potential negative effects of and peer perceptions about receiving a mental disorder diagnosis. Military doctors reporting historical and current relationship, and alcohol or mental health problems were significantly and substantially less likely to seek help than the comparison groups. CONCLUSIONS Although there are a number of study limitations, outcomes suggest that UK military doctors report lower levels of mental disorder symptoms, higher levels of stigmatising beliefs and a lower propensity to seek formal support than other military reference groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Jones
- Academic Department of Military Mental Health, Ministry of Defence, Weston Education Centre, London, UK
| | - D Whybrow
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - R Coetzee
- HQ Defence Primary Healthcare, Ministry of Defence, Lichfield, UK
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Williams R, Kemp V. Principles for designing and delivering psychosocial and mental healthcare. BMJ Mil Health 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2017-000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of the UK’s military policy includes the potential for military organisations to deploy in support of humanitarian aid operations. This paper offers an overview of the risks to people’s mental health of their exposure to emergencies, major incidents, disasters, terrorism, displacement, postconflict environments in which humanitarian aid is delivered, and deployments to conflict zones. It summarises the psychosocial approach recommended by many contemporary researchers and practitioners. It differentiates the extremely common experience of distress from the mental disorders that people who are affected may develop and introduces the construct of psychosocial resilience. The authors recognise the importance of trajectories of response in separating people who are distressed and require psychosocial care from those who require mental healthcare. Finally, this paper summarises a strategic approach to designing, planning and providing psychosocial and mental healthcare, provides a model of care and outlines the principles for early psychosocial interventions that do not require training in mental healthcare to deliver them.
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Rüsch N, Rose C, Holzhausen F, Mulfinger N, Krumm S, Corrigan PW, Willmund GD, Zimmermann P. Attitudes towards disclosing a mental illness among German soldiers and their comrades. Psychiatry Res 2017; 258:200-206. [PMID: 28864120 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many soldiers with mental illness (SWMIs) struggle with the decision whether to disclose their condition in or outside the military. This study therefore explored views on (self-)labeling as 'mentally ill', experiences of discrimination and coping, risks and benefits of (non-)disclosure, service use, disclosure decisions and consequences of disclosing. Active-duty SWMIs as well as soldiers without mental illness (commanding officers; enlisted ranks) and military social workers participated in focus groups. Transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. SWMIs perceived negative stereotypes about their group (weakness, incompetence, blame, malingering) and saw stigma as a barrier to help-seeking. Being labeled 'mentally ill' was seen as harmful for one's career. Self-labeling led to poor self-esteem, greater need for help and feelings of weakness. Many SWMIs had experienced discrimination, such as gossip or inappropriate comments. Social isolation was a disadvantage of secrecy. Most SWMIs preferred selective disclosure and many did not disclose to their family. Military staff without mental illness expressed partly different views and described organizational challenges posed by SWMIs. Our findings suggest that disclosure decisions are personal and difficult and that stigma remains a barrier to re-integration and recovery of SWMIs in the military. Implications for interventions to support SWMIs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rüsch
- Department of Psychiatry II, University of Ulm and BKH Günzburg, Germany.
| | - Carolyn Rose
- Center for Military Mental Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Holzhausen
- Department of Psychiatry II, University of Ulm and BKH Günzburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Mulfinger
- Department of Psychiatry II, University of Ulm and BKH Günzburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Krumm
- Department of Psychiatry II, University of Ulm and BKH Günzburg, Germany
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Greenberg N, Wessely S. Mental health interventions for people involved in disasters: what not to do. World Psychiatry 2017; 16:249-250. [PMID: 28941097 PMCID: PMC5608849 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Greenberg
- King's Centre for Military Health Research, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Simon Wessely
- King's Centre for Military Health Research, King's College LondonLondonUK
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Brooks SK, Dunn R, Amlôt R, Rubin GJ, Greenberg N. Social and occupational factors associated with psychological wellbeing among occupational groups affected by disaster: a systematic review. J Ment Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2017.1294732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K. Brooks
- King’s College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK and
| | - Rebecca Dunn
- King’s College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK and
| | - Richard Amlôt
- Public Health England, Emergency Response Department Science & Technology, Health Protection Directorate, Wilts, UK
| | - G. James Rubin
- King’s College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK and
| | - Neil Greenberg
- King’s College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK and
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Brooks SK, Dunn R, Amlôt R, Greenberg N, Rubin GJ. Social and occupational factors associated with psychological distress and disorder among disaster responders: a systematic review. BMC Psychol 2016; 4:18. [PMID: 27114240 PMCID: PMC4845476 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-016-0120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When disasters occur, there are many different occupational groups involved in rescue, recovery and support efforts. This study aimed to conduct a systematic literature review to identify social and occupational factors affecting the psychological impact of disasters on responders. METHODS Four electronic literature databases (MEDLINE®, Embase, PsycINFO® and Web of Science) were searched and hand searches of reference lists were carried out. Papers were screened against specific inclusion criteria (e.g. published in peer-reviewed journal in English; included a quantitative measure of wellbeing; participants were disaster responders). Data was extracted from relevant papers and thematic analysis was used to develop a list of key factors affecting the wellbeing of disaster responders. RESULTS Eighteen thousand five papers were found and 111 included in the review. The psychological impact of disasters on responders appeared associated with pre-disaster factors (occupational factors; specialised training and preparedness; life events and health), during-disaster factors (exposure; duration on site and arrival time; emotional involvement; peri-traumatic distress/dissociation; role-related stressors; perceptions of safety, threat and risk; harm to self or close others; social support; professional support) and post-disaster factors (professional support; impact on life; life events; media; coping strategies). CONCLUSIONS There are steps that can be taken at all stages of a disaster (before, during and after) which may minimise risks to responders and enhance resilience. Preparedness (for the demands of the role and the potential psychological impact) and support (particularly from the organisation) are essential. The findings of this review could potentially be used to develop training workshops for professionals involved in disaster response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Brooks
- King's College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ, UK.
| | - Rebecca Dunn
- King's College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ, UK
| | - Richard Amlôt
- Public Health England, Emergency Response Department Science and Technology, Health Protection and Medical Directorate, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Neil Greenberg
- King's College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ, UK
| | - G James Rubin
- King's College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ, UK
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Sage CAM, Brooks SK, Jones N, Greenberg N. Attitudes towards mental health and help-seeking in railway workers. Occup Med (Lond) 2015; 66:118-21. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqv165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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