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Howard LM, Grijalva CG. Impact of respiratory viral infections on nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonization dynamics in children. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2024; 37:170-175. [PMID: 38437245 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000001008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Prevention of acute respiratory illnesses (ARI) in children is a global health priority, as these remain a leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality throughout the world. As new products and strategies to prevent respiratory infections caused by important pathogens such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and pneumococcus are advancing, increasing evidence suggests that these and other respiratory viruses and pneumococci may exhibit interactions that are associated with altered colonization and disease dynamics. We aim to review recent data evaluating interactions between respiratory viruses and pneumococci in the upper respiratory tract and their potential impact on pneumococcal colonization patterns and disease outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS While interactions between influenza infection and subsequent increased susceptibility and transmissibility of colonizing pneumococci have been widely reported in the literature, emerging evidence suggests that human rhinovirus, SARS-CoV-2, and other viruses may also exhibit interactions with pneumococci and alter pneumococcal colonization patterns. Additionally, colonizing pneumococci may play a role in modifying outcomes associated with respiratory viral infections. Recent evidence suggests that vaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, and prevention of colonization with pneumococcal serotypes included in these vaccines, may be associated with reducing the risk of subsequent viral infection and the severity of the associated illnesses. SUMMARY Understanding the direction and dynamics of viral-pneumococcal interactions may elucidate the potential effects of existing and emerging viral and bacterial vaccines and other preventive strategies on the health impact of these important respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh M Howard
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Carlos G Grijalva
- Departments of Health Policy and Biomedical Informatics, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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2
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Teoh Z, Conrey S, McNeal M, Burrell A, Burke RM, Mattison CP, McMorrow M, Thornburg N, Payne DC, Morrow AL, Staat MA. Factors Associated With Prolonged Respiratory Virus Detection From Polymerase Chain Reaction of Nasal Specimens Collected Longitudinally in Healthy Children in a US Birth Cohort. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2024; 13:189-195. [PMID: 38366142 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory viral shedding is incompletely characterized by existing studies due to the lack of longitudinal nasal sampling and limited inclusion of healthy/asymptomatic children. We describe characteristics associated with prolonged virus detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a community-based birth cohort. METHODS Children were followed from birth to 2 years of age in the PREVAIL cohort. Weekly nasal swabs were collected and tested using the Luminex Respiratory Pathogen Panel. Weekly text surveys were administered to ascertain the presence of acute respiratory illnesses defined as fever and/or cough. Maternal reports and medical chart abstractions identified healthcare utilization. Prolonged virus detection was defined as a persistently positive test lasting ≥4 weeks. Factors associated with prolonged virus detection were assessed using mixed effects multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS From a sub-cohort of 101 children with ≥70% weekly swabs collected, a total of 1489 viral infections were detected. Prolonged virus detection was found in 23.4% of viral infections overall, 39% of bocavirus infections, 33% of rhinovirus/enterovirus infections, 14% of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A infections, and 7% of RSV B infections. No prolonged detection was found for influenza virus A or B, coronavirus 229E or HKU1, and parainfluenza virus 2 or 4 infections. First-lifetime infection with each virus, and co-detection of another respiratory virus were significantly associated with prolonged detection, while symptom status, child sex, and child age were not. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged virus detection was observed in 1 in 4 viral infections in this cohort of healthy children and varied by pathogen, occurring most often for bocavirus and rhinovirus/enterovirus. Evaluating the immunological basis of how viral co-detections and recurrent viral infections impact duration of virus detection by PCR is needed to better understand the dynamics of prolonged viral shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyi Teoh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Shannon Conrey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Monica McNeal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Allison Burrell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rachel M Burke
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claire P Mattison
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Cherokee Nation Assurance, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Meredith McMorrow
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Natalie Thornburg
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel C Payne
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ardythe L Morrow
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mary Allen Staat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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3
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Teoh Z, Conrey S, McNeal M, Burrell A, Burke RM, Mattison C, McMorrow M, Payne DC, Morrow AL, Staat MA. Burden of Respiratory Viruses in Children Less Than 2 Years Old in a Community-based Longitudinal US Birth Cohort. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77:901-909. [PMID: 37157868 PMCID: PMC10838707 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory viral infections are a major cause of morbidity and hospitalization in young children. Nevertheless, the population burden of respiratory viral infections, especially asymptomatic cases, is not known due to the lack of prospective community-based cohort studies with intensive monitoring. METHODS To address this gap, we enacted the PREVAIL cohort, a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-sponsored birth cohort in Cincinnati, Ohio, where children were followed from 0 to 2 years of age. Weekly text surveys were administered to record acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs), which were defined as the presence of cough or fever (≥38°C). Weekly midturbinate nasal swabs were collected and tested using the Luminex Respiratory Pathogen Panel, which detected 16 viral pathogens. Viral infection was defined as ≥1 positive tests from the same virus or viral subtype ≤30 days of a previous positive test. Maternal report and medical chart abstractions identified healthcare utilization. RESULTS From 4/2017 to 7/2020, 245 mother-infant pairs were recruited and followed. From the 13 781 nasal swabs tested, a total of 2211 viral infections were detected, of which 821 (37%) were symptomatic. Children experienced 9.4 respiratory viral infections/child-year; half were rhinovirus/enterovirus. Viral ARI incidence was 3.3 episodes/child-year. Emergency department visits or hospitalization occurred with only 15% of respiratory syncytial virus infections, 10% of influenza infections, and only 4% of all viral infections. Regardless of pathogen, most infections were asymptomatic or mild. CONCLUSIONS Respiratory viral infections are common in children 0-2 years. Most viral infections are asymptomatic or non-medically attended, underscoring the importance of community-based cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyi Teoh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Shannon Conrey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Monica McNeal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Allison Burrell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rachel M Burke
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claire Mattison
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Cherokee Nation Assurance, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Meredith McMorrow
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel C Payne
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ardythe L Morrow
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mary Allen Staat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Castañeda-Ribeyro A, Martins-Luna J, Verne E, Aguila-Luis MA, Silva-Caso W, Ugarte C, Carrillo-Ng H, Cornejo-Tapia A, Tarazona-Castro Y, del Valle-Mendoza J. High prevalence and clinical characteristics of respiratory infection by human rhinovirus in children from Lima-Peru during years 2009–2010. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271044. [PMID: 35839227 PMCID: PMC9286243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
Human rhinovirus is a major cause of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) worldwide. Epidemiological data on human rhinovirus (RV) in Peru is still scarce, as well as its role in respiratory infections in children. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of rhinovirus and to identify the circulating species in nasopharyngeal swabs from children with acute respiratory infections.
Materials and methods
We analyzed nasopharyngeal swab samples that were collected from children younger than 17 years old, who had a clinical diagnosis of ARI from the “Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia” between May 2009 and December 2010. The original study recruited 767 inpatients with ARI, 559 samples of which were included and analyzed in the current study. Detection of rhinovirus and determination of rhinovirus species were characterized by PCR.
Results
Rhinovirus was detected in 42.22% samples (236/559), RV-A was detected in 10.17% (24/236) of the cases, RV-B in 16.53% (39/236), and RV-C in 73.31% (173/236). The age group with the highest number of cases was the 0–5 months group with 45.97%, followed by the 1–5 years group with 25.22%. Most of the positive RV cases, i.e., 86.44% (204/236), were hospitalized. The most common signs and symptoms found in patients who tested positive for RV were cough (72.88%), fever (68.64%), rhinorrhea (68.22%), and respiratory distress (61.44%). Infection with RV-A was associated with wheezing (p = 0.02). Furthermore, RV-C was related to cough (p = 0.01), wheezing (p = 0.002), and conjunctival injection (p = 0.03). A peak in RV-C cases was found in March (32 cases in 2010); June (18 cases in 2009 and 12 cases in 2010), which corresponds to the fall season in Peru; and also November (17 cases in 2009 and 4 cases in 2010), which corresponds to spring. RV-A and RV-B cases were constant throughout the year.
Conclusion
In conclusion, we found a high prevalence of rhinovirus C infection among pediatric patients with acute respiratory infections in Lima, Peru. This viral infection was more common in children between 0 to 5 months old, and was associated with cough, wheezing, and conjunctival injection. Epidemiological surveillance of this virus should be strengthened/encouraged in Peru to determine its real impact on respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Castañeda-Ribeyro
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Johanna Martins-Luna
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Eduardo Verne
- School of Medicine Alberto Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Pediatrics Service, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Miguel Angel Aguila-Luis
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Wilmer Silva-Caso
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Claudia Ugarte
- School of Medicine Alberto Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Pediatrics Service, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Hugo Carrillo-Ng
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Angela Cornejo-Tapia
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Yordi Tarazona-Castro
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Juana del Valle-Mendoza
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
- * E-mail:
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Howard LM, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Liu D, Willams JV, Gil AI, Griffin MR, Edwards KM, Lanata CF, Grijalva CG. Assessing the impact of acute respiratory illnesses on the risk of subsequent respiratory illness. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:42-49. [PMID: 34120189 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs), often associated with virus detection, are associated with lower risk for subsequent ARI remains unclear. We assessed the association between symptomatic ARI and subsequent ARI in young children. METHODS In a prospective cohort of Peruvian children <3 years, we examined the impact of index ARI on subsequent ARI risk. Index ARI were matched with ≤3 asymptomatic observations and followed over 28 days. We compared risk of subsequent ARI between groups using conditional logistic regression adjusting for several covariates, accounting for repeat observations from individual children. RESULTS Among 983 index ARI, 339 (34%) had an ARI event during follow-up, compared with 876/2826 (31%) matched asymptomatic observations. We found no significant association of index ARI and subsequent ARI risk during follow-up overall (aOR 1.10, 95% CI 0.98, 1.23) or when limited to index ARI with respiratory viruses detected (aOR 1.03, 95% CI 0.86, 1.24). Similarly, when the outcome was limited to ARI in which viruses were detected, no significant association was seen (aOR 1.05, 95% CI 0.87, 1.27). DISCUSSION ARIs were not associated with short-term protection against subsequent ARI in these children. Additional longitudinal studies are needed to understand drivers of recurrent ARI in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh M Howard
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yuhan Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yuwei Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John V Willams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ana I Gil
- Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Marie R Griffin
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Carlos G Grijalva
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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6
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Howard LM, Zhu Y, Griffin MR, Edwards KM, Williams JV, Gil AI, Vidal JE, Klugman KP, Lanata CF, Grijalva CG. Nasopharyngeal Pneumococcal Density during Asymptomatic Respiratory Virus Infection and Risk for Subsequent Acute Respiratory Illness. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 25:2040-2047. [PMID: 31625844 PMCID: PMC6810199 DOI: 10.3201/eid2511.190157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased nasopharyngeal pneumococcal (Streptococcus pneumoniae) colonization density has been associated with invasive pneumococcal disease, but factors that increase pneumococcal density are poorly understood. We evaluated pneumococcal densities in nasopharyngeal samples from asymptomatic young children from Peru and their association with subsequent acute respiratory illness (ARI). Total pneumococcal densities (encompassing all present serotypes) during asymptomatic periods were significantly higher when a respiratory virus was detected versus when no virus was detected (p<0.001). In adjusted analyses, increased pneumococcal density was significantly associated with the risk for a subsequent ARI (p<0.001), whereas asymptomatic viral detection alone was associated with lower risk for subsequent ARI. These findings suggest that interactions between viruses and pneumococci in the nasopharynx during asymptomatic periods might have a role in onset of subsequent ARI. The mechanisms for these interactions, along with other potentially associated host and environmental factors, and their role in ARI pathogenesis and pneumococcal transmission require further elucidation.
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7
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Morobe JM, Nyiro JU, Brand S, Kamau E, Gicheru E, Eyase F, Otieno GP, Munywoki PK, Agoti CN, Nokes DJ. Human rhinovirus spatial-temporal epidemiology in rural coastal Kenya, 2015-2016, observed through outpatient surveillance. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 3:128. [PMID: 30483602 PMCID: PMC6234744 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14836.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human rhinovirus (HRV) is the predominant cause of upper respiratory tract infections, resulting in a significant public health burden. The virus circulates as many different types (168), each generating strong homologous, but weak heterotypic, immunity. The influence of these features on transmission patterns of HRV in the community is understudied. Methods: Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from patients with symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) at nine out-patient facilities across a Health and Demographic Surveillance System between December 2015 and November 2016. HRV was diagnosed by real-time RT-PCR, and the VP4/VP2 genomic region of the positive samples sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was used to determine the HRV types. Classification models and G-test statistic were used to investigate HRV type spatial distribution. Demographic characteristics and clinical features of ARI were also compared. Results: Of 5,744 NPS samples collected, HRV was detected in 1057 (18.4%), of which 817 (77.3%) were successfully sequenced. HRV species A, B and C were identified in 360 (44.1%), 67 (8.2%) and 390 (47.7%) samples, respectively. In total, 87 types were determined: 39, 10 and 38 occurred within species A, B and C, respectively. HRV types presented heterogeneous temporal patterns of persistence. Spatially, identical types occurred over a wide distance at similar times, but there was statistically significant evidence for clustering of types between health facilities in close proximity or linked by major road networks. Conclusion: This study records a high prevalence of HRV in out-patient presentations exhibiting high type diversity. Patterns of occurrence suggest frequent and independent community invasion of different types. Temporal differences of persistence between types may reflect variation in type-specific population immunity. Spatial patterns suggest either rapid spread or multiple invasions of the same type, but evidence of similar types amongst close health facilities, or along road systems, indicate type partitioning structured by local spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Mwita Morobe
- Institute of Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, +254, Kenya.,Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, +254, Kenya
| | - Joyce U Nyiro
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, +254, Kenya
| | - Samuel Brand
- Zeeman Institute of Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Everlyn Kamau
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, +254, Kenya
| | - Elijah Gicheru
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, +254, Kenya
| | - Fredrick Eyase
- Institute of Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, +254, Kenya
| | - Grieven P Otieno
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, +254, Kenya
| | - Patrick K Munywoki
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, +254, Kenya.,Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, +254, Kenya
| | - C N Agoti
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, +254, Kenya.,Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, +254, Kenya
| | - D J Nokes
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, +254, Kenya.,Zeeman Institute of Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, +254, Kenya
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8
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Kamau E, Onyango CO, Otieno GP, Kiyuka PK, Agoti CN, Medley GF, Cane PA, Nokes DJ, Munywoki PK. An Intensive, Active Surveillance Reveals Continuous Invasion and High Diversity of Rhinovirus in Households. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:1049-1057. [PMID: 30576538 PMCID: PMC6420174 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on infection patterns in 5 households (78 participants) delineating the natural history of human rhinovirus (HRV). Nasopharyngeal collections were obtained every 3-4 days irrespective of symptoms, over a 6-month period, with molecular screening for HRV and typing by sequencing VP4/VP2 junction. Overall, 311/3468 (8.9%) collections were HRV positive: 256 were classified into 3 species: 104 (40.6%) HRV-A; 14 (5.5%) HRV-B, and 138 (53.9%) HRV-C. Twenty-six known HRV types (13 HRV-A, 3 HRV-B, and 10 HRV-C) were identified (A75, C1, and C35 being most frequent). We observed continuous invasion and temporal clustering of HRV types in households (range 5-13 over 6 months). Intrahousehold transmission was independent of clinical status but influenced by age. Most (89.0%) of HRV infection episodes were limited to <14 days. Individual repeat infections were frequent (range 1-7 over 6 months), decreasing with age, and almost invariably heterotypic, indicative of lasting type-specific immunity and low cross-type protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everlyn Kamau
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
| | - Clayton O Onyango
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi
| | - Grieven P Otieno
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
| | - Patience K Kiyuka
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
| | - Charles N Agoti
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Graham F Medley
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Disease and Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Salisbury
| | | | - D James Nokes
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
- School of Life Sciences and Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick K Munywoki
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
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9
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Nakauchi M, Takayama I, Takahashi H, Semba S, Saito S, Kubo H, Kaida A, Oba K, Nagata S, Odagiri T, Kageyama T. Development of real-time fluorescent reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays for rhinovirus detection. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1232-1238. [PMID: 30735248 PMCID: PMC7166982 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (RVs) belong to the genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae, and are classified into RV-A, -B, and -C species. Two assays were developed to detect RVs by a real-time fluorescent reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification method: one was designed based on the 5'-untranslated regions (UTRs) of RV-A and -B, and the other was designed based on the 5'-UTR of RV-C. The competence of both assays for the diagnosis of RV infection was tested using isolated viruses and compared with real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays on clinical specimens. Neither assay demonstrated cross-reactivity with other tested enteroviruses, and they detected 19 out of 21 tested RV-As and seven out of eight tested RV-Cs. The specificity of the assays was 100% for the detection of RVs and their sensitivity for RV-A and RV-C was 86.3% and 77.3%, respectively, on clinical specimens by the combined use of both assays. Considering that both developed assays were highly specific and detected the majority of recently circulating RVs, they are helpful for the diagnosis of RV infection. Consequently, the results generated by these assays will enhance the surveillance of respiratory illness and the study of the roles of RVs associated with clinical features and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Nakauchi
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimuyayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Takayama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimuyayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimuyayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Semba
- Eiken Chemical Co, Ltd, Taito, Taito-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Saito
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimuyayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kubo
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaida
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Oba
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, Hanakoganei, Kodaira-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Nagata
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimuyayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimuyayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimuyayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a pathogen that causes outbreaks of respiratory illness across the world, mostly in children, and can be especially severe in those with asthma. Clusters of acute flaccid myelitis, a poliomyelitis-like neuromuscular weakness syndrome, often occur concurrent with EV-D68 respiratory outbreaks. Seroepidemiologic studies have found that the serum of nearly everyone older than 2 to 5 years contains anti-EV-D68 neutralizing antibodies, which suggests that EV-D68 is a ubiquitous pathogen of childhood. However, knowledge of the viral epitopes against which the humoral immune response is directed is only inferred from previous studies of related viruses. Although neutralizing antibodies protect newborn mice from lethal EV-D68 inoculation via nonphysiologic routes, cotton rats have a mixed phenotype of both benefit and possible exacerbation when inoculated intranasally. The human antibody response to EV-D68 needs to be studied further to clarify the role of antibodies in protection versus pathogenesis, which might differ among respiratory and neurologic disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Vogt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James E Crowe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Departments of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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11
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Morobe JM, Nyiro JU, Brand S, Kamau E, Gicheru E, Eyase F, Otieno GP, Munywoki PK, Agoti C, Nokes D. Human rhinovirus spatial-temporal epidemiology in rural coastal Kenya, 2015-2016, observed through outpatient surveillance. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:128. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14836.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Human rhinovirus (HRV) is the predominant cause of upper respiratory tract infections, resulting in a significant public health burden. The virus circulates as many different types (~160), each generating strong homologous, but weak heterotypic, immunity. The influence of these features on transmission patterns of HRV in the community is understudied. Methods: Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from patients with symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) at nine out-patient facilities across a Health and Demographic Surveillance System between December 2015 and November 2016. HRV was diagnosed by real-time RT-PCR, and the VP4/VP2 genomic region of the positive samples sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was used to determine the HRV types. Classification models and G-test statistic were used to investigate HRV type spatial distribution. Demographic characteristics and clinical features of ARI were also compared. Results: Of 5,744 NPS samples collected, HRV was detected in 1057 (18.4%), of which 817 (77.3%) were successfully sequenced. HRV species A, B and C were identified in 360 (44.1%), 67 (8.2%) and 390 (47.7%) samples, respectively. In total, 87 types were determined: 39, 10 and 38 occurred within species A, B and C, respectively. HRV types presented heterogeneous temporal patterns of persistence. Spatially, identical types occurred over a wide distance at similar times, but there was statistically significant evidence for clustering of types between health facilities in close proximity or linked by major road networks. Conclusion: This study records a high prevalence of HRV in out-patient presentations exhibiting high type diversity. Patterns of occurrence suggest frequent and independent community invasion of different types. Temporal differences of persistence between types may reflect variation in type-specific population immunity. Spatial patterns suggest either rapid spread or multiple invasions of the same type, but evidence of similar types amongst close health facilities, or along road systems, indicate type partitioning structured by local spread.
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12
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Hung HM, Yang SL, Chen CJ, Chiu CH, Kuo CY, Huang KYA, Lin TY, Hsieh YC, Gong YN, Tsao KC, Huang YC. Molecular epidemiology and clinical features of rhinovirus infections among hospitalized patients in a medical center in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2018; 52:233-241. [PMID: 30201131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinovirus (HRV) can cause severe illnesses in hospitalized patients. However, there are no studies regarding the prevalence of HRV infection, particularly the recently identified HRV-C, in hospitalized patients reported from Taiwan. METHODS Respiratory specimens collected from 487 hospitalized patients in designated wards between 2013 and 2014 in a medical center in northern Taiwan were retrospectively detected for HRV. Positive specimens were further determined for genotyping. Medical charts of the HRV-positive patients were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS Totally, 76 patients (15.6%) were HRV positive, of which 60 were pediatric patients. HRV-A was identified in 41 (54%) patients, HRV-B in 6 patients (7.9%) and HRV-C in 29 patients (38%). A total of 47 different genotypes were identified. HRV infections were predominant during fall and winter seasons. 21.1% were affected by HRV alone and 78.9% were found to be co-infected with other microorganisms. The detection rate of HRV in children (18.6%) was significantly higher than in adults (9.6%). Compared with pediatric patients, adult patients were significantly associated with underlying disease, Pneumocystis jirovesii pneumonia co-infection, a diagnosis of pneumonia, fatal outcome, hospital acquisition of HRV, antibiotics administration and requiring intensive care, while pediatric patients were significantly associated with viral co-infection. CONCLUSIONS HRV was a common cause of respiratory tract infection in Taiwan, particularly in pediatric patients. Eighty percent of HRV-infected inpatients had other microorganisms co-infection. Adult patients were more likely to be associated with a severe respiratory disease entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Min Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jung Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yen Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ying A Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzou-Yien Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Hsieh
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Nong Gong
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chien Tsao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Yhu-Chering Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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13
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Adler FR, Stockmann C, Ampofo K, Pavia AT, Byington CL. Transmission of rhinovirus in the Utah BIG-LoVE families: Consequences of age and household structure. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199388. [PMID: 30044794 PMCID: PMC6059387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common cold viruses create significant health and financial burdens, and understanding key loci of transmission would help focus control strategies. This study (1) examines factors that influence when individuals transition from a negative to positive test (acquisition) or a positive to negative test (loss) of rhinovirus (HRV) and other respiratory tract viruses in 26 households followed weekly for one year, (2) investigates evidence for intrahousehold and interhousehold transmission and the characteristics of individuals implicated in transmission, and (3) builds data-based simulation models to identify factors that most strongly affect patterns of prevalence. METHODS We detected HRV, coronavirus, paramyxovirus, influenza and bocavirus with the FilmArray polymerase chain reaction (PCR) platform (BioFire Diagnostics, LLC). We used logistic regression to find covariates affecting acquisition or loss of HRV including demographic characteristics of individuals, their household, their current infection status, and prevalence within their household and across the population. We apply generalized linear mixed models to test robustness of results. RESULTS Acquisition of HRV was less probable in older individuals and those infected with a coronavirus, and higher with a higher proportion of other household members infected. Loss of HRV is reduced with a higher proportion of other household members infected. Within households, only children and symptomatic individuals show evidence for transmission, while between households only a higher number of infected older children (ages 5-19) increases the probability of acquisition. Coronaviruses, paramyxoviruses and bocavirus also show evidence of intrahousehold transmission. Simulations show that age-dependent susceptibility and transmission have the largest effects on mean HRV prevalence. CONCLUSIONS Children are most likely to acquire and most likely to transmit HRV both within and between households, with infectiousness concentrated in symptomatic children. Simulations predict that the spread of HRV and other respiratory tract viruses can be reduced but not eliminated by practices within the home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick R. Adler
- Department of Mathematics and Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Chris Stockmann
- Department of Pediatrics Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Krow Ampofo
- Department of Pediatrics Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Andrew T. Pavia
- Department of Pediatrics Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Carrie L. Byington
- Health Sciences Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
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14
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Wiyatno A, Febrianti ESZ, Dewantari AK, Myint KS, Safari D, Idris NS. Characterization of rhinovirus C from a 4-year-old boy with acute onset dilated cardiomyopathy in Jakarta, Indonesia. JMM Case Rep 2018; 5:e005139. [PMID: 30425833 PMCID: PMC6230756 DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.005139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Myocarditis, inflammation of the heart muscle, can be caused by infections, autoimmune disease or exposure to toxins. The major cause of myocarditis in the paediatric population is viral infection, including coxsackievirus B3, adenovirus, herpesvirus, parvovirus, influenza A and B, and hepatitis. Here, we report the detection of rhinovirus C in a boy with a clinical presentation of myocarditis, suggesting a possible causative role of this virus in this case. Case presentation A previously well 4.5-year-old boy presented with increasing breathlessness for a week prior to admission. He also had upper respiratory tract infection a few days before the event. An echocardiogram revealed severe left ventricle (LV) systolic dysfunction with dilation of the LV. RNA was extracted from serum and two nasal swabs, and tested with conventional PCR at the family level for viruses including enterovirus, dengue, chikungunya, influenza, herpesvirus, paramyxovirus and coronavirus. Further characterization of the enterovirus group was carried out using PCR with primers targeting the VP4/VP2 gene, followed by sequencing. Molecular tests showed the presence of rhinovirus C genetic material in both serum and swab samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP4/VP2 region showed 96-97 % similarity with the closest strain isolated in Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) and Japan in 2012. Conclusion We report the possible association of rhinovirus C and myocarditis in a child presenting with acute onset of dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ageng Wiyatno
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - E S Zul Febrianti
- Cardiology Division, Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia/Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Khin Saw Myint
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dodi Safari
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nikmah Salamia Idris
- Cardiology Division, Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia/Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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15
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Prill MM, Dahl RM, Midgley CM, Chern SWW, Lu X, Feikin DR, Sakthivel SK, Nix WA, Watson JT, Gerber SI, Oberste MS. Severe Respiratory Illness Associated With Rhinovirus During the Enterovirus D68 Outbreak in the United States, August 2014–November 2014. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 66:1528-1534. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mila M Prill
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rebecca M Dahl
- MAXIMUS Federal, contracting agency to the Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Claire M Midgley
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shur-Wern Wang Chern
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Daniel R Feikin
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - W Allan Nix
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John T Watson
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susan I Gerber
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Georgia
| | - M Steven Oberste
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Georgia
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16
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Howard LM, Fan R, Zhu Y, Griffin MR, Edwards KM, Hartinger S, Williams JV, Vidal JE, Klugman KP, Gil AI, Lanata CF, Grijalva CG. Nasopharyngeal Pneumococcal Density Is Associated With Viral Activity but Not With Use of Improved Stoves Among Young Andean Children. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017; 4:ofx161. [PMID: 28929126 PMCID: PMC5601081 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Indoor smoke exposure is common in developing countries and may influence nasopharyngeal (NP) pneumococcal colonization density and risk of acute respiratory illness. We compared colonization density among Andean children living in households previously enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of a home intervention package including improved stoves to reduce smoke, kitchen sinks, and water disinfection. Methods We enrolled 260 children aged <3 years and made weekly household visits to assess for acute respiratory illness (ARI) and collect nasal swabs for respiratory virus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing during ARI. At monthly intervals, NP swabs were collected to determine pneumococcal colonization density through quantitative lytA PCR. We used linear quantile mixed-effects models to compare median log-transformed colonization densities among children in households randomized to the control (n = 129) versus intervention (n = 131) in sequential time points, accounting for random effects of multiple samples from individual children. Other covariates included age, sex, month, antibiotic exposure, and timing of sample collection relative to ARI with and without viral detection. Results Age and sociodemographic characteristics were similar between groups. Although no differences were observed in densities between groups, colonization density varied significantly over time in both groups, with highest densities coinciding with spring months. Time during and after virus-associated ARI was also associated with higher pneumococcal colonization density than time remote from ARIs. Conclusions A home intervention package, including improved stoves, was not associated with changes in pneumococcal densities in young Andean children. However, increasing pneumococcal density was observed with spring season and viral-associated ARIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh M Howard
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Marie R Griffin
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Stella Hartinger
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John V Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
| | - Jorge E Vidal
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Keith P Klugman
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ana I Gil
- Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Claudio F Lanata
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos G Grijalva
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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