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Sarhan MO, Haffez H, Elsayed NA, El-Haggar RS, Zaghary WA. New phenothiazine conjugates as apoptosis inducing agents: Design, synthesis, In-vitro anti-cancer screening and 131I-radiolabeling for in-vivo evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106924. [PMID: 37871390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Phenothiazines (PTZs) are a group of compounds characterized by the presence of the 10H-dibenzo-[b,e]-1,4-thiazine system. PTZs used in clinics as antipsychotic drugs with other diverse biological activities. The current aim of the study is to investigate and understand the effect of potent PTZs compounds using a group of In-vitro and In-vivo assays. A total of seventeen novel phenothiazine derivatives have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated primarily in-vitro for their ability to inhibit proliferation activity against NCI-60 cancer cell lines, including several multi-drug resistant (MDR) tumor cell lines. Almost all compounds were active and displayed promising cellular activities with GI50 values in the sub-micromolar range. Four of the most promising derivatives (4b, 4h, 4g and 6e) have been further tested against two selected sensitive cancer cell lines (colon cancer; HCT-116 and breast cancer; MDA-MB231). The apoptosis assay showed that all the selected compounds were able to induce early apoptosis and compound 6e was able to induce additional cellular necrosis. Cell cycle assay showed all selected compounds were able to induce cell cycle arrest at sub-molecular phase of G0-G1 with compound 6e induced cell cycle arrest at G2M in HCT-116 cells. Accordingly, the apoptotic effect of the selected compounds was extensively investigated on genetic level and Casp-3, Casp-9 and Bax gene were up-regulated with down-regulation of Bcl-2 gene suggesting the activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. In-vivo evaluation of the antitumor activity of compound 4b in solid tumor bearing mice showed promising therapeutic effect with manifestation of dose and time dependent toxic effects at higher doses. For better evaluation of the degree of localization of 4b, its 131I-congener (131I-4b) was injected intravenously in Ehrlich solid tumor bearing mice that showed good localization at tumor site with rapid distribution and clearance from the blood. In-silico study suggested NADPH oxidases (NOXs) as potential molecular target. The compounds introduced in the current study work provided a cutting-edge phenothiazine hybrid scaffold with promising anti-proliferation action that may suggest their anti-cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona O Sarhan
- Labelled Compounds Department, Hot Lab Centre, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt
| | - Hesham Haffez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, 11795 Cairo, Egypt; Center of Scientific Excellence "Helwan Structural Biology Research, (HSBR)", Helwan University, 11795 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Nosaiba A Elsayed
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, 11795 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Radwan S El-Haggar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, 11795 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wafaa A Zaghary
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, 11795 Cairo, Egypt.
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2
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Baaz M, Cardilin T, Lignet F, Jirstrand M. Optimized scaling of translational factors in oncology: from xenografts to RECIST. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2022; 90:239-250. [PMID: 35922568 PMCID: PMC9402719 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-022-04458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Tumor growth inhibition (TGI) models are regularly used to quantify the PK–PD relationship between drug concentration and in vivo efficacy in oncology. These models are typically calibrated with data from xenograft mice and before being used for clinical predictions, translational methods have to be applied. Currently, such methods are commonly based on replacing model components or scaling of model parameters. However, difficulties remain in how to accurately account for inter-species differences. Therefore, more research must be done before xenograft data can fully be utilized to predict clinical response. Method To contribute to this research, we have calibrated TGI models to xenograft data for three drug combinations using the nonlinear mixed effects framework. The models were translated by replacing mice exposure with human exposure and used to make predictions of clinical response. Furthermore, in search of a better way of translating these models, we estimated an optimal way of scaling model parameters given the available clinical data. Results The predictions were compared with clinical data and we found that clinical efficacy was overestimated. The estimated optimal scaling factors were similar to a standard allometric scaling exponent of − 0.25. Conclusions We believe that given more data, our methodology could contribute to increasing the translational capabilities of TGI models. More specifically, an appropriate translational method could be developed for drugs with the same mechanism of action, which would allow for all preclinical data to be leveraged for new drugs of the same class. This would ensure that fewer clinically inefficacious drugs are tested in clinical trials. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00280-022-04458-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baaz
- Fraunhofer-Chalmers Research Centre for Industrial Mathematics, Chalmers Science Park, 41288, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Tim Cardilin
- Fraunhofer-Chalmers Research Centre for Industrial Mathematics, Chalmers Science Park, 41288, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Mats Jirstrand
- Fraunhofer-Chalmers Research Centre for Industrial Mathematics, Chalmers Science Park, 41288, Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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Gürgen D, Becker M, Dahlmann M, Flechsig S, Schaeffeler E, Büttner FA, Schmees C, Bohnert R, Bedke J, Schwab M, Wendler JJ, Schostak M, Jandrig B, Walther W, Hoffmann J. A Molecularly Characterized Preclinical Platform of Subcutaneous Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) Patient-Derived Xenograft Models to Evaluate Novel Treatment Strategies. Front Oncol 2022; 12:889789. [PMID: 35800063 PMCID: PMC9254864 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.889789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a kidney cancer with an onset mainly during the sixth or seventh decade of the patient’s life. Patients with advanced, metastasized RCC have a poor prognosis. The majority of patients develop treatment resistance towards Standard of Care (SoC) drugs within months. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the backbone of first-line therapy and have been partnered with an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) recently. Despite the most recent progress, the development of novel therapies targeting acquired TKI resistance mechanisms in advanced and metastatic RCC remains a high medical need. Preclinical models with high translational relevance can significantly support the development of novel personalized therapies. It has been demonstrated that patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models represent an essential tool for the preclinical evaluation of novel targeted therapies and their combinations. In the present project, we established and molecularly characterized a comprehensive panel of subcutaneous RCC PDX models with well-conserved molecular and pathological features over multiple passages. Drug screening towards four SoC drugs targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and PI3K/mTOR pathway revealed individual and heterogeneous response profiles in those models, very similar to observations in patients. As unique features, our cohort includes PDX models from metastatic disease and multi-tumor regions from one patient, allowing extended studies on intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH). The PDX models are further used as basis for developing corresponding in vitro cell culture models enabling advanced high-throughput drug screening in a personalized context. PDX models were subjected to next-generation sequencing (NGS). Characterization of cancer-relevant features including driver mutations or cellular processes was performed using mutational and gene expression data in order to identify potential biomarker or treatment targets in RCC. In summary, we report a newly established and molecularly characterized panel of RCC PDX models with high relevance for translational preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Gürgen
- Experimental Pharmacology and Oncology Berlin-Buch GmbH (EPO), Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Dennis Gürgen, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-9241-6537
| | - Michael Becker
- Experimental Pharmacology and Oncology Berlin-Buch GmbH (EPO), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Dahlmann
- Experimental Pharmacology and Oncology Berlin-Buch GmbH (EPO), Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Flechsig
- Experimental Pharmacology and Oncology Berlin-Buch GmbH (EPO), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke Schaeffeler
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Tübingen, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian A. Büttner
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Schmees
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (NMI) at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Regina Bohnert
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jens Bedke
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Tübingen, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Tübingen, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, and Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johann J. Wendler
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Schostak
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Jandrig
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Walther
- Experimental Pharmacology and Oncology Berlin-Buch GmbH (EPO), Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC) Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Hoffmann
- Experimental Pharmacology and Oncology Berlin-Buch GmbH (EPO), Berlin, Germany
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Moore J, Ma L, Lazar AA, Barcellos-Hoff MH. Mammary tumor-derived transplants as breast cancer models to evaluate tumor-immune interactions and therapeutic responses. Cancer Res 2021; 82:365-376. [PMID: 34903599 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In breast cancer, the type and distribution of infiltrating immune cells are associated with clinical outcome. Moreover, infiltrated cancers with abundant tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are more likely to respond to immunotherapy, while those in which CD8+ T cells are completely absent (deserts) or excluded are less likely to respond. Detailed understanding of this biology is limited by a lack of preclinical breast cancer models that recapitulate TIL distributions and their associated biology. Here we established mammary tumor-derived transplants (mTDT) from 12 Trp53 null mammary tumors in syngeneic BALB/cJ mice and examined the stability of their growth rate, TIL distribution, and transcriptomic profiles. All mTDT were estrogen receptor negative. Half of the parental tumors were classified as infiltrated, and the rest were divided between excluded and desert phenotypes. After two orthotopic passages, most (70%) mTDT from infiltrated parents recapitulated this pattern, whereas the desert or excluded parental patterns were maintained in about half of daughter mTDT. Approximately 30% of mTDT gave rise to lung or liver metastases, but metastasis was not associated with a TIL phenotype. Unsupervised transcriptomic analysis clustered mTDT according to their TIL spatial patterns. Infiltrated mTDT transplanted subcutaneously and orthotopically were resistant to anti-PD-L1. Profiling implicated prolonged antigen stimulation and loss of effector function of lymphocytes rather than T cell exhaustion in the lack of response of infiltrated mTDT to checkpoint blockade. In summary, the molecular diversity and immune complexity of mTDT will facilitate the dissection of mechanisms of breast cancer response to immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Moore
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Ann A Lazar
- Department of Oral Epidemiology, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Mary Helen Barcellos-Hoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California.
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Tian H, Lyu Y, Yang YG, Hu Z. Humanized Rodent Models for Cancer Research. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1696. [PMID: 33042811 PMCID: PMC7518015 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most popular laboratory animal models, rodents have been playing crucial roles in mechanistic investigations of oncogenesis as well as anticancer drug or regimen discoveries. However, rodent tumors show different or no responses to therapies against human cancers, and thus, in recent years, increased attention has been given to mouse models with xenografted or spontaneous human cancer cells. By combining with the human immune system (HIS) mice, these models have become more sophisticated and robust, enabling in vivo exploration of human cancer immunology and immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the pros and cons of these humanized mouse models, with a focus on their potential as an in vivo platform for human cancer research. We also discuss the strategies for further improving these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China.,International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
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6
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Schueler J, Greve G, Lenhard D, Pantic M, Edinger A, Oswald E, Luebbert M. Impact of the Injection Site on Growth Characteristics, Phenotype and Sensitivity towards Cytarabine of Twenty Acute Leukaemia Patient-Derived Xenograft Models. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051349. [PMID: 32466316 PMCID: PMC7281503 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent models have contributed significantly to the understanding of haematological malignancies. One important model system in this context are patient-derived xenografts (PDX). In the current study, we examined 20 acute leukaemia PDX models for growth behaviour, infiltration in haemopoietic organs and sensitivity towards cytarabine. PDX were injected intratibially (i.t.), intrasplenicaly (i.s.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) into immune compromised mice. For 18/20 models the engraftment capacity was independent of the implantation site. Two models could exclusively be propagated in one or two specific settings. The implantation site did influence tumour growth kinetics as median overall survival differed within one model depending on the injection route. The infiltration pattern was similar in i.t. and i.s. models. In contrast to the s.c. implantation, only one model displayed circulating leukaemic cells outside of the locally growing tumour mass. Cytarabine was active in all four tested models. Nevertheless, the degree of sensitivity was specific for an individual model and implantation site. In summary, all three application routes turned out to be feasible for the propagation of PDX. Nevertheless, the distinct differences between the settings highlight the need for well characterized platforms to ensure the meaningful interpretation of data generated using those powerful tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schueler
- Charles River Discovery Research Services Germany GmbH, Am Flughafen 12-14, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (D.L.); (A.E.); (E.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gabriele Greve
- Department of Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (G.G.); (M.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Dorothée Lenhard
- Charles River Discovery Research Services Germany GmbH, Am Flughafen 12-14, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (D.L.); (A.E.); (E.O.)
| | - Milena Pantic
- Department of Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (G.G.); (M.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Anna Edinger
- Charles River Discovery Research Services Germany GmbH, Am Flughafen 12-14, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (D.L.); (A.E.); (E.O.)
| | - Eva Oswald
- Charles River Discovery Research Services Germany GmbH, Am Flughafen 12-14, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (D.L.); (A.E.); (E.O.)
| | - Michael Luebbert
- Department of Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (G.G.); (M.P.); (M.L.)
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Abstract
Immunotherapy is one of the most exciting recent breakthroughs in the field of cancer treatment. Many different approaches are being developed and a number have already gained regulatory approval or are under investigation in clinical trials. However, learning from the past, preclinical animal models often insufficiently reflect the physiological situation in humans, which subsequently causes treatment failures in clinical trials. Due to species-specific differences in most parts of the immune system, the transfer of knowledge from preclinical studies to clinical trials is eminently challenging. Human tumor cell line-based or patient-derived xenografts in immunocompromised mice have been successfully applied in the preclinical testing of cytotoxic or molecularly targeted agents, but naturally these systems lack the human immune system counterpart. The co-transplantation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or hematopoietic stem cells is employed to overcome this limitation. This review summarizes some important aspects of the different available tumor xenograft mouse models, their history, and their implementation in drug development and personalized therapy. Moreover, recent progress, opportunities and limitations of different humanized mouse models will be discussed.
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8
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Paolini M, Poul L, Berjaud C, Germain M, Darmon A, Bergère M, Pottier A, Levy L, Vibert E. Nano-sized cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors to block hepatic metabolism of docetaxel. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:5537-5556. [PMID: 28814868 PMCID: PMC5546780 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s141145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most drugs are metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), resulting in their reduced bioavailability. In this study, we present the design and evaluation of bio-compatible nanocarriers trapping a natural CYP3A4-inhibiting compound. Our aim in using nanocarriers was to target the natural CYP3A4-inhibiting agent to hepatic CYP3A4 and leave drug-metabolizing enzymes in other organs undisturbed. In the design of such nanocarriers, we took advantage of the nonspecific accumulation of small nanoparticles in the liver. Specific targeting functionalization was added to direct nanocarriers toward hepatocytes. Nanocarriers were evaluated in vitro for their CYP3A4 inhibition capacity and in vivo for their biodistribution, and finally injected 24 hours prior to the drug docetaxel, for their ability to improve the efficiency of the drug docetaxel. Nanoparticles of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) with a hydrodynamic diameter of 63 nm, functionalized with galactosamine, showed efficient in vitro CYP3A4 inhibition and the highest accumulation in hepatocytes. When compared to docetaxel alone, in nude mice bearing the human breast cancer, MDA-MB-231 model, they significantly improved the delay in tumor growth (treated group versus docetaxel alone, percent treated versus control ratio [%T/C] of 32%) and demonstrated a major improvement in overall survival (survival rate of 67% versus 0% at day 55).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Paolini
- Nanobiotix, Paris.,UMR-S 1193 INSERM/Paris-Sud University, Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Vibert
- UMR-S 1193 INSERM/Paris-Sud University, Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
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9
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Hendriks HR, Govaerts AS, Fichtner I, Burtles S, Westwell AD, Peters GJ. Pharmacologically directed strategies in academic anticancer drug discovery based on the European NCI compounds initiative. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:195-202. [PMID: 28609434 PMCID: PMC5520516 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The European NCI compounds programme, a joint initiative of the EORTC Research Branch, Cancer Research Campaign and the US National Cancer Institute, was initiated in 1993. The objective was to help the NCI in reducing the backlog of in vivo testing of potential anticancer compounds, synthesised in Europe that emerged from the NCI in vitro 60-cell screen. Methods: Over a period of more than twenty years the EORTC—Cancer Research Campaign panel reviewed ∼2000 compounds of which 95 were selected for further evaluation. Selected compounds were stepwise developed with clear go/no go decision points using a pharmacologically directed programme. Results: This approach eliminated quickly compounds with unsuitable pharmacological properties. A few compounds went into Phase I clinical evaluation. The lessons learned and many of the principles outlined in the paper can easily be applied to current and future drug discovery and development programmes. Conclusions: Changes in the review panel, restrictions regarding numbers and types of compounds tested in the NCI in vitro screen and the appearance of targeted agents led to the discontinuation of the European NCI programme in 2017 and its transformation into an academic platform of excellence for anticancer drug discovery and development within the EORTC-PAMM group. This group remains open for advice and collaboration with interested parties in the field of cancer pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans R Hendriks
- Hendriks Pharmaceutical Consulting, J. Wagenaarstraat 67, Purmerend 1443 LR, The Netherlands
| | | | - Iduna Fichtner
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, Berlin-Buch 13125, Germany
| | - Sally Burtles
- Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Andrew D Westwell
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, Wales, UK
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Secretary EORTC-PAMM group, Laboratory Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
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Burade V, Bhowmick S, Maiti K, Zalawadia R, Ruan H, Thennati R. Lipodox® (generic doxorubicin hydrochloride liposome injection): in vivo efficacy and bioequivalence versus Caelyx® (doxorubicin hydrochloride liposome injection) in human mammary carcinoma (MX-1) xenograft and syngeneic fibrosarcoma (WEHI 164) mouse models. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:405. [PMID: 28587612 PMCID: PMC5461687 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Doxorubicin (DXR) hydrochloride (HCl) liposome injection is an important part of the treatment armamentarium for a number of cancers. With growing needs for affordable and effective anticancer treatments, the development of generics is becoming increasingly important to facilitate patient access to vital medications. We conducted studies in relevant mouse models of cancer to compare the preclinical antitumour efficacy and plasma pharmacokinetic profile of a proposed generic DXR HCl liposome injection developed by Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. (SPIL DXR HCl liposome injection) with Caelyx® (reference DXR HCl liposome injection). Methods Syngeneic fibrosarcoma (WEHI 164)-bearing BALB/c mice and athymic nude mice transplanted with MX-1 human mammary carcinoma xenografts were treated with SPIL DXR HCl liposome injection, reference DXR HCl liposome injection or placebo, to compare tumour volume, antitumour activity (percentage test/control [%T/C] ratio, tumour regression, and specific tumour growth delay) and toxicity (survival and weight changes) in response to treatment. The pharmacokinetic profile of the SPIL and reference product was also studied in syngeneic fibrosarcoma-bearing mice. Results Treatment with either SPIL or reference DXR HCl liposome injection resulted in significant reduction in tumour volume from baseline in both models at all doses tested. High antitumour activity (%T/C ≤ 10) was seen from Day 21 and Day 14 onwards in SPIL and reference DXR HCl liposome injection–treated syngeneic fibrosarcoma-bearing mice, respectively, at 9 mg/kg. Moderate antitumour activity (%T/C ≤ 20) was seen from Day 17 and Day 24 onwards in SPIL and reference DXR HCl liposome injection–treated MX-1-bearing mice, respectively, at 6 mg/kg. No significant differences in tumour volume and %T/C were observed between SPIL and reference DXR HCl liposome injection–treated groups at any dose (p ≥ 0.05). Toxicity profiles were considered to be generally comparable. Evaluation of test/reference (A/B) ratios and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for peak serum concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞) demonstrated bioequivalence of SPIL and reference DXR HCl liposome injections. Conclusions Establishing similarity is of critical importance during the development of generic treatments. SPIL and reference DXR HCl liposome injections were shown to be comparable with regards to antitumour activity, toxicity and pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Burade
- Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company Ltd., 17 B Mahal Industrial Estate, Mahakali Caves Road, Andheri (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400 093, India. .,Sun Pharma Advanced Research Centre (SPARC), Tandalja, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390 020, India.
| | - Subhas Bhowmick
- Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Sun Pharma Advanced Research Centre (SPARC), Tandalja, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390 020, India
| | - Kuntal Maiti
- Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company Ltd., 17 B Mahal Industrial Estate, Mahakali Caves Road, Andheri (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400 093, India
| | - Rishit Zalawadia
- Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company Ltd., 17 B Mahal Industrial Estate, Mahakali Caves Road, Andheri (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400 093, India
| | - Harry Ruan
- Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company Ltd., 17 B Mahal Industrial Estate, Mahakali Caves Road, Andheri (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400 093, India
| | - Rajamannar Thennati
- Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Sun Pharma Advanced Research Centre (SPARC), Tandalja, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390 020, India
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11
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Acetylsalicylic Acid Exhibits Antitumor Effects in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:2896-2907. [PMID: 27343037 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Recent observational studies have shown therapeutic benefits of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in several types of cancer. We examined whether ASA exerts antitumor activity in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). METHODS Human EAC cells (OE33) were treated with ASA (0-5 mM) to evaluate proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. In vivo model: OE33-derived tumors were subcutaneously implanted into athymic mice which were allocated to ASA (5 or 50 mg/kg/day)/vehicle (5-6 animals/group). Tumor growth was assessed every 2-3 days, and after 40 days, mice were euthanized. Plasma drug levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Histological and immunohistochemical (Ki67, activated caspase-3) analysis of tumors were performed. The effect of ASA on tumor prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels was also evaluated. RESULTS In vitro cell proliferation and migration were significantly inhibited while apoptosis increased (p < 0.05) by ASA. Although ASA did not induce tumor remission, tumor progression was significantly lower in ASA-treated mice when compared to non-treated animals (478 % in mice treated with 5 mg/kg/day ASA vs. 2696 % control; 748 % in mice treated with 50 mg/kg/day ASA vs. 2670 % control). Maximum tumor inhibition was 92 and 85 %, respectively. This effect was associated with a significant decrease of proliferation index in tumors. ASA 5 mg/kg/day did not modify tumor PGE2 levels. Whereas tumor PGE2 content in mice treated with ASA 50 mg/kg was lower than in control mice, the difference was not significant. CONCLUSION Although these results need to be confirmed in other EAC cells, our data suggest a role for ASA in the treatment of this tumor.
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Scott CL, Mackay HJ, Haluska P. Patient-derived xenograft models in gynecologic malignancies. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2015:e258-66. [PMID: 24857111 DOI: 10.14694/edbook_am.2014.34.e258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the era of targeted therapies, patients with gynecologic malignancies have not yet been major beneficiaries of this new class of agents. This may reflect the fact that the main tumor types-ovarian, uterine, and cervical--are a highly heterogeneous group of cancers with variable response to standard chemotherapies and the lack of models in which to study the diversity of these cancers. Cancer-derived cell lines fail to adequately recapitulate molecular hallmarks of specific cancer subsets and complex microenvironments, which may be critical for sensitivity to targeted therapies. Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) generated from fresh human tumor without prior in vitro culture, combined with whole genome expression, gene copy number, and sequencing analyses, could dramatically aid the development of novel therapies for gynecologic malignancies. Gynecologic tumors can be engrafted in immunodeficient mice with a high rate of success and within a reasonable time frame. The resulting PDX accurately recapitulates the patient's tumor with respect to histologic, molecular, and in vivo treatment response characteristics. Orthotopic PDX develop complications relevant to the clinic, such as ascites and bowel obstruction, providing opportunities to understand the biology of these clinical problems. Thus, PDX have great promise for improved understanding of gynecologic malignancies, serve as better models for designing novel therapies and clinical trials, and could underpin individualized, directed therapy for patients from whom such models have been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Scott
- From The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Helen J Mackay
- From The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Paul Haluska
- From The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Unger C, Kramer N, Walzl A, Scherzer M, Hengstschläger M, Dolznig H. Modeling human carcinomas: physiologically relevant 3D models to improve anti-cancer drug development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 79-80:50-67. [PMID: 25453261 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anti-cancer drug development is inefficient, mostly due to lack of efficacy in human patients. The high fail rate is partly due to the lack of predictive models or the inadequate use of existing preclinical test systems. However, progress has been made and preclinical models were improved or newly developed, which all account for basic features of solid cancers, three-dimensionality and heterotypic cell interaction. Here we give an overview of available in vivo and in vitro models of cancer, which meet the criteria of being 3D and mirroring human tumor-stroma interactions. We only focus on drug response models without touching models for pharmacokinetic and dynamic, toxicity or delivery aspects.
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Cui FB, Li RT, Liu Q, Wu PY, Hu WJ, Yue GF, Ding H, Yu LX, Qian XP, Liu BR. Enhancement of radiotherapy efficacy by docetaxel-loaded gelatinase-stimuli PEG-Pep-PCL nanoparticles in gastric cancer. Cancer Lett 2014; 346:53-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Weroha SJ, Becker MA, Enderica-Gonzalez S, Harrington SC, Oberg AL, Maurer MJ, Perkins SE, AlHilli M, Butler KA, McKinstry S, Fink S, Jenkins RB, Hou X, Kalli KR, Goodman KM, Sarkaria JN, Karlan BY, Kumar A, Kaufmann SH, Hartmann LC, Haluska P. Tumorgrafts as in vivo surrogates for women with ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:1288-97. [PMID: 24398046 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ovarian cancer has a high recurrence and mortality rate. A barrier to improved outcomes includes a lack of accurate models for preclinical testing of novel therapeutics. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Clinically relevant, patient-derived tumorgraft models were generated from sequential patients and the first 168 engrafted models are described. Fresh ovarian, primary peritoneal, and fallopian tube carcinomas were collected at the time of debulking surgery and injected intraperitoneally into severe combined immunodeficient mice. RESULTS Tumorgrafts demonstrated a 74% engraftment rate with microscopic fidelity of primary tumor characteristics. Low-passage tumorgrafts also showed comparable genomic aberrations with the corresponding primary tumor and exhibit gene set enrichment of multiple ovarian cancer molecular subtypes, similar to patient tumors. Importantly, each of these tumorgraft models is annotated with clinical data and for those that have been tested, response to platinum chemotherapy correlates with the source patient. CONCLUSIONS Presented herein is the largest known living tumor bank of patient-derived, ovarian tumorgraft models that can be applied to the development of personalized cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S John Weroha
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Oncology, Radiation Oncology, and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics; Division of Gynecologic Surgery; Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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Maggiorella L, Barouch G, Devaux C, Pottier A, Deutsch E, Bourhis J, Borghi E, Levy L. Nanoscale radiotherapy with hafnium oxide nanoparticles. Future Oncol 2013; 8:1167-81. [PMID: 23030491 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM There is considerable interest in approaches that could improve the therapeutic window of radiotherapy. In this study, hafnium oxide nanoparticles were designed that concentrate in tumor cells to achieve intracellular high-energy dose deposit. MATERIALS & METHODS Conventional methods were used, implemented in different ways, to explore interactions of these high-atomic-number nanoparticles and ionizing radiation with biological systems. RESULTS Using the Monte Carlo simulation, these nanoparticles, when exposed to high-energy photons, were shown to demonstrate an approximately ninefold radiation dose enhancement compared with water. Importantly, the nanoparticles show satisfactory dispersion and persistence within the tumor and they form clusters in the cytoplasm of cancer cells. Marked antitumor activity is demonstrated in human cancer models. Safety is similar in treated and control animals as demonstrated by a broad program of toxicology evaluation. CONCLUSION These findings, supported by good tolerance, provide the basis for developing this new type of nanoparticle as a promising anticancer approach in human patients.
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Abstract
Progress in oncology drug development has been hampered by a lack of preclinical models that reliably predict clinical activity of novel compounds in cancer patients. In an effort to address these shortcomings, there has been a recent increase in the use of patient-derived tumour xenografts (PDTX) engrafted into immune-compromised rodents such as athymic nude or NOD/SCID mice for preclinical modelling. Numerous tumour-specific PDTX models have been established and, importantly, they are biologically stable when passaged in mice in terms of global gene-expression patterns, mutational status, metastatic potential, drug responsiveness and tumour architecture. These characteristics might provide significant improvements over standard cell-line xenograft models. This Review will discuss specific PDTX disease examples illustrating an overview of the opportunities and limitations of these models in cancer drug development, and describe concepts regarding predictive biomarker development and future applications.
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Kruczynski A, Hill BT. Classic in vivo cancer models: three examples of mouse models used in experimental therapeutics. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2012; Chapter 5:Unit5.24. [PMID: 21959766 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph0524s15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Transplantable animal tumors have been associated with the discovery of most clinically active anticancer agents. They are still useful today in conducting detailed evaluations of new candidate anticancer drugs. Three protocols relating to transplantable experimental tumors are described in this unit. Included are the intravenously-implanted murine P388 leukemia, the subcutaneously-implanted murine B16 melanoma and two examples of subcutaneously-implanted human tumor xenografts, the LX-1 (lung) and MX-1 (breast) tumors.
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Park D, Bae DK, Jeon JH, Lee J, Oh N, Yang G, Yang YH, Kim TK, Song J, Lee SH, Song BS, Jeon TH, Kang SJ, Joo SS, Kim SU, Kim YB. Immunopotentiation and antitumor effects of a ginsenoside Rg₃-fortified red ginseng preparation in mice bearing H460 lung cancer cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 31:397-405. [PMID: 21787710 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Antitumor effects of a ginsenoside Rg(3)-fortified red ginseng preparation (Rg(3)-RGP) were investigated in human non-small cell lung carcinoma (H460) cells using in vitro cytotoxicity assay and in vivo nude mouse xenograft model. Immunomodulatory effects of the preparation were also assessed by measuring the facilitating activities on the nitric oxide (NO) release from peritoneal macrophages, in vitro and in vivo lymphocyte proliferation, and the carbon clearance from circulating blood. In a cell level, Rg(3)-RGP exerted H460 cytotoxicity and facilitated splenocyte proliferation at very high concentrations, without affecting NO production. However, oral administration of Rg(3)-RGP (100-300 mg/kg) enhanced carbon particle-phagocytic index of blood macrophages up to 360-397% of control value. In addition, Rg(3)-RGP significantly increased the splenocyte proliferation (23% at 100mg/kg). In tumor-bearing mice, 28-day oral treatment with Rg(3)-RGP (100mg/kg) remarkably suppressed the tumor growth, leading to the decrease of the tumor volume and weight by 30-31%, which was comparable to the effect (27-29% reduction) of doxorubicin (2mg/kg at 3-day intervals). While Rg(3)-RGP did not cause adverse effects, intravenous injection of doxorubicin markedly decreased body and testes weights, and exhibited severe depletion of spermatogenic cells in the atrophic seminiferous tubules. These results indicate that Rg(3)-RGP exerts antitumor activities via indirect immunomodulatory actions, without causing adverse effects as seen in doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Jin K, Teng L, Shen Y, He K, Xu Z, Li G. Patient-derived human tumour tissue xenografts in immunodeficient mice: a systematic review. Clin Transl Oncol 2010; 12:473-80. [PMID: 20615824 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-010-0540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mouse cancer models have consistently been used to qualify new anticancer drugs in the development of human clinical trials. Rodent tumour models currently being used and which include transgenic tumour models, and those generated by planting human tumour cell lines subcutaneously in immunodeficient mice, do not sufficiently represent clinical cancer characteristics, especially with regard to metastasis and drug sensitivity. The increasingly used patient-derived human tumour tissue (PDTT) xenografts models implanted subcutaneously or in subrenal capsule in immunodeficient mice, such as athymic nude mice or severe combined immunedeficient (SCID) mice, may provide a more accurate reflection of human tumour biological characteristics than tumour cell lines. The ability to passage patients' fresh tumour tissues into large numbers of immunodeficient mice provides possibilities for better preclinical testing of new therapies for the treatment and better outcome for cancer. In this review, we outline the methods of establishing xenograft models, discuss the biological stability of PDTT xenograft models and demonstrate their roles in developing new anticancer drugs and testing therapeutic regimens in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketao Jin
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Park SE, Kim J, Lee YW, Yoo HS, Cho CK. Antitumor activity of water extracts from Cordyceps militaris in NCI-H460 cell xenografted nude mice. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2010; 2:294-300. [PMID: 20633505 DOI: 10.1016/s2005-2901(09)60071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This experimental study investigated the antitumor effect of Cordyceps militaris in NCI-H406 cell transplanted nude mice. After feeding an aqueous solution of C. militaris extracts in NCI-H460 cell xenografted nude mice for 4 weeks, we measured the size of a tumor mass and calculated the inhibition rate. We also estimated survival time and calculated mean survival time and percent increase in lifespan. Results showed that the inhibition rate of water extract of the 150 mg/kg/day C. militaris-administered group was 94.73-75.08% and that of the 300 mg/kg/day C. militaris-administered group was 85.81-73.81%. The tumor weights and volumes decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Mean survival time of the 150 mg/kg/day C. militaris-administered group was extended to 19.43 +/- 2.44 days and 5.42% increased in lifespan (ILS) and that of the 300 mg/kg/day C. militaris-administered group was 21.86 +/- 3.53 days and 18.61% ILS. The relative liver weight was significantly increased in 300 mg/kg/day C. militaris-administered group, but there was no histopathological difference. In conclusion, C. militaris, shrunk tumors and increased mouse lifespan, suggesting that C. militaris was effective in treating tumors in nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Park
- East-West Cancer Center, Dunsan Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
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Antitumor Effect of Skin of Venenum Bufonis in a NCI-H460 Tumor Regression Model. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2010; 3:181-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s2005-2901(10)60034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Oflazoglu E, Stone IJ, Gordon K, Wood CG, Repasky EA, Grewal IS, Law CL, Gerber HP. Potent anticarcinoma activity of the humanized anti-CD70 antibody h1F6 conjugated to the tubulin inhibitor auristatin via an uncleavable linker. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:6171-80. [PMID: 18809969 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The antitubulin agent monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) induces potent antitumor effects when conjugated via protease cleavable linkers to antibodies targeting internalizing, tumor-specific cell surface antigens. Humanized 1F6 (h1F6) is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting CD70, a member of the tumor necrosis factor family that is expressed on hematologic malignancies and carcinomas. Here, we tested h1F6-maleimidocaproyl (mc) MMAF conjugates, consisting of an uncleavable mc linker, for their ability to interfere with the growth of CD70-positive carcinomas. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To evaluate the optimal drug per antibody ratio, we conjugated either four or eight MMAF molecules to the cysteines that comprise the interchain disulfides of h1F6 and determined antitumor activities in vitro and in xenografted mice. The tumor types tested included glioblastoma, patient-derived renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell isolates, and standard RCC tumor cell lines. RESULTS All h1F6-mcMMAF conjugates potently interfered with the growth of all carcinomas in vitro and resulted in complete responses of RCC tumors implanted orthotopically or s.c. in mice. In vitro, h1F6-mcMMAF(8) was generally more potent than h1F6-mcMMAF(4). However, h1F6-mcMMAF(4) displayed equal or better efficacy than h1F6-mcMMAF(8) when administered to tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSIONS We showed that h1F6-mcMMAF conjugates inhibited the growth of human carcinomas and that increased drug loading, while improving potency in vitro, did not substantially affect the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties in vivo. Based on these findings, h1F6-mcMMAF(4), designated SGN-75, has been identified as a potential antibody-drug conjugate for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezogelin Oflazoglu
- Department of Preclinical Therapeutics, Seattle Genetics Inc., 21823 30th Drive Southeast, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
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The use of xenograft models for the selection of cancer treatments with the EGFR as an example. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2008; 65:200-11. [PMID: 18389522 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse models of cancer have consistently been used to qualify new anti-cancer drugs for development of human clinical trials. The most used models are xenografts of human tumors grown subcutaneously in immunodeficient mice such as athymic (nude) or severe combined immune deficient (SCID) mice. However, the number of anti-cancer agents that fail in the clinic far outweighs those considered effective, suggesting that the selection procedure for progression of molecules into the clinic requires improvement. This has provoked considerable skepticism about the value of using such preclinical models. As a result, a shift has occurred towards developing and using spontaneous mouse tumor arising in transgenic and/or knockout mice engineered to recapitulate various genetic alterations thought to be causative of specific types of human cancers. Alternatively, the option has been to improve human tumor xenograft models by using orthotopic transplantation and, therefore, promotion of metastatic spread of the resultant 'primary' tumors. Here we review the value and the limitations of xenograft models and their role in developing new anti-cancer treatments.
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Wallqvist A, Huang R, Covell DG. Chemoinformatic analysis of NCI preclinical tumor data: evaluating compound efficacy from mouse xenograft data, NCI-60 screening data, and compound descriptors. J Chem Inf Model 2007; 47:1414-27. [PMID: 17555311 DOI: 10.1021/ci700132u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We provide a chemoinformatic examination of the NCI public human tumor xenograft data to explore relationships between small molecules, treatment modality, efficacy, and toxicity. Efficacy endpoints of tumor weight reduction (TW) and survival time increase (ST) compared to tumor bearing control mice were augmented by a toxicity measure, defined as the survival advantage of treated versus control animals (TX). These endpoints were used to define two independent therapeutic indices (TIs) as the ratio of efficacy (TW or ST) to toxicity (TX). Linear models predictive of xenograft endpoints were successfully constructed (0.67 < r(2) < or = 0.74)(observed_versus_predicted) using a model comprised of variables in treatment modality, chemoinformatic descriptors, and in vitro cell growth inhibition in the NCI 60-cell assay. Cross-validation analysis based on randomly chosen training subsets found these predictive correlations to be robust. Model-based sensitivity analysis found chemistry and growth inhibition to provide the best, and treatment modality the worst, indicators of xenograft endpoint. The poor predictive power derived from treatment alone appears to be of less importance to xenograft outcome for compounds having strongly similar chemical and biological features. ROC-based model validation found a 70% positive predictive value for distinguishing FDA approved oncology agents from available xenograft tested compounds. Additional chemoinformatic applications are provided that relate xenograft outcome to biological pathways and putative mechanism of compound action. These results find a strong relationship between xenograft efficacy and pathways comprised of genes having highly correlated mRNA expressions. Our analysis demonstrates that chemoinformatic studies utilizing a combination of xenograft data and in vitro preclinical testing offer an effective means to identify compound classes with superior efficacy and reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Wallqvist
- Laboratory of Computational Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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Kruczynski A, Poli M, Dossi R, Chazottes E, Berrichon G, Ricome C, Giavazzi R, Hill BT, Taraboletti G. Anti-angiogenic, vascular-disrupting and anti-metastatic activities of vinflunine, the latest vinca alkaloid in clinical development. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:2821-32. [PMID: 16973349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-angiogenic, vascular-disrupting and anti-metastatic properties of vinflunine, the latest vinca alkaloid in phase III clinical development. The effects of vinflunine on in vitro endothelial cell functions relevant to the performance of an already formed vasculature and to the angiogenic process were evaluated. The in vivo anti-angiogenic properties of vinflunine were also investigated, as were its activity against a model of experimental metastasis. In vitro vinflunine induced a rapid change in the morphology of endothelial cells and disrupted the network of capillary-like structures, indicating potential vascular-disrupting activity. Furthermore, vinflunine showed anti-angiogenic properties, since it inhibited endothelial cell migration and the capacity of these cells to organise into a network of capillary-like structures. All these effects were observed under conditions that only marginally affect endothelial cell proliferation. In vivo, vinflunine inhibited bFGF-induced angiogenesis in Matrigel implants at doses 40-20-fold lower than its maximal therapeutic dose (MTD). Treatment of mice with vinflunine reduced the number of liver metastases induced by intrasplenic injection of LS174T cells, with significant effects also observed at low doses; i.e. 16-fold lower than the MTD. This study demonstrates that vinflunine expresses both vascular-disrupting and anti-angiogenic activities and induced marked effects against experimental metastases, all properties that support its ongoing clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kruczynski
- Research Center for Experimental Oncology, Pierre Fabre Research Institute, Parc Technologique du Canal, 3 rue des Satellites, BP 94244, 31432 Toulouse, Cedex 04, France.
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Kaliski A, Maggiorella L, Cengel KA, Mathe D, Rouffiac V, Opolon P, Lassau N, Bourhis J, Deutsch E. Angiogenesis and tumor growth inhibition by a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor targeting radiation-induced invasion. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 4:1717-28. [PMID: 16275993 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have evaluated the interactions between ionizing radiation and a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor. Using Matrigel invasion assays, we show that ionizing radiation induced a dose-dependent increase in the invasive phenotype of cultured B16 melanoma cells and that conditioned medium from these irradiated B16 cells promoted endothelial cell [human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC)] invasiveness. To determine whether the radiation-induced changes in invasive phenotype could be due to changes in MMP activation, we have tested the ability of the MMP inhibitor Metastat to modulate the ionizing radiation-induced invasive phenotype using both an in vitro melanoma model and a mouse s.c. tumor model. In these studies, Metastat inhibited the ionizing radiation-induced invasive phenotype in cultured B16 cells and similarly inhibited the increase in HMEC invasion induced by conditioned medium from irradiated B16 cells. Conversely, ionizing radiation increased B16 MMP-2 activity and the conditioned medium from irradiated B16 induced HMEC MMP-2 activity. To further investigate the interaction between ionizing radiation and MMP activation, we then studied the effects of ionizing radiation on downstream effectors of the MMP system. We found that ionizing radiation induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion by B16 melanoma cells and that this secretion was inhibited by Metastat. Similarly, conditioned medium from irradiated B16 was also able to increase VEGF secretion in HMECs. Moreover, ionizing radiation-induced melanoma cell invasiveness was partially inhibited by an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody. In vivo, ionizing radiation plus concomitant Metastat yielded the greatest growth inhibition of melanoma s.c. tumors and this effect correlated with inhibition of angiogenesis as measured by both Doppler ultrasonography and platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 staining. Finally, ionizing radiation modulated MMP-2, VEGF, and VEGF receptor expression in these tumor samples using immunohistochemistry. Taken together, these results suggest that there is an ionizing radiation-induced tumor survival pathway and a possible paracrine ionizing radiation-induced stimulatory pathway emanating from tumor cells toward the endothelial bed that is impeded when Metastat is given simultaneously. This model could provide in vivo evidence of the antitumor efficacy of combining a MMP inhibitor with ionizing radiation to target radiation-induced invasion and angiogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Cells, Cultured
- Collagen/chemistry
- Collagen/pharmacology
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
- Drug Combinations
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Laminin/chemistry
- Laminin/pharmacology
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Mice
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Phenotype
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/biosynthesis
- Proteoglycans/chemistry
- Proteoglycans/pharmacology
- Radiation, Ionizing
- Time Factors
- Ultrasonography
- Ultrasonography, Doppler
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/immunology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Kaliski
- Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur-Equipe d'Accueil 27-10, Villejuif, France
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28
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Gopal M, Shenoy S, Doddamani LS. Antitumor activity of 4-amino and 8-methyl-4-(3diethylamino propylamino)pyrimido[4′,5′:4,5]thieno (2,3-b) quinolines. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2003; 72:69-78. [PMID: 14644568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2003.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of 4-aminopyrimido [4',5':4,5] thieno (2,3-b) quinoline and 8-methyl-4-(3-diethylaminopropylamino) pyrimido [4',5':4,5] thieno (2,3-b) quinoline with DNA was studied by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectrophotometry as well as by hydrodynamic methods. On binding to DNA, the absorption spectra underwent bathochromic and hypochromic shifts and the fluorescence was quenched. These compounds are able to bind to DNA with an affinity of about 10(6) M(-1) for calf thymus DNA at ionic strength 0.01 M and their intercalating characteristic (lengthening of the DNA) depends upon the length of the chain. Binding to the GC-rich DNA of Micrococcus lysodeikticus was stronger than the binding to calf thymus DNA at ionic strength 0.01 M. The cytotoxicities of these compounds on leukemia HL-60, melanoma B16F10 and neuro 2a cells are quite similar and inhibition (IC50) is in the range of 0.992-3.968 microM. The anticancer efficacy against B16 melanoma, has provided evidence of major antitumor activity for 8-methyl-4-(3diethylaminopropylamino) pyrimido [4',5':4,5] thieno(2,3-b)quinoline. Single or multiple intraperitonial (i.p) doses of drug proved high level activity against the subcutaneous (s.c) grafted B16 melanoma, significantly increasing survival (p<0.001) and inhibiting tumor growth (T/C of 4%). This study offers a new intercalation functional group to DNA-targeted drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shivagangotri, Davangere 577 002, India.
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29
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Kruczynski A, Ricome C, Waud WR, Hill BT. In vivo antitumor activity of F 11782, a non-intercalating dual catalytic inhibitor of topoisomerases I and II, against a panel of human tumor xenografts. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS AND ONCOLOGY 2002; 2:219-27. [PMID: 12416026 DOI: 10.1046/j.1359-4117.2002.01037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The marked in vivo antitumor activity of F 11782 against murine experimental tumors (Kruczynski et al., Br J Cancer 83: 1516-24, 2000) has now been confirmed in a panel of human tumor xenografts. Using an intermittent schedule of six administrations over 2 weeks, F 11782 showed major activity in four of eight xenograft models. Excellent activity was noted versus the CAKI-1 (renal) model, with regressions at the two highest doses, and marked activity against DLD-1 (colon) xenografts, also resulting in regressions at the MTD. Marked antitumor activity was also observed against DU 145 (prostate) and GLC4 (small-cell lung) tumors. At optimal doses, significant T/C values ranged from 3 to 29%, with significant growth delays of 1.5-5.6, without major body weight loss. This tumor growth inhibition induced by F 11782 was sustained with time for > or = 6 weeks post implant. In contrast, no real activity was recorded against NCI-H460 (non small-cell lung) tumors and only minor responses, with optimal T/C values of < 42%, noted in the rapidly proliferating SF-295 (CNS) and LOX IMVI (melanoma) xenografts or the chemo-refractory LoVo (colon) model. Overall, this study showing a 50% response rate with definite antitumor activity across a broad spectrum, coupled with its unique mechanistic profile, has prompted the further development of F 11782.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kruczynski
- Division de Cancerologie Experimentale, Centre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Castres, France
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30
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Aird RE, Cummings J, Ritchie AA, Muir M, Morris RE, Chen H, Sadler PJ, Jodrell DI. In vitro and in vivo activity and cross resistance profiles of novel ruthenium (II) organometallic arene complexes in human ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2002; 86:1652-7. [PMID: 12085218 PMCID: PMC2746580 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2001] [Revised: 02/07/2002] [Accepted: 03/04/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes offer the potential of reduced toxicity, a novel mechanism of action, non-cross resistance and a different spectrum of activity compared to platinum containing compounds. Thirteen novel ruthenium(II) organometallic arene complexes have been evaluated for activity (in vitro and in vivo) in models of human ovarian cancer, and cross-resistance profiles established in cisplatin and multi-drug-resistant variants. A broad range of IC50 values was obtained (0.5 to >100 microM) in A2780 parental cells with two compounds (RM175 and HC29) equipotent to carboplatin (6 microM), and the most active compound (HC11) equipotent to cisplatin (0.6 microM). Stable bi-dentate chelating ligands (ethylenediamine), a more hydrophobic arene ligand (tetrahydroanthracene) and a single ligand exchange centre (chloride) were associated with increased activity. None of the six active ruthenium(II) compounds were cross-resistant in the A2780cis cell line, demonstrated to be 10-fold resistant to cisplatin/carboplatin by a mechanism involving, at least in part, silencing of MLH1 protein expression via methylation. Varying degrees of cross-resistance were observed in the P-170 glycoprotein overexpressing multi-drug-resistant cell line 2780AD that could be reversed by co-treatment with verapamil. In vivo activity was established with RM175 in the A2780 xenograft together with non-cross-resistance in the A2780cis xenograft and a lack of activity in the 2780AD xenograft. High activity coupled to non cross-resistance in cisplatin resistant models merit further development of this novel group of anticancer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Aird
- Cancer Research UK, Edinburgh Oncology Unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK.
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31
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Kruczynski A, Etiévant C, Perrin D, Imbert T, Colpaert F, Hill BT. Preclinical antitumour activity of F 11782, a novel dual catalytic inhibitor of topoisomerases. Br J Cancer 2000; 83:1516-24. [PMID: 11076662 PMCID: PMC2363411 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
F 11782 is a novel inhibitor of topoisomerases I and II, with an original mechanism of action (Perrin et al, 2000). This study, aimed to define its anticancer efficacy against a series of murine and human tumour models, has provided evidence of major antitumour activity for F 11782. This was demonstrated as a high level of activity against the P388 leukaemia, as reflected by increased survival of 143-457%, when administered i.p., p.o. or i.v. as single or multiple doses, and proved consistently superior to etoposide or camptothecin tested concurrently. Single or multiple i.p. doses of F 11782 also proved highly active against the s.c. grafted B16 melanoma, significantly increasing survival (P < 0.001) and inhibiting tumour growth (T/C of 0.3%), again superior to etoposide tested concurrently. Furthermore, F 11782 inhibited the number of pulmonary metastatic foci of the B16F10 melanoma by 99%. In human tumour xenograft studies, multiple i.p. doses of F 11782 resulted in major inhibitory activity against MX-1 (breast) tumours (T/C of 0.1%), as well as causing definite tumour regressions, whereas none resulted from similar experimental treatments with etoposide. Significant activity was also recorded with F 11782 against the relatively refractory LX-1 (lung) xenografts, with an optimal T/C value of 19%. It was notable that the antitumour activity of F 11782 was consistently demonstrated over a wide range of 2-6 dose levels, providing evidence of its good overall tolerance. In conclusion, these results emphasize the preclinical interest of this novel molecule and support its further preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kruczynski
- Division of Experimental Cancer Research, Centre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 17 avenue Jean Moulin, Castres, 81106 Cedex 06, France
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32
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van Hille B, Etiévant C, Barret JM, Kruczynski A, Hill BT. Characterization of the biological and biochemical activities of F 11782 and the bisdioxopiperazines, ICRF-187 and ICRF-193, two types of topoisomerase II catalytic inhibitors with distinctive mechanisms of action. Anticancer Drugs 2000; 11:829-41. [PMID: 11142691 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200011000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
F 11782 is a newly identified catalytic inhibitor of topoisomerases I and II, without any detectable interaction with DNA. This study aimed to establish whether its catalytic inhibition of topoisomerase II was mediated by mechanisms similar to those identified for the bisdioxopiperazines. In vitro combinations of F 11782 with etoposide resulted in greater than additive cytotoxicity in L1210 cells, contrasting with marked antagonism for combinations of etoposide with either ICRF-187 or ICRF-193. All three compounds caused a G2/M blockade of P388 cells after an 18-h incubation, but by 40 h polyploidization was evident only with the bisdioxopiperazines. Gel retardation data revealed that only F 11782, and not the bisdioxopiperazines, was capable of completely inhibiting the DNA-binding activity of topoisomerase II, confirming its novel mechanism of action. Furthermore, unlike ICRF-187 and ICRF-193, the cytotoxicity of F 11782 appeared mediated, at least partially, by DNA damage induction in cultured GCT27 human teratoma cells, as judged by a fluorescence-enhancement assay and monitoring p53 activation. Finally, the major in vivo antitumor activity of F 11782 against the murine P388 leukemia (i.v. implanted) and the B16 melanoma (s.c. grafted) contrasted with the bisdioxopiperazines' general lack of activity. Overall, F 11782 and the bisdioxopiperazines appear to function as quite distinctive catalytic topoisomerase II inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B van Hille
- Division de Cancérologie, Centre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Castres, France
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33
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Kolfschoten GM, Hulscher TM, Pinedo HM, Boven E. Drug resistance features and S-phase fraction as possible determinants for drug response in a panel of human ovarian cancer xenografts. Br J Cancer 2000; 83:921-7. [PMID: 10970695 PMCID: PMC2374672 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) and more specifically the expression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) have been studied extensively in vitro. Unfortunately, it appears that the predictive value of MDR recognized in vitro is mostly an incorrect measure to determine the responsiveness of a particular tumour in the clinic. This misunderstood or overvalued role of MDR might explain the failure of strategies to reverse Pgp function by the use of modulators in solid tumours. To obtain more insight in in vivo drug resistance we investigated a panel of 15 human ovarian cancer xenografts consisting of the most common histological subtypes known in ovarian cancer patients. The response rate to cisplatin, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin in the xenografts resembled the results of phase II trials with these agents in ovarian cancer patients. This resemblance justifies drug resistance studies in this experimental in vivo human tumour system. We determined the expression levels of MDR 1, MRP 1, LRP and topoisomerase IIalpha mRNA by the RNase protection assay and the presence of MRP1 and LRP proteins by immunohistochemistry. The S-phase fraction was investigated as a separate parameter by flow cytometry. In none of the 15 ovarian cancer xenografts was MDR 1 expression detectable. The expression levels of MRP 1 and LRP were low to moderate and resembled the presence of the MRP1 and LRP proteins. There was a weak, inverse relationship between the expression levels of LRP and sensitivity to cisplatin and cyclophosphamide (r = -0.44 and -0.45), but not to doxorubicin. The levels of topoisomerase IIalpha varied among the xenografts (0.73-2.66) and failed to correlate with doxorubicin resistance (r = 0.14). The S-phase fraction, however, showed a relation with the sensitivity to cisplatin (r = 0.66). Among the determinants studied in ovarian cancer in vivo, LRP mRNA and the S-phase fraction were the best predictive factors for drug response and most specifically for the activity of cisplatin.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/biosynthesis
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Cell Cycle/physiology
- Cisplatin/pharmacology
- Cyclophosphamide/pharmacology
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/biosynthesis
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/genetics
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Genes, MDR/genetics
- Humans
- Isoenzymes/biosynthesis
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- S Phase/physiology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles/biosynthesis
- Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Kolfschoten
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, HV, 1081, The Netherlands
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34
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Hendriks HR, Fiebig HH, Giavazzi R, Langdon SP, Jimeno JM, Faircloth GT. High antitumour activity of ET743 against human tumour xenografts from melanoma, non-small-cell lung and ovarian cancer. Ann Oncol 1999; 10:1233-40. [PMID: 10586342 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008364727071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecteinascidin-743 (ET743) is a novel antitumour agent originating from the Caribbean tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata. It has potent cytotoxic and antitumour activity and a potential new mechanism of action. The aim of the present study was to further explore the antitumour activity of ET743 in human tumour xenografts from melanoma, non-small-cell lung and ovarian cancer. DESIGN As the antitumour profile of ET743 was largely unknown a chemo-sensitive and a marginal chemo-resistant human tumour xenograft were selected for each tumour type. ET743 was administered intravenously using two administration schedules (days 0, 4, 8 and 0-2, 13-15). RESULTS ET743 was very active at the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in the chemo-sensitive xenograft melanoma MEXF 989, non-small-cell lung cancer LXFL 529, and ovarian cancers HOC22 and (marginally resistant to cisplatin) HOC18. Activity was also seen at 1/2 MTD. Apart from HOC18, ET743 caused complete remissions in the responding xenografts. The compound was inactive in the chemo-resistant xenograft melanoma MEXF 514 and non-small-cell lung cancer LXFA 629. In terms of antitumour activity the days 0, 4, 8 schedule had advantages over the days 0-2, 13-15 schedule. CONCLUSIONS ET743 is a very effective agent in chemo-sensitive and marginal chemo-resistant xenografts, but inactive in chemo-resistant tumour xenografts. The activity of ET743 in the marginally cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer HOC18 might indicate absence or incomplete cross-resistance against cisplatin. It is recommended to include melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer, and ovarian cancer in phase II clinical trials and to use an intermittent schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Hendriks
- NDDO Oncology, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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35
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Breistøl K, Hendriks HR, Fodstad O. Superior therapeutic efficacy of N-L-leucyl-doxorubicin versus doxorubicin in human melanoma xenografts correlates with higher tumour concentrations of free drug. Eur J Cancer 1999; 35:1143-9. [PMID: 10533461 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(99)00074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
N-L-leucyl-doxorubicin (Leu-DOX), a prodrug of doxorubicin (DOX), has previously shown antitumour activity against human ovarian, breast and lung carcinomas in nude mice. In the present study, the efficacy of Leu-DOX was compared with free DOX in inhibiting the growth of four DOX-sensitive and -resistant malignant melanoma xenografts. In an attempt to elucidate mechanisms underlying any differential effect, a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was established for measuring plasma and tumour concentrations of the two drugs and their main metabolites. Leu-DOX was more effective than free DOX in inhibiting xenograft growth. At equitoxic intravenous doses of Leu-DOX (28 mg/kg) and DOX (8 mg/kg) administered to tumour-bearing nude mice, comparable levels of DOX were found in plasma, whereas differences were seen in tumour tissue concentrations. Thus, in animals carrying highly sensitive (LOX) and resistant (THX) melanomas, higher tumour concentrations of free DOX were observed in the Leu-DOX treated group from 24 up to 240 h after drug injection. Notably, the difference in drug-induced tumour growth inhibition correlated with differences in tumour exposure to free DOX, assessed as area under the curve (AUC) calculated over the first 48 h. In conclusion, the results confirm the prodrug nature of Leu-DOX and provide a possible explanation for its increased antitumour efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Breistøl
- Department of Tumour Biology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
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36
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Goluboff ET, Shabsigh A, Saidi JA, Weinstein IB, Mitra N, Heitjan D, Piazza GA, Pamukcu R, Buttyan R, Olsson CA. Exisulind (sulindac sulfone) suppresses growth of human prostate cancer in a nude mouse xenograft model by increasing apoptosis. Urology 1999; 53:440-5. [PMID: 9933075 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(98)00513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies have shown that Exisulind, a sulfone metabolite of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) sulindac, has inhibitory activity in vitro with cultured human prostate cancer cells. To determine whether this effect might be pharmacologically relevant in vivo, we tested whether Exisulind therapy could suppress the growth of human prostate cancer cells in a nude mouse xenograft model. METHODS Thirty athymic nude mice were injected subcutaneously in the flank with 1 x 10(7) LNCaP human prostate tumor cells. All mice received a control diet for 21 days. One group of mice was continued on this control diet for an additional 4 weeks, a second group was switched to a diet supplemented with 0.05% Exisulind (40% of maximal tolerated dose [MTD]), and a third group was switched to a diet supplemented with 0.1% Exisulind (80% MTD) for the additional 4 weeks. Tumor growth was measured through the 4-week test period, and subsequently tissue sections from the various groups were tested for apoptotic and dividing cells by quantified use of the TUNEL assay and a bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation immunoassay. RESULTS Tumors grew by 158%, 24%, and 18% for the control and 0.05% and 0.1% Exisulind groups, respectively (P = 0.02) during the 4-week test period. Immunohistochemical studies on excised tumors showed an increased number of apoptotic bodies in the treated groups versus the control group (P<0.0001) but no change in the number of BrdU positive cells. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show a direct in vivo effect of an NSAID-derived drug, lacking cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity, in a xenograft model of prostate cancer. Clinical studies to evaluate the effects of Exisulind against prostate cancer in humans are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Goluboff
- Department of Urology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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37
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Boven E, Pinedo HM, van Hattum AH, Scheffer PG, Peters WH, Erkelens CA, Schlüper HM, Kuiper CM, van Ark-Otte J, Giaccone G. Characterization of human soft-tissue sarcoma xenografts for use in secondary drug screening. Br J Cancer 1998; 78:1586-93. [PMID: 9862568 PMCID: PMC2063242 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1998.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We have established ten transplantable human soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) xenografts grown as subcutaneous tumours in the nude mouse. Nine xenografts originated from patients that needed chemotherapy in the course of their disease. The xenografts were tested for their sensitivity to maximum tolerated doses of five anti-cancer agents. Growth of treated tumours was expressed as a percentage of control tumour growth and a growth inhibition > 75% was measured for doxorubicin in 20% of the STS xenografts, for cyclophosphamide in 30%, for ifosfamide in 20%, for vincristine in 20%, whereas etoposide was not effective in the STS xenografts. In three out of ten STS xenografts MDR1 mRNA was detectable, but this was not related to the resistance against doxorubicin, vincristine or etoposide. Topoisomerase IIalpha mRNA expression levels did not reflect sensitivity to doxorubicin or etoposide. In all STS tissues, however, these levels were lower than topoisomerase IIalpha mRNA in a drug-sensitive human ovarian cancer xenograft. Glutathione concentrations and the activities of glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were not related to resistance against the alkylating agents or doxorubicin. Of interest, in all STS tissues, glutathione S-transferase pi was the predominant isoenzyme present. In conclusion, chemosensitivity of the STS xenografts reflects clinical response rates in phase II trials on the same compounds in adult STS patients. Relatively low levels of topoisomerase IIalpha mRNA may partly account for intrinsic resistance against, for example, doxorubicin. Additional factors must contribute to moderate responsiveness to alkylating agents.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Genes, MDR
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Linear Models
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Sarcoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Sarcoma, Experimental/genetics
- Soft Tissue Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Soft Tissue Neoplasms/genetics
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- E Boven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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38
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Breistøl K, Hendriks HR, Berger DP, Langdon SP, Fiebig HH, Fodstad O. The antitumour activity of the prodrug N-L-leucyl-doxorubicin and its parent compound doxorubicin in human tumour xenografts. Eur J Cancer 1998; 34:1602-6. [PMID: 9893636 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(98)00152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The antitumour activity of the investigational agent N-L-leucyl-doxorubicin (Leu-DOX) was compared with that of doxorubicin (DOX) in human tumour xenografts growing subcutaneously in athymic nude mice. Leu-DOX was developed as a prodrug of DOX, and may be converted into the clinically active parent compound by hydrolytic enzymes present in or on tumour cells. It has been suggested that a better therapeutic index with a reduced cardiac toxicity and higher efficacy might be obtained. Both compounds were administered intravenously weekly for 2 weeks, each at maximum tolerated doses of 8 mg/kg and 28 mg/kg for DOX and Leu-DOX, respectively. The panel of xenografts represented three different tumour types. Leu-DOX showed antitumour activity, defined as tumour growth inhibition > 50% and specific growth delay > 1.0, in 10 of the 16 tumours, including two of five breast, five of seven small cell and three of four non-small cell lung carcinomas. In comparison, DOX was active in one breast, four small cell lung and two lung adenocarcinoma xenografts. In all the DOX sensitive lung tumours, Leu-DOX showed higher efficacy than the parent compound. Based on the results of the present study, and since phase I clinical trials with Leu-DOX have already been performed, phase II clinical evaluation of Leu-DOX in patients with breast and lung cancer is recommended.
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Jansen WJ, Kolfschoten GM, Erkelens CA, Van Ark-Otte J, Pinedo HM, Boven E. Anti-tumor activity of CPT-11 in experimental human ovarian cancer and human soft-tissue sarcoma. Int J Cancer 1997; 73:891-6. [PMID: 9399672 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19971210)73:6<891::aid-ijc22>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CPT-11, a semi-synthetic derivative of camptothecin, was investigated for its activity in panels of 15 human ovarian-cancer lines and 10 human soft-tissue sarcoma lines grown s.c. in nude mice. Various factors were analyzed that may be of influence on the extent of tumor-growth inhibition induced by CPT-11. At equitoxic doses, CPT-11 was more effective in the daily x5 schedule than the weekly x2 schedule, although a 2-fold higher dose was administered in the weekly x2 schedule. Since i.p. and i.v. injections were similarly effective, the selected treatment schedule was 20 mg/kg i.p. daily x5, starting when tumors measured approximately 150 mm3. Growth inhibition of > or = 75% was obtained in 8/15 human ovarian-cancer lines and in 6/10 human soft-tissue sarcoma lines. A weak correlation was found between topoisomerase-I mRNA in xenograft tissues and sensitivity to CPT-11. Relative topoisomerase-I expression was highest in MRI-H-207 and WLS-160 xenografts, in which CPT-11 was able to induce cures of all tumors. The high efficacy in the 2 panels of human tumor lines suggests over-prediction of its potential clinical activity in these tumor types. The difference in efficacy of CPT-11 between species may be related to the metabolism of the drug, since CPT-11 is converted more efficiently into SN-38 in mice. In addition, mice may be less sensitive to SN-38-induced side-effects. On the basis of the preclinical data, frequent administration of lower doses of CPT-11 should be considered in order to increase response rates in the clinic.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Camptothecin/administration & dosage
- Camptothecin/analogs & derivatives
- Camptothecin/therapeutic use
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/metabolism
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Female
- Humans
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Injections, Intravenous
- Irinotecan
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Sarcoma/drug therapy
- Sarcoma/metabolism
- Sarcoma/pathology
- Sarcoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Jansen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Hospital, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wang HK, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH. Recent advances in the discovery and development of topoisomerase inhibitors as antitumor agents. Med Res Rev 1997; 17:367-425. [PMID: 9211397 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1128(199707)17:4<367::aid-med3>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H K Wang
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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Cummings J, Macpherson JS, Meikle I, Smyth JF. Development of anthracenyl-amino acid conjugates as topoisomerase I and II inhibitors that circumvent drug resistance. Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 52:979-90. [PMID: 8831716 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(96)00301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Anthracenyl-amino acid conjugates (AAC) represent a novel class of topoisomerase (topo) inhibitor. The relationship between mechanism of enzyme inhibition and in vitro cytotoxicity has been investigated in a panel of 5 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and 2 human ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780) shown to possess different drug resistance phenotypes associated with altered expression of topo I and topo II. From a total of 13 compounds, 4 displayed broad-spectrum activity (IC50 ranging from 3.5-29.7 microM). NU/ICRF 500 (topo II catalytic inhibitor) was 1.4-fold more active against CHO ADR-1, which overexpresses topo II and was essentially noncross-resistant in CHO ADR-r (13.9-fold resistant to doxorubicin (DOX)) and 2780AD (1,460-fold resistant to DOX). NU/ICRF 505, which stabilises topo I cleavable complexes, was noncross-resistant in CHO ADR-3 (3,4-fold resistant to camptothecin) and only 1.8-fold cross-resistant in 2780AD. Hypersensitivity was recorded in ADR-r that overexpresses topo I. The most active compound was NU/ICRF 506, a dual catalytic inhibitor of topo I and II. Hypersensitivity was observed in ADR-r (1.4-fold) but not ADR-1, indicating that topo I is the likely nuclear target, and a low level of resistance was seen in the CHO ADR-6 drug transport mutant and 2780AD. The topo II catalytic inhibitor NU/ICRF 513 only produced hypersensitivity in ADR-r. These data suggest that NU/ICRF 500, 505, and 506 induce cell death, at least partly, through topo inhibition. NU/ICRF 513 appears to be cytotoxic via a nontopo mechanism of action. In addition, NU/ICRF 505 significantly inhibited the growth of two human xenografts (HT-29 colon cancer and NX002 nonsmall-cell lung cancer) in nude mice after i.p. administration at a dose of 25 mg/kg. The important properties of noncross-resistance and in vivo antitumour activity merit further development of AAC as potential new anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cummings
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Medical Oncology Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, U.K
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Twentyman PR. Drug screening in xenografts--the European Multicenter Project. Ann Oncol 1994; 5:394-6. [PMID: 8075045 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.annonc.a058868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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