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Jakubowski H. Homocysteine Thiolactone Detoxifying Enzymes and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8095. [PMID: 39125665 PMCID: PMC11312131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of homocysteine (Hcy) and related metabolites are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Severe hyperhomocysteinemia causes neurological deficits and worsens behavioral and biochemical traits associated with AD. Although Hcy is precluded from entering the Genetic Code by proofreading mechanisms of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, and thus is a non-protein amino acid, it can be attached to proteins via an N-homocysteinylation reaction mediated by Hcy-thiolactone. Because N-homocysteinylation is detrimental to a protein's function and biological integrity, Hcy-thiolactone-detoxifying enzymes-PON1, BLMH, BPHL-have evolved. This narrative review provides an account of the biological function of these enzymes and of the consequences of their impairments, leading to the phenotype characteristic of AD. Overall, accumulating evidence discussed in this review supports a hypothesis that Hcy-thiolactone contributes to neurodegeneration associated with a dysregulated Hcy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; ; Tel.: +48-973-972-8733; Fax: +48-973-972-8981
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Witucki Ł, Borowczyk K, Suszyńska-Zajczyk J, Warzych E, Pawlak P, Jakubowski H. Deletion of the Homocysteine Thiolactone Detoxifying Enzyme Bleomycin Hydrolase, in Mice, Causes Memory and Neurological Deficits and Worsens Alzheimer's Disease-Related Behavioral and Biochemical Traits in the 5xFAD Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:1735-1755. [PMID: 37718819 PMCID: PMC10578231 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bleomycin hydrolase (BLMH), a homocysteine (Hcy)-thiolactone detoxifying enzyme, is attenuated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. Blmh loss causes astrogliosis in mice while the loss of histone demethylase Phf8, which controls mTOR signaling, causes neuropathy in mice and humans. OBJECTIVE To examine how Blmh gene deletion affects the Phf8/H4K20me1/mTOR/autophagy pathway, amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, and cognitive/neuromotor performance in mice. METHODS We generated a new mouse model of AD, the Blmh-/-5xFAD mouse. Behavioral assessments were conducted by cognitive/neuromotor testing. Blmh and Phf8 genes were silenced in mouse neuroblastoma N2a-APPswe cells by RNA interference. mTOR- and autophagy-related proteins, and AβPP were quantified by western blotting and the corresponding mRNAs by RT-qPCR. Aβ was quantified by western blotting (brains) and by confocal microscopy (cells). RESULTS Behavioral testing showed cognitive/neuromotor deficits in Blmh-/- and Blmh-/-5xFAD mice. Phf8 was transcriptionally downregulated in Blmh-/- and Blmh-/-5xFAD brains. H4K20me1, mTOR, phospho-mTOR, and AβPP were upregulated while autophagy markers Becn1, Atg5, and Atg7 were downregulated in Blmh-/- and Blmh-/-5xFAD brains. Aβ was elevated in Blmh-/-5xFAD brains. These biochemical changes were recapitulated in Blmh-silenced N2a-APPswe cells, which also showed increased H4K20me1-mTOR promoter binding and impaired autophagy flux (Lc3-I, Lc3-II, p62). Phf8-silencing or treatments with Hcy-thiolactone or N-Hcy-protein, metabolites elevated in Blmh-/- mice, induced biochemical changes in N2a-APPswe cells like those induced by the Blmh-silencing. However, Phf8-silencing elevated Aβ without affecting AβPP. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that Blmh interacts with AβPP and the Phf8/H4K20me1/mTOR/autophagy pathway, and that disruption of those interactions causes Aβ accumulation and cognitive/neuromotor deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Witucki
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Kamila Borowczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Joanna Suszyńska-Zajczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewelina Warzych
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Pawlak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA
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McAleer MA, Jakasa I, Raj N, O'Donnell CPF, Lane ME, Rawlings AV, Voegeli R, McLean WHI, Kezic S, Irvine AD. Early-life regional and temporal variation in filaggrin-derived natural moisturizing factor, filaggrin-processing enzyme activity, corneocyte phenotypes and plasmin activity: implications for atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:431-441. [PMID: 29691836 PMCID: PMC6175251 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Filaggrin is central to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). The cheeks are a common initiation site of infantile AD. Regional and temporal expression of levels of filaggrin degradation products [natural moisturizing factors (NMFs)], activities of filaggrin‐processing enzymes [bleomycin hydrolase (BH) and calpain‐1 (C‐1)] and plasmin, and corneocyte envelope (CE) maturity in early life are largely unknown. Objectives We conducted a cross‐sectional, observational study investigating regional and age‐dependent variations in NMF levels, activity of proteases and CE maturity in stratum corneum (SC) from infants to determine whether these factors could explain the observed predilection sites for AD in early life. Methods We measured NMF using a tape‐stripping method at seven sites in the SC of 129 children (aged < 12 months to 72 months) and in three sites in 56 neonates and infants (< 48 h to 3 months). In 37 of these neonates and infants, corneocyte size, maturity, BH, C‐1 and plasmin activities were determined. Results NMF levels are low at birth and increase with age. Cheek SC, compared with elbow flexure and nasal tip, has the lowest NMF in the first year of life and is the slowest to reach stable levels. Cheek corneocytes remain immature. Plasmin, BH and C‐1 activities are all elevated by 1 month of age in exposed cheek skin, but not in elbow skin. Conclusions Regional and temporal differences in NMF levels, CE maturity and protease activities may explain the predilection for AD to affect the cheeks initially and are supportive of this site as key for allergen priming in early childhood. These observations will help design early intervention and treatment strategies for AD. What's already known about this topic?Atopic dermatitis (AD) frequently starts in early infancy, and the first eczematous lesions emerge on the cheeks. Filaggrin is a major structural protein in the stratum corneum (SC). Filaggrin deficiency is associated with the development of AD and, in the context of AD, food allergies and asthma. Filaggrin is metabolized into natural moisturizing factors (NMFs), which can be measured in the SC.
What does this study add? Regional differences in NMF levels, corneocyte envelope immaturity and protease activities may help explain why infantile AD most often initially affects the cheeks. Filaggrin processing, corneocyte maturity, and protease activities show regional and temporal differences in infant skin. These findings may explain disease patterns in early‐life AD.
What is the translational message? Cheek skin may be highly relevant for allergen priming. Emollient therapy at the vulnerable cheek site might help to prevent AD and/or food sensitization.
Linked Editorial: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16806. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16959 available online https://goo.gl/Uqv3dl
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Affiliation(s)
- M A McAleer
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Paediatric Dermatology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - I Jakasa
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - N Raj
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, U.K
| | - C P F O'Donnell
- Department of Neonatology, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M E Lane
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, U.K
| | - A V Rawlings
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, U.K
| | - R Voegeli
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Wurmisweg 571, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - W H I McLean
- Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - S Kezic
- Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A D Irvine
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Paediatric Dermatology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Raj N, Voegeli R, Rawlings AV, Summers B, Munday MR, Lane ME. Variation in the activities of late stage filaggrin processing enzymes, calpain-1 and bleomycin hydrolase, together with pyrrolidone carboxylic acid levels, corneocyte phenotypes and plasmin activities in non-sun-exposed and sun-exposed facial stratum corneum of different ethnicities. Int J Cosmet Sci 2016; 38:567-575. [PMID: 27028209 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of the ethnic differences and effects of photodamage on the relative amounts of natural moisturizing factor (NMF) together with filaggrin processing enzymes in facial stratum corneum is limited. Our aim was to characterize the activities of calpain-1 (C-1), bleomycin hydrolase (BH) and the levels of pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (PCA) as a marker for total NMF levels and to relate them to plasmin activities and corneocyte maturation. METHODS Enzyme activities, PCA levels and corneocyte maturation were determined from facial tape strippings of photoexposed cheek and photoprotected post-auricular areas (PA) of healthy Caucasian (C), Black African (BA) and albino African (AA) female subjects living in South Africa. RESULTS PCA concentration levels were of the order AA > BA > C subjects, and the highest activities of BH were present in the AA subjects. BH activities were greater on the photoexposed sites for the BA and C subjects, but they were only numerically elevated in the AA subjects. Photoprotected sites had an increase in C-1 activity in pigmented groups (C and BA), whereas in the AA subjects, the opposite was measured. Plasmin activities were greater on the cheek compared with the PA site for the AA and C subjects, but the activity was low in the BA subjects. In both test sites, the AA, but not the BA and C subjects, had smaller, parakeratotic and less mature corneocytes. CONCLUSION Variation in PCA levels has been found for different ethnic groups in this study (AA > BA > C subjects). The values in the AA subjects are surprising as one might expect that the lack of pigmentation, and thereby increased photodamage, might lead to lower levels. Increased BH, but not C-1 activity, was observed in the AA subjects indicating that BH is associated with PCA production to a greater extent. Surprisingly, corneocyte maturation is still impaired with elevated PCA levels in AA subjects. The higher levels of plasmin and BH activities on the cheeks, especially for AA and C subjects, suggest that they can be used as markers for epidermal photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Raj
- UCL School of Pharmacy, London, U.K
| | - R Voegeli
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | | | - B Summers
- Photobiology Laboratory, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, South Africa
| | | | - M E Lane
- UCL School of Pharmacy, London, U.K
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Preferential localization of γH2AX foci in euchromatin of retina rod cells after DNA damage induction. Chromosome Res 2013; 21:789-803. [PMID: 24323064 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-013-9395-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage may lead to cell transformation, senescence, or death. Histone H2AX phosphorylation, immunodetected as γH2AX foci, is an early response to DNA damage persisting even after DNA repair. In cycling mammalian cells with canonical nuclear architecture, i.e., central euchromatin and peripheral heterochromatin, γH2AX foci map preferentially to euchromatin. Mice retina rods are G0 cells displaying an inverted nuclear architecture 28 days after birth (P28). Rod nuclei exhibit one or two central constitutive heterochromatin chromocenters encircled by facultative heterochromatin. Euchromatin resides at the nuclear periphery, extending to the equator in cells with two chromocenters. To assess the impact of chromatin relocation in the localization of DNA damage, γH2AX and TUNEL foci induced ex vivo by radiomimetic bleomycin were mapped in H3K4me3 immunolabeled P28 rod nuclei. A preferential localization of γH2AX foci in euchromatin was detected together with foci clustering. Besides, a decay of H3K4me3 signal at γH2AX foci sites was observed. TUNEL and γH2AX foci exhibited similar localization patterns in BLM-treated rod cells thus excluding curtailed access of anti-γH2AX antibodies to heterochromatin. Lack of γH2AX foci in rod chromocenters appears to be unrelated to the occurrence of mid-range foci movements. Foci clusters may arise through DNA double-strand break proximity, local non-directional chromatin movements or chromatin relaxation. H3K4me3 signal reduction at γH2AX foci could stem from local chromatin decondensation or downregulation of histone H4 methylation. The observed topology of DNA damage in retina-differentiated rods indicates that euchromatin is damage-prone, regardless of the canonical or inverted nuclear architecture of mammalian cells.
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Kamata Y, Yamamoto M, Kawakami F, Tsuboi R, Takeda A, Ishihara K, Hibino T. Bleomycin hydrolase is regulated biphasically in a differentiation- and cytokine-dependent manner: relevance to atopic dermatitis. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:8204-8212. [PMID: 21190945 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.169292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutation in the profilaggrin gene is a major risk factor for atopic dermatitis (AD). Previously, we showed that a neutral cysteine protease, bleomycin hydrolase (BH), has a role in generating natural moisturizing factors, and calpain I is an upstream protease in the filaggrin degradation pathway. Here, we investigated the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of BH and the relevance of BH to AD. First, we cloned the 5'-flanking region of BH. Deletion analyses identified a critical region for BH promoter activity within -216 bp upstream. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that MZF-1, Sp-1, and interferon regulatory factor-1/2 could bind to this region in vitro. Moreover, site-directed mutagenesis of the MZF-1 and Sp-1 motifs markedly reduced BH promoter activity. These data indicate that BH expression is up-regulated via MZF-1 and Sp-1. Interestingly, a Th1 cytokine, IFN-γ, significantly reduced the expression of BH. Analyses with site-directed mutagenesis and small interference RNA supported the suppressing effect of IFN-γ on BH expression. On the other hand, a Th2 cytokine, IL-4, did not show any direct effect on BH expression. However, it down-regulated MZF-1 and Sp-1 in cultured keratinocytes, indicating that IL-4 could work as a suppressor in BH regulation. Lastly, we examined expression of BH in skins of patients with AD. BH activity and expression were markedly decreased in AD lesional skin, suggesting a defect of the filaggrin degradation pathway in AD. Our results suggest that BH transcription would be modulated during both differentiation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Kamata
- From the Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan,; the Shiseido Research Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 238-8643, Japan
| | - Mami Yamamoto
- the Shiseido Research Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 238-8643, Japan,; the Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Kawakami
- From the Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Ryoji Tsuboi
- the Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Sagami Women's University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0383, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ishihara
- From the Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hibino
- the Shiseido Research Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 238-8643, Japan,.
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Distribution study of peplomycin in rat kidney revealed by immunocytochemistry using monoclonal antibodies. Histochem Cell Biol 2010; 135:93-101. [PMID: 21153656 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-010-0768-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Peplomycin (PEP), an anti-tumor antibiotic related structurally to bleomycin, is widely used, especially for squamous cell carcinoma but shows renal toxicity. We prepared monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against N-(γ-maleimidobutyryloxy)succinimide-conjugated PEP. The mAbs were monospecific for PEP, but did not react with bleomycin and other anticancer antibiotics. The mAbs enabled us to develop an immunocytochemical (ICC) method for detecting the uptake of PEP in the rat kidney. Two hours after a single i.v. administration of PEP, ICC revealed immunostaining for PEP in irregularly shaped cytoplasmic granules of the proximal tubules in which the microvilli were also stained. Also, staining occurred in the distal tubules and collecting ducts, in both of which we observed scattered swollen cells, reminiscent of necrotic cells, in which both the nuclei and cytoplasm reacted strongly with the antibody. Twenty-four hours after injection, PEP in the proximal tubules completely vanished, but yet significant amounts of PEP remained in both the distal tubules and collecting ducts. Distribution patterns of PEP in cells of the kidneys resembled, in some ways, those of our recent ICC studies for an organic cation aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin. This ICC suggests that PEP taken up in the proximal tubule cells is localized in the lysosomes, and organic cation transporters and bleomycin hydrolase might be involved in entrance and/or disappearance of PEP in this cell type. Furthermore, the distal tubules and collecting ducts may be the sites readily affected by some chemotherapeutic agents.
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Kamata Y, Taniguchi A, Yamamoto M, Nomura J, Ishihara K, Takahara H, Hibino T, Takeda A. Neutral cysteine protease bleomycin hydrolase is essential for the breakdown of deiminated filaggrin into amino acids. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:12829-36. [PMID: 19286660 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807908200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Filaggrin is a component of the cornified cell envelope and the precursor of free amino acids acting as a natural moisturizing factor in the stratum corneum. Deimination is critical for the degradation of filaggrin into free amino acids. In this study, we tried to identify the enzyme(s) responsible for the cleavage of deiminated filaggrin in vitro. First, we investigated citrulline aminopeptidase activity in the extract of newborn rat epidermis by double layer fluorescent zymography and detected strong activity at neutral pH. Monitoring the citrulline-releasing activity, we purified an enzyme of 280 kDa, comprised of six identical subunits of 48 kDa. The NH(2) terminus of representative tryptic peptides perfectly matched the sequence of rat bleomycin hydrolase (BH). The enzyme released various amino acids except Pro from beta-naphthylamide derivatives and hydrolyzed citrulline-beta-naphthylamide most effectively. Thus, to break down deiminated filaggrin, another protease would be required. Among proteases tested, calpain I degraded the deiminated filaggrin effectively into many peptides of different mass on the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrum. We confirmed that various amino acids including citrulline were released by BH from those peptides. On the other hand, caspase 14 degraded deiminated filaggrin into a few peptides of limited mass. Immunohistochemical analysis of normal human skin revealed co-localization of BH and filaggrin in the granular layer. Collectively, our results suggest that BH is essential for the synthesis of natural moisturizing factors and that calpain I would play a role as an upstream protease in the degradation of filaggrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Kamata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Nutritional Sciences, Sagami Women's University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Lau KG, Hattori Y, Chopra S, O'Toole EA, Storey A, Nagai T, Maitani Y. Ultra-deformable liposomes containing bleomycin: In vitro stability and toxicity on human cutaneous keratinocyte cell lines. Int J Pharm 2005; 300:4-12. [PMID: 15946810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Revised: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Formulations of ultra-deformable liposomes containing bleomycin (Bleosome) have previously been described and proposed for topical treatment of skin cancer [Lau, K.G., Chopra, S., Maitani, Y., 2003. Entrapment of bleomycin in ultra-deformable liposomes. S. T. P. Pharm. Sci. 13, 237-239]. In this study, the stability of various Bleosome formulations was characterised and a purification process was established to isolate Bleosome for testing on cultures of either human cutaneous keratinocytes (NEB-1) immortalised by human papilloma virus (HPV)-type 16, or a spontaneously immortalised human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) from a primary tumour. Bleosome facilitated entrapment of high concentrations of active bleomycin and samples purified by gel-filtration chromatography remained stable during 7 days of storage at 4 degrees C or at room temperature. Serially-diluted samples of this purified, high-strength product, 'high dose' were applied onto keratinocyte cell cultures to elucidate Bleosome LD50 profiles. In vitro data revealed that the LD50 of bleomycin encapsulated in Bleosome was approximately three-fold higher than free bleomycin solution for SCC cells, and nearly 30 times higher for NEB-1 cells. However, Bleosome containing 30 microg/ml of active bleomycin killed more than twice as many SCC cells than NEB-1 cells. At that concentration, the potency of liposomal bleomycin on causing cell death of SCC cells was found to be similar to that of free bleomycin solution. This effect was not seen on NEB-1 cells. It seems that SCC cells were particularly susceptible to Bleosome containing high levels of bleomycin. Results from these experiments promote the development of a novel product for the topical treatment of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent G Lau
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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KAWAGUCHI MAKIKO, DOI HIROSHI. PROPERTIES OF AMINOPEPTIDASE FROM JAPANESE CLASSIFIED BARLEY FLOUR. J Food Biochem 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2003.tb00273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Powers JC, Asgian JL, Ekici OD, James KE. Irreversible inhibitors of serine, cysteine, and threonine proteases. Chem Rev 2002; 102:4639-750. [PMID: 12475205 DOI: 10.1021/cr010182v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 818] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James C Powers
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA.
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Namba Y, Ouchi Y, Takeda A, Ueki A, Ikeda K. Bleomycin hydrolase immunoreactivity in senile plaque in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 1999; 830:200-2. [PMID: 10350576 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01435-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bleomycin hydrolase (BH), a cysteine protease belonging to the papain superfamily, is one of the candidate beta secretases. We performed immunohistochemical studies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains using an antibody to BH. Polyclonal antibody to BH immunostained neocortical neurons. The immunoreactivity was also found in senile plaques in AD. These results may suggest a role of BH in amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Namba
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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Schwartz DR, Homanics GE, Hoyt DG, Klein E, Abernethy J, Lazo JS. The neutral cysteine protease bleomycin hydrolase is essential for epidermal integrity and bleomycin resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:4680-5. [PMID: 10200322 PMCID: PMC16392 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.8.4680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The papain superfamily member bleomycin hydrolase (Blmh) is a neutral cysteine protease with structural similarity to a 20S proteasome. Bleomycin (BLM), a clinically used glycopeptide anticancer agent, is deaminated in vitro by Blmh. We used gene targeting to generate mice that lack Blmh and demonstrated that Blmh is the sole enzyme required for BLM deamination. Although some Blmh null mice were viable and reproduced, only about 65% of the expected number survived the neonatal period, revealing an important role for Blmh in neonatal survival. Mice lacking Blmh exhibited variably penetrant tail dermatitis that resembled rodent ringtail. The histopathology of the tail dermatitis was similar to skin lesions in humans with pellagra, necrolytic migratory erythema, and acrodermatitis enteropathica. Compared with controls, Blmh null mice were more sensitive to acute BLM lethality and developed pulmonary fibrosis more readily following BLM treatment. Thus, we have established that Blmh is an essential protectant against BLM-induced death and has an important role in neonatal survival and in maintaining epidermal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Schwartz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Koldamova RP, Lefterov IM, Gadjeva VG, Lazo JS. Essential binding and functional domains of human bleomycin hydrolase. Biochemistry 1998; 37:2282-90. [PMID: 9485374 DOI: 10.1021/bi9722204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bleomycin hydrolase (BH) is unusual among cysteine proteinases because it appears to form multihomomeric structures, inactivates the antitumor glycopeptide bleomycin, and contains a unique C-terminal amino acid sequence. We now demonstrate intrinsic endopeptidase activity associated with human BH (hBH) using artificial substrates and intracellular dimerization of hBH using a yeast two-hybrid assay. To determine domains important for homomeric interactions and catalysis, we constructed N- and C-terminal deletion mutants and identified an N-terminal region (hBH1-82) that interacted with two nonoverlaping hBH domains: one near the N-terminus (hBH14-103) and another neighboring the C-terminus (hBH358-455). In vitro hBH aggregated with a molecular mass of 235 kD corresponding to a homotetramer and the C-terminus was critical for this oligomerization since no tetramers were found when the last 40 amino acids were deleted. The penultimate 8 amino acids, which constitute a unique and highly conserved bleomycin hydrolase-like domain (BHYD), were essential for BH and aminopeptidase activity but not for endopeptidase activity or oligomer formation. Thus, the C-terminus of hBH has two independent roles controlling both the catalytic activity and oligomerization of hBH.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Koldamova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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