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Tang L, Huang Z, Mei H, Hu Y. Immunotherapy in hematologic malignancies: achievements, challenges and future prospects. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:306. [PMID: 37591844 PMCID: PMC10435569 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01521-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune-cell origin of hematologic malignancies provides a unique avenue for the understanding of both the mechanisms of immune responsiveness and immune escape, which has accelerated the progress of immunotherapy. Several categories of immunotherapies have been developed and are being further evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of blood cancers, including stem cell transplantation, immune checkpoint inhibitors, antigen-targeted antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, tumor vaccines, and adoptive cell therapies. These immunotherapies have shown the potential to induce long-term remission in refractory or relapsed patients and have led to a paradigm shift in cancer treatment with great clinical success. Different immunotherapeutic approaches have their advantages but also shortcomings that need to be addressed. To provide clinicians with timely information on these revolutionary therapeutic approaches, the comprehensive review provides historical perspectives on the applications and clinical considerations of the immunotherapy. Here, we first outline the recent advances that have been made in the understanding of the various categories of immunotherapies in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. We further discuss the specific mechanisms of action, summarize the clinical trials and outcomes of immunotherapies in hematologic malignancies, as well as the adverse effects and toxicity management and then provide novel insights into challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, 430022, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, the Ministry of Education, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongpei Huang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, 430022, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, the Ministry of Education, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Mei
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, 430022, Wuhan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, the Ministry of Education, 430022, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, 430022, Wuhan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, the Ministry of Education, 430022, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
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Yu X, Orr CM, Chan HTC, James S, Penfold CA, Kim J, Inzhelevskaya T, Mockridge CI, Cox KL, Essex JW, Tews I, Glennie MJ, Cragg MS. Reducing affinity as a strategy to boost immunomodulatory antibody agonism. Nature 2023; 614:539-547. [PMID: 36725933 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibody responses during infection and vaccination typically undergo affinity maturation to achieve high-affinity binding for efficient neutralization of pathogens1,2. Similarly, high affinity is routinely the goal for therapeutic antibody generation. However, in contrast to naturally occurring or direct-targeting therapeutic antibodies, immunomodulatory antibodies, which are designed to modulate receptor signalling, have not been widely examined for their affinity-function relationship. Here we examine three separate immunologically important receptors spanning two receptor superfamilies: CD40, 4-1BB and PD-1. We show that low rather than high affinity delivers greater activity through increased clustering. This approach delivered higher immune cell activation, in vivo T cell expansion and antitumour activity in the case of CD40. Moreover, an inert anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibody was transformed into an agonist. Low-affinity variants of the clinically important antagonistic anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody nivolumab also mediated more potent signalling and affected T cell activation. These findings reveal a new paradigm for augmenting agonism across diverse receptor families and shed light on the mechanism of antibody-mediated receptor signalling. Such affinity engineering offers a rational, efficient and highly tuneable solution to deliver antibody-mediated receptor activity across a range of potencies suitable for translation to the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Yu
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Christian M Orr
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Jinny Kim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Tatyana Inzhelevskaya
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Kerry L Cox
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan W Essex
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ivo Tews
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK.
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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van Diest E, Nicolasen MJT, Kramer L, Zheng J, Hernández-López P, Beringer DX, Kuball J. The making of multivalent gamma delta TCR anti-CD3 bispecific T cell engagers. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1052090. [PMID: 36685546 PMCID: PMC9851377 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1052090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We have recently developed a novel T cell engager concept by utilizing γ9δ2TCR as tumor targeting domain, named gamma delta TCR anti-CD3 bispecific molecule (GAB), targeting the phosphoantigen-dependent orchestration of BTN2A1 and BTN3A1 at the surface of cancer cells. GABs are made by the fusion of the ectodomains of a γδTCR to an anti-CD3 single chain variable fragment (scFv) (γδECTO-αCD3), here we explore alternative designs with the aim to enhance GAB effectivity. Methods The first alternative design was made by linking the variable domains of the γ and δ chain to an anti-CD3 scFv (γδVAR-αCD3). The second alternative design was multimerizing γδVAR-αCD3 proteins to increase the tumor binding valency. Both designs were expressed and purified and the potency to target tumor cells by T cells of the alternative designs was compared to γδECTO-αCD3, in T cell activation and cytotoxicity assays. Results and discussion The γδVAR-αCD3 proteins were poorly expressed, and while the addition of stabilizing mutations based on finding for αβ single chain formats increased expression, generation of meaningful amounts of γδVAR-αCD3 protein was not possible. As an alternative strategy, we explored the natural properties of the original GAB design (γδECTO-αCD3), and observed the spontaneous formation of γδECTO-αCD3-monomers and -dimers during expression. We successfully enhanced the fraction of γδECTO-αCD3-dimers by shortening the linker length between the heavy and light chain in the anti-CD3 scFv, though this also decreased protein yield by 50%. Finally, we formally demonstrated with purified γδECTO-αCD3-dimers and -monomers, that γδECTO-αCD3-dimers are superior in function when compared to similar concentrations of monomers, and do not induce T cell activation without simultaneous tumor engagement. In conclusion, a γδECTO-αCD3-dimer based GAB design has great potential, though protein production needs to be further optimized before preclinical and clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline van Diest
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mara J. T. Nicolasen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lovro Kramer
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jiali Zheng
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Patricia Hernández-López
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dennis X. Beringer
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Kuball
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands,Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Jürgen Kuball,
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Arasanz H, Bocanegra AI, Morilla I, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Martínez-Aguillo M, Teijeira L, Garnica M, Blanco E, Chocarro L, Ausin K, Zuazo M, Fernández-Hinojal G, Echaide M, Fernández-Rubio L, Piñeiro-Hermida S, Ramos P, Mezquita L, Escors D, Vera R, Kochan G. Circulating Low Density Neutrophils Are Associated with Resistance to First Line Anti-PD1/PDL1 Immunotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163846. [PMID: 36010840 PMCID: PMC9406164 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapy has been positioned as frontline therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), alone when PD-L1 tumor expression is high, or combined with chemotherapy otherwise. However, 50% of the patients do not respond to the treatment and the mechanisms of resistance are not well defined. Moreover, it is not clear whether chemo-immunotherapy could be advantageous in high PD-L1 tumor expression. We have found that baseline circulating low-density neutrophils (LDN) identify a subset of patients intrinsically refractory to immunotherapy. Interestingly, responses can be achieved with CT+IT, detecting a progressive depletion of LDN. Besides the potential role as predictive biomarker we observed that resistance was mediated by soluble molecules related with the HGF/c-MET pathway. Our findings establish circulating myeloid cells as one of the main mediators of resistance to immunotherapy in NSCLC, and give a rationale for potential drug combinations that might improve the outcomes. Abstract Single-agent immunotherapy has been widely accepted as frontline treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with high tumor PD-L1 expression, but most patients do not respond and the mechanisms of resistance are not well known. Several works have highlighted the immunosuppressive activities of myeloid subpopulations, including low-density neutrophils (LDNs), although the context in which these cells play their role is not well defined. We prospectively monitored LDNs in peripheral blood from patients with NSCLC treated with anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) as frontline therapy, in a cohort of patients treated with anti-PD1 immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy (CT+IT), and correlated values with outcomes. We explored the underlying mechanisms through ex vivo experiments. Elevated baseline LDNs predict primary resistance to ICI monotherapy in patients with NSCLC, and are not associated with response to CT+IT. Circulating LDNs mediate resistance in NSCLC receiving ICI as frontline therapy through humoral immunosuppression. A depletion of this population with CT+IT might overcome resistance, suggesting that patients with high PD-L1 tumor expression and high baseline LDNs might benefit from this combination. The activation of the HGF/c-MET pathway in patients with elevated LDNs revealed by quantitative proteomics supports potential drug combinations targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Arasanz
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea St., 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (H.A.); (D.E.)
| | - Ana Isabel Bocanegra
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea St., 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Idoia Morilla
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Oncobiona Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Proteored-ISCIII, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Martínez-Aguillo
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Oncobiona Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lucía Teijeira
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Oncobiona Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maider Garnica
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea St., 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ester Blanco
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea St., 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luisa Chocarro
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea St., 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Karina Ausin
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Proteored-ISCIII, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miren Zuazo
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea St., 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Miriam Echaide
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea St., 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leticia Fernández-Rubio
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea St., 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sergio Piñeiro-Hermida
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea St., 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pablo Ramos
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea St., 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Laura Mezquita
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Laboratory of Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapies in Solid Tumors, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Escors
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea St., 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (H.A.); (D.E.)
| | - Ruth Vera
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Oncobiona Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea St., 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Antitumor activity of T cells secreting αCD133-αCD3 bispecific T-cell engager against cholangiocarcinoma. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265773. [PMID: 35312724 PMCID: PMC8936442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a lethal cancer of bile duct epithelial cells with a high mortality rate and limited therapeutic options. An effective treatment is, therefore, urgently needed to improve treatment outcomes for these patients. To develop a new therapeutic option, we engineered T cells secreting αCD133-αCD3 bispecific T-cell engager and evaluated their antitumor effects against CD133-expressing CCA cells. The cDNA encoding αCD133-αCD3 bispecific T-cell engager (αCD133-αCD3-ENG) was cloned into pCDH lentiviral construct and its expression was tested in Lenti-X 293T cells. T cells from healthy donors were then transduced with engineered lentiviruses to create T cells secreting αCD133-αCD3 engager to evaluate their antitumor activities. The average transduction efficiency into T cells was approximately 60.03±21.65%. In the co-culture system containing T cells secreting αCD133-αCD3 engager (as effector cells) and mWasabi-luciferase-expressing CCA cells (KKU-100 and KKU-213A; as target cells), the effector T cells exhibited significantly higher cytolytic activities against the target CCA cells (49.0±9.76% and 64.10±13.18%, respectively) than those observed against the untransduced T cells (10.97±10.65%; p = 0.0103 and 9.80±11.05%; p = 0.0054) at an effector-to-target ratio of 5:1. In addition, the secreted αCD133-αCD3 engager significantly redirected both transduced T cells and bystander T cells to kill the target CCA cells (up to 73.20±1.68%; p<0.05). Moreover, the transduced and bystander T cells could kill the target CCA spheroids at a rate approximately 5-fold higher than that of the no treatment control condition (p = 0.0011). Our findings demonstrate proof-of-principle that T cells secreting αCD133-αCD3 engager can be an alternative approach to treating CD133-positive CCA, and they pave the way for future in vivo study and clinical trials.
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van Diest E, Hernández López P, Meringa AD, Vyborova A, Karaiskaki F, Heijhuurs S, Gumathi Bormin J, van Dooremalen S, Nicolasen MJT, Gatti LCDE, Johanna I, Straetemans T, Sebestyén Z, Beringer DX, Kuball J. Gamma delta TCR anti-CD3 bispecific molecules (GABs) as novel immunotherapeutic compounds. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003850. [PMID: 34815357 PMCID: PMC8611453 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background γ9δ2 T cells hold great promise as cancer therapeutics because of their unique capability of reacting to metabolic changes with tumor cells. However, it has proven very difficult to translate this promise into clinical success. Methods In order to better utilize the tumor reactivity of γ9δ2T cells and combine this with the great potential of T cell engager molecules, we developed a novel bispecific molecule by linking the extracellular domains of tumor-reactive γ9δ2TCRs to a CD3-binding moiety, creating gamma delta TCR anti-CD3 bispecific molecules (GABs). GABs were tested in vitro and in vivo for ability to redirect T lymphocytes to a variety of tumor cell lines and primary patient material. Results GABs utilizing naturally occurring high affinity γ9δ2TCRs efficiently induced αβT cell mediated phosphoantigen-dependent recognition of tumor cells. Reactivity was substantially modulated by variations in the Vδ2 CDR3-region and the BTN2A1-binding HV4-region between CDR2 and CDR3 of the γ-chain was crucial for functionality. GABs redirected αβT cells against a broad range of hematopoietic and solid tumor cell lines and primary acute myeloid leukemia. Furthermore, they enhanced infiltration of immune cells in a 3D bone marrow niche and left healthy tissues intact, while eradicating primary multiple myeloma cells. Lastly, GABs constructed from natural high affinity γ9δ2TCR sequences significantly reduced tumor growth in vivo in a subcutaneous myeloma xenograft model. Conclusions We conclude that GABs allow for the introduction of metabolic targeting of cancer cells to the field of T cell engagers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline van Diest
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Hernández López
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Angelo D Meringa
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Vyborova
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Froso Karaiskaki
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Heijhuurs
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Gumathi Bormin
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne van Dooremalen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mara J T Nicolasen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucrezia C D E Gatti
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inez Johanna
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Trudy Straetemans
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zsolt Sebestyén
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis X Beringer
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Kuball
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands .,Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Mihara E, Watanabe S, Bashiruddin NK, Nakamura N, Matoba K, Sano Y, Maini R, Yin Y, Sakai K, Arimori T, Matsumoto K, Suga H, Takagi J. Lasso-grafting of macrocyclic peptide pharmacophores yields multi-functional proteins. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1543. [PMID: 33750839 PMCID: PMC7943567 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21875-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein engineering has great potential for devising multifunctional recombinant proteins to serve as next-generation protein therapeutics, but it often requires drastic modifications of the parental protein scaffolds e.g., additional domains at the N/C-terminus or replacement of a domain by another. A discovery platform system, called RaPID (Random non-standard Peptides Integrated Discovery) system, has enabled rapid discovery of small de novo macrocyclic peptides that bind a target protein with high binding specificity and affinity. Capitalizing on the optimized binding properties of the RaPID-derived peptides, here we show that RaPID-derived pharmacophore sequences can be readily implanted into surface-exposed loops on recombinant proteins and maintain both the parental peptide binding function(s) and the host protein function. We refer to this protein engineering method as lasso-grafting and demonstrate that it can endow specific binding capacity toward various receptors into a diverse set of scaffolds that includes IgG, serum albumin, and even capsid proteins of adeno-associated virus, enabling us to rapidly formulate and produce bi-, tri-, and even tetra-specific binder molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Mihara
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nasir K Bashiruddin
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Nakamura
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kyoko Matoba
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumi Sano
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rumit Maini
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yizhen Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuya Sakai
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takao Arimori
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kunio Matsumoto
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Junichi Takagi
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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Sawada M, Goto K, Morimoto-Okazawa A, Haruna M, Yamamoto K, Yamamoto Y, Nakagawa S, Hiramatsu K, Matsuzaki S, Kobayashi E, Kawashima A, Hirata M, Iwahori K, Kimura T, Ueda Y, Kimura T, Wada H. PD-1+ Tim3+ tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells sustain the potential for IFN-γ production, but lose cytotoxic activity in ovarian cancer. Int Immunol 2020; 32:397-405. [PMID: 32009163 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent exposure to tumor antigens results in exhausted tumor-infiltrating T cells (TILs) that express the immune checkpoint molecules, PD-1 and Tim3, and lack anti-tumor immunity. To examine the exhausted status of TILs in ovarian cancer, the potential for cytokine production, proliferation and cytotoxicity by purified PD-1+ Tim3+ CD8 TILs was assessed. The production of IFN-γ and TNF-α by PD-1+ Tim3+ CD8 TILs remained the same in an intracellular cytokine staining assay and was higher in a cytokine catch assay than that by PD-1- Tim3- and PD-1+ Tim3- CD8 TILs. %Ki67+ was higher in PD-1+ Tim3+ CD8 TILs than in PD-1- Tim3- CD8 TILs. However, patients with high PD-1+ Tim3+ CD8 TILs had a poor prognosis. The potential for cytotoxicity was then examined. %Perforin+ and %granzyme B+ were lower in PD-1+ Tim3+ CD8 TILs than in PD-1- Tim3- and PD-1+ Tim3- CD8 TILs. To observe the potential for direct cytotoxicity by T cells, a target cell line expressing membrane-bound anti-CD3scFv was newly established and a cytotoxic assay targeting these cells was performed. The cytotoxicity of PD-1+ Tim3+ CD8 TILs was significantly lower than that of PD-1- Tim3- and PD-1+ Tim3- CD8 TILs. Even though PD-1+ Tim3+ CD8 TILs in ovarian cancer showed a sustained potential for cytokine production and proliferation, cytotoxicity was markedly impaired, which may contribute to the poor prognosis of patients with ovarian cancer. Among the impaired functions of exhausted TILs, cytotoxicity may be an essential target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Sawada
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kumiko Goto
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Osaka, Japan
- Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Akiko Morimoto-Okazawa
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miya Haruna
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Osaka, Japan
- Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoko Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakagawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hiramatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Matsuzaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsunari Kawashima
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michinari Hirata
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Osaka, Japan
- Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Kota Iwahori
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ueda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisashi Wada
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Osaka, Japan
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9
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Zuazo M, Arasanz H, Fernández‐Hinojal G, García‐Granda MJ, Gato M, Bocanegra A, Martínez M, Hernández B, Teijeira L, Morilla I, Lecumberri MJ, Fernández de Lascoiti A, Vera R, Kochan G, Escors D. Functional systemic CD4 immunity is required for clinical responses to PD-L1/PD-1 blockade therapy. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:e10293. [PMID: 31273938 PMCID: PMC6609910 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of lung cancer patients progressing from conventional therapies are refractory to PD-L1/PD-1 blockade monotherapy. Here, we show that baseline systemic CD4 immunity is a differential factor for clinical responses. Patients with functional systemic CD4 T cells included all objective responders and could be identified before the start of therapy by having a high proportion of memory CD4 T cells. In these patients, CD4 T cells possessed significant proliferative capacities, low co-expression of PD-1/LAG-3 and were responsive to PD-1 blockade ex vivo and in vivo. In contrast, patients with dysfunctional systemic CD4 immunity did not respond even though they had lung cancer-specific T cells. Although proficient in cytokine production, CD4 T cells in these patients proliferated very poorly, strongly co-upregulated PD-1/LAG-3, and were largely refractory to PD-1 monoblockade. CD8 immunity only recovered in patients with functional CD4 immunity. T-cell proliferative dysfunctionality could be reverted by PD-1/LAG-3 co-blockade. Patients with functional CD4 immunity and PD-L1 tumor positivity exhibited response rates of 70%, highlighting the contribution of CD4 immunity for efficacious PD-L1/PD-1 blockade therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Zuazo
- Immunomodulation GroupBiomedical Research Center of Navarre‐NavarrabiomedFundación Miguel ServetIdISNAPamplonaSpain
| | - Hugo Arasanz
- Immunomodulation GroupBiomedical Research Center of Navarre‐NavarrabiomedFundación Miguel ServetIdISNAPamplonaSpain
| | | | - Maria Jesus García‐Granda
- Immunomodulation GroupBiomedical Research Center of Navarre‐NavarrabiomedFundación Miguel ServetIdISNAPamplonaSpain
| | - María Gato
- Immunomodulation GroupBiomedical Research Center of Navarre‐NavarrabiomedFundación Miguel ServetIdISNAPamplonaSpain
| | - Ana Bocanegra
- Immunomodulation GroupBiomedical Research Center of Navarre‐NavarrabiomedFundación Miguel ServetIdISNAPamplonaSpain
| | - Maite Martínez
- Department of OncologyHospital Complex of NavarreIdISNAPamplonaSpain
| | - Berta Hernández
- Department of OncologyHospital Complex of NavarreIdISNAPamplonaSpain
| | - Lucía Teijeira
- Department of OncologyHospital Complex of NavarreIdISNAPamplonaSpain
| | - Idoia Morilla
- Department of OncologyHospital Complex of NavarreIdISNAPamplonaSpain
| | | | | | - Ruth Vera
- Department of OncologyHospital Complex of NavarreIdISNAPamplonaSpain
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Immunomodulation GroupBiomedical Research Center of Navarre‐NavarrabiomedFundación Miguel ServetIdISNAPamplonaSpain
| | - David Escors
- Immunomodulation GroupBiomedical Research Center of Navarre‐NavarrabiomedFundación Miguel ServetIdISNAPamplonaSpain
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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10
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Nguyen AW, Le KC, Maynard JA. Identification of high affinity HER2 binding antibodies using CHO Fab surface display. Protein Eng Des Sel 2019; 31:91-101. [PMID: 29566240 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzy004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of monoclonal antibodies is most commonly performed using phage or yeast display but mammalian cells are used for production because of the complex antibody structure, including the multiple disulfide bonds and glycosylation, required for function. As this transition between host organisms is often accompanied by impaired binding, folding or expression, development pipelines include laborious plate-based screening or engineering strategies to adapt an antibody to mammalian expression. To circumvent these problems, we developed a plasmid-based Fab screening platform on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells which allows for antibody selection in the production host and in the presence of the same post-translational modifications as the manufactured product. A hu4D5 variant with low affinity for the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) growth factor receptor was mutagenized and this library of ~10(6) unique clones was screened to identify variants with up to 400-fold enhanced HER2 binding. After two rounds of fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), four unique clones exhibited improved antigen binding when expressed on the CHO surface or as purified human IgG. Three of the four clones contained free cysteines in third complementarity determining region of the antibody heavy chain, which did not impair expression or cause aggregation. The improved clones had similar yields and stabilities as hu4D5 and similar sub-nanomolar affinities as measured by equilibrium binding to target cells. The limited size of mammalian libraries restricts the utility of this approach for naïve antibody library screening, but it is a powerful approach for antibody affinity maturation or specificity enhancement and is readily generalizable to engineering other surface receptors, including T-cell receptors and chimeric antigen receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalee W Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kevin C Le
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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11
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Horn LA, Ciavattone NG, Atkinson R, Woldergerima N, Wolf J, Clements VK, Sinha P, Poudel M, Ostrand-Rosenberg S. CD3xPDL1 bi-specific T cell engager (BiTE) simultaneously activates T cells and NKT cells, kills PDL1 + tumor cells, and extends the survival of tumor-bearing humanized mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57964-57980. [PMID: 28938530 PMCID: PMC5601626 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bi-specific T cell engagers (BiTEs) activate T cells through CD3 and target activated T cells to tumor-expressed antigens. BiTEs have shown therapeutic efficacy in patients with liquid tumors; however, they do not benefit all patients. Anti-tumor immunity is limited by Programmed Death 1 (PD1) pathway-mediated immune suppression, and patients who do not benefit from existing BiTES may be non-responders because their T cells are anergized via the PD1 pathway. We have designed a BiTE that activates and targets both T cells and NKT cells to PDL1+ cells. In vitro studies demonstrate that the CD3xPDL1 BiTE simultaneously binds to both CD3 and PDL1, and activates healthy donor CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and NKT cells that are specifically cytotoxic for PDL1+ tumor cells. Cancer patients’ PBMC are also activated and cytotoxic, despite the presence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. The CD3xPDL1 BiTE significantly extends the survival time and maintains activated immune cell levels in humanized NSG mice reconstituted with human PBMC and carrying established human melanoma tumors. These studies suggest that the CD3xPDL1 BiTE may be efficacious for patients with PDL1+ solid tumors, in combination with other immunotherapies that do not specifically neutralize PD1 pathway-mediated immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Horn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas G Ciavattone
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan Atkinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Netsanet Woldergerima
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julia Wolf
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Virginia K Clements
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pratima Sinha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Munanchu Poudel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Asano R, Shimomura I, Konno S, Ito A, Masakari Y, Orimo R, Taki S, Arai K, Ogata H, Okada M, Furumoto S, Onitsuka M, Omasa T, Hayashi H, Katayose Y, Unno M, Kudo T, Umetsu M, Kumagai I. Rearranging the domain order of a diabody-based IgG-like bispecific antibody enhances its antitumor activity and improves its degradation resistance and pharmacokinetics. MAbs 2014; 6:1243-54. [PMID: 25517309 PMCID: PMC4623410 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One approach to creating more beneficial therapeutic antibodies is to develop bispecific antibodies (bsAbs), particularly IgG-like formats with tetravalency, which may provide several advantages such as multivalent binding to each target antigen. Although the effects of configuration and antibody-fragment type on the function of IgG-like bsAbs have been studied, there have been only a few detailed studies of the influence of the variable fragment domain order. Here, we prepared four types of hEx3-scDb-Fc, IgG-like bsAbs, built from a single-chain hEx3-Db (humanized bispecific diabody [bsDb] that targets epidermal growth factor receptor and CD3), to investigate the influence of domain order and fusion manner on the function of a bsDb with an Fc fusion format. Higher cytotoxicities were observed with hEx3-scDb-Fcs with a variable light domain (VL)-variable heavy domain (VH) order (hEx3-scDb-Fc-LHs) compared with a VH-VL order, indicating that differences in the Fc fusion manner do not affect bsDb activity. In addition, flow cytometry suggested that the higher cytotoxicities of hEx3-scDb-Fc-LH may be attributable to structural superiority in cross-linking. Interestingly, enhanced degradation resistance and prolonged in vivo half-life were also observed with hEx3-scDb-Fc-LH. hEx3-scDb-Fc-LH and its IgG2 variant exhibited intense in vivo antitumor effects, suggesting that Fc-mediated effector functions are dispensable for effective anti-tumor activities, which may cause fewer side effects. Our results show that merely rearranging the domain order of IgG-like bsAbs can enhance not only their antitumor activity, but also their degradation resistance and in vivo half-life, and that hEx3-scDb-Fc-LHs are potent candidates for next-generation therapeutic antibodies.
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Key Words
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- AUC, area-under-the-curve
- CD3
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- FITC-CD3ϵγ, fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled CD3ϵγ; DVD-IgTM, dual variable domain immunoglobulin
- FITC-sEGFR, FITC-labeled sEGFR
- Fv, variable fragment
- ICR, imprinting control region
- IgG-like bispecific antibody
- MTS, 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium inner salt
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- SUV, standardized uptake value
- T-LAK cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells with the T-cell phenotype
- VH, variable heavy domain
- VL, variable light domain
- antibody engineering
- bispecific diabody
- bsAb, bispecific antibody
- bsDb, bispecific diabody
- cancer immunotherapy
- effective domain order
- epidermal growth factor receptor
- sEGFR, soluble EGFR
- scDb, single-chain diabody
- scFv, single-chain Fv
- taFv, tandem scFv
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Asano
- a Department of Biomolecular Engineering ; Graduate School of Engineering; Tohoku University ; Sendai , Japan
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13
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Choi BD, Gedeon PC, Kuan CT, Sanchez-Perez L, Archer GE, Bigner DD, Sampson JH. Rational design and generation of recombinant control reagents for bispecific antibodies through CDR mutagenesis. J Immunol Methods 2013; 395:14-20. [PMID: 23806556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Developments in the field of bispecific antibodies have progressed rapidly in recent years, particularly in their potential role for the treatment of malignant disease. However, manufacturing stable molecules has proven to be costly and time-consuming, which in turn has hampered certain aspects of preclinical evaluation including the unavailability of appropriate "negative" controls. Bispecific molecules (e.g., bispecific tandem scFv) exhibit two specificities, often against a tumor antigen as well as an immune-activation ligand such as CD3. While for IgG antibodies, isotype-matched controls are well accepted, when considering smaller antibody fragments it is not possible to adequately control for their biological activity through the use of archetypal isotypes, which differ dramatically in affinity, size, structure, and design. Here, we demonstrate a method for the rapid production of negative control tandem scFvs through complementarity determining region (CDR) mutagenesis, using a recently described bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) targeting a tumor-specific mutation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRvIII) as an example. Four independent control constructs were developed by this method through alteration of residues spanning individual CDR domains. Importantly, while target antigen affinity was completely impaired, CD3 binding affinity was conserved in each molecule. These results have a potential to enhance the sophistication by which bispecific antibodies can be evaluated in the preclinical setting and may have broader applications for an array of alternative antibody-derived therapeutic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Choi
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
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14
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Onitsuka M, Kim WD, Ozaki H, Kawaguchi A, Honda K, Kajiura H, Fujiyama K, Asano R, Kumagai I, Ohtake H, Omasa T. Enhancement of sialylation on humanized IgG-like bispecific antibody by overexpression of α2,6-sialyltransferase derived from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 94:69-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3814-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Asano R, Ikoma K, Shimomura I, Taki S, Nakanishi T, Umetsu M, Kumagai I. Cytotoxic enhancement of a bispecific diabody by format conversion to tandem single-chain variable fragment (taFv): the case of the hEx3 diabody. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:1812-8. [PMID: 21097496 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.172957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabodies (Dbs) and tandem single-chain variable fragments (taFv) are the most widely used recombinant formats for constructing small bispecific antibodies. However, only a few studies have compared these formats, and none have discussed their binding kinetics and cross-linking ability. We previously reported the usefulness for cancer immunotherapy of a humanized bispecific Db (hEx3-Db) and its single-chain format (hEx3-scDb) that target epidermal growth factor receptor and CD3. Here, we converted hEx3-Db into a taFv format to investigate how format affects the function of a small bispecific antibody; our investigation included a cytotoxicity assay, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, thermodynamic analysis, and flow cytometry. The prepared taFv (hEx3-taFv) showed an enhanced cytotoxicity, which may be attributable to a structural superiority to the diabody format in cross-linking target cells but not to differences in the binding affinities of the formats. Comparable cross-linking ability for soluble antigens was observed among hEx3-Db, hEx3-scDb, and hEx3-taFv with surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Furthermore, drastic increases in cytotoxicity were found in the dimeric form of hEx3-taFv, especially when the two hEx3-taFv were covalently linked. Our results show that converting the format of small bispecific antibodies can improve their function. In particular, for small bispecific antibodies that target tumor and immune cells, a functional orientation that avoids steric hindrance in cross-linking two target cells may be important in enhancing the growth inhibition effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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16
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17
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Asano R, Ikoma K, Kawaguchi H, Ishiyama Y, Nakanishi T, Umetsu M, Hayashi H, Katayose Y, Unno M, Kudo T, Kumagai I. Application of the Fc fusion format to generate tag-free bi-specific diabodies. FEBS J 2009; 277:477-87. [PMID: 20015073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the use of a humanized bi-specific diabody that targets epidermal growth factor receptor and CD3 (hEx3-Db) for cancer immunotherapy. Bacterial expression can be used to express small recombinant antibodies on a large scale; however, their overexpression often results in the formation of insoluble aggregates, and in most cases artificial affinity peptide tags need to be fused to the antibodies for purification by affinity chromatography. Here, we propose a novel method for preparing refined, functional, tag-free bi-specific diabodies from IgG-like bi-specific antibodies (BsAbs) in a mammalian expression system. We created an IgG-like BsAb in which bi-specific diabodies were fused to the human Fc region via a designed human rhinovirus 3C (HRV3C) protease recognition site. The BsAb was purified by protein A affinity chromatography, and the refined tag-free hEx3-Db was efficiently produced from the Fc fusion format by protease digestion. The tag-free hEx3-Db from the Fc fusion format showed a greater inhibition of cancer growth than affinity-tagged hEx3-Db prepared directly from Chinese hamster ovary cells. We also applied our novel method to another small recombinant antibody fragment, hEx3 single-chain diabody (hEx3-scDb), and demonstrated the versatility and advantages of our proposed method compared with papain digestion of hEx3-scDb. This approach may be used for industrial-scale production of functional tag-free small therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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18
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Golestani R, Pourfathollah AA, Moazzeni SM. An extreme strategy for the production of hybridoma. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2009; 28:139-44. [PMID: 19249989 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2008.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The ethical issues surrounding human immunization hamper the production of human monoclonal antibody through scarcity of immunized B cells in peripheral blood. This defect can be compensated in part by improvement of hybridoma production techniques. We have developed a new strategy to bypass the toxic effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as fusogenic reagent and hypoxanthine aminoptrin thymidine (HAT) as selective medium on newly fused cells. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of accidentally Rh antigen sensitized persons were fused using cephalin as fugenic reagent, with emetine and actinomycin D pretreated heteromyeloma cells. Our results showed that 19-34% of EBV-transformed B cells were grown as hybridoma clones following selection. This extreme improvement in hybridoma production rate may end the fusion efficiency problem and make hybridoma production a plug-and-play technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Golestani
- Research Center of Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization, Iranian Blood Research & Fractionation Co., Tehran, Iran
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19
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Fan CY, Huang CC, Chiu WC, Lai CC, Liou GG, Li HC, Chou MY. Production of multivalent protein binders using a self-trimerizing collagen-like peptide scaffold. FASEB J 2008; 22:3795-804. [PMID: 18635738 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-111484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A class of multivalent protein binders was designed to overcome the limitations of low-affinity therapeutic antibodies. These binders, termed "collabodies," use a triplex-forming collagen-like peptide to drive the trimerization of a heterologous target-binding domain. Different forms of collabody, consisting of the human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) fused to either the N or C terminus of the collagen-like peptide scaffold (Gly-Pro-Pro)(10), were stably expressed as soluble secretory proteins in mammalian cells. The collabody consisting of scFv fused to the N terminus of collagen scaffold is present as a homotrimer, whereas it exhibited a mixture of trimer and interchain disulfide-bonded hexamer when cysteine residues were introduced and flanked the scaffold. The collagenous motif in collabody is prolyl-hydroxylated, with remarkable thermal and serum stabilities. The collabody erb_scFv-Col bound to the extracellular domain of epidermal growth factor receptor with a binding strength approximately 20- and 1000-fold stronger than the bivalent and monovalent counterparts, respectively. The trimeric collagen scaffold does not compromise the functionality of the binding moieties of parental immunoglobulin G (IgG); therefore, it could be applied to fuse other protein molecules to acquire significantly improved targeting-binding strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Fan
- Biomedical Engineering Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Bldg. 53, No 195, Sec. 4, Chung Hsing Rd., Chutung, Hsinchu 310, Taiwan, Republic of China
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20
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Yoshida S, Kobayashi T, Matsuoka H, Seki C, Gosnell WL, Chang SP, Ishii A. T-cell activation and cytokine production via a bispecific single-chain antibody fragment targeted to blood-stage malaria parasites. Blood 2003; 101:2300-6. [PMID: 12411309 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-03-0831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel bispecific single-chain antibody fragment (biscFv) has been constructed to address the possibility of a new approach to malaria therapeutic drug development. The biscFv consists of 2 different single-chain antibody fragments linked by a flexible peptide linker (Gly(4)-Ser)(3). Of the 2 scFv fragments, one is directed against a conserved epitope of the 19-kDa C-terminal fragment of the major surface protein of human malignant malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, and the other is directed against the CD3 antigen of human T cells. The biscFv expressed by a recombinant baculovirus retained the antigen-binding properties of the corresponding univalent single-chain antibody fragments and formed a bridge between P falciparum and T cells. In cooperation with T cells, the biscFv specifically induced not only interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha, but also a significant increase of merozoite phagocytosis and growth inhibition of P falciparum in vitro. Thus, the biscFv possesses highly selective malaria-targeting properties and stimulates T cells to induce cytokines, presumably resulting in activation of macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells, and parasite killing in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeto Yoshida
- Department of Medical Zoology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan.
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Takemura S, Asano R, Tsumoto K, Ebara S, Sakurai N, Katayose Y, Kodama H, Yoshida H, Suzuki M, Imai K, Matsuno S, Kudo T, Kumagai I. Construction of a diabody (small recombinant bispecific antibody) using a refolding system. PROTEIN ENGINEERING 2000; 13:583-8. [PMID: 10964988 DOI: 10.1093/protein/13.8.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabodies are the recombinant bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), constructed from heterogeneous single-chain antibodies. Usually, diabodies have been prepared from bacterial periplasmic fraction using a co-expression vector (i.e. genes encoding two chains were tandemly located under the same promoter). Some diabodies, however, cannot be expressed as a soluble material owing to inclusion body formation, which limits the utilization of diabodies in various fields. Here we report an improved method for the construction of diabodies using a refolding system. As a model, a bispecific diabody binding to adenocarcinoma-associated antigen MUC1 and to CD3 on T cells was studied. One chain consisted of a VH specific for MUC1 linked to a VL specific for CD3 with a short polypeptide linker (GGGGS). The second was composed of a VL specific for MUC1 linked to a VH specific for CD3. The two hetero scFvs were independently obtained from intracellular insoluble fractions of Escherichia coli, purified, mixed stoichiometrically (at an equivalent molar ratio of 1:1) and refolded. The refolded two hetero scFv has a hetero-dimeric structure, with complete specificity for both target cells [i.e. MUC1 positive cells and CD3 positive lymphokine-activated killer cells with a T cell phenotype (T-LAK)]. Evaluation of the in vitro efficacy of T-LAK with the diabody by growth inhibition assay of cancer cells demonstrated maximum growth inhibition of cancer cells to reach approximately 98% at an effector:target ratio (E:T ratio) of 10, almost identical with that with anti-MUC1xanti-CD3 chemically synthesized BsAbs (c-BsAbs). This is the first report of the construction of a diabody using a refolding system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Takemura
- First Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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22
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Le Doussal J, Piqueras B, Dogan I, Debré P, Gorochov G. Phage display of peptide/major histocompatibility complex. J Immunol Methods 2000; 241:147-58. [PMID: 10915857 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(00)00211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To date, there is no direct way to determine the antigenic specificity of T-cells. While B-cell epitopes can be selected from phage-displayed libraries of peptides, the corresponding molecular tool for identifying T-cell epitopes does not yet exist. The natural ligands of the T-cell antigen-receptor (TCR) are essentially antigenic peptides (P) associated with the products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Here, we report phages displaying P-MHC complexes. Single-chain P-MHC class I molecules, produced in E. coli periplasm, stimulate T-cells in a peptide-specific fashion. The same P-MHC, fused at the tip of filamentous phage, directed their binding to a recombinant TCR restricted to the displayed MHC haplotype (H-2K(d)). Importantly, the binding of P-K(d)-fd to a K(d)-restricted TCR, and also to K(d)-restricted T-cell hybridomas, was modulated by the displayed peptide. Therefore, we suggest phage display of P-MHC as a direct molecular tool for probing T-cell specificity, and for selecting TCR ligands from genetic libraries encoding randomized or natural peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Le Doussal
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, UMR CNRS 7627, Hôpital Pitié-Salpetrière, 75013, Paris, France
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Tomita Y, Arakawa F, Yamamoto T, Kuwahara M, Watanabe R, Iwasaki H, Kikuchi M, Kuroki M. Molecular identification of a human carcinoma-associated glycoprotein antigen recognized by mouse monoclonal antibody FU-MK-1. Jpn J Cancer Res 2000; 91:231-8. [PMID: 10761711 PMCID: PMC5926324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2000.tb00936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse monoclonal antibody FU-MK-1, raised against a human gastric adenocarcinoma, recognizes an antigen (termed MK-1 antigen) present on the majority of carcinomas. The present study aimed to identify the MK-1 molecule and to establish its relationship to other carcinoma antigens. Immunoprecipitation studies of human tumor cell lines revealed that FU-MK-1 recognizes a monomeric membrane glycoprotein with two forms, 40 kDa (major form) and 42 kDa (minor form), and with a molecular mass of 35 kDa following treatment with the N-glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin. The partial amino acid sequence of a main fragment of the MK-1 molecule obtained by spontaneous cleavage under hypotonic conditions was examined, and the 17 contiguous NH2-terminal amino acids were found to be identical with residues 81-97 of the 314-residue GA733-2 protein [Szala et al.; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 3542-3546 (1990)]. Hence, the GA733-2 cDNA was cloned and the specificity of FU-MK-1 was confirmed using four recombinant forms of the GA733-2 antigen expressed in COS-1 cells. Immunoprecipitation with FU-MK-1 of the cell lysate transfected with the full-length GA733-2 cDNA revealed two bands corresponding to those obtained from the tumor cell lines. FU-MK-1 also precipitated three other recombinant proteins consisting of amino acids 1-265, 1-201, and 1-139 of the GA733-2 protein, respectively. Furthermore, immunoblotting analysis indicated that FU-MK-1 binds to a small fragment (6 kDa) generated from a tumor cell line under hypotonic conditions, suggesting that the FU-MK-1 epitope exists on the distal 6-kDa peptide of the extracellular domain of the GA733-2 molecule. We thus conclude that the MK-1 antigen is the GA733-2 antigen, which is currently being used as a target in clinical trials with monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tomita
- First Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University
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