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Martinez-Perez RB, Rodriguez JA, Cisneros-Mata MA, Leyva Soto LA, Gortáres-Moroyoqui P, Renteria-Mexia A, Hernandez Corral EA, Diaz-Tenorio LM. Digestive glycosidases from cannonball jellyfish ( Stomolophus sp. 2): identification and temporal-spatial variability. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16417. [PMID: 38144177 PMCID: PMC10740595 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Jellyfish are economically important organisms in diverse countries, carnivorous organisms that consume various prey (crustaceans, mollusks, bivalves, etc.) and dissolved carbohydrates in marine waters. This study was focused on detecting and quantifying the activity of digestive glycosidases from the cannonball jellyfish (Stomolophus sp. 2) to understand carbohydrate digestion and its temporal-spatial variation. Twenty-three jellyfish gastric pouches were collected in 2015 and 2016 in the Gulf of California in three localities (Las Guásimas, Hermosillo, and Caborca). Nine samples were in intra-localities from Las Guásimas. Chitinase (Ch), β-glucosidase (β-glu), and β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (β-NAHA) were detected in the gastric pouches. However, cellulase, exoglucanase, α-amylase, polygalacturonase, xylanase, and κ-carrageenase were undetected. Detected enzymes showed halotolerant glycolytic activity (i = 0-4 M NaCl), optimal pH, and temperature at 5.0 and 30-50 °C, respectively. At least five β-glucosidase and two β-N-acetylhexosaminidase were detected using zymograms; however, the number of proteins with chitinase activity is not precise. The annual variation of cannonball jellyfish digestive glycosidases from Las Guásimas between 2015-2016 does not show significant differences despite the difference in phytoplankton measured as chlorophyll α (1.9 and 3.4 mg/m3, respectively). In the inter-localities, the glycosidase activity was statistically different in all localities, except for β-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity between Caborca and Hermosillo (3,009.08 ± 87.95 and 3,101.81 ± 281.11 mU/g of the gastric pouch, respectively), with chlorophyll α concentrations of 2.6, 3.4 mg/m3, respectively. For intra-localities, the glycosidase activity did not show significant differences, with a mean chlorophyll α of 1.3 ± 0.1 mg/m3. These results suggest that digestive glycosidases from Stomolophus sp. 2 can hydrolyze several carbohydrates that may belong to their prey or carbohydrates dissolved in marine waters, with salinity over ≥ 0.6 M NaCl and diverse temperature (4-80 °C) conditions. Also, chlorophyll α is related to glycosidase activity in both seasons and inter-localities, except for chitinase activity in an intra-locality (Las Guásimas).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Balam Martinez-Perez
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
- Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jorge A. Rodriguez
- Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Miguel A. Cisneros-Mata
- Regional Center for Aquaculture and Fisheries Research, Instituto Nacional de Pesca y Acuacultura, Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Luis Alonso Leyva Soto
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
- Assistance Management of Scientific Develpment, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico City, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pablo Gortáres-Moroyoqui
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Ana Renteria-Mexia
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
| | | | - Lourdes M. Diaz-Tenorio
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
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Wang Z, Zhou M, Cao N, Wang X. Site-directed modification of multifunctional lignocellulose-degrading enzymes of straw based on homologous modeling. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:214. [PMID: 37256388 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03663-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Studying the straw lignocellulose strengthening mechanism during simultaneous degradation has important practical significance for improving resource utilization and reducing environmental pollution. In this paper, the degradation ability of four straw lignocellulose-degrading enzymes was evaluated by molecular docking and molecular dynamics. Using the significantly binds to straw lignocellulose-degrading enzyme as a template, a multifunctional lignocellulose-degrading enzyme 3CBH-1KS5-4XQD-1B85 was constructed based on amino acid recombination and homologous modeling. Five efficient degrading enzymes (3CBH-1, 3CBH-2, 3CBH-3, 3CBH-4, and 3CBH-5) were designed by site-directed mutagenesis of 3CBH-1KS5-4XQD-1B85 amino acid at position 346. Molecular dynamics showed that the degradation ability of 3CBH-1 was significant and it was 1.45 times higher than 3CBH-1KS5-4XQD-1B85. Moreover, the mechanism of enhanced degradability and the stability of the enzymes were explored. With the aid of Taguchi experiments, the suitable external environment for degrading straw was determined. In the presence of inhibitors (organic acids and phenolic compounds), the binding energy of 3CBH-1 (238.46 ± 30.96 kJ/mol) is 36.42% higher than that of 3CBH-1KS5-4XQD-1B85 (174.79 ± 20.35 kJ/mol) without external environmental stimulation. Based on homology modeling, this paper constructed a site-directed mutagenesis scheme of multifunctional enzymes, and the aim was to obtain multifunctional and efficient straw lignocellulose-degrading enzymes through protein engineering, which provided a feasible scheme for straw biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zini Wang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Mengying Zhou
- China Guangdong Nuclear Research Institute Limited Company, 1001 Shangbu Middle Road, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Ning Cao
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Zhang Y, Sun S, Luo D, Mao P, Rosazlina R, Martin F, Xu L. Decline in Morel Production upon Continuous Cropping Is Related to Changes in Soil Mycobiome. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040492. [PMID: 37108946 PMCID: PMC10143708 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The black morel Morchella sextelata (Morchellaceae, Pezizales) is a valuable edible mushroom that can be cultivated on a large scale, but a severe yield decline is observed during continuous cropping. The effect of long-term cropping on soil-borne diseases and the dysbiosis of the microbiome and how these biotic factors affect the morel yield are not well understood. To help fill this knowledge gap, we designed an indoor experiment to investigate the influence of black morel cropping regimes on soil physicochemical properties, richness and distribution of fungal community, and morel primordial production. In this study, we employed rDNA metabarcoding and microbial network analysis to evaluate the effect of non-continuous and continuous cropping regimes on the fungal community during three developmental stages of black morel production, namely, the bare soil mycelium, mushroom conidial, and primordial stages. The results showed that during the first year, M. sextelata mycelium overwhelmed the resident soil fungal community by reducing the alpha diversity and niche breadth of soil fungal patterns by a greater amount compared to the continuous cropping regime, leading to high crop yield of 12.39 ± 6.09/quadrat but less complex soil mycobiome. To sustain continuous cropping, exogenous nutrition bags and morel mycelial spawn were consecutively added to the soil. The additional nutrient input stimulated the growth of fungal saprotrophic decomposers. The degrading activity of soil saprotrophs, including M.sextelata, caused a significant increase in soil nutrient content. This led to an inhibitory effect on the formation of morel primordia, resulting in a sharp decline to 0.29 ± 0.25/quadrat and 0.17 ± 0.24/quadrat, respectively, in the final morel cropping. Our findings provided a dynamic overview of the soil fungal community during morel mushroom production, allowing us to identify beneficial and detrimental fungal taxa in the soil mycobiome involved in morel cultivation. The information acquired from this study can be applied to mitigate the adverse impact of continuous cropping on the yield of black morel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Collaboration, School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Sifan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Collaboration, School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Didi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Collaboration, School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Ping Mao
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Collaboration, School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Rusly Rosazlina
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Francis Martin
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Lingling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Collaboration, School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an 710065, China
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Caputo F, Tõlgo M, Naidjonoka P, Krogh KBRM, Novy V, Olsson L. Investigating the role of AA9 LPMOs in enzymatic hydrolysis of differentially steam-pretreated spruce. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:68. [PMID: 37076886 PMCID: PMC10114483 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To realize the full potential of softwood-based forest biorefineries, the bottlenecks of enzymatic saccharification of softwood need to be better understood. Here, we investigated the potential of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMO9s) in softwood saccharification. Norway spruce was steam-pretreated at three different severities, leading to varying hemicellulose retention, lignin condensation, and cellulose ultrastructure. Hydrolyzability of the three substrates was assessed after pretreatment and after an additional knife-milling step, comparing the efficiency of cellulolytic Celluclast + Novozym 188 and LPMO-containing Cellic CTec2 cocktails. The role of Thermoascus aurantiacus TaLPMO9 in saccharification was assessed through time-course analysis of sugar release and accumulation of oxidized sugars, as well as wide-angle X-ray scattering analysis of cellulose ultrastructural changes. RESULTS Glucose yield was 6% (w/w) with the mildest pretreatment (steam pretreatment at 210 °C without catalyst) and 66% (w/w) with the harshest (steam pretreatment at 210 °C with 3%(w/w) SO2) when using Celluclast + Novozym 188. Surprisingly, the yield was lower with all substrates when Cellic CTec2 was used. Therefore, the conditions for optimal LPMO activity were tested and it was found that enough O2 was present over the headspace and that the reducing power of the lignin of all three substrates was sufficient for the LPMOs in Cellic CTec2 to be active. Supplementation of Celluclast + Novozym 188 with TaLPMO9 increased the conversion of glucan by 1.6-fold and xylan by 1.5-fold, which was evident primarily in the later stages of saccharification (24-72 h). Improved glucan conversion could be explained by drastically reduced cellulose crystallinity of spruce substrates upon TaLPMO9 supplementation. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that LPMO addition to hydrolytic enzymes improves the release of glucose and xylose from steam-pretreated softwood substrates. Furthermore, softwood lignin provides enough reducing power for LPMOs, irrespective of pretreatment severity. These results provided new insights into the potential role of LPMOs in saccharification of industrially relevant softwood substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Caputo
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Monika Tõlgo
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Polina Naidjonoka
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Division of Materials Physics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 1, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Vera Novy
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisbeth Olsson
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Qu Y, Luo Y, Yang X, Zhang Y, Yang E, Xu H, He Y, Chagan I, Yan J. Highly Efficient Biotransformation of Phenolic Glycosides Using a Recombinant β -Glucosidase From White Rot Fungus Trametes trogii. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:762502. [PMID: 35663869 PMCID: PMC9158485 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.762502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic glycosides are the important bioactive molecules, and their bioavailability can be influenced by enzyme hydrolysis, such as β-glucosidases (EC3.2.1.21) and other glycosyl hydrolases (GHs). Wood rotting fungi possess a superfamily of GHs, but little attention has been paid to the GHs and their potential applications in biotransformation of phenolic glycosides. In this study, two GH3 gene family members of Trametes trogii S0301, mainly expressed in the carbon sources conversion stage were cloned, and TtBgl3 coded by T_trogii_12914 showed β-glucosidase activity toward 4-nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG). The recombinant TtBgl3 preferred an intermediately neutral optimum pH with >80% of the maximum activity at pH 5.0-7.0 and was stable at a wide range of pH (5.0-10.0). Phenolic glycosides transformation experiments showed that TtBgl3 was a dual-activity enzyme with both activities of aryl-β-D-glucosidase and β-glucuronidase, and could hydrolyze the β-glucoside/glucuronide bond of phenolic glycosides. Under optimized conditions, the recombinant TtBgl3 had much higher transformation efficiency toward the β-glucoside bond of gastrodin, esculin and daidzin than β-glucuronide bond of baicalin, with the transformation rate of 100 and 50%, respectively. Our homology modeling, molecular docking, and mutational analysis demonstrated that His85 and Lys467 in the acceptor-binding pocket of TtBgl3 were the potential active sites. The point mutation of His85 and Lys467 leads to the significantly impaired catalytic activity toward pNPG and also the weak transformation efficiency toward gastrodin. These findings provide insights for the identification of novel GH3 β-glucosidases from T. trogii and other wood-rotting fungi. Furthermore, TtBgl3 might be applied as green and efficient biological catalysts in the deglycosylation of diverse phenolics to produce bioactive glycosides for drug discovery in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qu
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xulei Yang
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - En Yang
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Huini Xu
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yingying He
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Irbis Chagan
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - JinPing Yan
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Industrially Important Genes from Trichoderma. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Trichoderma reesei has 11 putative β-glucosidases in its genome, playing key parts in the induction and production of cellulase. Nevertheless, the reason why the T. reesei genome encodes so many β-glucosidases and the distinct role each β-glucosidase plays in cellulase production remain unknown. In the present study, the cellular function and distribution of 10 known β-glucosidases (CEL3B, CEL3E, CEL3F, CEL3H, CEL3J, CEL1A, CEL3C, CEL1B, CEL3G, and CEL3D) were explored in T. reesei, leaving out BGL1 (CEL3A), which has been well investigated. We found that the overexpression of cel3b or cel3g significantly enhanced extracellular β-glucosidase production, whereas the overexpression of cel1b severely inhibited cellulase production by cellulose, resulting in nearly no growth of T. reesei. Four types of cellular distribution patterns were observed for β-glucosidases in T. reesei: (i) CEL3B, CEL3E, CEL3F, and CEL3G forming clearly separated protein secretion vesicles in the cytoplasm; (ii) CEL3H and CEL3J diffusing the whole endomembrane as well as the cell membrane with protein aggregation, like a reticular network; (iii) CEL1A and CEL3D in vacuoles; (iv) and CEL3C in the nucleus. β-glucosidases CEL1A, CEL3B, CEL3E, CEL3F, CEL3G, CEL3H, and CEL3J were identified as extracellular, CEL3C and CEL3D as intracellular, and CEL1B as unknown. The extracellular β-glucosidases CEL3B, CEL3E, CEL3F, CEL3H, and CEL3G were secreted through a tip-directed conventional secretion pathway, and CEL1A, via a vacuole-mediated pathway that was achieved without any signal peptide, while CEL3J was secreted via an unconventional protein pathway bypassing the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi.
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8
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Tyr320 is a molecular determinant of the catalytic activity of β-glucosidase from Neosartorya fischeri. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:609-617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kang L, Zhang X, Wang R, Liu C, Yi L, Liu Z, Zhang Z, Yuan S. β-Glucosidase BGL1 from Coprinopsis cinerea Exhibits a Distinctive Hydrolysis and Transglycosylation Activity for Application in the Production of 3-O-β-d-Gentiobiosyl-d-laminarioligosaccharides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10744-10755. [PMID: 31525900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that β-glucosidase BGL1 at low concentration (15 μg mL-1) from Coprinopsis cinerea exhibited hydrolytic activity only toward laminarioligosaccharides but not toward cellooligosaccharides and gentiobiose. This study shows that BGL1 at high concentration (200 μg mL-1) also hydrolyzed cellobiose and gentiobiose, which accounted for only 0.83 and 2.05% of its activity toward laminaribiose, respectively. Interestingly, BGL1 at low concentration (1.5 μg mL-1) showed transglycosylation but BGL1 at high concentration (200 μg mL-1) did not. BGL1 utilizes only laminarioligosaccharides but not glucose, gentiobiose, and cellobiose to synthesize the higher oligosaccharides. BGL1 transferred one glucosyl residue from substrate laminarioligosaccharide to another laminarioligosaccharide as an acceptor in a β(1 → 3) or β(1 → 6) fashion to produce higher laminarioligosaccharides or 3-O-β-d-gentiobiosyl-d-laminarioligosaccharides. The BGL1-digested laminaritriose exhibited approximately 90% enhancement in the anti-oxidant activity compared to that of untreated laminaritriose, implying a potential application of BGL1-based transglycosylation for the production of high value-added rare oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , PR China
| | - Xingwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , PR China
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , PR China
| | - Lin Yi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou , Jiangsu , 215021 , China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , PR China
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou , Jiangsu , 215021 , China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , PR China
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10
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Abdeljalil S, Borgi I, Carvalho S, Jmal-Hammami L, Gargouri A. Molecular and bioinformatics analyses reveal two differentially expressed intracellular GH1 β-glucosidases from the rare alkalophilic fungus Stachybotrys microspora. Gene 2019; 703:134-144. [PMID: 30974199 PMCID: PMC6525110 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports the isolation and analysis of two novel GH1 β-glucosidases from the alkalophilic fungus Stachybotrys microspora, using PCR and Nested-PCR. Three major gene fragments were obtained by PCR: the first two are very similar and constitute a novel gene, which was named Smbgl1A, and the third PCR fragment is part of a different gene, named Smbgl1B. The truncated gene sequences were completely filled using the recent partial whole genome sequencing data of S. microspora (data not yet published). Moreover, we investigated the relative effects of glucose in comparison to cellulose rather than evaluate their absolute effects. In fact, RT-PCR analysis showed that while Smbgl1A was expressed when the fungus was grown in the presence of cellulose but not when grown with glucose, Smbgl1B was equally expressed under both conditions. The putative catalytic residues and the conserved glycone binding sites were identified. Zymogram analysis showed the intracellular production of β-glucosidases in S. microspora. The predicted secondary structure exhibited a classical (β/α)8 barrel fold, showing that both SmBGL1A and SmBGL1B belong to the GH1 family. Phylogenetic studies showed that SmBGL1A and SmBGL1B belong to the same branch as β-glucosidases from Stachybotrys chlorohalonata and Stachybotrys chartarum. However, SmBGL1A and SmBGL1B form two distinct clades. Isolation of two novel GH 1 β-glucosidases from Stachybotrys microspora Investigation of the relative effects of glucose in comparison to cellulose Zymogram analysis has shown the intracellular production of GH1 β-glucosidases. Prediction of the secondary structure with the presence of a classical (β/α) 8 barrel
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Abdeljalil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology of Eucaryotes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour, B.O 1177, 3018, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Ines Borgi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology of Eucaryotes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour, B.O 1177, 3018, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sandra Carvalho
- Mode of Action Group, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Lamia Jmal-Hammami
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology of Eucaryotes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour, B.O 1177, 3018, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ali Gargouri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology of Eucaryotes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour, B.O 1177, 3018, University of Sfax, Tunisia
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11
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An engineered GH1 β-glucosidase displays enhanced glucose tolerance and increased sugar release from lignocellulosic materials. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4903. [PMID: 30894609 PMCID: PMC6426972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
β-glucosidases play a critical role among the enzymes in enzymatic cocktails designed for plant biomass deconstruction. By catalysing the breakdown of β-1, 4-glycosidic linkages, β-glucosidases produce free fermentable glucose and alleviate the inhibition of other cellulases by cellobiose during saccharification. Despite this benefit, most characterised fungal β-glucosidases show weak activity at high glucose concentrations, limiting enzymatic hydrolysis of plant biomass in industrial settings. In this study, structural analyses combined with site-directed mutagenesis efficiently improved the functional properties of a GH1 β-glucosidase highly expressed by Trichoderma harzianum (ThBgl) under biomass degradation conditions. The tailored enzyme displayed high glucose tolerance levels, confirming that glucose tolerance can be achieved by the substitution of two amino acids that act as gatekeepers, changing active-site accessibility and preventing product inhibition. Furthermore, the enhanced efficiency of the engineered enzyme in terms of the amount of glucose released and ethanol yield was confirmed by saccharification and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation experiments using a wide range of plant biomass feedstocks. Our results not only experimentally confirm the structural basis of glucose tolerance in GH1 β-glucosidases but also demonstrate a strategy to improve technologies for bioethanol production based on enzymatic hydrolysis.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Matsuzawa
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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Escuder-Rodríguez JJ, DeCastro ME, Cerdán ME, Rodríguez-Belmonte E, Becerra M, González-Siso MI. Cellulases from Thermophiles Found by Metagenomics. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6030066. [PMID: 29996513 PMCID: PMC6165527 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6030066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulases are a heterogeneous group of enzymes that synergistically catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose, the major component of plant biomass. Such reaction has biotechnological applications in a broad spectrum of industries, where they can provide a more sustainable model of production. As a prerequisite for their implementation, these enzymes need to be able to operate in the conditions the industrial process requires. Thus, cellulases retrieved from extremophiles, and more specifically those of thermophiles, are likely to be more appropriate for industrial needs in which high temperatures are involved. Metagenomics, the study of genes and gene products from the whole community genomic DNA present in an environmental sample, is a powerful tool for bioprospecting in search of novel enzymes. In this review, we describe the cellulolytic systems, we summarize their biotechnological applications, and we discuss the strategies adopted in the field of metagenomics for the discovery of new cellulases, focusing on those of thermophilic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-José Escuder-Rodríguez
- Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Corunna, Spain.
| | - María-Eugenia DeCastro
- Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Corunna, Spain.
| | - María-Esperanza Cerdán
- Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Corunna, Spain.
| | - Esther Rodríguez-Belmonte
- Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Corunna, Spain.
| | - Manuel Becerra
- Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Corunna, Spain.
| | - María-Isabel González-Siso
- Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Corunna, Spain.
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Paramjeet S, Manasa P, Korrapati N. Biofuels: Production of fungal-mediated ligninolytic enzymes and the modes of bioprocesses utilizing agro-based residues. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Zhang Z, Wang M, Gao R, Yu X, Chen G. Synergistic effect of thermostable β-glucosidase TN0602 and cellulase on cellulose hydrolysis. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:54. [PMID: 28444598 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0672-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermophilic enzymes have many potential benefits in industrial production with increased flexibility related to process configurations. A thermostable β-glucosidase from Thermotoga naphthophila RUK-10 was found to possess catalytic activity for cellobiose hydrolysis with a high potential for application in biomass conversion. The aggregation of cellobiose often has an inhibitory effect on cellobiohydrolases and endoglucanases during cellulose hydrolysis. The presence of β-glucosidases has a significant effect on reducing inhibition from hydrolytic products by hydrolysing the intermedia cellobiose. In this study, β-glucosidase TN0602 exhibited a high tolerance to glucose and high thermostability even after a long incubation (>72 h). Additionally, supplementing β-glucosidase TN0602 with microcrystalline cellulose, untreated corn straw and steam-exploded corn straw hydrolysis reactions containing a commercial cellulase led to an increased conversion rate in released glucose compared to hydrolysis without the addition of β-glucosidase (15.82, 30.62 and 35.21%, respectively); the increase of conversion rates were 61.86, 93.50 and 94.55%. It was thus shown that an obvious synergistic effect exists between TN0602 and cellulases for cellulose hydrolysis, suggesting its potential as a component of enzymatic cocktails for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to other chemicals.
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Cheng P, Liu B, Su Y, Hu Y, Hong Y, Yi X, Chen L, Su S, Chu JSC, Chen N, Xiong X. Genomics insights into different cellobiose hydrolysis activities in two Trichoderma hamatum strains. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:63. [PMID: 28420406 PMCID: PMC5395790 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0680-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efficient biomass bioconversion is a promising solution to alternative energy resources and environmental issues associated with lignocellulosic wastes. The Trichoderma species of cellulolytic fungi have strong cellulose-degrading capability, and their cellulase systems have been extensively studied. Currently, a major limitation of Trichoderma strains is their low production of β-glucosidases. Results We isolated two Trichoderma hamatum strains YYH13 and YYH16 with drastically different cellulose degrading efficiencies. YYH13 has higher cellobiose-hydrolyzing efficiency. To understand mechanisms underlying such differences, we sequenced the genomes of YYH13 and YYH16, which are essentially identical (38.93 and 38.92 Mb, respectively) and are similar to that of the T. hamatum strain GD12. Using GeneMark-ES, we annotated 11,316 and 11,755 protein-coding genes in YYH13 and YYH16, respectively. Comparative analysis identified 13 functionally important genes in YYH13 under positive selection. Through examining orthologous relationships, we identified 172,655, and 320 genome-specific genes in YYH13, YYH16, and GD12, respectively. We found 15 protease families that show differences between YYH13 and YYH16. Enzymatic tests showed that exoglucanase, endoglucanase, and β-glucosidase activities were higher in YYH13 than YYH16. Additionally, YYH13 contains 10 families of carbohydrate-active enzymes, including GH1, GH3, GH18, GH35, and GH55 families of chitinases, glucosidases, galactosidases, and glucanases, which are subject to stronger positive selection pressure. Furthermore, we found that the β-glucosidase gene (YYH1311079) and pGEX-KG/YYH1311079 bacterial expression vector may provide valuable insight for designing β-glucosidase with higher cellobiose-hydrolyzing efficiencies. Conclusions This study suggests that the YYH13 strain of T. hamatum has the potential to serve as a model organism for producing cellulase because of its strong ability to efficiently degrade cellulosic biomass. The genome sequences of YYH13 and YYH16 represents a valuable resource for studying efficient production of biofuels. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0680-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China. .,National Center for Citrus Improvement, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yi Su
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yao Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yahui Hong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xinxin Yi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Shengying Su
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jeffrey S C Chu
- Wuhan Frasergen Bioinformatics Co. Ltd, 666 Gaoxin Road, East Lake High-tech Zone, Wuahn, 430075, China.
| | - Nansheng Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 5S6, Canada.
| | - Xingyao Xiong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
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Li C, Lin F, Li Y, Wei W, Wang H, Qin L, Zhou Z, Li B, Wu F, Chen Z. A β-glucosidase hyper-production Trichoderma reesei mutant reveals a potential role of cel3D in cellulase production. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:151. [PMID: 27585813 PMCID: PMC5009570 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0550-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The conversion of cellulose by cellulase to fermentable sugars for biomass-based products such as cellulosic biofuels, biobased fine chemicals and medicines is an environment-friendly and sustainable process, making wastes profitable and bringing economic benefits. Trichoderma reesei is the well-known major workhorse for cellulase production in industry, but the low β-glucosidase activity in T. reesei cellulase leads to inefficiency in biomass degradation and limits its industrial application. Thus, there are ongoing interests in research to develop methods to overcome this insufficiency. Moreover, although β-glucosidases have been demonstrated to influence cellulase production and participate in the regulation of cellulase production, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Results The T. reesei recombinant strain TRB1 was constructed from T. reesei RUT-C30 by the T-DNA-based mutagenesis. Compared to RUT-C30, TRB1 displays a significant enhancement of extracellular β-glucosidase (BGL1) activity with 17-fold increase, a moderate increase of both the endoglucanase (EG) activity and the exoglucanase (CBH) activity, a minor improvement of the total filter paper activity, and a faster cellulase induction. This superiority of TRB1 over RUT-C30 is independent on carbon sources and improves the saccharification ability of TRB1 cellulase on pretreated corn stover. Furthermore, TRB1 shows better resistance to carbon catabolite repression than RUT-C30. Secretome characterization of TRB1 shows that the amount of CBH, EG and BGL in the supernatant of T. reesei TRB1 was indeed increased along with the enhanced activities of these three enzymes. Surprisingly, qRT-PCR and gene cloning showed that in TRB1 β-glucosidase cel3D was mutated through the random insertion by AMT and was not expressed. Conclusions The T. reesei recombinant strain TRB1 constructed in this study is more desirable for industrial application than the parental strain RUT-C30, showing extracellular β-glucosidase hyper production, high cellulase production within a shorter time and a better resistance to carbon catabolite repression. Disruption of β-glucosidase cel3D in TRB1 was identified, which might contribute to the superiority of TRB1 over RUT-C30 and might play a role in the cellulase production. These results laid a foundation for future investigations to further improve cellulase enzymatic efficiency and reduce cost for T. reesei cellulase production. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0550-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Fengming Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China. .,, 37 Jinxianghe Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yizhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hongyin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Lei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Nankai District, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bingzhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Nankai District, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Fugen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Matsuzawa T, Yaoi K. Screening, identification, and characterization of a novel saccharide-stimulated β-glycosidase from a soil metagenomic library. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:633-646. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7803-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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19
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Matsuzawa T, Jo T, Uchiyama T, Manninen JA, Arakawa T, Miyazaki K, Fushinobu S, Yaoi K. Crystal structure and identification of a key amino acid for glucose tolerance, substrate specificity, and transglycosylation activity of metagenomic β-glucosidase Td2F2. FEBS J 2016; 283:2340-53. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Matsuzawa
- Bioproduction Research Institute; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Toshinori Jo
- Department of Biotechnology; The University of Tokyo; Japan
| | - Taku Uchiyama
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Japan
| | | | | | - Kentaro Miyazaki
- Bioproduction Research Institute; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences; Graduate School of Frontier Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Chiba Japan
| | | | - Katsuro Yaoi
- Bioproduction Research Institute; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
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20
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Velmurugan R, Incharoensakdi A. Proper ultrasound treatment increases ethanol production from simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of sugarcane bagasse. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17792a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the saccharification and fermentation processes, proper ultrasound was applied which resulted in the presence of cellulase complex with improved β-glucosidase ratio leading to enhanced overall ethanol yield.
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21
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A novel cold-adapted and glucose-tolerant GH1 β-glucosidase from Exiguobacterium antarcticum B7. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 82:375-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Santos CA, Zanphorlin LM, Crucello A, Tonoli CCC, Ruller R, Horta MAC, Murakami MT, de Souza AP. Crystal structure and biochemical characterization of the recombinant ThBgl, a GH1 β-glucosidase overexpressed in Trichoderma harzianum under biomass degradation conditions. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:71. [PMID: 27006690 PMCID: PMC4802607 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conversion of biomass-derived sugars via enzymatic hydrolysis for biofuel production is a challenge. Therefore, the search for microorganisms and key enzymes that increase the efficiency of the saccharification of cellulosic substrates remains an important and high-priority area of study. Trichoderma harzianum is an important fungus known for producing high levels of cellulolytic enzymes that can be used for cellulosic ethanol production. In this context, β-glucosidases, which act synergistically with cellobiohydrolases and endo-β-1,4-glucanases in the saccharification process, are potential biocatalysts for the conversion of plant biomass to free glucose residues. RESULTS In the present study, we used RNA-Seq and genomic data to identify the major β-glucosidase expressed by T. harzianum under biomass degradation conditions. We mapped and quantified the expression of all of the β-glucosidases from glycoside hydrolase families 1 and 3, and we identified the enzyme with the highest expression under these conditions. The target gene was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant protein (rThBgl) was purified with high yields. rThBgl was characterized using a comprehensive set of biochemical, spectroscopic, and hydrodynamic techniques. Finally, we determined the crystallographic structure of the recombinant protein at a resolution of 2.6 Å. CONCLUSIONS Using a rational approach, we investigated the biochemical characteristics and determined the three-dimensional protein structure of a β-glucosidase that is highly expressed by T. harzianum under biomass degradation conditions. The methodology described in this manuscript will be useful for the bio-prospection of key enzymes, including cellulases and other accessory enzymes, for the development and/or improvement of enzymatic cocktails designed to produce ethanol from plant biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clelton A. Santos
- />Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Letícia M. Zanphorlin
- />Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Aline Crucello
- />Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Celisa C. C. Tonoli
- />Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Roberto Ruller
- />Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Maria A. C. Horta
- />Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Mario T. Murakami
- />Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Anete Pereira de Souza
- />Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP Brazil
- />Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP Brazil
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Abstract
SUMMARY Biomass is constructed of dense recalcitrant polymeric materials: proteins, lignin, and holocellulose, a fraction constituting fibrous cellulose wrapped in hemicellulose-pectin. Bacteria and fungi are abundant in soil and forest floors, actively recycling biomass mainly by extracting sugars from holocellulose degradation. Here we review the genome-wide contents of seven Aspergillus species and unravel hundreds of gene models encoding holocellulose-degrading enzymes. Numerous apparent gene duplications followed functional evolution, grouping similar genes into smaller coherent functional families according to specialized structural features, domain organization, biochemical activity, and genus genome distribution. Aspergilli contain about 37 cellulase gene models, clustered in two mechanistic categories: 27 hydrolyze and 10 oxidize glycosidic bonds. Within the oxidative enzymes, we found two cellobiose dehydrogenases that produce oxygen radicals utilized by eight lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that oxidize glycosidic linkages, breaking crystalline cellulose chains and making them accessible to hydrolytic enzymes. Among the hydrolases, six cellobiohydrolases with a tunnel-like structural fold embrace single crystalline cellulose chains and cooperate at nonreducing or reducing end termini, splitting off cellobiose. Five endoglucanases group into four structural families and interact randomly and internally with cellulose through an open cleft catalytic domain, and finally, seven extracellular β-glucosidases cleave cellobiose and related oligomers into glucose. Aspergilli contain, on average, 30 hemicellulase and 7 accessory gene models, distributed among 9 distinct functional categories: the backbone-attacking enzymes xylanase, mannosidase, arabinase, and xyloglucanase, the short-side-chain-removing enzymes xylan α-1,2-glucuronidase, arabinofuranosidase, and xylosidase, and the accessory enzymes acetyl xylan and feruloyl esterases.
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Hahn S, Giritch A, Bartels D, Bortesi L, Gleba Y. A novel and fully scalable Agrobacterium spray-based process for manufacturing cellulases and other cost-sensitive proteins in plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:708-16. [PMID: 25470212 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Transient transfection of plants by vacuum infiltration of Agrobacterium vectors represents the state of the art in plant-based protein manufacturing; however, the complexity and cost of this approach restrict it to pharmaceutical proteins. We demonstrated that simple spraying of Nicotiana plants with Agrobacterium vectors in the presence of a surfactant can substitute for vacuum inoculation. When the T-DNA of Agrobacterium encodes viral replicons capable of cell-to-cell movement, up to 90% of the leaf cells can be transfected and express a recombinant protein at levels up to 50% of total soluble protein. This simple, fast and indefinitely scalable process was successfully applied to produce cellulases, one of the most volume- and cost-sensitive biotechnology products. We demonstrate here for the first time that representatives of all hydrolase classes necessary for cellulosic biomass decomposition can be expressed at high levels, stored as silage without significant loss of activity and then used directly as enzyme additives. This process enables production of cellulases, and other potential high-volume products such as noncaloric sweetener thaumatin and antiviral protein griffithsin, at commodity agricultural prices and could find broad applicability in the large-scale production of many other cost-sensitive proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Hahn
- Nomad Bioscience GmbH, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | | | | | - Yuri Gleba
- Nomad Bioscience GmbH, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Payne CM, Knott BC, Mayes HB, Hansson H, Himmel ME, Sandgren M, Ståhlberg J, Beckham GT. Fungal Cellulases. Chem Rev 2015; 115:1308-448. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500351c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Payne
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering and Center for Computational
Sciences, University of Kentucky, 177 F. Paul Anderson Tower, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Brandon C. Knott
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver
West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Heather B. Mayes
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Henrik Hansson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Almas allé 5, SE-75651 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael E. Himmel
- Biosciences
Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Mats Sandgren
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Almas allé 5, SE-75651 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jerry Ståhlberg
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Almas allé 5, SE-75651 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gregg T. Beckham
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver
West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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26
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Novy V, Longus K, Nidetzky B. From wheat straw to bioethanol: integrative analysis of a separate hydrolysis and co-fermentation process with implemented enzyme production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:46. [PMID: 25883680 PMCID: PMC4399083 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignocellulosic ethanol has a high potential as renewable energy source. In recent years, much research effort has been spent to optimize parameters involved in the production process. Despite that, there is still a lack of comprehensive studies on process integration. Single parameters and process configurations are, however, heavily interrelated and can affect the overall process efficiency in a multitude of ways. Here, we present an integrative approach for bioethanol production from wheat straw at a representative laboratory scale using a separate hydrolysis and co-fermentation (SHCF) process. The process does not rely on commercial (hemi-) cellulases but includes enzyme production through Hypocrea jecorina (formerly Trichoderma reesei) on the pre-treated feedstock as key unit operation. Hydrolysis reactions are run with high solid loadings of 15% dry mass pre-treated wheat straw (DM WS), and hydrolyzates are utilized without detoxification for mixed glucose-xylose fermentation with the genetically and evolutionary engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain IBB10B05. RESULTS Process configurations of unit operations in the benchtop SHCF were varied and evaluated with respect to the overall process ethanol yield (Y Ethanol-Process). The highest Y Ethanol-Process of 71.2 g ethanol per kg raw material was reached when fungal fermentations were run as batch, and the hydrolysis reaction was done with an enzyme loading of 30 filter paper units (FPU)/gDM WS. 1.7 ± 0.1 FPU/mL were produced, glucose and xylose were released with a conversion efficiency of 67% and 95%, respectively, and strain IBB10B05 showed an ethanol yield of 0.4 g/gGlc + Xyl in 15% hydrolyzate fermentations. Based on the detailed process analysis, it was further possible to identify the enzyme yield, the glucose conversion efficiency, and the mass losses between the unit operations as key process parameters, exhibiting a major influence on Y Ethanol-Process. CONCLUSIONS Y Ethanol-Process is a measure for the efficiency of the lignocellulose-to-bioethanol process. Based on mass balance analysis, the correlations between single process parameters and Y Ethanol-Process were elucidated. The optimized laboratory scale SHCF process showed efficiencies similar to pilot scale plants. The herein presented process analysis can serve as effective and simple tool to identify key process parameters, bottlenecks, and future optimization targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Novy
- />Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karin Longus
- />Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- />Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
- />Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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27
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Production of cellulosic ethanol and enzyme from waste fiber sludge using SSF, recycling of hydrolytic enzymes and yeast, and recombinant cellulase-producing Aspergillus niger. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 41:1191-200. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Bioethanol and enzymes were produced from fiber sludges through sequential microbial cultivations. After a first simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with yeast, the bioethanol concentrations of sulfate and sulfite fiber sludges were 45.6 and 64.7 g/L, respectively. The second SSF, which included fresh fiber sludges and recycled yeast and enzymes from the first SSF, resulted in ethanol concentrations of 38.3 g/L for sulfate fiber sludge and 24.4 g/L for sulfite fiber sludge. Aspergillus niger carrying the endoglucanase-encoding Cel7B gene of Trichoderma reesei was grown in the spent fiber sludge hydrolysates. The cellulase activities obtained with spent hydrolysates of sulfate and sulfite fiber sludges were 2,700 and 2,900 nkat/mL, respectively. The high cellulase activities produced by using stillage and the significant ethanol concentrations produced in the second SSF suggest that onsite enzyme production and recycling of enzyme are realistic concepts that warrant further attention.
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Souza FHM, Meleiro LP, Machado CB, Zimbardi ALRL, Maldonado RF, Souza TACB, Masui DC, Murakami MT, Jorge JA, Ward RJ, Furriel RPM. Gene cloning, expression and biochemical characterization of a glucose- and xylose-stimulated β-glucosidase from Humicola insolens RP86. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Liu Z, Sun Y, Feng T, Ji Q, Cong P, Chen Y, He Z. Mammalian expression levels of cellulase and xylanase genes optimised by human codon usage are not necessarily higher than those optimised by the extremely biased approach. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:2169-76. [PMID: 24966044 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1592-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Xylanase gene xynB, cellulase genes egxA and bgl4 were subjected to codon optimisation using two opposing strategies. One was designated the 'one amino acid-one codon' approach, which employs only the codon most used by humans for each amino acid. The other one is referred to as the "humanised" codon usage method, which selects synonymous codons for each amino acid according to the human codon usage table to mimic patterns used in humans. Protein expression levels in mammalian cell lines from each sequence were measured using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, western blotting and enzymatic activity assay. The results indicate that compared with the humanised codon usage method, the relatively simple 'one amino acid-one codon' approach could enhance heterologous protein expression in mammalian cells without apparent drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
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30
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Gao L, Gao F, Jiang X, Zhang C, Zhang D, Wang L, Wu G, Chen S. Biochemical characterization of a new β-glucosidase (Cel3E) from Penicillium piceum and its application in boosting lignocelluloses bioconversion and forming disaccharide inducers: New insights into the role of β-glucosidase. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Strakowska J, Błaszczyk L, Chełkowski J. The significance of cellulolytic enzymes produced by Trichoderma in opportunistic lifestyle of this fungus. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 54 Suppl 1:S2-13. [PMID: 24532413 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201300821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The degradation of native cellulose to glucose monomers is a complex process, which requires the synergistic action of the extracellular enzymes produced by cellulolytic microorganisms. Among fungi, the enzymatic systems that can degrade native cellulose have been extensively studied for species belonging to the genera of Trichoderma. The majority of the cellulolytic enzymes described so far have been examples of Trichoderma reesei, extremely specialized in the efficient degradation of plant cell wall cellulose. Other Trichoderma species, such as T. harzianum, T. koningii, T. longibrachiatum, and T. viride, known for their capacity to produce cellulolytic enzymes, have been isolated from various ecological niches, where they have proved successful in various heterotrophic interactions. As saprotrophs, these species are considered to make a contribution to the degradation of lignocellulosic plant material. Their cellulolytic potential is also used in interactions with plants, especially in plant root colonization. However, the role of cellulolytic enzymes in species forming endophytic associations with plants or in those existing in the substratum for mushroom cultivation remains unknown. The present review discusses the current state of knowledge about cellulolytic enzymes production by Trichoderma species and the encoding genes, as well as the involvement of these proteins in the lifestyle of Trichoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judyta Strakowska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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32
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Gao L, Gao F, Zhang D, Zhang C, Wu G, Chen S. Purification and characterization of a new β-glucosidase from Penicillium piceum and its application in enzymatic degradation of delignified corn stover. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 147:658-661. [PMID: 24025854 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A new β-glucosidase (Cel3B) was first isolated from cellulytic fungi, designated as PpCel3B. Although PpCel3B was classified to GH family 3 based on the homology sequence, PpCel3B had different biological functions in cellulose degradation and signaling molecules production. PpCel3B was constitutive and could form multiple soluble lignocellulose inducers for cellulase and hemicellulase synthesis via high tranglycosylation activity and new enzymatic activity. Moreover, PpCel3B showed apparent synergism with cellulases by removing several inhibitors. Supplementing low doses of PpCel3B (52 μg/g substrate) increased saccharification efficiency of cellulase produced by Trichoderma reesei and Penicillium piceum by 15% and 35%, respectively on delignified corn stover. PpCel3B had important application in boosting cellulase yield and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongyuan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Gaihong Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Shulin Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.
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33
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β -Glucosidases from the fungus trichoderma: an efficient cellulase machinery in biotechnological applications. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:203735. [PMID: 23984325 PMCID: PMC3747355 DOI: 10.1155/2013/203735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
β-glucosidases catalyze the selective cleavage of glucosidic linkages and are an important class of enzymes having significant prospects in industrial biotechnology. These are classified in family 1 and family 3 of glycosyl hydrolase family. β-glucosidases, particularly from the fungus Trichoderma, are widely recognized and used for the saccharification of cellulosic biomass for biofuel production. With the rising trends in energy crisis and depletion of fossil fuels, alternative strategies for renewable energy sources need to be developed. However, the major limitation accounts for low production of β-glucosidases by the hyper secretory strains of Trichoderma. In accordance with the increasing significance of β-glucosidases in commercial applications, the present review provides a detailed insight of the enzyme family, their classification, structural parameters, properties, and studies at the genomics and proteomics levels. Furthermore, the paper discusses the enhancement strategies employed for their utilization in biofuel generation. Therefore, β-glucosidases are prospective toolbox in bioethanol production, and in the near future, it might be successful in meeting the requirements of alternative renewable sources of energy.
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High expression of a neutral endo-β-glucanase gene from Humicola insolens in Trichoderma reesei. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 40:773-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The neutral endo-β-glucanase gene cel5A from Humicola insolens was cloned and connected with the cellobiohydrolase 1 promoter from Trichoderma reesei to construct a recombinant plasmid pCB-hEG with the hygromycin B resistance marker. The plasmid was introduced into conidia of T. reesei using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation method. Eight transformants were obtained on screening plates with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as the sole carbon source. Stable integration of the cel5A gene into the chromosomal DNA of T. reesei was confirmed by PCR. An obvious protein band (approximately 52 kDa) was detected by SDS-PAGE from fermentation broth, which showed that the cel5A gene in recombinant T. reesei successfully fulfilled efficient expression and extracellular secretion. After 96 h shaking-flask fermentation, the endo-β-glucanase activity at pH 6.5 from recombinant T. reesei reached 3,068 U/ml, which was 11 times higher than that of the host strain. In a 2 m3 fermenter, the endo-β-glucanase activity could be further increased to 8,012 U/ml after 96 h fermentation. The results showed a good prospect for application of neutral endo-β-glucanase in the textile industry.
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35
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Chen M, Qin Y, Cao Q, Liu G, Li J, Li Z, Zhao J, Qu Y. Promotion of extracellular lignocellulolytic enzymes production by restraining the intracellular β-glucosidase in Penicillium decumbens. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 137:33-40. [PMID: 23584406 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the functions of β-glucosidases in regulation of the lignocellulolytic enzymes production in Penicillium decumbens 114-2 were investigated. The major extracellular β-glucosidase gene bgl1 and the major intracellular β-glucosidase gene bgl2 were deleted in P. decumbens 114-2 respectively. In Δbgl2, the production of extracellular lignocellulolytic enzymes (including endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases and xylanases) on insoluble cellulose was significantly promoted, while in Δbgl1 there was no any difference compared with that of 114-2. The enhancement of the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes in Δbgl2 was likely attributed to the accumulation of intracellular cellobiose. Induction experiment in Δbgl1Δbgl2 showed that cellobiose was an inducer of lignocellulolytic enzymes expression in P. decumbens 114-2, and the induction was unrelated to the formation, if any, of gentiobiose or sophorose from cellobiose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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36
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Amore A, Giacobbe S, Faraco V. Regulation of cellulase and hemicellulase gene expression in fungi. Curr Genomics 2013; 14:230-49. [PMID: 24294104 PMCID: PMC3731814 DOI: 10.2174/1389202911314040002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on regulation of cellulases and hemicellulases gene expression may be very useful for increasing the production of these enzymes in their native producers. Mechanisms of gene regulation of cellulase and hemicellulase expression in filamentous fungi have been studied, mainly in Aspergillus and Trichoderma. The production of these extracellular enzymes is an energy-consuming process, so the enzymes are produced only under conditions in which the fungus needs to use plant polymers as an energy and carbon source. Moreover, production of many of these enzymes is coordinately regulated, and induced in the presence of the substrate polymers. In addition to induction by mono- and oligo-saccharides, genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes involved in plant cell wall deconstruction in filamentous fungi can be repressed during growth in the presence of easily metabolizable carbon sources, such as glucose. Carbon catabolite repression is an important mechanism to repress the production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes during growth on preferred carbon sources. This manuscript reviews the recent advancements in elucidation of molecular mechanisms responsible for regulation of expression of cellulase and hemicellulase genes in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Amore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, 4 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Giacobbe
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, 4 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenza Faraco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, 4 80126 Naples, Italy
- School of Biotechnological Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II” Italy
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Wang X, Ike M, Shiroma R, Tokuyasu K, Sakakibara Y. Expression of neutral β-glucosidase from Scytalidium thermophilum in Candida glabrata for ethanol production from alkaline-pretreated rice straw. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 116:362-5. [PMID: 23597919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We successfully expressed the neutral β-glucosidase (BGL4) from Scytalidium thermophilum in the thermotolerant yeast Candida glabrata. Compared to the strain expressing Aspergillus acidic β-glucosidase (BGL1), the BGL4-expressing strain showed a higher cellobiose fermentation ability at pH 6.0 and 40°C, leading to a higher ethanol production from alkaline-pretreated rice straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
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Li X, Zhao J, Shi P, Yang P, Wang Y, Luo H, Yao B. Molecular Cloning and Expression of a Novel β-Glucosidase Gene from Phialophora sp. G5. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 169:941-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-0048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Singhania RR, Patel AK, Sukumaran RK, Larroche C, Pandey A. Role and significance of beta-glucosidases in the hydrolysis of cellulose for bioethanol production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 127:500-7. [PMID: 23069613 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass into liquid biofuels includes the search for a glucose tolerant beta-gulucosidase. Beta-glucosidase is the key enzyme component present in cellulase and completes the final step during cellulose hydrolysis by converting the cellobiose to glucose. This reaction is always under control as it gets inhibited by its product glucose. It is a major bottleneck in the efficient biomass conversion by cellulase. To circumvent this problem several strategies have been adopted which we have discussed in the article along with its production strategies and general properties. It plays a very significant role in bioethanol production from biomass through enzymatic route. Hence several amendments took place in the commercial preparation of cellulase for biomass hydrolysis, which contains higher and improved beta-glucosidase for efficient biomass conversion. This article presents beta-glucosidase as the key component for bioethanol from biomass through enzymatic route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeta Rani Singhania
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique et Biochimique, Université Blaise Pascal, Polytech Clermont-Ferrand, Aubiere cedex, France.
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40
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Smith MA, Romero PA, Wu T, Brustad EM, Arnold FH. Chimeragenesis of distantly-related proteins by noncontiguous recombination. Protein Sci 2012; 22:231-8. [PMID: 23225662 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a method for identifying elements of a protein structure that can be shuffled to make chimeric proteins from two or more homologous parents. Formulating recombination as a graph-partitioning problem allows us to identify noncontiguous segments of the sequence that should be inherited together in the progeny proteins. We demonstrate this noncontiguous recombination approach by constructing a chimera of β-glucosidases from two different kingdoms of life. Although the protein's alpha-beta barrel fold has no obvious subdomains for recombination, noncontiguous SCHEMA recombination generated a functional chimera that takes approximately half its structure from each parent. The X-ray crystal structure shows that the structural blocks that make up the chimera maintain the backbone conformations found in their respective parental structures. Although the chimera has lower β-glucosidase activity than the parent enzymes, the activity was easily recovered by directed evolution. This simple method, which does not rely on detailed atomic models, can be used to design chimeras that take structural, and functional, elements from distantly-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Smith
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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41
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42
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Mutations in the substrate entrance region of -glucosidase from Trichoderma reesei improve enzyme activity and thermostability. Protein Eng Des Sel 2012; 25:733-40. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzs073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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43
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Biochemical properties of a novel glycoside hydrolase family 1 β-glucosidase (PtBglu1) from Paecilomyces thermophila expressed in Pichia pastoris. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 92:784-91. [PMID: 23218368 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel β-glucosidase gene (PtBglu1) from the thermophilic fungus, Paecilomyces thermophila, was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris. PtBglu1 contained an open reading frame of 1440-bp nucleotides and encoded a protein of 479 amino acids which showed significant similarity to other fungal β-glucosidases from glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 1. The recombinant β-glucosidase (PtBglu1) was secreted at high level of 190.2 U mL(-1) in high cell density fermentor (5L). PtBglu1 was purified to homogeneity, and was found to be a glycoprotein with molecular mass of 56.7 kDa. The purified PtBglu1 showed optimum catalytic activity at pH 6.0 and 55 °C. The enzyme exhibited broad substrate specificity with highest activity toward pNP-β-D-glucopyranoside, followed by pNP-β-D-galactopyranoside and cellobiose. The K(m) values for pNP-β-D-glucopyranoside, cellobiose, gentiobiose and salicin were 0.55 mM, 1.0 mM, 1.74 mM and 6.85 mM, respectively. These properties make PtBglu1 a potential candidate for various industrial applications.
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Häkkinen M, Arvas M, Oja M, Aro N, Penttilä M, Saloheimo M, Pakula TM. Re-annotation of the CAZy genes of Trichoderma reesei and transcription in the presence of lignocellulosic substrates. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:134. [PMID: 23035824 PMCID: PMC3526510 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichoderma reesei is a soft rot Ascomycota fungus utilised for industrial production of secreted enzymes, especially lignocellulose degrading enzymes. About 30 carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) of T. reesei have been biochemically characterised. Genome sequencing has revealed a large number of novel candidates for CAZymes, thus increasing the potential for identification of enzymes with novel activities and properties. Plenty of data exists on the carbon source dependent regulation of the characterised hydrolytic genes. However, information on the expression of the novel CAZyme genes, especially on complex biomass material, is very limited. RESULTS In this study, the CAZyme gene content of the T. reesei genome was updated and the annotations of the genes refined using both computational and manual approaches. Phylogenetic analysis was done to assist the annotation and to identify functionally diversified CAZymes. The analyses identified 201 glycoside hydrolase genes, 22 carbohydrate esterase genes and five polysaccharide lyase genes. Updated or novel functional predictions were assigned to 44 genes, and the phylogenetic analysis indicated further functional diversification within enzyme families or groups of enzymes. GH3 β-glucosidases, GH27 α-galactosidases and GH18 chitinases were especially functionally diverse. The expression of the lignocellulose degrading enzyme system of T. reesei was studied by cultivating the fungus in the presence of different inducing substrates and by subjecting the cultures to transcriptional profiling. The substrates included both defined and complex lignocellulose related materials, such as pretreated bagasse, wheat straw, spruce, xylan, Avicel cellulose and sophorose. The analysis revealed co-regulated groups of CAZyme genes, such as genes induced in all the conditions studied and also genes induced preferentially by a certain set of substrates. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the CAZyme content of the T. reesei genome was updated, the discrepancies between the different genome versions and published literature were removed and the annotation of many of the genes was refined. Expression analysis of the genes gave information on the enzyme activities potentially induced by the presence of the different substrates. Comparison of the expression profiles of the CAZyme genes under the different conditions identified co-regulated groups of genes, suggesting common regulatory mechanisms for the gene groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Häkkinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, Espoo, FI-02044, VTT, Finland.
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Liu M, Yu H. Cocktail production of an endo-β-xylanase and a β-glucosidase from Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 in Escherichia coli. Biochem Eng J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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46
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Differential involvement of β-glucosidases from Hypocrea jecorina in rapid induction of cellulase genes by cellulose and cellobiose. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2012; 11:1371-81. [PMID: 23002106 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00170-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate perception of cellulose outside the cell by transforming it into an intracellular signal ensures the rapid production of cellulases by cellulolytic Hypocrea jecorina. The major extracellular β-glucosidase BglI (CEL3a) has been shown to contribute to the efficient induction of cellulase genes. Multiple β-glucosidases belonging to glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 3 and 1, however, exist in H. jecorina. Here we demonstrated that CEL1b, like CEL1a, was an intracellular β-glucosidase displaying in vitro transglycosylation activity. We then found evidence that these two major intracellular β-glucosidases were involved in the rapid induction of cellulase genes by insoluble cellulose. Deletion of cel1a and cel1b significantly compromised the efficient gene expression of the major cellulase gene, cbh1. Simultaneous absence of BglI, CEL1a, and CEL1b caused the induction of the cellulase gene by cellulose to further deteriorate. The induction defect, however, was not observed with cellobiose. The absence of the three β-glucosidases, rather, facilitated the induced synthesis of cellulase on cellobiose. Furthermore, addition of cellobiose restored the productive induction on cellulose in the deletion strains. The results indicate that the three β-glucosidases may not participate in transforming cellobiose beyond hydrolysis to provoke cellulase formation in H. jecorina. They may otherwise contribute to the accumulation of cellobiose from cellulose as inducing signals.
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47
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Production, Purification, and Characterization of a β-Glucosidase of Penicillium funiculosum NCL1. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 167:959-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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48
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Li DC, Li AN, Papageorgiou AC. Cellulases from thermophilic fungi: recent insights and biotechnological potential. Enzyme Res 2011; 2011:308730. [PMID: 22145076 PMCID: PMC3226318 DOI: 10.4061/2011/308730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermophilic fungal cellulases are promising enzymes in protein engineering efforts aimed at optimizing industrial processes, such as biomass degradation and biofuel production. The cloning and expression in recent years of new cellulase genes from thermophilic fungi have led to a better understanding of cellulose degradation in these species. Moreover, crystal structures of thermophilic fungal cellulases are now available, providing insights into their function and stability. The present paper is focused on recent progress in cloning, expression, regulation, and structure of thermophilic fungal cellulases and the current research efforts to improve their properties for better use in biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo-Chuan Li
- Department of Environmental Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
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49
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Purification and biochemical characterization of an atypical β-glucosidase from Stachybotrys microspora. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Improvement of cellulase activity in Trichoderma reesei by heterologous expression of a beta-glucosidase gene from Penicillium decumbens. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 49:366-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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