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Fallahee I, Hawiger D. Episomal Vectors for Stable Production of Recombinant Proteins and Engineered Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:18. [PMID: 38534208 PMCID: PMC10967652 DOI: 10.3390/antib13010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There is tremendous interest in the production of recombinant proteins, particularly bispecific antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates for research and therapeutic use. Here, we demonstrate a highly versatile plasmid system that allows the rapid generation of stable Expi293 cell pools by episomal retention of transfected DNA. By linking protein expression to puromycin resistance through an attenuated internal ribosome entry site, we achieve stable cell pools producing proteins of interest. In addition, split intein-split puromycin-mediated selection of two separate protein expression cassettes allows the stable production of bispecific antibody-like molecules or antibodies with distinct C-terminal heavy chain modifications, such as an antigen on one chain and a sortase tag on the other chain. We also use this novel expression system to generate stable Expi293 cell pools that secrete sortase A Δ59 variant Srt4M. Using these reagents, we prepared a site-specific drug-to-antibody ratio of 1 antibody-siRNA conjugate. We anticipate the simple, robust, and rapid stable protein expression systems described here being useful for a wide variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Hawiger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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2
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Fallahee I, Hawiger D. EPISOMAL VECTORS FOR STABLE PRODUCTION OF RECOMBINANT PROTEINS AND ENGINEERED ANTIBODIES. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.03.574076. [PMID: 38260603 PMCID: PMC10802304 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.03.574076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
There is tremendous interest in the production of recombinant proteins, particularly bispecific antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates for research and therapeutic use. Here, we demonstrate a highly versatile plasmid system that allows rapid generation of stable Expi293 cell pools by episomal retention of transfected DNA. By linking protein expression to puromycin resistance though an attenuated internal ribosome entry site, we achieve stable cell pools producing proteins of interest. In addition, split intein-split puromycin-mediated selection of two separate protein expression cassettes allows the stable production of bispecific antibody-like molecules or antibodies with distinct C-terminal heavy chain modifications, such as an antigen on one chain and a sortase tag on the other chain. We also use this novel expression system to generate stable Expi293 cell pools that secrete sortase A Δ59 variant Srt4M. Using these reagents, we prepared a site-specific drug-to-antibody ratio of 1 antibody-siRNA conjugate. We anticipate the simple, robust, and rapid stable protein expression systems described here being useful for a wide variety of applications.
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3
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Clarke EC. Considerations for Glycoprotein Production. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2762:329-351. [PMID: 38315375 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3666-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
This chapter is intended to provide insights for researchers aiming to choose an appropriate expression system for the production of recombinant glycoproteins. Producing glycoproteins is complex, as glycosylation patterns are determined by the availability and abundance of specific enzymes rather than a direct genetic blueprint. Furthermore, the cell systems often employed for protein production are evolutionarily distinct, leading to significantly different glycosylation when utilized for glycoprotein production. The selection of an appropriate production system depends on the intended applications and desired characteristics of the protein. Whether the goal is to produce glycoproteins mimicking native conditions or to intentionally alter glycan structures for specific purposes, such as enhancing immunogenicity in vaccines, understanding glycosylation present in the different systems and in different growth conditions is essential. This chapter will cover Escherichia coli, baculovirus/insect cell systems, Pichia pastoris, as well as different mammalian cell culture systems including Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, human endothelial kidney (HEK) cell lines, and baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Clarke
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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4
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Chi K, Xu H, Li H, Yang G, Zhou X, Gao XD. Expression of a Siglec-Fc Protein and Its Characterization. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040574. [PMID: 37106774 PMCID: PMC10135921 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The emerging importance of the Siglec-sialic acid axis in human disease, especially cancer, has necessitated the identification of ligands for Siglecs. Recombinant Siglec-Fc fusion proteins have been widely used as ligand detectors, and also as sialic acid-targeted antibody-like proteins for cancer treatment. However, the heterogenetic properties of the Siglec-Fc fusion proteins prepared from various expression systems have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we selected HEK293 and CHO cells for producing Siglec9-Fc and further evaluated the properties of the products. The protein yield in CHO (8.23 mg/L) was slightly higher than that in HEK293 (7.46 mg/L). The Siglec9-Fc possesses five N-glycosylation sites and one of them is located in its Fc domain, which is important for the quality control of protein production and also the immunogenicity of Siglec-Fc. Our glycol-analysis confirmed that the recombinant protein from HEK293 received more fucosylation, while CHO showed more sialylation. Both products revealed a high dimerization ratio and sialic acid binding activity, which was confirmed by the staining of cancer cell lines and bladder cancer tissue. Finally, our Siglec9-Fc product was used to analyze the potential ligands on cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijun Chi
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Huilin Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hanjie Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ganglong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaoman Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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5
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Mark JKK, Lim CSY, Nordin F, Tye GJ. Expression of mammalian proteins for diagnostics and therapeutics: a review. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10593-10608. [PMID: 35674877 PMCID: PMC9175168 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07651-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies have proven to be remarkably successful for biomedical applications. They play important roles in epidemiology and medicine from diagnostics of diseases to therapeutics, treating diseases from incessant chronic diseases such as rheumatology to pandemic outbreaks. With no end in sight for the demand for antibody products, optimizations and new techniques must be expanded to accommodate this. METHODS AND RESULTS This review discusses optimizations and techniques for antibody production through choice of discovery platforms, expression systems, cell culture mediums, and other strategies to increase expression yield. Each system has its own merits and demerits, and the strategy chosen is critical in addressing various biological aspects. CONCLUSIONS There is still insufficient evidence to validate the efficacy of some of these techniques, and further research is needed to consolidate these industrial production systems. There is no doubt that more strategies, systems, and pipelines will contribute to enhance biopharmaceutical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Kar Kei Mark
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Crystale Siew Ying Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No 1 Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Taman Connaught, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Fazlina Nordin
- Tissue Engineering Centre (TEC), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Minden, Malaysia.
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6
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Shivatare SS, Shivatare VS, Wong CH. Glycoconjugates: Synthesis, Functional Studies, and Therapeutic Developments. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15603-15671. [PMID: 36174107 PMCID: PMC9674437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are major constituents of mammalian cells that are formed via covalent conjugation of carbohydrates to other biomolecules like proteins and lipids and often expressed on the cell surfaces. Among the three major classes of glycoconjugates, proteoglycans and glycoproteins contain glycans linked to the protein backbone via amino acid residues such as Asn for N-linked glycans and Ser/Thr for O-linked glycans. In glycolipids, glycans are linked to a lipid component such as glycerol, polyisoprenyl pyrophosphate, fatty acid ester, or sphingolipid. Recently, glycoconjugates have become better structurally defined and biosynthetically understood, especially those associated with human diseases, and are accessible to new drug, diagnostic, and therapeutic developments. This review describes the status and new advances in the biological study and therapeutic applications of natural and synthetic glycoconjugates, including proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. The scope, limitations, and novel methodologies in the synthesis and clinical development of glycoconjugates including vaccines, glyco-remodeled antibodies, glycan-based adjuvants, glycan-specific receptor-mediated drug delivery platforms, etc., and their future prospectus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Vidya S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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7
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Genetic glycoengineering in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100448. [PMID: 33617880 PMCID: PMC8042171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in nuclease-based gene-editing technologies have enabled precise, stable, and systematic genetic engineering of glycosylation capacities in mammalian cells, opening up a plethora of opportunities for studying the glycome and exploiting glycans in biomedicine. Glycoengineering using chemical, enzymatic, and genetic approaches has a long history, and precise gene editing provides a nearly unlimited playground for stable engineering of glycosylation in mammalian cells to explore and dissect the glycome and its many biological functions. Genetic engineering of glycosylation in cells also brings studies of the glycome to the single cell level and opens up wider use and integration of data in traditional omics workflows in cell biology. The last few years have seen new applications of glycoengineering in mammalian cells with perspectives for wider use in basic and applied glycosciences, and these have already led to discoveries of functions of glycans and improved designs of glycoprotein therapeutics. Here, we review the current state of the art of genetic glycoengineering in mammalian cells and highlight emerging opportunities.
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8
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Kaur H. Characterization of glycosylation in monoclonal antibodies and its importance in therapeutic antibody development. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:300-315. [PMID: 33430641 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1869684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the structurally diverse and complex forms of post translational modifications observed in proteins which influence the effector functions of IgG-Fc. Although the glycosylation constitutes 2-3% of the total mass of the IgG antibody, a thorough assessment of glycoform distribution present on the antibody is a critical quality attribute (cQA) for the majority of novel and biosimilar monoclonal antibody (mAb) development. This review paper will highlight the impact of different glycoforms such as galactose, fucose, high mannose, NANA (N-acetylneuraminic acid), and NGNA (N-glycoylneuraminic acid) on the safety/immunogeneicity, efficacy/biological activity and clearance (pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetic property (PD/PK)) of biological molecules. In addition, this paper will summarize routinely employed reliable analytical techniques such as hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and mass spectrometry (MS) for characterizing and monitoring glycosylation in monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods are addressed. The scope of this review paper is limited to only N-linked and O-linked glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur
- Analytical Sciences, Aurobindo Biologics, Hyderabad, India
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9
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Zhao Y, Raidas S, Mao Y, Li N. Glycine additive facilitates site-specific glycosylation profiling of biopharmaceuticals by ion-pairing hydrophilic interaction chromatography mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:1267-1277. [PMID: 33244686 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many biotherapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and Fc-domain fusion proteins contain heterogeneous glycan contents at one or multiple glycosylation site(s). Site-specific glycan profile characterization is critical for monitoring the quality of these molecules during different stages of drug development. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) as an orthogonal separation method to reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) can achieve better glycopeptide identification due to the effective separation between individual glycoforms as well as the separation of glycopeptides from high-abundance non-glycosylated peptides, which can be further improved by modifying the mobile phases with ion-pairing agents (IP-HILIC). However, an online IP-HILIC coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) detection may suffer from the suppression of mass spectrometry signal during electrospray ionization due to the trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), commonly used as an ion-pairing agent. Here, we reported an optimized experimental condition for IP-HILIC-MS where glycine is added in the TFA-containing mobile phases to enhance the MS detection sensitivity for glycopeptides up to ~ 50-fold by eliminating the ion-suppression effect of an ion-pairing agent while still retaining excellent separation capacity. We demonstrated that with enhanced detection sensitivity, IP-HILIC-MS can confidently identify an increased number of site-specific N-linked glycans for IgG1, and IgG4 mAbs as well as an Fc-domain fusion protein (containing five N-glycosylation sites) through MS/MS-based search in the data-dependent acquisition mode, meanwhile, achieve comparable quantitative results compared with the traditional methods. We also demonstrated that IP-HILIC-MS can be used to identify low-level O-glycosylation and non-consensus N-glycosylation on mAbs without any enrichment prior to LC-MS analysis. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Zhao
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Shivkumar Raidas
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Yuan Mao
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA.
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
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10
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Xu S, Borys M, Khetan A, Pla I. Osmolality as a lever to modulate the N-glycolylneuraminicacid (Neu5Gc) level of a recombinant glycoprotein produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e3038. [PMID: 32542945 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins could be highly sialylated, and controlling the sialic acid levels for some therapeutic proteins is critical to ensure product consistency and efficacy. N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac, or NANA) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc, or NGNA) are the two most common forms of sialic acids produced in mammalian cells. As Neu5Gc is not produced in humans and can elicit immune responses, minimizing Neu5Gc formation is important in controlling this quality attribute for complex glycoproteins. In this study, a sialylated glycoprotein was used as the model molecule to study the effect of culture osmolality on Neu5Gc. A 14-day fed-batch process with osmolality maintained at physiological levels produced high levels of Neu5Gc. Increase of culture osmolality reduced the Neu5Gc level up to 70-80%, and the effect was proportional to the osmolality level. Through evaluating different osmolality conditions (300-450 mOsm/kg) under low or high pCO2 , we demonstrated that osmolality could be an effective process lever to modulate the Neu5Gc level. Potential mechanism of osmolality impact on Neu5Gc is discussed and is hypothesized to be cytosol NADH availability related. Compared with cell line engineering efforts, this simple process lever provides the opportunity to readily modulate the Neu5Gc level in a cell culture environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Xu
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael Borys
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co., Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Itzcoatl Pla
- Manufacturing Science and Technology, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Song K, Moon DB, Kim NY, Shin YK. Glycosylation Heterogeneity of Hyperglycosylated Recombinant Human Interferon-β (rhIFN-β). ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6619-6627. [PMID: 32258897 PMCID: PMC7114697 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We previously developed a biobetter version of rhIFN-β (R27T) that possesses an additional glycosylation site compared with rhIFN-β 1a. Herein, we characterized N-glycosylation heterogeneity of R27T, which includes both N-glycan site occupancy heterogeneity (macro-heterogeneity) and complexity of carbohydrate moieties (micro-heterogeneity). N-glycan site occupancy manifested as distinct differences in size and isoelectric point. The analysis of complex carbohydrate moieties of R27T involved the common biopharmaceutical glycosylation critical quality attributes such as core fucosylation, antennary composition, sialylation, N-acetyllactosamine extensions, linkages, and overall glycan profiles using weak anion-exchange and hydrophilic interaction high-performance liquid chromatography with 2-aminobenzoic acid-labeled N-glycans. The double-glycosylated form accounted for approx. 94% R27T, while the single-glycosylated form accounted for 6% R27T. N-glycans consisted of a mixture of bi-, tri-, and tetra-antennary glycans, some with N-acetyllactosamine extensions, but neither outer arm fucose nor α-galactose was detected. Sialic acid major variants, N-acetyl- and N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid, were more abundant in R27T than in Rebif. The major N-glycan, accounting for ∼42% of total N-glycans, had a di-sialylated, core-fucosylated bi-antennary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Song
- LOGONE
Bio Convergence Research Foundation, Center
for Companion Diagnostics, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- . Phone: +82-2-880-9187
| | - Dae Bong Moon
- IFEZ
Bio Analysis Center, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Young Kim
- ABION
Inc., R&D Center, Guro, Seoul 13488, Korea
| | - Young Kee Shin
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Molecular
Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence
Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Bio-MAX/N-Bio, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- . Phone: +82-2-880-9187
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12
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Yehuda S, Padler-Karavani V. Glycosylated Biotherapeutics: Immunological Effects of N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid. Front Immunol 2020; 11:21. [PMID: 32038661 PMCID: PMC6989436 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging field of biotherapeutics provides successful treatments for various diseases, yet immunogenicity and limited efficacy remain major concerns for many products. Glycosylation is a key factor determining the pharmacological properties of biotherapeutics, including their stability, solubility, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity. Hence, an increased attention is directed at optimizing the glycosylation properties of biotherapeutics. Currently, most biotherapeutics are produced in non-human mammalian cells in light of their ability to produce human-like glycosylation. However, most mammals produce the sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), while humans cannot due to a specific genetic defect. Humans consume Neu5Gc in their diet from mammalian derived foods (red meat and dairy) and produce polyclonal antibodies against diverse Neu5Gc-glycans. Moreover, Neu5Gc can metabolically incorporate into human cells and become presented on surface or secreted glycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. Several studies in mice suggested that the combination of Neu5Gc-containing epitopes and anti-Neu5Gc antibodies could contribute to exacerbation of chronic inflammation-mediated diseases (e.g., cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmunity). This could potentially become complicated with exposure to Neu5Gc-containing biotherapeutics, bio-devices or xenografts. Indeed, Neu5Gc can be found on various approved and marketed biotherapeutics. Here, we provide a perspective review on the possible consequences of Neu5Gc glycosylation of therapeutic protein drugs due to the limited published evidence of Neu5Gc glycosylation on marketed biotherapeutics and studies on their putative effects on immunogenicity, drug efficacy, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Yehuda
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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13
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Kang DG, Kim CS, Cha HJ. Coexpression of CMP-sialic acid transporter reduces N-glycolylneuraminic acid levels of recombinant glycoproteins in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2815-2822. [PMID: 31317538 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant glycoproteins expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells contain two forms of sialic acids; N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) as a major type and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) as a minor type. The Neu5Gc glycan moieties in therapeutic glycoproteins can elicit immune responses because they do not exist in human. In the present work, to reduce Neu5Gc levels of recombinant glycoproteins from CHO cell cultures, we coexpressed cytidine-5'-monophosphate-sialic acid transporter (CMP-SAT) that is an antiporter and transports cytosolic CMP-sialic acids (both forms) into Golgi lumen. When human erythropoietin was used as a target human glycoprotein, coexpression of CMP-SAT resulted in a significant decrease of Neu5Gc level by 41.4% and a notable increase of Neu5Ac level by 21.2%. This result could be reasonably explained by our hypothesis that the turnover rate of Neu5Ac to Neu5Gc catalyzed by CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase would be reduced through facilitated transportation of Neu5Ac into Golgi apparatus by coexpression of CMP-SAT. We confirmed the effects of CMP-SAT coexpression on the decrease of Neu5Gc level and the increase of Neu5Ac level using another glycoprotein human DNase I. Therefore, CMP-SAT coexpression might be an effective strategy to reduce the levels of undesired Neu5Gc in recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins from CHO cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gyun Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Chang Sup Kim
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Cha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
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14
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Relating glycoprotein structural heterogeneity to function - insights from native mass spectrometry. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 58:241-248. [PMID: 31326232 PMCID: PMC7104348 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is the most complex and prevalent protein modification that influences attributes ranging from cellular localization and signaling to half-life and proteolysis. Glycoconjugates are fundamental for cellular function and alterations in their structure are often observed in pathological states. Most biotherapeutic proteins are glycosylated, which influences drug safety and efficacy. Therefore, the ability to characterize glycoproteins is important in all areas of biomolecular and medicinal research. Here we discuss recent advances in native mass spectrometry that have significantly improved our ability to characterize heterogeneous glycoproteins and to relate glycan structure to protein function.
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15
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Simple and Robust N -Glycan Analysis Based on Improved 2-Aminobenzoic Acid Labeling for Recombinant Therapeutic Glycoproteins. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1831-1841. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Nadeem T, Khan MA, Ijaz B, Ahmed N, Rahman ZU, Latif MS, Ali Q, Rana MA. Glycosylation of Recombinant Anticancer Therapeutics in Different Expression Systems with Emerging Technologies. Cancer Res 2018; 78:2787-2798. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Szabo Z, Thayer JR, Reusch D, Agroskin Y, Viner R, Rohrer J, Patil SP, Krawitzky M, Huhmer A, Avdalovic N, Khan SH, Liu Y, Pohl C. High Performance Anion Exchange and Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography Approaches for Comprehensive Mass Spectrometry-Based Characterization of the N-Glycome of a Recombinant Human Erythropoietin. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1559-1574. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Szabo
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94088, United States
| | - James R. Thayer
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94088, United States
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 2 Nonnenwald, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Yury Agroskin
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94088, United States
| | - Rosa Viner
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Parkway, San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Jeff Rohrer
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 1214 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
| | - Sachin P. Patil
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 1214 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
| | - Michael Krawitzky
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Parkway, San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Andreas Huhmer
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Parkway, San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Nebojsa Avdalovic
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94088, United States
| | - Shaheer H. Khan
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 180 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94088, United States
| | - Christopher Pohl
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94088, United States
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18
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Tejwani V, Andersen MR, Nam JH, Sharfstein ST. Glycoengineering in CHO Cells: Advances in Systems Biology. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700234. [PMID: 29316325 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
For several decades, glycoprotein biologics have been successfully produced from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The therapeutic efficacy and potency of glycoprotein biologics are often dictated by their post-translational modifications, particularly glycosylation, which unlike protein synthesis, is a non-templated process. Consequently, both native and recombinant glycoprotein production generate heterogeneous mixtures containing variable amounts of different glycoforms. Stability, potency, plasma half-life, and immunogenicity of the glycoprotein biologic are directly influenced by the glycoforms. Recently, CHO cells have also been explored for production of therapeutic glycosaminoglycans (e.g., heparin), which presents similar challenges as producing glycoproteins biologics. Approaches to controlling heterogeneity in CHO cells and directing the biosynthetic process toward desired glycoforms are not well understood. A systems biology approach combining different technologies is needed for complete understanding of the molecular processes accounting for this variability and to open up new venues in cell line development. In this review, we describe several advances in genetic manipulation, modeling, and glycan and glycoprotein analysis that together will provide new strategies for glycoengineering of CHO cells with desired or enhanced glycosylation capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Tejwani
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY, 12203, USA
| | - Mikael R Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Susan T Sharfstein
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY, 12203, USA
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19
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Karengera E, Robotham A, Kelly J, Durocher Y, De Crescenzo G, Henry O. Concomitant reduction of lactate and ammonia accumulation in fed-batch cultures: Impact on glycoprotein production and quality. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:494-504. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Karengera
- Department of Chemical Engineering; École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, succ. Centre-Ville; Montréal Quebec H3C 3A7 Canada
| | - Anna Robotham
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - John Kelly
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada; Montréal Quebec Canada
| | - Gregory De Crescenzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering; École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, succ. Centre-Ville; Montréal Quebec H3C 3A7 Canada
| | - Olivier Henry
- Department of Chemical Engineering; École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, succ. Centre-Ville; Montréal Quebec H3C 3A7 Canada
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20
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Lalonde ME, Durocher Y. Therapeutic glycoprotein production in mammalian cells. J Biotechnol 2017; 251:128-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Cell culture media supplementation of infrequently used sugars for the targeted shifting of protein glycosylation profiles. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:511-522. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Altering the central carbon metabolism of HEK293 cells: Impact on recombinant glycoprotein quality. J Biotechnol 2016; 242:73-82. [PMID: 27940295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of metabolic by-products remains a critical challenge in the development of mammalian cells culture processes as it impacts cellular growth, productivity and product quality. Although the overexpression of the PYC2 gene was shown to significantly improve the nutrient metabolism efficiency of mammalian cells, its impact on recombinant protein quality has not been investigated yet. In this study, we assess the effect of this metabolic engineering strategy on the quality of a recombinant therapeutic glycoprotein, the human interferon α2b (IFNα2b). As inferred from densitometry analysis of SDS-PAGE gels, PYC2-overexpressing cells sustained a higher percentage of intact glycosylated IFNα2b at the late stage of batch cultures, which was correlated with prolonged viability and reduced accumulation of waste metabolites. Contrarily to the IFNα2b produced by the PYC2 cells, LC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of less glycosylated IFNα2b as well as the occurrence of proteolytic cleavage in the IFNα2b produced in the parental cells. Taken together, these results indicate that PYC2-overexpression in mammalian cells leads to extended favorable conditions for glycosylation and offer an attractive approach to mass-produce high-quality recombinant proteins.
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23
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Dumont J, Euwart D, Mei B, Estes S, Kshirsagar R. Human cell lines for biopharmaceutical manufacturing: history, status, and future perspectives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 36:1110-1122. [PMID: 26383226 PMCID: PMC5152558 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1084266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Biotherapeutic proteins represent a mainstay of treatment for a multitude of conditions, for example, autoimmune disorders, hematologic disorders, hormonal dysregulation, cancers, infectious diseases and genetic disorders. The technologies behind their production have changed substantially since biotherapeutic proteins were first approved in the 1980s. Although most biotherapeutic proteins developed to date have been produced using the mammalian Chinese hamster ovary and murine myeloma (NS0, Sp2/0) cell lines, there has been a recent shift toward the use of human cell lines. One of the most important advantages of using human cell lines for protein production is the greater likelihood that the resulting recombinant protein will bear post-translational modifications (PTMs) that are consistent with those seen on endogenous human proteins. Although other mammalian cell lines can produce PTMs similar to human cells, they also produce non-human PTMs, such as galactose-α1,3-galactose and N-glycolylneuraminic acid, which are potentially immunogenic. In addition, human cell lines are grown easily in a serum-free suspension culture, reproduce rapidly and have efficient protein production. A possible disadvantage of using human cell lines is the potential for human-specific viral contamination, although this risk can be mitigated with multiple viral inactivation or clearance steps. In addition, while human cell lines are currently widely used for biopharmaceutical research, vaccine production and production of some licensed protein therapeutics, there is a relative paucity of clinical experience with human cell lines because they have only recently begun to be used for the manufacture of proteins (compared with other types of cell lines). With additional research investment, human cell lines may be further optimized for routine commercial production of a broader range of biotherapeutic proteins.
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24
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Traylor MJ, Tchoudakova AV, Lundquist AM, Gill JE, Boldog FL, Tangarone BS. Comprehensive Discovery and Quantitation of Protein Heterogeneity via LC-MS/MS Peptide Mapping for Clone Selection of a Therapeutic Protein. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9309-17. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Traylor
- Departments of †Analytical Development and ‡Cell Line Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts United States
| | - A. V. Tchoudakova
- Departments of †Analytical Development and ‡Cell Line Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts United States
| | - A. M. Lundquist
- Departments of †Analytical Development and ‡Cell Line Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts United States
| | - J. E. Gill
- Departments of †Analytical Development and ‡Cell Line Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts United States
| | - F. L. Boldog
- Departments of †Analytical Development and ‡Cell Line Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts United States
| | - B. S. Tangarone
- Departments of †Analytical Development and ‡Cell Line Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts United States
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25
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Recombinant production and characterization of human anti-influenza virus monoclonal antibodies identified from hybridomas fused with human lymphocytes. Biologicals 2016; 44:394-402. [PMID: 27464991 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, hybridomas producing human immunoglobulin G, the antibodies 5E4 and 5A7 against influenza A and B virus were established using a novel human lymphocyte fusion partner, SPYMEG. In the present study, we succeeded in achieving the recombinant production and secretion of 5E4 and 5A7 in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Our N-glycan analysis by intact-mass detection and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry showed that recombinant 5E4 and 5A7 have one N-glycan and the typical mammalian-type N-glycan structures similar to those in hybridomas. However, the glycan distribution was slightly different among these antibodies. The amount of high-mannose-type structures was under 10% of the total N-glycans of recombinant 5E4 and 5A7, compared to 20% of the 5E4 and 5A7 produced in hybridomas. The amount of galactosylated N-glycans was increased in recombinants. Approximately 80% of the N-glycans of all antibodies was fucosylated, and no sialylated N-glycan was found. Recombinant 5E4 and 5A7 neutralized pandemic influenza A virus specifically, and influenza B virus broadly, quite similar to the 5E4 and 5A7 produced in hybridomas, respectively. Here we demonstrated that recombinants of antibodies identified from hybridomas fused with SPYMEG have normal N-glycans and that their neutralizing activities bear comparison with those of the original antibodies.
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26
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Lee YJ, Shin D, Kim Y, Kang J, Gauliard A, Fuhr R. A randomized phase l pharmacokinetic study comparing SB4 and etanercept reference product (Enbrel®) in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 82:64-73. [PMID: 26972584 PMCID: PMC4917797 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims SB4 has been developed as a biosimilar of etanercept. The primary objective of the present study was to demonstrate the pharmacokinetic (PK) equivalence between SB4 and European Union ‐sourced etanercept (EU‐ETN), SB4 and United States‐sourced etanercept (US‐ETN), and EU‐ETN and US‐ETN. The safety and immunogenicity were also compared between the treatments. Methods This was a single‐blind, three‐part, crossover study in 138 healthy male subjects. In each part, 46 subjects were randomized at a 1:1 ratio to receive a single 50 mg subcutaneous dose of the treatments (part A: SB4 or EU‐ETN; part B: SB4 or US‐ETN; and part C: EU‐ETN or US‐ETN) in period 1, followed by the crossover treatment in period 2 according to their assigned sequences. PK equivalence between the treatments was determined using the standard equivalence margin of 80–125%. Results The geometric least squares means ratios of AUCinf, AUClast and Cmax were 99.04%, 98.62% and 103.71% (part A: SB4 vs. EU‐ETN); 101.09%, 100.96% and 104.36% (part B: SB4 vs. US‐ETN); and 100.51%, 101.27% and 103.29% (part C: EU‐ETN vs. US‐ETN), respectively, and the corresponding 90% confidence intervals were completely contained within the limits of 80–125 %. The incidence of treatment‐emergent adverse events was comparable, and the incidence of the antidrug antibodies was lower in SB4 compared with the reference products. Conclusions The present study demonstrated PK equivalence between SB4 and EU‐ETN, SB4 and US‐ETN, and EU‐ETN and US‐ETN in healthy male subjects. SB4 was well tolerated, with a lower immunogenicity profile and similar safety profile compared with those of the reference products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jung Lee
- Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd., Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghoon Shin
- Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd., Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngdoe Kim
- Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd., Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Kang
- Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd., Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Anke Gauliard
- PAREXEL International Early Phase Clinical Unit, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainard Fuhr
- PAREXEL International Early Phase Clinical Unit, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Zhang P, Woen S, Wang T, Liau B, Zhao S, Chen C, Yang Y, Song Z, Wormald MR, Yu C, Rudd PM. Challenges of glycosylation analysis and control: an integrated approach to producing optimal and consistent therapeutic drugs. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:740-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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28
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Wang H, Chen X, Zhang X, Zhang W, Li Y, Yin H, Shao H, Chen G. Comparative Assessment of Glycosylation of a Recombinant Human FSH and a Highly Purified FSH Extracted from Human Urine. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:923-32. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Waters Corporation, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhang
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Yan Li
- Shanghai Techwell Biopharmaceutical Corporation, Shanghai 201108, China
| | - Hongrui Yin
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Shao
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
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29
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Yu C, Gao K, Zhu L, Wang W, Wang L, Zhang F, Liu C, Li M, Wormald MR, Rudd PM, Wang J. At least two Fc Neu5Gc residues of monoclonal antibodies are required for binding to anti-Neu5Gc antibody. Sci Rep 2016; 7:20029. [PMID: 26823113 PMCID: PMC4731815 DOI: 10.1038/srep20029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two non-human glycan epitopes, galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal) and Neu5Gc-α-2-6-galactose (Neu5Gc) have been shown to be antigenic when attached to Fab oligosaccharides of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) , while α-gal attached to Fc glycans was not. However, the antigenicity of Neu5Gc on the Fc glycans remains unclear in the context that most mAbs carry only Fc glycans. After studying two clinical mAbs carrying significant amounts of Fc Neu5Gc, we show that their binding activity with anti-Neu5Gc antibody resided in a small subset of mAbs carrying two or more Fc Neu5Gc, while mAbs harboring only one Neu5Gc showed no reactivity. Since most Neu5Gc epitopes were distributed singly on the Fc of mAbs, our results suggest that the potential antigenicity of Fc Neu5Gc is low. Our study could be referenced in the process design and optimization of mAb production in murine myeloma cells and in the quality control of mAbs for industries and regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfei Yu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Gao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.,International Joint Cancer Institute, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Mark R Wormald
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Reseach and Training, Dublin, ROI.,Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*Star, Singapore
| | - Junzhi Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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30
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Ceaglio N, Gugliotta A, Tardivo MB, Cravero D, Etcheverrigaray M, Kratje R, Oggero M. Improvement of in vitro stability and pharmacokinetics of hIFN-α by fusing the carboxyl-terminal peptide of hCG β-subunit. J Biotechnol 2016; 221:13-24. [PMID: 26806490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Improving in vivo half-life and in vitro stability of protein-based therapeutics is a current challenge for the biopharmaceutical industry. In particular, recombinant human interferon alpha-2b (rhIFN-α2b), which belongs to a group of cytokines extensively used for the treatment of viral diseases and cancers, shows a poor stability in solution and an extremely short plasma half-life which determines a strict therapeutic regimen comprising high and repeated doses. In this work, we have used a strategy based on the fusion of the carboxyl-terminal peptide (CTP) of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) β-subunit, bearing four O-linked oligosaccharide recognition sites, to each or both N- and C-terminal ends of rhIFN-α2b. Molecules containing from 5 (CTP-IFN and IFN-CTP) to 9 (CTP-IFN-CTP) O-glycosylation sites were efficiently expressed and secreted to CHO cells supernatants, and exhibited antiviral and antiproliferative bioactivities in vitro. Significant improvements in pharmacokinetics in rats were achieved through this approach, since the doubly CTP-modified IFN variant showed a 10-fold longer elimination half-life and a 19-fold decreased plasma apparent clearance compared to the wild-type cytokine. Moreover, CTP-IFN-CTP demonstrated a significant increase in in vitro thermal resistance and a higher stability against plasma protease inactivation, both features attributed to the stabilizing effects of the O-glycans provided by the CTP moiety. These results constitute the first report that postulates CTP as a tag for improving both the in vitro and in vivo stability of rhIFN-α2b which, in turn, would positively influence its in vivo bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ceaglio
- Cell Culture Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje "El Pozo", C.C. 242, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Agustina Gugliotta
- Cell Culture Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje "El Pozo", C.C. 242, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina
| | | | - Dianela Cravero
- Cell Culture Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje "El Pozo", C.C. 242, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marina Etcheverrigaray
- Cell Culture Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje "El Pozo", C.C. 242, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Kratje
- Cell Culture Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje "El Pozo", C.C. 242, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marcos Oggero
- Cell Culture Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje "El Pozo", C.C. 242, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina
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31
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Separation of monosaccharides hydrolyzed from glycoproteins without the need for derivatization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5453-62. [PMID: 25925863 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chromatographic separation of monosaccharides hydrolyzed from glycoconjugates or complex, aggregate biomaterials, can be achieved by classic analytical methods without a need for derivatizing the monosaccharide subunits. A simple and sensitive method is presented for characterizing underivatized monosaccharides following hydrolysis from N- and O-linked glycoproteins using high-performance liquid chromatography separation with mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS). This method is adaptable for characterizing anything from purified glycoproteins to mixtures of glycoforms, for relative or absolute quantification applications, and even for the analysis of complex biomaterials. Use of an amide stationary phase with HILIC chromatography is demonstrated to retain the highly polar, underivatized monosaccharides and to resolve stereoisomers and potentially interfering contaminants. This work illustrates an original approach for characterization of N- and O-linked glycoprotein standards, mixtures, and for complex biological materials such as a total yeast extract.
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Abstract
Complexity and heterogeneity of oligosaccharides present a considerable challenge to the biopharmaceutical industry to manufacture biotherapeutics with reproducible and consistent glycoform profiles. Mammalian cells, especially Chinese hamster ovary cells, are the most widely used platform for the production of biotherapeutics. The glycans produced are predominantly of the complex type, with some differences between human and nonhuman mammalian glycosylation existing. This review briefly summarizes metabolic glyco-engineering strategies used in mammalian cells in order to alter the glycosylation patterns attached to proteins applied for diverse biotechnology applications.
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34
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Spearman M, Lodewyks C, Richmond M, Butler M. The bioactivity and fractionation of peptide hydrolysates in cultures of CHO cells. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:584-93. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Spearman
- Dept. of Microbiology; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Carly Lodewyks
- Dept. of Microbiology; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Meika Richmond
- Dept. of Microbiology; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Michael Butler
- Dept. of Microbiology; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2 Canada
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35
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Schiestl M, Li J, Abas A, Vallin A, Millband J, Gao K, Joung J, Pluschkell S, Go T, Kang HN. The role of the quality assessment in the determination of overall biosimilarity: A simulated case study exercise. Biologicals 2014; 42:128-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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36
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Abstract
Olovnikova et al. ("Impact on N-glycosylation profile of monoclonal anti-D antibodies as a way to control their immunoregulatory and cytotoxic properties" (2012) Biochemistry (Moscow), 77, 925-933) mentioned the presence of "alien sugars" on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) produced by YB2/0 cell line. We summarize in this paper our previous findings on the glycosylation profile of two anti-D mAbs produced in this cell line (LFB-R297 and LFB-R593, so-called Roledumab). Our results show the absence of any immunogenic glycotopes, and furthermore neither immunogenicity nor other serious adverse reactions were observed during clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Quagliaroli
- Development Program Department, LFB Biotechnologies, BP 50052, 91 942 Courtaboeuf Cedex, France.
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37
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Current state and recent advances in biopharmaceutical production in Escherichia coli, yeasts and mammalian cells. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 40:257-74. [PMID: 23385853 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Almost all of the 200 or so approved biopharmaceuticals have been produced in one of three host systems: the bacterium Escherichia coli, yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris) and mammalian cells. We describe the most widely used methods for the expression of recombinant proteins in the cytoplasm or periplasm of E. coli, as well as strategies for secreting the product to the growth medium. Recombinant expression in E. coli influences the cell physiology and triggers a stress response, which has to be considered in process development. Increased expression of a functional protein can be achieved by optimizing the gene, plasmid, host cell, and fermentation process. Relevant properties of two yeast expression systems, S. cerevisiae and P. pastoris, are summarized. Optimization of expression in S. cerevisiae has focused mainly on increasing the secretion, which is otherwise limiting. P. pastoris was recently approved as a host for biopharmaceutical production for the first time. It enables high-level protein production and secretion. Additionally, genetic engineering has resulted in its ability to produce recombinant proteins with humanized glycosylation patterns. Several mammalian cell lines of either rodent or human origin are also used in biopharmaceutical production. Optimization of their expression has focused on clonal selection, interference with epigenetic factors and genetic engineering. Systemic optimization approaches are applied to all cell expression systems. They feature parallel high-throughput techniques, such as DNA microarray, next-generation sequencing and proteomics, and enable simultaneous monitoring of multiple parameters. Systemic approaches, together with technological advances such as disposable bioreactors and microbioreactors, are expected to lead to increased quality and quantity of biopharmaceuticals, as well as to reduced product development times.
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El Maï N, Donadio-Andréi S, Iss C, Calabro V, Ronin C. Engineering a human-like glycosylation to produce therapeutic glycoproteins based on 6-linked sialylation in CHO cells. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 988:19-29. [PMID: 23475711 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-327-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
When recombinant glycoproteins for therapeutic use are to be produced on an industrial scale, there is a crucial need for technologies that can engineer fast-growing stable cells secreting the protein drug at a high rate and with a defined and safe glycosylation profile. Current cell lines approved for drug production are essentially from rodent origin. Their glycosylation machinery often adds undesired carbohydrate determinants which may alter protein folding, induce immunogenicity, and reduce circulatory life span of the drug. Notably, sialic acid as N-acetylneuraminic acid is not efficiently added in most mammalian cells and the 6-linkage is missing in rodent cells. Engineering cells with the various enzymatic activities required for sialic acid transfer has not yet succeeded in providing a human-like pattern of glycoforms to protein drugs. To date, there is a need for engineering animal cells and get highly sialylated products that resemble as closely as possible to human proteins. We have designed ST6Gal minigenes to optimize the ST6GalI sialyltransferase activity and used them to engineer ST6(+)CHO cells. When stably transfected in cells expressing a protein of interest or not, these constructs have proven to equip cell clones with efficient transfer activity of 6-linked sialic acid. In this chapter, we describe a methodology for generating healthy stable adherent clones with hypersialylation activity and high secretion rate.
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Mammalian Cell Line Developments in Speed and Efficiency. MAMMALIAN CELL CULTURES FOR BIOLOGICS MANUFACTURING 2013; 139:11-33. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Yagi Y, Kakehi K, Hayakawa T, Ohyama Y, Suzuki S. Specific detection of N-glycolylneuraminic acid and Galα1–3Gal epitopes of therapeutic antibodies by partial-filling capillary electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 2012; 431:120-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Eon-Duval A, Broly H, Gleixner R. Quality attributes of recombinant therapeutic proteins: An assessment of impact on safety and efficacy as part of a quality by design development approach. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:608-22. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Deegan PB. Fabry disease, enzyme replacement therapy and the significance of antibody responses. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:227-43. [PMID: 22037707 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-011-9400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fabry disease is an X-linked disorder caused by a deficiency of α-galactosidase A. This leads to a progressive accumulation of globotriaosylceramide in tissues throughout the body. Cardiac, renal and neurological manifestations are common and life expectancy is significantly reduced relative to the general population. Management of Fabry disease involves the administration of intravenous enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). Two forms - agalsidase alfa and agalsidase beta - have been licensed in certain jurisdictions and are generally well tolerated; however, some patients develop antibodies to the infused enzyme, which may impair the efficacy and safety of treatment. Agalsidase alfa and agalsidase beta are produced in different systems; this leads to certain differences in post-translational modification that may affect immunogenicity. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies have frequently been reported in patients with Fabry disease receiving ERT; IgG responses are reported in a greater proportion of patients receiving agalsidase beta than in patients receiving agalsidase alfa. IgE antibodies are less common than IgG antibodies, and have not been observed in patients receiving agalsidase alfa. However, these data are difficult to interpret due to methodological differences in the assessment of seropositivity, and in the doses of enzyme used. The clinical impact of the development of IgG antibodies to ERT in patients with Fabry disease remains unclear, due to lack of data and to the marked heterogeneity of patients both in terms of disease manifestations and response to therapy. Further studies that examine the development of antibodies in patients with Fabry disease and the potential impact of such antibodies on the outcome of ERT are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Deegan
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK.
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Ahmed I, Kaspar B, Sharma U. Biosimilars: Impact of Biologic Product Life Cycle and European Experience on the Regulatory Trajectory in the United States. Clin Ther 2012; 34:400-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Dorai H, Santiago A, Campbell M, Tang QM, Lewis MJ, Wang Y, Lu QZ, Wu SL, Hancock W. Characterization of the proteases involved in the N-terminal clipping of glucagon-like-peptide-1-antibody fusion proteins. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:220-31. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yoo EM, Yu LJ, Wims LA, Goldberg D, Morrison SL. Differences in N-glycan structures found on recombinant IgA1 and IgA2 produced in murine myeloma and CHO cell lines. MAbs 2010; 2:320-34. [PMID: 20431350 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.2.3.11802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and production of recombinant monoclonal antibodies is well established. Although most of these are IgGs, there is also great interest in producing recombinant IgAs since this isotype plays a critical role in providing immunologic protection at mucosal surfaces. The choice of expression system for production of recombinant antibodies is crucial because they are glycoproteins containing at least one N-linked carbohydrate. These glycans have been shown to contribute to the stability, pharmacokinetics and biologic function of antibodies. We have produced recombinant human IgA1 and all three allotypes of IgA2 in murine myeloma and CHO cell lines to systematically characterize and compare the N-linked glycans. Recombinant IgAs produced in murine myelomas differ significantly from IgA found in humans in that they contain the highly immunogenic Galalpha(1,3)Gal epitope and N-glycolylneuraminic acid residues, indicating that murine myeloma is not the optimal expression system for the production of human IgA. In contrast, IgAs produced in CHO cells contained glycans that were more similar to those found on human IgA. Expression of IgA1 and IgA2 in Lec2 and Lec8 cell lines that are defective in glycan processing resulted in a less complex pool of N-glycans. In addition, the level of sialylation of rIgAs produced in murine and CHO cells was significantly lower than that previously reported for serum IgA1. These data underscore the importance of choosing the appropriate cell line for the production of glycoproteins with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M Yoo
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Borys MC, Dalal NG, Abu-Absi NR, Khattak SF, Jing Y, Xing Z, Li ZJ. Effects of culture conditions onN-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) content of a recombinant fusion protein produced in CHO cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 105:1048-57. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hossler P, Khattak SF, Li ZJ. Optimal and consistent protein glycosylation in mammalian cell culture. Glycobiology 2009; 19:936-49. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Dorai H, Nemeth JF, Cammaart E, Wang Y, Tang QM, Magill A, Lewis MJ, Raju TS, Picha K, O'Neil K, Ganguly S, Moore G. Development of mammalian production cell lines expressing CNTO736, a glucagon like peptide-1-MIMETIBODYTM: Factors that influence productivity and product quality. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 103:162-76. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sensitive and specific detection of the non-human sialic Acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid in human tissues and biotherapeutic products. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4241. [PMID: 19156207 PMCID: PMC2626223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans are genetically defective in synthesizing the common mammalian sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), but can metabolically incorporate it from dietary sources (particularly red meat and milk) into glycoproteins and glycolipids of human tumors, fetuses and some normal tissues. Metabolic incorporation of Neu5Gc from animal-derived cells and medium components also results in variable contamination of molecules and cells intended for human therapies. These Neu5Gc-incorporation phenomena are practically significant, because normal humans can have high levels of circulating anti-Neu5Gc antibodies. Thus, there is need for the sensitive and specific detection of Neu5Gc in human tissues and biotherapeutic products. Unlike monoclonal antibodies that recognize Neu5Gc only in the context of underlying structures, chicken immunoglobulin Y (IgY) polyclonal antibodies can recognize Neu5Gc in broader contexts. However, prior preparations of such antibodies (including our own) suffered from some non-specificity, as well as some cross-reactivity with the human sialic acid N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We have developed a novel affinity method utilizing sequential columns of immobilized human and chimpanzee serum sialoglycoproteins, followed by specific elution from the latter column by free Neu5Gc. The resulting mono-specific antibody shows no staining in tissues or cells from mice with a human-like defect in Neu5Gc production. It allows sensitive and specific detection of Neu5Gc in all underlying glycan structural contexts studied, and is applicable to immunohistochemical, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot and flow cytometry analyses. Non-immune chicken IgY is used as a reliable negative control. We show that these approaches allow sensitive detection of Neu5Gc in human tissue samples and in some biotherapeutic products, and finally show an example of how Neu5Gc might be eliminated from such products, by using a human cell line grown under defined conditions. CONCLUSIONS We report a reliable antibody-based method for highly sensitive and specific detection of the non-human sialic acid Neu5Gc in human tissues and biotherapeutic products that has not been previously described.
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Lapchak PA. Carbamylated erythropoietin to treat neuronal injury: new development strategies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:1175-86. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.17.8.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lapchak
- University of California San Diego, Department of Neurosciences, MTF 316, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, USA ;
- VASDHS Stroke Research, San Diego, California, USA
- Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
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