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Torres MJ, Bellido-Pedraza CM, Llamas A. Applications of the Microalgae Chlamydomonas and Its Bacterial Consortia in Detoxification and Bioproduction. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:940. [PMID: 39202682 PMCID: PMC11355400 DOI: 10.3390/life14080940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The wide metabolic diversity of microalgae, their fast growth rates, and low-cost production make these organisms highly promising resources for a variety of biotechnological applications, addressing critical needs in industry, agriculture, and medicine. The use of microalgae in consortia with bacteria is proving valuable in several areas of biotechnology, including the treatment of various types of wastewater, the production of biofertilizers, and the extraction of various products from their biomass. The monoculture of the microalga Chlamydomonas has been a prominent research model for many years and has been extensively used in the study of photosynthesis, sulphur and phosphorus metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, respiration, and flagellar synthesis, among others. Recent research has increasingly recognised the potential of Chlamydomonas-bacteria consortia as a biotechnological tool for various applications. The detoxification of wastewater using Chlamydomonas and its bacterial consortia offers significant potential for sustainable reduction of contaminants, while facilitating resource recovery and the valorisation of microalgal biomass. The use of Chlamydomonas and its bacterial consortia as biofertilizers can offer several benefits, such as increasing crop yields, protecting crops, maintaining soil fertility and stability, contributing to CO2 mitigation, and contributing to sustainable agricultural practises. Chlamydomonas-bacterial consortia play an important role in the production of high-value products, particularly in the production of biofuels and the enhancement of H2 production. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential of Chlamydomonas monoculture and its bacterial consortia to identify current applications and to propose new research and development directions to maximise their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J. Torres
- Correspondence: (M.J.T.); (A.L.); Tel.: +34-957-218352 (M.J.T. & A.L.)
| | | | - Angel Llamas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campus de Rabanales and Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
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Bellido-Pedraza CM, Torres MJ, Llamas A. The Microalgae Chlamydomonas for Bioremediation and Bioproduct Production. Cells 2024; 13:1137. [PMID: 38994989 PMCID: PMC11240456 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The extensive metabolic diversity of microalgae, coupled with their rapid growth rates and cost-effective production, position these organisms as highly promising resources for a wide range of biotechnological applications. These characteristics allow microalgae to address crucial needs in the agricultural, medical, and industrial sectors. Microalgae are proving to be valuable in various fields, including the remediation of diverse wastewater types, the production of biofuels and biofertilizers, and the extraction of various products from their biomass. For decades, the microalga Chlamydomonas has been widely used as a fundamental research model organism in various areas such as photosynthesis, respiration, sulfur and phosphorus metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and flagella synthesis, among others. However, in recent years, the potential of Chlamydomonas as a biotechnological tool for bioremediation, biofertilization, biomass, and bioproducts production has been increasingly recognized. Bioremediation of wastewater using Chlamydomonas presents significant potential for sustainable reduction in contaminants and facilitates resource recovery and valorization of microalgal biomass, offering important economic benefits. Chlamydomonas has also established itself as a platform for the production of a wide variety of biotechnologically interesting products, such as different types of biofuels, and high-value-added products. The aim of this review is to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the potential of Chlamydomonas in these aspects, and to explore their interrelationship, which would offer significant environmental and biotechnological advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Bellido-Pedraza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campus de Rabanales and Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), University of Córdoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria J Torres
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campus de Rabanales and Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), University of Córdoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Angel Llamas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campus de Rabanales and Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), University of Córdoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Suwannachuen N, Leetanasaksakul K, Roytrakul S, Phaonakrop N, Thaisakun S, Roongsattham P, Jantasuriyarat C, Sanevas N, Sirikhachornkit A. Palmelloid Formation and Cell Aggregation Are Essential Mechanisms for High Light Tolerance in a Natural Strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098374. [PMID: 37176080 PMCID: PMC10179368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms, such as higher plants and algae, require light to survive. However, an excessive amount of light can be harmful due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause cell damage and, if it is not effectively regulated, cell death. The study of plants' responses to light can aid in the development of methods to improve plants' growth and productivity. Due to the multicellular nature of plants, there may be variations in the results based on plant age and tissue type. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular green alga, has also been used as a model organism to study photosynthesis and photoprotection. Nonetheless, the majority of the research has been conducted with strains that have been consistently utilized in laboratories and originated from the same source. Despite the availability of many field isolates of this species, very few studies have compared the light responses of field isolates. This study examined the responses of two field isolates of Chlamydomonas to high light stress. The light-tolerant strain, CC-4414, managed reactive oxygen species (ROS) slightly better than the sensitive strain, CC-2344, did. The proteomic data of cells subjected to high light revealed cellular modifications of the light-tolerant strain toward membrane proteins. The morphology of cells under light stress revealed that this strain utilized the formation of palmelloid structures and cell aggregation to shield cells from excessive light. As indicated by proteome data, morphological modifications occur simultaneously with the increase in protein degradation and autophagy. By protecting cells from stress, cells are able to continue to upregulate ROS management mechanisms and prevent cell death. This is the first report of palmelloid formation in Chlamydomonas under high light stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nittaya Suwannachuen
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University-Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kantinan Leetanasaksakul
- Functional Proteomics Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Proteomics Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Narumon Phaonakrop
- Functional Proteomics Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Thaisakun
- Functional Proteomics Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Peerapat Roongsattham
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University-Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chatchawan Jantasuriyarat
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University-Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nuttha Sanevas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Sirikhachornkit
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University-Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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TORC1 Signaling in Fungi: From Yeasts to Filamentous Fungi. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010218. [PMID: 36677510 PMCID: PMC9864104 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) is an important regulator of various signaling pathways. It can control cell growth and development by integrating multiple signals from amino acids, glucose, phosphate, growth factors, pressure, oxidation, and so on. In recent years, it has been reported that TORC1 is of great significance in regulating cytotoxicity, morphology, protein synthesis and degradation, nutrient absorption, and metabolism. In this review, we mainly discuss the upstream and downstream signaling pathways of TORC1 to reveal its role in fungi.
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Mallén-Ponce MJ, Pérez-Pérez ME, Crespo JL. Deciphering the function and evolution of the target of rapamycin signaling pathway in microalgae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6993-7005. [PMID: 35710309 PMCID: PMC9664231 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae constitute a highly diverse group of photosynthetic microorganisms that are widely distributed on Earth. The rich diversity of microalgae arose from endosymbiotic events that took place early in the evolution of eukaryotes and gave rise to multiple lineages including green algae, the ancestors of land plants. In addition to their fundamental role as the primary source of marine and freshwater food chains, microalgae are essential producers of oxygen on the planet and a major biotechnological target for sustainable biofuel production and CO2 mitigation. Microalgae integrate light and nutrient signals to regulate cell growth. Recent studies identified the target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase as a central regulator of cell growth and a nutrient sensor in microalgae. TOR promotes protein synthesis and regulates processes that are induced under nutrient stress such as autophagy and the accumulation of triacylglycerol and starch. A detailed analysis of representative genomes from the entire microalgal lineage revealed that the highly conserved central components of the TOR pathway are likely to have been present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor, and the loss of specific TOR signaling elements at an early stage in the evolution of microalgae. Here we examine the evolutionary conservation of TOR signaling components in diverse microalgae and discuss recent progress of this signaling pathway in these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel J Mallén-Ponce
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Esther Pérez-Pérez
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Caló G, De Marco MA, Salerno GL, Martínez-Noël GMA. TOR signaling in the green picoalga Ostreococcus tauri. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 323:111390. [PMID: 35868347 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Target of rapamycin (TOR) is a master regulator that controls growth and metabolism by integrating external and internal signals. Although there was a great progress in the study of TOR in plants and in the model alga Chlamydomonas, scarce data are available in other green algae. Thus, in this work we studied TOR signaling in Ostreococcus tauri, the smallest free-living eukaryote described to date. This picoalga is particularly important because it has a key site at the base of the green lineage and is part of the marine phytoplankton, contributing to global photosynthesis. We investigated OtTOR complex in silico and experimentally, by using first- and second-generation TOR inhibitors, such as rapamycin and PP242. We analyzed the effect of TOR down-regulation on cell growth and on the accumulation of carbon reserves. The results showed that O. tauri responds to TOR inhibitors more similarly to plants than to Chlamydomonas, being PP242 a valuable tool to study this pathway. Besides, Ottor expression analysis revealed that the kinase is dynamically regulated under nutritional stress. Our data indicate that TOR signaling is conserved in O. tauri and we propose this alga as a good and simple model for studying TOR kinase and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Caló
- INBIOTEC, Vieytes, 3103, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina; FIBA, Vieytes 3103, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - María Agustina De Marco
- INBIOTEC, Vieytes, 3103, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina; FIBA, Vieytes 3103, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Tsuji Y, Kinoshita A, Tsukahara M, Ishikawa T, Shinkawa H, Yamano T, Fukuzawa H. A YAK1-type protein kinase, triacylglycerol accumulation regulator 1, in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a potential regulator of cell division and differentiation into gametes during photoautotrophic nitrogen deficiency. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2022. [PMID: 36002293 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Yet another kinase (YAK) 1 is a conserved eukaryotic protein kinase coordinating growth and development. We previously isolated a mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii defective in the YAK1 ortholog triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation regulator 1 (TAR1). The mutant tar1-1 displayed higher levels of chlorophyll, starch, TAG, and biomass than the parental strain C9 (renamed as C9-3) in photoautotrophic nitrogen (N)-deficient conditions. However, we found that the parental C9-3 showed faster chlorosis upon N-deficiency than the original C9 (C9-1) freshly recovered from cryopreservation, suggesting that C9-3 had acquired particular characteristics during long-term subculturing. To exclude phenotypes dependent on a particular parental strain, we newly created tar1 mutants from two wild-types, C9-1 and CC 125. Like tar1-1, the new tar1 mutants showed higher levels of chlorophyll and TAG/starch than the parental strain. Upon removal of N, Chlamydomonas cells divide once before ceasing further division. Previously, the single division after N-removal was arrested in tar1-1 in photomixotrophic conditions, but this phenotype was not observed in photoautotrophic conditions because of the particular characteristics of the parental C9-3. However, using C9- 1 and CC-125 as parental strains, we showed that cell division after N-removal was impaired in new tar1 mutants in photoautotrophic conditions. Consistent with the view that the division under N-deficiency is necessary for gametic differentiation, new tar1 mutants showed lower mating efficiency than the parental strains. Taken together, TAR1 was suggested to promote differentiation into gametes through the regulation of cell division in response to N-deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Haruka Shinkawa
- Graduate Study of Biostudies, Kyoto University.,Present address: Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University
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Li-Beisson Y. Editorial Feature: Meet the PCP Editor-Yonghua Li-Beisson. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:151-153. [PMID: 34971395 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Li-Beisson
- CEA - Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology of Aix Marseille, CEA Cadarache, Bat 1900, Saint Paul lez Durance 13108, France
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Miyagishima SY, Tanaka K. The Unicellular Red Alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae-The Simplest Model of a Photosynthetic Eukaryote. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:926-941. [PMID: 33836072 PMCID: PMC8504449 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Several species of unicellular eukaryotic algae exhibit relatively simple genomic and cellular architecture. Laboratory cultures of these algae grow faster than plants and often provide homogeneous cellular populations exposed to an almost equal environment. These characteristics are ideal for conducting experiments at the cellular and subcellular levels. Many microalgal lineages have recently become genetically tractable, which have started to evoke new streams of studies. Among such algae, the unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae is the simplest organism; it possesses the minimum number of membranous organelles, only 4,775 protein-coding genes in the nucleus, and its cell cycle progression can be highly synchronized with the diel cycle. These properties facilitate diverse omics analyses of cellular proliferation and structural analyses of the intracellular relationship among organelles. C. merolae cells lack a rigid cell wall and are thus relatively easily disrupted, facilitating biochemical analyses. Multiple chromosomal loci can be edited by highly efficient homologous recombination. The procedures for the inducible/repressive expression of a transgene or an endogenous gene in the nucleus and for chloroplast genome modification have also been developed. Here, we summarize the features and experimental techniques of C. merolae and provide examples of studies using this alga. From these studies, it is clear that C. merolae-either alone or in comparative and combinatory studies with other photosynthetic organisms-can provide significant insights into the biology of photosynthetic eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ya Miyagishima
- * Corresponding authors: Shin-Ya Miyagishima, E-mail: ; Fax, +81-55-981-9412; Kan Tanaka, E-mail:
| | - Kan Tanaka
- * Corresponding authors: Shin-Ya Miyagishima, E-mail: ; Fax, +81-55-981-9412; Kan Tanaka, E-mail:
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Pancha I, Takaya K, Tanaka K, Imamura S. The Unicellular Red Alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae, an Excellent Model Organism for Elucidating Fundamental Molecular Mechanisms and Their Applications in Biofuel Production. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061218. [PMID: 34203949 PMCID: PMC8232737 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are considered one of the best resources for the production of biofuels and industrially important compounds. Various models have been developed to understand the fundamental mechanism underlying the accumulation of triacylglycerols (TAGs)/starch and to enhance its content in cells. Among various algae, the red alga Cyanidioschyzonmerolae has been considered an excellent model system to understand the fundamental mechanisms behind the accumulation of TAG/starch in the microalga, as it has a smaller genome size and various biotechnological methods are available for it. Furthermore, C. merolae can grow and survive under high temperature (40 °C) and low pH (2–3) conditions, where most other organisms would die, thus making it a choice alga for large-scale production. Investigations using this alga has revealed that the target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is involved in the accumulation of carbon-reserved molecules, TAGs, and starch. Furthermore, detailed molecular mechanisms of the role of TOR in controlling the accumulation of TAGs and starch were uncovered via omics analyses. Based on these findings, genetic engineering of the key gene and proteins resulted in a drastic increment of the amount of TAGs and starch. In addition to these studies, other trials that attempted to achieve the TAG increment in C. merolae have been summarized in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Pancha
- Department of Biological Sciences, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522502, India
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (S.I.); Tel.: +81-422-59-6179 (S.I.)
| | - Kazuhiro Takaya
- NTT Space Environment and Energy Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, 3-9-11 Midori-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8585, Japan;
| | - Kan Tanaka
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R1-29 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan;
| | - Sousuke Imamura
- NTT Space Environment and Energy Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, 3-9-11 Midori-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8585, Japan;
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (S.I.); Tel.: +81-422-59-6179 (S.I.)
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Identification of Transcription Factors and the Regulatory Genes Involved in Triacylglycerol Accumulation in the Unicellular Red Alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10050971. [PMID: 34068121 PMCID: PMC8152781 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microalgal triacylglycerols (TAGs) are a good feedstock for liquid biofuel production. Improving the expression and/or function of transcription factors (TFs) involved in TAG accumulation may increase TAG content; however, information on microalgae is still lacking. In this study, 14 TFs in the unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae were identified as candidate TFs regulating TAG accumulation using available transcriptome and phosphoproteome data under conditions driving TAG accumulation. To investigate the roles of these TFs, we constructed TF-overexpression strains and analyzed lipid droplet (LD) formation and TAG contents in the cells grown under standard conditions. Based on the results, we identified four TFs involved in LD and TAG accumulation. RNA-Seq analyses were performed to identify genes regulated by the four TFs using each overexpression strain. Among the TAG biosynthesis-related genes, only the gene encoding the endoplasmic reticulum-localized lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase 1 (LPAT1) was notably increased among the overexpression strains. In the LPAT1 overexpression strain, TAG accumulation was significantly increased compared with the control strain under normal growth conditions. These results indicate that the four TFs positively regulate TAG accumulation by changing their target gene expression in C. merolae.
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Ingargiola C, Turqueto Duarte G, Robaglia C, Leprince AS, Meyer C. The Plant Target of Rapamycin: A Conduc TOR of Nutrition and Metabolism in Photosynthetic Organisms. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111285. [PMID: 33138108 PMCID: PMC7694126 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms possess many mechanisms to sense nutrients and favorable conditions, which allow them to grow and develop. Photosynthetic organisms are very diverse, from green unicellular algae to multicellular flowering plants, but most of them are sessile and thus unable to escape from the biotic and abiotic stresses they experience. The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway is conserved in all eukaryotes and acts as a central regulatory hub between growth and extrinsic factors, such as nutrients or stress. However, relatively little is known about the regulations and roles of this pathway in plants and algae. Although some features of the TOR pathway seem to have been highly conserved throughout evolution, others clearly differ in plants, perhaps reflecting adaptations to different lifestyles and the rewiring of this primordial signaling module to adapt to specific requirements. Indeed, TOR is involved in plant responses to a vast array of signals including nutrients, hormones, light, stresses or pathogens. In this review, we will summarize recent studies that address the regulations of TOR by nutrients in photosynthetic organisms, and the roles of TOR in controlling important metabolic pathways, highlighting similarities and differences with the other eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ingargiola
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (C.I.); (G.T.D.); (A.-S.L.)
| | - Gustavo Turqueto Duarte
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (C.I.); (G.T.D.); (A.-S.L.)
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christophe Robaglia
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, UMR 7265, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Aix Marseille Université, 13009 Marseille, France;
| | - Anne-Sophie Leprince
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (C.I.); (G.T.D.); (A.-S.L.)
- Faculté des Sciences et d’Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, UFR 927, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Christian Meyer
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (C.I.); (G.T.D.); (A.-S.L.)
- Correspondence:
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