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Zhao S, Huq ME, Fahad S, Kamran M, Riaz M. Boron toxicity in plants: understanding mechanisms and developing coping strategies; a review. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:238. [PMID: 39316270 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Boron is essential for plants, but excess can induce toxicity. Boron (B) is a vital micronutrient for plants, but excess B can induce toxicity symptoms and reduce crop yields. B bioavailability depends on soil properties, including clay type, pH, and organic matter content. Symptoms of B toxicity include reduced shoot and root growth, leaf chlorosis and necrosis, impaired photosynthesis, and disrupted pollen development. This review paper examines the current knowledge on B toxicity mechanisms, tolerance strategies, and management approaches in plants. This review covers (1) factors affecting B bioavailability; (2) toxicity symptoms in plants; (3) uptake, transport, and detoxification mechanisms; and (4) strategies. To mitigate toxicity, plants reduce B uptake, activate efflux transporters, compartmentalize B, and enhance antioxidant systems. On the basis of this review, future research should focus on identifying novel tolerance mechanisms, exploring genetic strategies for improved B management, and developing innovative agronomic interventions. These insights will facilitate the breeding and management of crops for enhanced productivity under B toxicity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Zhao
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Center for Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control in Agricultural Producing Areas, College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Md Enamul Huq
- School of Management, Yulin University, Yulin, 719000, China
| | - Shah Fahad
- Department of Agronomy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Center for Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control in Agricultural Producing Areas, College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China.
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Lin J, Zheng X, Xia J, Xie R, Gao J, Ye R, Liang T, Qu M, Luo Y, Wang Y, Ke Y, Li C, Guo J, Lu J, Tang W, Li W, Chen S. Integrative analysis of the transcriptome and proteome reveals the molecular responses of tobacco to boron deficiency. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:689. [PMID: 39030471 PMCID: PMC11264865 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05391-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plants. Inappropriate B supply detrimentally affects the productivity of numerous crops. Understanding of the molecular responses of plants to different B supply levels would be of significance in crop improvement and cultivation practices to deal with the problem. RESULTS We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptome and proteome of tobacco seedlings to investigate the expression changes of genes/proteins in response to different B supply levels, with a particular focus on B deficiency. The global gene and protein expression profiles revealed the potential mechanisms involved in the responses of tobacco to B deficiency, including up-regulation of the NIP5;1-BORs module, complex regulation of genes/proteins related to cell wall metabolism, and up-regulation of the antioxidant machinery. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that B deficiency caused severe morphological and physiological disorders in tobacco seedlings, and revealed dynamic expression changes of tobacco genes/proteins in response to different B supply levels, especially to B deficiency, thus offering valuable insights into the molecular responses of tobacco to B deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbin Lin
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Xiangli Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Ecological Process of Red Soil Mountain, Agricultural Ecology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Jing Xia
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Rongrong Xie
- Fujian Institute of Tobacco Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China
- International Magnesium Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jingjuan Gao
- Fujian Institute of Tobacco Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China
- International Magnesium Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Rongrong Ye
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Tingmin Liang
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Mengyu Qu
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yaxin Luo
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yuemin Wang
- Fujian Institute of Tobacco Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Yuqin Ke
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chunying Li
- Fujian Institute of Tobacco Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Jinping Guo
- Fujian Institute of Tobacco Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Jianjun Lu
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Weiqi Tang
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Wenqing Li
- Fujian Institute of Tobacco Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China.
| | - Songbiao Chen
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
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Sheng H, Lei Y, Wei J, Yang Z, Peng L, Li W, Liu Y. Analogy of silicon and boron in plant nutrition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1353706. [PMID: 38379945 PMCID: PMC10877001 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1353706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) and boron (B) are a class of elements called metalloids, which have properties like metals and non-metals. Si is classified as a quasi-essential element, while B is a micronutrient element for plants. Nowadays, numerous discoveries have shown the analogy of silicon and boron in plant nutrition. In this minireview, the molecular mechanisms for the transport of these two metalloids are compared. We also discussed the chemical forms of Si and B and their functional similarity in response to environmental stresses in plants. In conclusion, it can be proposed that cell wall-bound silicon rather than silica might partially replace boron for plant growth, development, and stress responses, and the underlying mechanism is the Si contribution to B in its structural function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachun Sheng
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuyan Lei
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengming Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lianxin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenbing Li
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Verwaaijen B, Alcock TD, Spitzer C, Liu Z, Fiebig A, Bienert MD, Bräutigam A, Bienert GP. The Brassica napus boron deficient inflorescence transcriptome resembles a wounding and infection response. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14088. [PMID: 38148205 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Oilseed rape and other crops of Brassica napus have a high demand for boron (B). Boron deficiencies result in the inhibition of root growth, and eventually premature flower abortion. Understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying flower abortion in B-limiting conditions could provide the basis to enhance B-efficiency and prevent B-deficiency-related yield losses. In this study, we assessed transcriptomic responses to B-deficiency in diverse inflorescence tissues at multiple time points of soil-grown plants that were phenotypically unaffected by B-deficiency until early flowering. Whilst transcript levels of known B transporters were higher in B-deficient samples, these remained remarkably stable as the duration of B-deficiency increased. Meanwhile, GO-term enrichment analysis indicated a growing response resembling that of a pathogen or pest attack, escalating to a huge transcriptome response in shoot heads at mid-flowering. Grouping differentially expressed genes within this tissue into MapMan functional bins indicated enrichment of genes related to wounding, jasmonic acid and WRKY transcription factors. Individual candidate genes for controlling the "flowering-without-seed-setting" phenotype from within MapMan biotic stress bins include those of the metacaspase family, which have been implicated in orchestrating programmed cell death. Overall temporal expression patterns observed here imply a dynamic response to B-deficiency, first increasing expression of B transporters before recruiting various biotic stress-related pathways to coordinate targeted cell death, likely in response to as yet unidentified B-deficiency induced damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). This response indicates new pathways to target and dissect to control B-deficiency-induced flower abortion and to develop more B-efficient crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Verwaaijen
- Computational Biology, Faculty for Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Center of Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Department of Genetics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas David Alcock
- Crop Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- HEF World Agricultural Systems Center, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christoph Spitzer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Germany
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- Crop Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- HEF World Agricultural Systems Center, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Anne Fiebig
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Germany
| | - Manuela Désirée Bienert
- HEF World Agricultural Systems Center, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Germany
| | - Andrea Bräutigam
- Computational Biology, Faculty for Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Center of Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Gerd Patrick Bienert
- Crop Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- HEF World Agricultural Systems Center, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Onuh AF, Miwa K. Mutations in type II Golgi-localized proton pyrophosphatase AVP2;1/VHP2;1 affect pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan-II and alter root growth under low boron condition in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1255486. [PMID: 37662170 PMCID: PMC10469939 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1255486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The essential plant nutrient boron is required for the crosslinking of the pectin polysaccharide, rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II). The synthesis of the pectic polysaccharides takes place in the Golgi apparatus, acidified by proton pumps. AVP2;1/VHP2;1 is a type II proton pyrophosphatase localized in the Golgi apparatus, which possesses proton pumping activity coupled with pyrophosphate hydrolysis. Its activity and expression patterns have been previously revealed but its role in plants remains unknown. The aim of the present work therefore was to explore the physiological role of AVP2;1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. In the screening of mutants under low boron, a mutant carrying a missense mutation in AVP2;1 was isolated. This mutant showed increased primary root growth under low boron conditions but no significant difference under normal boron condition compared to wild type plants. T-DNA insertion caused similar growth, suggesting that reduced function of AVP2;1 was responsible. Root cell observation revealed an increase in meristematic zone length, cell number in meristem and length of matured cell in avp2;1 mutants compared to wild type under low boron. Calcium concentration was reduced in mutant root cell wall under low boron. RG-II specific sugars also tended to be decreased in mutant root cell wall under low and normal boron conditions. These results suggest that changes in cell wall component by mutations in AVP2;1 may possibly explain the increased root length of mutants under low boron. This supports the idea that AVP2;1 plays a role in pH homoeostasis in Golgi apparatus for pectin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyoko Miwa
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Lin G, He X, Zeng J, Yang Z, Wang L. Ionome profiling and arsenic speciation provide evidence of arsenite detoxification in rice by phosphate and arsenite-oxidizing bacteria. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 128:129-138. [PMID: 36801029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Arsenite (As(III)) as the most toxic and mobile form is the dominant arsenic (As) species in flooded paddy fields, resulting in higher accumulation of As in paddy rice than other terrestrial crops. Mitigation of As toxicity to rice plant is an important way to safeguard food production and safety. In the current study, As(III)-oxidizing bacteria Pseudomonas sp. strain SMS11 was inoculated with rice plants to accelerate conversion of As(III) into lower toxic arsenate (As(V)). Meanwhile, additional phosphate was supplemented to restrict As(V) uptake by the rice plants. Growth of rice plant was significantly inhibited under As(III) stress. The inhibition was alleviated by the introduction of additional P and SMS11. Arsenic speciation showed that additional P restricted As accumulation in the rice roots via competing common uptake pathways, while inoculation with SMS11 limited As translocation from root to shoot. Ionomic profiling revealed specific characteristics of the rice tissue samples from different treatment groups. Compared to the roots, ionomes of the rice shoots were more sensitive to environmental perturbations. Both extraneous P and As(III)-oxidizing bacteria SMS11 could alleviate As(III) stress to the rice plants through promoting growth and regulating ionome homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobing Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiaoman He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jiayuan Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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Kumagai S, Watanabe E, Hayashi N, Kimura Y, Kamiya T, Nagashima A, Ushio K, Imaizumi G, Kim J, Munakata K, Umezawa T, Hirose S, Kasai K, Fujiwara T, Romero MF, Kato A. Boric acid transport activity of marine teleost aquaporins expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15655. [PMID: 36967473 PMCID: PMC10040401 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine teleosts ingest large amounts of seawater containing various ions, including 0.4 mM boric acid, which can accumulate at toxic levels in the body. However, the molecular mechanisms by which marine teleosts absorb and excrete boric acid are not well understood. Aquaporins (Aqps) are homologous to the nodulin-like intrinsic protein (NIP) family of plant boric acid channels. To investigate the potential roles of Aqps on boric acid transport across the plasma membrane in marine teleosts, we analyzed the function of Aqps of Japanese pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes) expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Takifugu genome database contains 16 genes encoding the aquaporin family members (aqp0a, aqp0b, aqp1aa, aqp1ab, aqp3a, aqp4a, aqp7, aqp8bb, aqp9a, aqp9b, aqp10aa, aqp10bb, aqp11a, aqp11b, aqp12, and aqp14). When T. rubripes Aqps (TrAqps) were expressed in X. laevis oocytes, a swelling assay showed that boric acid permeability was significantly increased in oocytes expressing TrAqp3a, 7, 8bb, 9a, and 9b. The influx of boric acid into these oocytes was also confirmed by elemental quantification. Electrophysiological analysis using a pH microelectrode showed that these TrAqps increase B(OH)3 permeability. These results indicate that TrAqp3a, 7, 8bb, 9a, and 9b act as boric acid transport systems, likely as channels, in marine teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Kumagai
- School of Life Science and TechnologyTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
| | - Erika Watanabe
- School of Life Science and TechnologyTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
| | - Naoko Hayashi
- Graduate School of Bioscience and BiotechnologyTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
| | - Yuuri Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioscience and BiotechnologyTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
| | - Takehiro Kamiya
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Ayumi Nagashima
- School of Life Science and TechnologyTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
| | - Kazutaka Ushio
- School of Life Science and TechnologyTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
| | - Genki Imaizumi
- School of Life Science and TechnologyTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
| | - Juhyun Kim
- School of Life Science and TechnologyTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
| | - Keijiro Munakata
- School of Life Science and TechnologyTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
- Graduate School of Bioscience and BiotechnologyTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
| | - Takahiro Umezawa
- Graduate School of Bioscience and BiotechnologyTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
| | - Shigehisa Hirose
- Graduate School of Bioscience and BiotechnologyTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
| | - Koji Kasai
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Toru Fujiwara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Michael F. Romero
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesotaUnited States
- Nephrology & HypertensionMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesotaUnited States
- O'Brien Urology Research CenterMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesotaUnited States
| | - Akira Kato
- School of Life Science and TechnologyTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
- Graduate School of Bioscience and BiotechnologyTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesotaUnited States
- Center for Biological Resources and InformaticsTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
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Bolaños L, Abreu I, Bonilla I, Camacho-Cristóbal JJ, Reguera M. What Can Boron Deficiency Symptoms Tell Us about Its Function and Regulation? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:777. [PMID: 36840125 PMCID: PMC9963425 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
On the eve of the 100th anniversary of Dr. Warington's discovery of boron (B) as a nutrient essential for higher plants, "boronists" have struggled to demonstrate a role beyond its structural function in cell walls dimerizing pectin molecules of rhamnogalacturonan II (RGII). In this regard, B deficiency has been associated with a plethora of symptoms in plants that include macroscopic symptoms like growth arrest and cell death and biochemical or molecular symptoms that include changes in cell wall pore size, apoplast acidification, or a steep ROS production that leads to an oxidative burst. Aiming to shed light on B functions in plant biology, we proposed here a unifying model integrating the current knowledge about B function(s) in plants to explain why B deficiency can cause such remarkable effects on plant growth and development, impacting crop productivity. In addition, based on recent experimental evidence that suggests the existence of different B ligands other than RGII in plant cells, namely glycolipids, and glycoproteins, we proposed an experimental pipeline to identify putative missing ligands and to determine how they would integrate into the above-mentioned model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Bolaños
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidro Abreu
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ildefonso Bonilla
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Camacho-Cristóbal
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Reguera
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Wang Y, Niu Z, Hu X, Wu X, Yang Z, Hao C, Zhou M, Yang S, Dong N, Liu M, Ru Z. Molecular characterization of the genome-wide BOR transporter family and their responses to boron conditions in common wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:997915. [PMID: 36275596 PMCID: PMC9583536 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.997915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) deficiency is an agricultural problem that causes significant yield losses in many countries. B transporters (BORs) are responsible for B uptake and distribution and play important roles in yield formation. A comprehensive analysis of the BOR family members in common wheat is still lacking. In the present study, to clarify the molecular characterization and response to B status, genome-wide TaBOR genes and expression patterns were investigated. Fourteen TaBOR genes were identified in common wheat by a homology search. The corresponding phylogenetic tree indicated that 14 TaBOR genes were separately classified into subfamilies of TaBOR1, TaBOR3, and TaBOR4. All TaBOR genes had 12-14 extrons and 11-13 introns. Most TaBOR proteins contained 10 conserved motifs, and motifs 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 constituted the conserved bicarbonate (HCO3 -) domain. Fourteen TaBOR genes were mapped on 13 chromosomes mainly distributed in the first, third, fifth, and seventh homologous groups. The promoters of TaBOR genes consisted of phytohormones, light responses, and stress-related cis-elements. GO analysis indicated that TaBOR genes were enriched in terms of transmembrane transport and ion homeostasis. TaBOR genes showed diverse expression profiles in different tissues. The members of the TaBOR1 subfamily showed high expression in grains, leaves, roots, stems, and spikes, but members of the TaBOR4 subfamily were highly expressed only in spikes and grains. RT-qPCR indicated that TaBOR1-5A, TaBOR1-5B, and TaBOR1-5D were induced by low B concentrations and had much higher expression in roots than in shoots. TaBOR3-3A, TaBOR3-3B, TaBOR3-3D, TaBOR4-1A, TaBOR4-1B, TaBOR4-1D, and TaBOR3-4B were induced by low and high B concentrations and had high expression in roots and shoots. TaBOR3-4D and TaBOR3-7B were upregulated by low and high B concentrations, respectively, but had expression only in roots. Our results provide basic information on the TaBOR family, which is beneficial for elucidating the functions of TaBOR genes to overcome the problem of B deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuquan Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hybrid Wheat, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zhipeng Niu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hybrid Wheat, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xigui Hu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hybrid Wheat, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hybrid Wheat, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zijun Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hybrid Wheat, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Chenyan Hao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hybrid Wheat, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Mengxue Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hybrid Wheat, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Shumin Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hybrid Wheat, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Na Dong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hybrid Wheat, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Mingjiu Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hybrid Wheat, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zhengang Ru
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hybrid Wheat, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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10
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Mamani-Huarcaya BM, González-Fontes A, Navarro-Gochicoa MT, Camacho-Cristóbal JJ, Ceacero CJ, Herrera-Rodríguez MB, Cutire ÓF, Rexach J. Characterization of two Peruvian maize landraces differing in boron toxicity tolerance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 185:167-177. [PMID: 35696891 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) toxicity is a major agricultural problem that causes a considerable decrease in crop yield and quality. The soil in arid and semi-arid areas is often subjected to excessive B content. Southwestern Perú (department of Tacna) is characterized by high B levels in its agricultural land and irrigation water. This work analyzes the response of two local maize (Zea mays) landraces (Pachía and Sama) from Tacna to B toxicity. Both landraces were, therefore, grown in hydroponic media under control and B toxicity conditions, and after 10 days, seedlings were harvested and B content, B-transporter gene expressions, and several morphological and physiological parameters were determined. The leaf and root soluble B content was lower in Sama than in Pachía when both landraces were subjected to high B concentrations, which could be explained by its higher expression levels of B-efflux transporters. The capacity of Sama to maintain reduced levels of soluble B in its leaves and roots led to decreased leaf damage and higher photosynthetic and growth parameters under B toxicity conditions. These results support the proposal that Sama would perform better than Pachía under excessive B conditions, thus making it a more suitable landrace to be used in soils with toxic levels of B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty M Mamani-Huarcaya
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain; Instituto Basadre de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann, Tacna, Peru.
| | - Agustín González-Fontes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - M Teresa Navarro-Gochicoa
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Juan J Camacho-Cristóbal
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Carlos J Ceacero
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - M Begoña Herrera-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Óscar Fernández Cutire
- Departamento de Agronomía, Facultad Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann, Tacna, Peru.
| | - Jesús Rexach
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain.
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11
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Sun X, Cheng L, Jonker A, Munidasa S, Pacheco D. A Review: Plant Carbohydrate Types—The Potential Impact on Ruminant Methane Emissions. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:880115. [PMID: 35782553 PMCID: PMC9249355 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.880115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are the major component of most ruminant feeds. The digestion of carbohydrates in the rumen provides energy to the ruminants but also contributes to enteric methane (CH4) emissions. Fresh forage is the main feed for grazing ruminants in temperate regions. Therefore, this review explored how dietary carbohydrate type and digestion affect ruminant CH4 emissions, with a focus on fresh forage grown in temperate regions. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Rhamnose is the only monosaccharide that results in low CH4 emissions. However, rhamnose is a minor component in most plants. Among polysaccharides, pectic polysaccharides lead to greater CH4 production due to the conversion of methyl groups to methanol and finally to CH4. Thus, the degree of methyl esterification of pectic polysaccharides is an important structural characteristic to better understand CH4 emissions. Apart from pectic polysaccharides, the chemical structure of other polysaccharides per se does not seem to affect CH4 formation. However, rumen physiological parameters and fermentation types resulting from digestion in the rumen of polysaccharides differing in the rate and extent of degradation do affect CH4 emissions. For example, low rumen pH resulting from the rapid degradation of readily fermentable carbohydrates decreases and inhibits the activities of methanogens and further reduces CH4 emissions. When a large quantity of starch is supplemented or the rate of starch degradation is low, some starch may escape from the rumen and the escaped starch will not yield CH4. Similar bypass from rumen digestion applies to other polysaccharides and needs to be quantified to facilitate the interpretation of animal experiments in which CH4 emissions are measured. Rumen bypass carbohydrates may occur in ruminants fed fresh forage, especially when the passage rate is high, which could be a result of high feed intake or high water intake. The type of carbohydrates affects the concentration of dissolved hydrogen, which consequently alters fermentation pathways and finally results in differences in CH4 emissions. We recommend that the degree of methyl esterification of pectic polysaccharides is needed for pectin-rich forage. The fermentation type of carbohydrates and rumen bypass carbohydrates should be determined in the assessment of mitigation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhao Sun
- The Innovation Centre of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, China
- Jilin Inter-Regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin, China
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Xuezhao Sun
| | - Long Cheng
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Arjan Jonker
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sineka Munidasa
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Pacheco
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- David Pacheco
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12
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Sharma H, Sharma A, Rajput R, Sidhu S, Dhillon H, Verma PC, Pandey A, Upadhyay SK. Molecular Characterization, Evolutionary Analysis, and Expression Profiling of BOR Genes in Important Cereals. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:911. [PMID: 35406892 PMCID: PMC9002812 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient of plants. Plants grapple with a narrow range of B between its toxicity and deficiency. B homeostasis mechanism is required to rescue plants from such a quagmire. B transporters are specialized proteins involved in the homeostasis of B. In the present study, a total of 29 BOR genes were identified in five major cereals, including three BORs in each Brachypodium distachyon and Sorghum bicolor, four in Oryza sativa, six in Zea mays, and 13 in Triticum aestivum. Multiple sequence alignments, domain structure analyses, and phylogenetic analysis indicated the conserved nature of the BOR protein family. Duplication events and Ka/Ks analysis of TaBORs showed the role of segmental duplication events and purifying selection in the expansion of the BOR family in T. aestivum. Furthermore, in silico expression and co-expression analyses under biotic and abiotic stress conditions depicted their involvement in combating such conditions. Moreover, qRT-PCR of TaBORs in B treatment suggested the roles of BOR genes in B stress management. The present study hints at the conserved nature of BOR proteins and their different aspects. The study will lay down a way for several crop improvement programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Sharma
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India; (H.S.); (A.S.)
- Department of Bio-Technology, I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala 144603, India
| | - Alok Sharma
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India; (H.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Ruchika Rajput
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (R.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Sukhjeet Sidhu
- Department of Biotechnology, SUSCET, Tangori, Mohali 140306, India;
| | - Harpal Dhillon
- Centre for Infectious Disease and Vector Research, Department of Nematology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Praveen Chandra Verma
- Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Department, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226001, India;
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (R.R.); (A.P.)
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13
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Huang S, Konishi N, Yamaji N, Shao JF, Mitani-Ueno N, Ma JF. Boron uptake in rice is regulated post-translationally via a clathrin-independent pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1649-1664. [PMID: 34893892 PMCID: PMC8896639 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Uptake of boron (B) in rice (Oryza sativa) is mediated by the Low silicon rice 1 (OsLsi1) channel, belonging to the NOD26-like intrinsic protein III subgroup, and the efflux transporter B transporter 1 (OsBOR1). However, it is unknown how these transporters cooperate for B uptake and how they are regulated in response to B fluctuations. Here, we examined the response of these two transporters to environmental B changes at the transcriptional and posttranslational level. OsBOR1 showed polar localization at the proximal side of both the exodermis and endodermis of mature root region, forming an efficient uptake system with OsLsi1 polarly localized at the distal side of the same cell layers. Expression of OsBOR1 and OsLsi1 was unaffected by B deficiency and excess. However, although OsLsi1 protein did not respond to high B at the protein level, OsBOR1 was degraded in response to high B within hours, which was accompanied with a significant decrease of total B uptake. The high B-induced degradation of OsBOR1 was inhibited in the presence of MG-132, a proteasome inhibitor, without disturbance of the polar localization. In contrast, neither the high B-induced degradation of OsBOR1 nor its polarity was affected by induced expression of dominant-negative mutated dynamin-related protein 1A (OsDRP1AK47A) or knockout of the mu subunit (AP2M) of adaptor protein-2 complex, suggesting that clathrin-mediated endocytosis is not involved in OsBOR1 degradation and polar localization. These results indicate that, in contrast to Arabidopsis thaliana, rice has a distinct regulatory mechanism for B uptake through clathrin-independent degradation of OsBOR1 in response to high B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Huang
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Konishi
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamaji
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Ji Feng Shao
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Namiki Mitani-Ueno
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
- Author for communication:
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14
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Ajeesh Krishna TP, Maharajan T, Ceasar SA. Improvement of millets in the post-genomic era. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:669-685. [PMID: 35465206 PMCID: PMC8986959 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Millets are food and nutrient security crops in the semi-arid tropics of developing countries. Crop improvement using modern tools is one of the priority areas of research in millets. The whole-genome sequence (WGS) of millets provides new insight into understanding and studying the genes, genome organization and genomic-assisted improvement of millets. The WGS of millets helps to carry out genome-wide comparison and co-linearity studies among millets and other cereal crops. This approach might lead to the identification of genes underlying biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in millets. The available genome sequence of millets can be used for SNP identification, allele discovery, association and linkage mapping, identification of valuable candidate genes, and marker-assisted breeding (MAB) programs. Next generation sequencing (NGS) technology provides opportunities for genome-assisted breeding (GAB) through genomic selection (GS) and genome-wide association studies (GAWS) for crop improvement. Clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) genome editing (GE) system provides new opportunities for millet improvement. In this review, we discuss the details on the WGS available for millets and highlight the importance of utilizing such resources in the post-genomic era for millet improvement. We also draw inroads on the utilization of various approaches such as GS, GWAS, functional genomics, gene validation and GE for millet improvement. This review might be helpful for understanding the developments in the post-genomic era of millet improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Ajeesh Krishna
- Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, 683104 Kochi, Kerala India
| | - T Maharajan
- Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, 683104 Kochi, Kerala India
| | - S Antony Ceasar
- Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, 683104 Kochi, Kerala India
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15
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Ma JF, Tsay YF. Transport Systems of Mineral Elements in Plants: Transporters, Regulation and Utilization. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:539-540. [PMID: 33576404 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046 Japan
| | - Yi-Fang Tsay
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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16
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Coskun D, Deshmukh R, Shivaraj SM, Isenring P, Bélanger RR. Lsi2: A black box in plant silicon transport. PLANT AND SOIL 2021; 466:1-20. [PMID: 34720209 PMCID: PMC8550040 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-021-05061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silicon (Si) is widely considered a non-essential but beneficial element for higher plants, providing broad protection against various environmental stresses (both biotic and abiotic), particularly in species that can readily absorb the element. Two plasma-membrane proteins are known to coordinate the radial transport of Si (in the form of Si(OH)4) from soil to xylem within roots: the influx channel Lsi1 and the efflux transporter Lsi2. From a structural and mechanistic perspective, much more is known about Lsi1 (a member of the NIP-III subgroup of the Major Intrinsic Proteins) compared to Lsi2 (a putative Si(OH)4/H+ antiporter, with some homology to bacterial anion transporters). SCOPE Here, we critically review the current state of understanding regarding the physiological role and molecular characteristics of Lsi2. We demonstrate that the structure-function relationship of Lsi2 is largely uncharted and that the standing transport model requires much better supportive evidence. We also provide (to our knowledge) the most current and extensive phylogenetic analysis of Lsi2 from all fully sequenced higher-plant genomes. We end by suggesting research directions and hypotheses to elucidate the properties of Lsi2. CONCLUSIONS Given that Lsi2 is proposed to mediate xylem Si loading and thus root-to-shoot translocation and biosilicification, it is imperative that the field of Si transport focus its efforts on a better understanding of this important topic. With this review, we aim to stimulate and advance research in the field of Si transport and thus better exploit Si to improve crop resilience and agricultural output. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11104-021-05061-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Coskun
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté Des Sciences de L’Agriculture Et de L’Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, Québec Canada
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - S. M. Shivaraj
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Paul Isenring
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec Canada
| | - Richard R. Bélanger
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté Des Sciences de L’Agriculture Et de L’Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, Québec Canada
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