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Yang Z, Bai T, E Z, Niu B, Chen C. OsNF-YB7 inactivates OsGLK1 to inhibit chlorophyll biosynthesis in rice embryo. eLife 2024; 13:RP96553. [PMID: 39288070 PMCID: PMC11407766 DOI: 10.7554/elife.96553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
As a master regulator of seed development, Leafy Cotyledon 1 (LEC1) promotes chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, but the mechanism underlying this remains poorly understood. Here, we found that loss of function of OsNF-YB7, a LEC1 homolog of rice, leads to chlorophyllous embryo, indicating that OsNF-YB7 plays an opposite role in Chl biosynthesis in rice compared with that in Arabidopsis. OsNF-YB7 regulates the expression of a group of genes responsible for Chl biosynthesis and photosynthesis by directly binding to their promoters. In addition, OsNF-YB7 interacts with Golden 2-Like 1 (OsGLK1) to inhibit the transactivation activity of OsGLK1, a key regulator of Chl biosynthesis. Moreover, OsNF-YB7 can directly repress OsGLK1 expression by recognizing its promoter in vivo, indicating the involvement of OsNF-YB7 in multiple regulatory layers of Chl biosynthesis in rice embryo. We propose that OsNF-YB7 functions as a transcriptional repressor to regulate Chl biosynthesis in rice embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongju Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/ Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Agricultural College of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Agricultural College of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Tianqi Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/ Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Agricultural College of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Zhiguo E
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Baixiao Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/ Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Agricultural College of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Agricultural College of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Chen Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/ Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Agricultural College of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Agricultural College of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
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Zhang T, Zhang R, Zeng XY, Lee S, Ye LH, Tian SL, Zhang YJ, Busch W, Zhou WB, Zhu XG, Wang P. GLK transcription factors accompany ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 to orchestrate light-induced seedling development in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:2400-2421. [PMID: 38180123 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Light-induced de-etiolation is an important aspect of seedling photomorphogenesis. GOLDEN2 LIKE (GLK) transcriptional regulators are involved in chloroplast development, but to what extent they participate in photomorphogenesis is not clear. Here, we show that ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) binds to GLK promoters to activate their expression, and also interacts with GLK proteins in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The chlorophyll content in the de-etiolating Arabidopsis seedlings of the hy5 glk2 double mutants was lower than that in the hy5 single mutant. GLKs inhibited hypocotyl elongation, and the phenotype could superimpose on the hy5 phenotype. Correspondingly, GLK2 regulated the expression of photosynthesis and cell elongation genes partially independent of HY5. Before exposure to light, DE-ETIOLATED 1 (DET1) affected accumulation of GLK proteins. The enhanced etioplast development and photosystem gene expression observed in the det1 mutant were attenuated in the det1 glk2 double mutant. Our study reveals that GLKs act downstream of HY5, or additive to HY5, and are likely quantitatively adjusted by DET1, to orchestrate multiple developmental traits during the light-induced skotomorphogenesis-to-photomorphogenesis transition in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xi-Yu Zeng
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Sanghwa Lee
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lu-Huan Ye
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shi-Long Tian
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yi-Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wen-Bin Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peng Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS, Shanghai 200032, China
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Hernández‐Verdeja T, Vuorijoki L, Jin X, Vergara A, Dubreuil C, Strand Å. GENOMES UNCOUPLED1 plays a key role during the de-etiolation process in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:188-203. [PMID: 35322876 PMCID: PMC9324965 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
One of the most dramatic challenges in the life of a plant occurs when the seedling emerges from the soil and exposure to light triggers expression of genes required for establishment of photosynthesis. This process needs to be tightly regulated, as premature accumulation of light-harvesting proteins and photoreactive Chl precursors causes oxidative damage when the seedling is first exposed to light. Photosynthesis genes are encoded by both nuclear and plastid genomes, and to establish the required level of control, plastid-to-nucleus (retrograde) signalling is necessary to ensure correct gene expression. We herein show that a negative GENOMES UNCOUPLED1 (GUN1)-mediated retrograde signal restricts chloroplast development in darkness and during early light response by regulating the transcription of several critical transcription factors linked to light response, photomorphogenesis, and chloroplast development, and consequently their downstream target genes in Arabidopsis. Thus, the plastids play an essential role during skotomorphogenesis and the early light response, and GUN1 acts as a safeguard during the critical step of seedling emergence from darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Hernández‐Verdeja
- Department of Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science CentreUmeå UniversityUmeåSE901 87Sweden
- Present address:
Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YQUK
| | - Linda Vuorijoki
- Department of Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science CentreUmeå UniversityUmeåSE901 87Sweden
| | - Xu Jin
- Department of Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science CentreUmeå UniversityUmeåSE901 87Sweden
| | - Alexander Vergara
- Department of Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science CentreUmeå UniversityUmeåSE901 87Sweden
| | - Carole Dubreuil
- Department of Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science CentreUmeå UniversityUmeåSE901 87Sweden
| | - Åsa Strand
- Department of Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science CentreUmeå UniversityUmeåSE901 87Sweden
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4
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Alem AL, Ariel FD, Cho Y, Hong JC, Gonzalez DH, Viola IL. TCP15 interacts with GOLDEN2-LIKE 1 to control cotyledon opening in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:748-763. [PMID: 35132717 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
After germination, exposure to light promotes the opening and expansion of the cotyledons and the development of the photosynthetic apparatus in a process called de-etiolation. This process is crucial for seedling establishment and photoautotrophic growth. TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1, CYCLOIDEA, and PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS (TCP) transcription factors are important developmental regulators of plant responses to internal and external signals that are grouped into two main classes. In this study, we identified GOLDEN2-LIKE 1 (GLK1), a key transcriptional regulator of photomorphogenesis, as a protein partner of class I TCPs during light-induced cotyledon opening and expansion in Arabidopsis. The class I TCP TCP15 and GLK1 are mutually required for cotyledon opening and the induction of SAUR and EXPANSIN genes, involved in cell expansion. TCP15 also participates in the expression of photosynthesis-associated genes regulated by GLK1, like LHCB1.4 and LHCB2.2. Furthermore, GLK1 and TCP15 bind to the same promoter regions of different target genes containing either GLK or TCP binding motifs and binding of TCP15 is affected in a GLK1-deficient background, suggesting that a complex between TCP15 and GLK1 participates in the induction of these genes. We postulate that GLK1 helps to recruit TCP15 for the modulation of cell expansion genes in cotyledons and that the functional interaction between these transcription factors may serve to coordinate the expression of cell expansion genes with that of genes involved in the development of the photosynthetic apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonela L Alem
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Federico D Ariel
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Yuhan Cho
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Jong Chan Hong
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Daniel H Gonzalez
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ivana L Viola
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
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5
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Comprehensive Genomic Analysis of G2-like Transcription Factor Genes and Their Role in Development and Abiotic Stresses in Arabidopsis. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14030228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
GOLDEN2-LIKE (GLK) transcription factors are a subfamily of GARP family transcription factors, which play an essential function in plant growth and development as well as stress response during abiotic and biotic stress conditions. This study reports GLK genes in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome in-depth and identified 55 AtGLK genes in the Arabidopsis genome. Phylogenetic analyses resolved these GLK gene clusters into seven groups. A Ka/Ks ratios analysis indicated that they had experienced purifying selection. Many essential cis elements are present in the promoter regions of AtGLK genes associated with plant hormones, light, and stress. The expression profile from RNA-Seq data revealed that 29.1% of them had relatively high expression in all tested tissues or organs, indicating their crucial housekeeping function in plant growth and development. However, many other GLK members were selectively expressed in particular tissues or organs. In silico study of the transcriptional regulation of AtGLKs indicated that it is strongly regulated by cold, drought, osmotic, salt, and metal ion stressors. Our research provides essential information for the functional studies of each GLK gene in different species in the future.
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6
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Genome-Wide In Silico Identification and Comparative Analysis of Dof Gene Family in Brassica napus. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040709. [PMID: 33916912 PMCID: PMC8067633 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
DNA binding with one finger (DOF) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors that play roles in diverse plant functions. However, little is known about the DOF protein repertoire of the allopolyploid crop, Brassica napus. This in silico study identified 117 Brassica napus Dof genes (BnaDofs) and classified them into nine groups (A, B1, B2, C1, C2.1, C2.2, C3, D1, and D2), based on phylogenetic analysis. Most members belonging to a particular group displayed conserved gene structural organisation and protein motif distribution. Evolutionary analysis exemplified that the divergence of the Brassica genus from Arabidopsis, the whole-genome triplication event, and the hybridisation of Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa to form B. napus, followed by gene loss and rearrangements, led to the expansion and divergence of the Dof transcription factor (TF) gene family in B. napus. So far, this is the largest number of Dof genes reported in a single eudicot species. Functional annotation of BnaDof proteins, cis-element analysis of their promoters, and transcriptomic analysis suggested potential roles in organ development, the transition from the vegetative to the reproductive stage, light responsiveness, phytohormone responsiveness, as well as potential regulatory roles in abiotic stress. Overall, our results provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular structure, evolution, and possible functional roles of Dof genes in plant development and abiotic stress response.
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7
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Bhutia KL, Nongbri EL, Gympad E, Rai M, Tyagi W. In silico characterization, and expression analysis of rice golden 2-like (OsGLK) members in response to low phosphorous. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:2529-2549. [PMID: 32086721 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The availability of phosphorus (P) affects productivity of rice. Under acidic soil conditions (pH < 5.5), P is rapidly immobilized in the soil. Several transcription factors play an important role in low Pi tolerance response, including MYB family members but their role in acidic soil is yet unknown. In this study, genome wide identification and characterization of golden 2-like (GLK) members belonging to GARP superfamily from rice (OsGLK) led to identification of 46 members distributed over 12 chromosomes. We assigned gene nomenclature, analyzed gene structure and identified mutant orthologs and phenotypes in maize and rice, respectively. On the basis of biological functions three categories viz., (a) two-component response regulator (five members), (b) putative transcription factor (21 members) and (c) phosphate starvation response (8 members) were identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a total of nine subgroups with MYB homeodomain-like and MYB CC-type domains conserved across members. Expression profiling of OsGLKs in response to 24 and 48 h of low Pi in four contrasting rice genotypes, revealed significantly higher expression of OsGLK10, OsGLK15, OsGLK22 and OsGLK30 in tolerant genotypes as compared to susceptible genotypes, suggesting their role in Pi starvation tolerance. Meta analyses and cis-regulatory elements (CREs) profiling of OsGLK showed diverse expression pattern in various tissues and organs and also modulation in response to various abiotic and biotic stresses. Our results highlight the versatile role of this diverse and complex GLK family, in particular to abiotic stress. These genes will form the basis of future studies on low Pi tolerance in acidic soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karma Landup Bhutia
- School of Crop Improvement, College of Post-Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Umroi Road, Umiam, 793103, Meghalaya, India
| | - Ernieca Lyngdoh Nongbri
- School of Crop Improvement, College of Post-Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Umroi Road, Umiam, 793103, Meghalaya, India
| | - Ebenazar Gympad
- School of Crop Improvement, College of Post-Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Umroi Road, Umiam, 793103, Meghalaya, India
| | - Mayank Rai
- School of Crop Improvement, College of Post-Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Umroi Road, Umiam, 793103, Meghalaya, India
| | - Wricha Tyagi
- School of Crop Improvement, College of Post-Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Umroi Road, Umiam, 793103, Meghalaya, India.
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Chen M, Liu X, Jiang S, Wen B, Yang C, Xiao W, Fu X, Li D, Chen X, Gao D, Li L. Transcriptomic and Functional Analyses Reveal That PpGLK1 Regulates Chloroplast Development in Peach ( Prunus persica). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:34. [PMID: 29434612 PMCID: PMC5791383 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Peach is an ideal species for fruit tree research because of its small, fully sequenced genome. Chloroplast development is dependent on the tight cooperation between the nuclear and plastid genomes, and is regulated by GLK transcription factors. In this work, the pigment content was monitored and the chloroplast-to-chromoplast conversion during the fruit ripening was visualized by transmission electron microscopy. Localization and expression analyses showed that PpGLK1 was located in the nucleus and expressed mainly in the leaves and fruit skin. A transcriptome analysis showed that PpGLK1 and its target genes were significantly differentially expressed in ripening peach fruit skin. PpGLK1 silencing affected chlorophyll accumulation in peach leaves and fruits. Overexpression of PpGLK1 rescued the phenotypes of the Arabidopsis Atglk1Atglk2 double mutant and the tomato uniform ripening mutant. The results of a yeast two-hybrid analysis showed that PpGLK1 is autoactivated and that PpGLK1 (301-542 a.a.) interacted with PpARF5. Together, our results indicate that PpGLK1 regulates chloroplast development in green tissues in peach. Therefore, it may be a promising target gene for improving the production and quality of peach by genetic engineering and breeding approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Shenghui Jiang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Binbin Wen
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Chao Yang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiling Fu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiude Chen
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Dongsheng Gao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- *Correspondence: Dongsheng Gao
| | - Ling Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- Ling Li
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9
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Han XY, Li PX, Zou LJ, Tan WR, Zheng T, Zhang DW, Lin HH. GOLDEN2-LIKE transcription factors coordinate the tolerance to Cucumber mosaic virus in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:626-632. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Chen M, Ji M, Wen B, Liu L, Li S, Chen X, Gao D, Li L. GOLDEN 2-LIKE Transcription Factors of Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1509. [PMID: 27757121 PMCID: PMC5048441 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Golden2-like (GLK) transcription factors are members of the GARP family of Myb transcription factors with an established relationship to chloroplast development in the plant kingdom. In the last century, Golden2 was proposed as a second golden producing factor and identified as controlling cellular differentiation in maize leaves. Then, GLKs were also found to play roles in disease defense and their function is conserved in regulating chloroplast development. Recently, research on GLKs has rapidly increased and shown that GLKs control chloroplast development in green and non-green tissues. Moreover, links between phytohormones and GLKs were verified. In this mini-review, we summarize the history, conservation, function, potential targets and degradation of GLKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and EfficiencyTaian, China
| | - Meiling Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and EfficiencyTaian, China
| | - Binbin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and EfficiencyTaian, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and EfficiencyTaian, China
| | - Shaoxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and EfficiencyTaian, China
| | - Xiude Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and EfficiencyTaian, China
| | - Dongsheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and EfficiencyTaian, China
- *Correspondence: Dongsheng Gao, Ling Li,
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and EfficiencyTaian, China
- *Correspondence: Dongsheng Gao, Ling Li,
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Kobayashi K, Masuda T. Transcriptional Regulation of Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1811. [PMID: 27990150 PMCID: PMC5130987 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of chlorophyll (Chl) involves many enzymatic reactions that share several first steps for biosynthesis of other tetrapyrroles such as heme, siroheme, and phycobilins. Chl allows photosynthetic organisms to capture light energy for photosynthesis but with simultaneous threat of photooxidative damage to cells. To prevent photodamage by Chl and its highly photoreactive intermediates, photosynthetic organisms have developed multiple levels of regulatory mechanisms to coordinate tetrapyrrole biosynthesis (TPB) with the formation of photosynthetic and photoprotective systems and to fine-tune the metabolic flow with the varying needs of Chl and other tetrapyrroles under various developmental and environmental conditions. Among a wide range of regulatory mechanisms of TPB, this review summarizes transcriptional regulation of TPB genes during plant development, with focusing on several transcription factors characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana. Key TPB genes are tightly coexpressed with other photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes and are induced by light, oscillate in a diurnal and circadian manner, are coordinated with developmental and nutritional status, and are strongly downregulated in response to arrested chloroplast biogenesis. LONG HYPOCOTYL 5 and PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORs, which are positive and negative transcription factors with a wide range of light signaling, respectively, target many TPB genes for light and circadian regulation. GOLDEN2-LIKE transcription factors directly regulate key TPB genes to fine-tune the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus with chloroplast functionality. Some transcription factors such as FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL3, REVEILLE1, and scarecrow-like transcription factors may directly regulate some specific TPB genes, whereas other factors such as GATA transcription factors are likely to regulate TPB genes in an indirect manner. Comprehensive transcriptional analyses of TPB genes and detailed characterization of key transcriptional regulators help us obtain a whole picture of transcriptional control of TPB in response to environmental and endogenous cues.
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Llorca CM, Berendzen KW, Malik WA, Mahn S, Piepho HP, Zentgraf U. The Elucidation of the Interactome of 16 Arabidopsis bZIP Factors Reveals Three Independent Functional Networks. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139884. [PMID: 26452049 PMCID: PMC4599898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the bZIP transcription factors is strictly dependent on their ability to dimerize. Heterodimerization has proven to be highly specific and is postulated to operate as a combinatorial mechanism allowing the generation of a large variety of dimers with unique qualities by specifically combining a small set of monomers; an assumption that has not yet been tested systematically. Here, the interaction pattern and the transactivation properties of 16 Arabidopsis thaliana bZIPs are examined in transiently transformed Arabidopsis protoplasts to deliver a perspective on the relationship between bZIP dimerization and function. An interaction matrix of bZIPs belonging to the C, G, H, and S1 bZIP groups was resolved by Bimolecular Fluorescent Complementation (BiFC) coupled to quantitative flow cytometric analysis, while an extensive GUS reporter gene assay was carried out to determine the effect of different bZIP pairs on the expression of four different known bZIP-targeted promoters. Statistical data treatment and complementary bioinformatic analysis were performed to substantiate the biological findings. According to these results, the 16 bZIPs interact in three isolated networks, within which their members dimerize non-specifically and exhibit a significant level of functional redundancy. A coherent explanation for these results is supported by in silico analysis of differences in the length, structure and composition of their leucine zippers and appears to explain their dimerization specificity and dynamics observed in vivo quite well. A model in which the bZIP networks act as functional units is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Marco Llorca
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Waqas Ahmed Malik
- Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefan Mahn
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Piepho
- Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zentgraf
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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13
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Singh R, Singh S, Parihar P, Singh VP, Prasad SM. Retrograde signaling between plastid and nucleus: A review. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 181:55-66. [PMID: 25974370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Retrograde signaling, defined as the signaling events leading from the plastids to the nucleus, coordinates the expression of plastid and nuclear genes and is crucial for metabolic as well as developmental processes of the plastids. In the recent past, the identification of various components that are involved in the generation and transmission of plastid-originated retrograde signals and the regulation of nuclear gene expression has only provided a glimpse of the plastid retrograde signaling network, which remains poorly understood. The basic assumptions underlying our current understanding of retrograde signaling stayed untouched for many years. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this review article to summarize established facts and recent advances regarding various retrograde signaling pathways derived from different sources, the identification of key elements mediating retrograde signal transduction and also to give an overview of possible signaling molecules that remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India
| | - Samiksha Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India
| | - Parul Parihar
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India
| | - Vijay Pratap Singh
- Govt Ramanuj Pratap Singhdev Post Graduate College, Baikunthpur, Koriya-497335, Chhattisgarh, India.
| | - Sheo Mohan Prasad
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India.
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Shaikhali J. GIP1 protein is a novel cofactor that regulates DNA-binding affinity of redox-regulated members of bZIP transcription factors involved in the early stages of Arabidopsis development. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:867-883. [PMID: 25387999 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0726-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In response to environmental light signals, gene expression adjustments play an important role in regulation of photomorphogenesis. LHCB2.4 is among the genes responsive to light signals, and its expression is regulated by redox-regulated members of G-group bZIP transcription factors. The biochemical interrelations of GBF1-interacting protein 1 (GIP1) and the G-group bZIP transcription factors have been investigated. GIP1, previously shown to enhance DNA-binding activities of maize GBF1 and Arabidopsis GBF3, is a plant specific protein that reduces DNA-binding activity of AtbZIP16, AtbZIP68, and AtGBF1 under non-reducing conditions through direct physical interaction shown by the yeast two-hybrid and pull-down assays. Fluorescence microscopy studies using cyan fluorescent protein (CFP)-fusion protein indicate that GIP1 is exclusively localized in the nucleus. Under non- reducing conditions, GIP1 exhibits predominantly high molecular weight forms, whereas it predominates in low molecular weight monomers under reducing conditions. While reduced GIP1 induced formation of DNA-protein complexes of G-group bZIPs, oxidized GIP1 decreased the amount of those complexes and instead induced its chaperone function suggesting functional switching from redox to chaperone activity. Finally analysis of transgenic plants overexpressing GIP1 revealed that GIP1 is a negative co-regulator in red and blue light mediated hypocotyl elongation. By regulating the repression effect by bZIP16 and the activation effect by bZIP68 and GBF1 on LHCB2.4 expression, GIP1 functions to promote hypocotyl elongation during the early stages of Arabidopsis seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehad Shaikhali
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden,
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15
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Murmu J, Wilton M, Allard G, Pandeya R, Desveaux D, Singh J, Subramaniam R. Arabidopsis GOLDEN2-LIKE (GLK) transcription factors activate jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent disease susceptibility to the biotrophic pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, as well as JA-independent plant immunity against the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:174-84. [PMID: 24393452 PMCID: PMC6638812 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana GOLDEN2-LIKE (GLK1 and 2) transcription factors regulate chloroplast development in a redundant manner. Overexpression of AtGLK1 (35S:AtGLK1) in Arabidopsis also confers resistance to the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. To further elucidate the role of GLK transcription factors in plant defence, the Arabidopsis glk1 glk2 double-mutant and 35S:AtGLK1 plants were challenged with the virulent oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) Noco2. Compared with Col-0, glk1 glk2 plants were highly resistant to Hpa Noco2, whereas 35S:AtGLK1 plants showed enhanced susceptibility to this pathogen. Genetic studies suggested that AtGLK-mediated plant defence to Hpa Noco2 was partially dependent on salicylic acid (SA) accumulation, but independent of the SA signalling protein NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED 1 (NPR1). Pretreatment with jasmonic acid (JA) dramatically reversed Hpa Noco2 resistance in the glk1 glk2 double mutant, but only marginally affected the 35S:AtGLK1 plants. In addition, overexpression of AtGLK1 in the JA signalling mutant coi1-16 did not increase susceptibility to Hpa Noco2. Together, our GLK gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments suggest that GLK acts upstream of JA signalling in disease susceptibility to Hpa Noco2. In contrast, glk1 glk2 plants were more susceptible to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, whereas 35S:AtGLK1 plants exhibited heightened resistance which could be maintained in the absence of JA signalling. Together, the data reveal that AtGLK1 is involved in JA-dependent susceptibility to the biotrophic pathogen Hpa Noco2 and in JA-independent resistance to the necrotrophic pathogen B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhadeswar Murmu
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0C6
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16
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Yu X, Zheng G, Shan L, Meng G, Vingron M, Liu Q, Zhu XG. Reconstruction of gene regulatory network related to photosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:273. [PMID: 24982665 PMCID: PMC4055858 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is one of the most important biological processes on the earth. So far, though the molecular mechanisms underlying photosynthesis is well understood, however, the regulatory networks of photosynthesis are poorly studied. Given the current interest in improving photosynthetic efficiency for greater crop yield, elucidating the detailed regulatory networks controlling the construction and maintenance of photosynthetic machinery is not only scientifically significant but also holding great potential in agricultural application. In this study, we first identified transcription factors (TFs) related to photosynthesis through the TRAP approach using position weight matrix information. Then, for TFs related to photosynthesis, interactions between them and their targets were also determined by the ARACNE approach. Finally, a gene regulatory network was established by combining TF-targets information generated by these two approaches. Topological analysis of the regulatory network suggested that (a) the regulatory network of photosynthesis has a property of "small world"; (b) there is substantial coordination mediated by transcription factors between different components in photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbin Yu
- Group of Plant System Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
| | - Guangyong Zheng
- Group of Plant System Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
| | - Lanlan Shan
- Group of Plant System Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
| | - Guofeng Meng
- Department of Computational Regulatory Genomics, CAS-MPG Partner Institutes for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
| | - Martin Vingron
- Department of Computational Regulatory Genomics, CAS-MPG Partner Institutes for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- Group of Plant System Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
- Group of Plant System Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Guang Zhu, Group of Plant System Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China e-mail:
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17
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Wang P, Fouracre J, Kelly S, Karki S, Gowik U, Aubry S, Shaw MK, Westhoff P, Slamet-Loedin IH, Quick WP, Hibberd JM, Langdale JA. Evolution of GOLDEN2-LIKE gene function in C(3) and C (4) plants. PLANTA 2013; 237:481-95. [PMID: 22968911 PMCID: PMC3555242 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1754-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A pair of GOLDEN2-LIKE transcription factors is required for normal chloroplast development in land plant species that encompass the range from bryophytes to angiosperms. In the C(4) plant maize, compartmentalized function of the two GLK genes in bundle sheath and mesophyll cells regulates dimorphic chloroplast differentiation, whereas in the C(3) plants Physcomitrella patens and Arabidopsis thaliana the genes act redundantly in all photosynthetic cells. To assess whether the cell-specific function of GLK genes is unique to maize, we analyzed gene expression patterns in the C(4) monocot Sorghum bicolor and C(4) eudicot Cleome gynandra. Compartmentalized expression was observed in S. bicolor, consistent with the development of dimorphic chloroplasts in this species, but not in C. gynandra where bundle sheath and mesophyll chloroplasts are morphologically similar. The generation of single and double mutants demonstrated that GLK genes function redundantly in rice, as in other C(3) plants, despite the fact that GLK gene duplication in monocots preceded the speciation of rice, maize and sorghum. Together with phylogenetic analyses of GLK gene sequences, these data have allowed speculation on the evolutionary trajectory of GLK function. Based on current evidence, most species that retain single GLK genes belong to orders that contain only C(3) species. We therefore propose that the ancestral state is a single GLK gene, and hypothesize that GLK gene duplication enabled sub-functionalization, which in turn enabled cell-specific function in C(4) plants with dimorphic chloroplasts. In this scenario, GLK gene duplication preconditioned the evolution of C(4) physiology that is associated with chloroplast dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd., Oxford, OX1-3RB UK
| | - Jim Fouracre
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd., Oxford, OX1-3RB UK
| | - Steven Kelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd., Oxford, OX1-3RB UK
| | | | - Udo Gowik
- Institut für Entwicklungs- und Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sylvain Aubry
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2-3EA UK
| | - Michael K. Shaw
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd., Oxford, OX1-3RE UK
| | - Peter Westhoff
- Institut für Entwicklungs- und Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Julian M. Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2-3EA UK
| | - Jane A. Langdale
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd., Oxford, OX1-3RB UK
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18
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Wang P, Fouracre J, Kelly S, Karki S, Gowik U, Aubry S, Shaw MK, Westhoff P, Slamet-Loedin IH, Quick WP, Hibberd JM, Langdale JA. Evolution of GOLDEN2-LIKE gene function in C(3) and C (4) plants. PLANTA 2013; 237:481-495. [PMID: 22968911 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1754-3 [epub ahead of print]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A pair of GOLDEN2-LIKE transcription factors is required for normal chloroplast development in land plant species that encompass the range from bryophytes to angiosperms. In the C(4) plant maize, compartmentalized function of the two GLK genes in bundle sheath and mesophyll cells regulates dimorphic chloroplast differentiation, whereas in the C(3) plants Physcomitrella patens and Arabidopsis thaliana the genes act redundantly in all photosynthetic cells. To assess whether the cell-specific function of GLK genes is unique to maize, we analyzed gene expression patterns in the C(4) monocot Sorghum bicolor and C(4) eudicot Cleome gynandra. Compartmentalized expression was observed in S. bicolor, consistent with the development of dimorphic chloroplasts in this species, but not in C. gynandra where bundle sheath and mesophyll chloroplasts are morphologically similar. The generation of single and double mutants demonstrated that GLK genes function redundantly in rice, as in other C(3) plants, despite the fact that GLK gene duplication in monocots preceded the speciation of rice, maize and sorghum. Together with phylogenetic analyses of GLK gene sequences, these data have allowed speculation on the evolutionary trajectory of GLK function. Based on current evidence, most species that retain single GLK genes belong to orders that contain only C(3) species. We therefore propose that the ancestral state is a single GLK gene, and hypothesize that GLK gene duplication enabled sub-functionalization, which in turn enabled cell-specific function in C(4) plants with dimorphic chloroplasts. In this scenario, GLK gene duplication preconditioned the evolution of C(4) physiology that is associated with chloroplast dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd., Oxford, UK
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19
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Abstract
Intracellular signaling from plastids to the nucleus, called retrograde signaling, coordinates the expression of nuclear and plastid genes and is essential for plastid biogenesis and for maintaining plastid function at optimal levels. Recent identification of several components involved in plastid retrograde generation, transmission, and control of nuclear gene expression has provided significant insight into the regulatory network of plastid retrograde signaling. Here, we review the current knowledge of multiple plastid retrograde signaling pathways, which are derived from distinct sources, and of possible plastid signaling molecules. We describe the retrograde signaling-dependent regulation of nuclear gene expression, which involves multilayered transcriptional control, as well as the transcription factors involved. We also summarize recent advances in the identification of key components mediating signal transduction from plastids to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chi
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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20
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Kobayashi K, Obayashi T, Masuda T. Role of the G-box element in regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis in Arabidopsis roots. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:922-6. [PMID: 22827944 PMCID: PMC3474686 DOI: 10.4161/psb.20760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of chlorophyll metabolism comprises strong transcriptional control together with a range of post-translational mechanisms during chloroplast biogenesis. Recently we reported that chlorophyll biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana roots is regulated by auxin/cytokinin signaling via the combination of two transcription factors, LONG-HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) and GOLDEN2-LIKE2 (GLK2). In this study, we examined the involvement of cis-elements in the expression of chlorophyll biosynthesis genes. Searches for predicted cis-elements in key chlorophyll biosynthesis genes and their co-expressed genes revealed coexistence of the G-box motif and the CCAATC motif, which may be targeted by HY5 and GLK factors, respectively, in their promoter regions. Deletion of the G-box from the promoter of the CHLH gene encoding the H subunit of Mg-chelatase resulted in the absence of its expression in roots but not in shoots, showing a differing involvement of the G-box in CHLH expression between shoots and roots. Our data suggest that transcription factors and cis-elements participating chlorophyll biosynthesis are substantially changed during organ differentiation, which may be linked to the differentiation of plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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21
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Smykowski A, Zimmermann P, Zentgraf U. G-Box binding factor1 reduces CATALASE2 expression and regulates the onset of leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:1321-31. [PMID: 20484024 PMCID: PMC2899923 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.157180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is discussed as being a signaling molecule in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf senescence. Intracellular H(2)O(2) levels are controlled by the H(2)O(2)-scavenging enzyme catalase in concert with other scavenging and producing systems. Catalases are encoded by a small gene family, and the expression of all three Arabidopsis catalase genes is regulated in a senescence-associated manner. CATALASE2 (CAT2) expression is down-regulated during bolting time at the onset of leaf senescence and appears to be involved in the elevation of the H(2)O(2) level at this time point. To understand the role of CAT2 in senescence regulation in more detail, we used CAT2 promoter fragments in a yeast one-hybrid screen to isolate upstream regulatory factors. Among others, we could identify G-Box Binding Factor1 (GBF1) as a DNA-binding protein of the CAT2 promoter. Transient overexpression of GBF1 together with a CAT2:beta-glucuronidase construct in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) plants and Arabidopsis protoplasts revealed a negative effect of GBF1 on CAT2 expression. In gbf1 mutant plants, the CAT2 decrease in expression and activity at bolting time and the increase in H(2)O(2) could no longer be observed. Consequently, the onset of leaf senescence and the expression of senescence-associated genes were delayed in gbf1 plants, clearly indicating a regulatory function of GBF1 in leaf senescence, most likely via regulation of the intracellular H(2)O(2) content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ulrike Zentgraf
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, General Genetics, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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22
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Kakizaki T, Matsumura H, Nakayama K, Che FS, Terauchi R, Inaba T. Coordination of plastid protein import and nuclear gene expression by plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 151:1339-53. [PMID: 19726569 PMCID: PMC2773054 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.145987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Expression of nuclear-encoded plastid proteins and import of those proteins into plastids are indispensable for plastid biogenesis. One possible cellular mechanism that coordinates these two essential processes is retrograde signaling from plastids to the nucleus. However, the molecular details of how this signaling occurs remain elusive. Using the plastid protein import2 mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which lacks the atToc159 protein import receptor, we demonstrate that the expression of photosynthesis-related nuclear genes is tightly coordinated with their import into plastids. Down-regulation of photosynthesis-related nuclear genes is also observed in mutants lacking other components of the plastid protein import apparatus. Genetic studies indicate that the coordination of plastid protein import and nuclear gene expression is independent of proposed plastid signaling pathways such as the accumulation of Mg-protoporphyrin IX and the activity of ABA INSENSITIVE4 (ABI4). Instead, it may involve GUN1 and the transcription factor AtGLK. The expression level of AtGLK1 is tightly correlated with the expression of photosynthesis-related nuclear genes in mutants defective in plastid protein import. Furthermore, the activity of GUN1 appears to down-regulate the expression of AtGLK1 when plastids are dysfunctional. Based on these data, we suggest that defects in plastid protein import generate a signal that represses photosynthesis-related nuclear genes through repression of AtGLK1 expression but not through activation of ABI4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Takehito Inaba
- The 21st Century Centers of Excellence Program, Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020–8550, Japan (T.K., K.N., T.I.); Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024–0003, Japan (H.M., R.T.); and Department of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526–0829, Japan (F.-S.C.)
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23
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Nakamura H, Muramatsu M, Hakata M, Ueno O, Nagamura Y, Hirochika H, Takano M, Ichikawa H. Ectopic overexpression of the transcription factor OsGLK1 induces chloroplast development in non-green rice cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:1933-49. [PMID: 19808806 PMCID: PMC2775961 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
For systematic and genome-wide analyses of rice gene functions, we took advantage of the full-length cDNA overexpresser (FOX) gene-hunting system and generated >12 000 independent FOX-rice lines from >25 000 rice calli treated with the rice-FOX Agrobacterium library. We found two FOX-rice lines generating green calli on a callus-inducing medium containing 2,4-D, on which wild-type rice calli became ivory yellow. In both lines, OsGLK1 cDNA encoding a GARP transcription factor was ectopically overexpressed. Using rice expression-microarray and northern blot analyses, we found that a large number of nucleus-encoded genes involved in chloroplast functions were highly expressed and transcripts of plastid-encoded genes, psaA, psbA and rbcL, increased in the OsGLK1-FOX calli. Transmission electron microscopy showed the existence of differentiated chloroplasts with grana stacks in OsGLK1-FOX calli cells. However, in darkness, OsGLK1-FOX calli did not show a green color or develop grana stacks. Furthermore, we found developed chloroplasts in vascular bundle and bundle sheath cells of coleoptiles and leaves from OsGLK1-FOX seedlings. The OsGLK1-FOX calli exhibited high photosynthetic activity and were able to grow on sucrose-depleted media, indicating that developed chloroplasts in OsGLK1-FOX rice calli are functional and active. We also observed that the endogenous OsGLK1 mRNA level increased synchronously with the greening of wild-type calli after transfer to plantlet regeneration medium. These results strongly suggest that OsGLK1 regulates chloroplast development under the control of light and phytohormones, and that it is a key regulator of chloroplast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemitsu Nakamura
- Division of Genome and Biodiversity Research, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
- *Corresponding authors: Hidemitsu Nakamura, E-mail, ; Fax, +81-3-5841-8025; Hiroaki Ichikawa, E-mail, ; Fax, +81-29-838-7073
| | - Masayuki Muramatsu
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
| | - Makoto Hakata
- Division of Genome and Biodiversity Research, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
| | - Osamu Ueno
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nagamura
- Division of Genome and Biodiversity Research, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
| | - Hirohiko Hirochika
- Division of Genome and Biodiversity Research, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
| | - Makoto Takano
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ichikawa
- Division of Genome and Biodiversity Research, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
- *Corresponding authors: Hidemitsu Nakamura, E-mail, ; Fax, +81-3-5841-8025; Hiroaki Ichikawa, E-mail, ; Fax, +81-29-838-7073
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Waters MT, Wang P, Korkaric M, Capper RG, Saunders NJ, Langdale JA. GLK transcription factors coordinate expression of the photosynthetic apparatus in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:1109-28. [PMID: 19376934 PMCID: PMC2685620 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.065250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts of photosynthetic organisms harness light energy and convert it into chemical energy. In several land plants, GOLDEN2-LIKE (GLK) transcription factors are required for chloroplast development, as glk1 glk2 double mutants are pale green and deficient in the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus. We show here that glk1 glk2 double mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana accumulate abnormal levels of chlorophyll precursors and that constitutive GLK gene expression leads to increased accumulation of transcripts for antenna proteins and chlorophyll biosynthetic enzymes. To establish the primary targets of GLK gene action, an inducible expression system was used in combination with transcriptome analysis. Following induction, transcript pools were substantially enriched in genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, light harvesting, and electron transport. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the direct association of GLK1 protein with target gene promoters, revealing a putative regulatory cis-element. We show that GLK proteins influence photosynthetic gene expression independently of the phyB signaling pathway and that the two GLK genes are differentially responsive to plastid retrograde signals. These results suggest that GLK genes help to coregulate and synchronize the expression of a suite of nuclear photosynthetic genes and thus act to optimize photosynthetic capacity in varying environmental and developmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Waters
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
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Savitch LV, Subramaniam R, Allard GC, Singh J. The GLK1 'regulon' encodes disease defense related proteins and confers resistance to Fusarium graminearum in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 359:234-8. [PMID: 17533111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression (OE) was used to study the role of the Arabidopsis Golden2-like (GLK1) transcriptional activator in regulating gene expression. Affymetrix Gene Chip and RT-PCR analyses indicated that GLK1 OE in Arabidopsis reprogrammed gene expression networks to enhance a high constitutive expression of genes encoding disease defense related proteins. These include PR10, isochorismate synthase, antimicrobial peptides, glycosyl hydrolases, MATE efflux and other genes associated with pathogen response and detoxification. However, PR1, an indicator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), was downregulated in GLK1 OE. GLK1 OE in Arabidopsis confers resistance to Fusarium graminearum, a broad host pathogen responsible for major losses in cereal crops. This is the first identification of the GLK1 'regulon' and a novel role for GLK1 in plant defense, suggesting its potential use for providing disease resistance in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid V Savitch
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ONT, Canada
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Fu W, Wu K, Duan J. Sequence and expression analysis of histone deacetylases in rice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 356:843-50. [PMID: 17399684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Histone acetylation levels are determined by the action of histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases (HDACs). Sequence similarity and profile searching tools were used to analyze the genome sequence of rice (Oryzae sativa) for genes encoding HDAC proteins. The rice RPD3/HDA1-family HDAC proteins can be divided into four classes based on sequence similarity and phylogenetic analysis of sequences obtained from the rice genome. The spatial expression pattern of rice HDACs genes indicated that some HDAC genes have different expression profiles. Furthermore, our analysis indicated that expression of HDA705, HDT701, and HDT702 could be affected by salicylic acid, jasmonic acid or abscisic acid. Expression of HDA714, SRT702, and SRT701 could be modulated by abiotic stresses, such as cold, mannitol and salt. These results indicate that different HDAC genes have distinct expression patterns and members of rice HDAC families may be involved in plant response to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqun Fu
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Choi D, Kim JH, Kende H. Whole genome analysis of the OsGRF gene family encoding plant-specific putative transcription activators in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 45:897-904. [PMID: 15295073 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pch098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
OsGRF1 (Oryza sativa GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR1) is a rice gene encoding a putative novel transcriptional regulator. We identified and characterized eleven homologs of OsGRF1 in the rice genome. All twelve OsGRF proteins have two highly conserved regions, the QLQ (Gln, Leu, Gln) and WRC (Trp, Arg, Cys) domains, and sequences reminiscent of transcription factors. OsGRF genes were preferentially expressed in young and growing tissues, and applied gibberellic acid (GA3) enhanced the expression of seven OsGRF genes. In situ hybridization showed high levels of OsGRF1 transcripts in the shoot apical meristem and in cells surrounding the vasculature of the intercalary meristem. In a GAL4-based yeast assay, the C-terminal region of OsGRF1 was found to have transactivation activity. These results indicate that OsGRF1 acts as a transcriptional activator. Based on the in situ expression pattern of OsGRF1, we postulate that it may be involved in regulating vegetative growth in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsu Choi
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1312, USA
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