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Bian H, Zhou Q, Du Z, Zhang G, Han R, Chen L, Tian J, Li Y. Integrated Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analysis of the Fructan Metabolism Response to Low-Temperature Stress in Garlic. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1290. [PMID: 37372470 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As the main reserve carbohydrate in garlic, fructan contributes to garlic's yield and quality formation. Numerous studies have shown that plant fructan metabolism induces a stress response to adverse environments. However, the transcriptional regulation mechanism of garlic fructan in low-temperature environments is still unknown. In this study, the fructan metabolism of garlic seedlings under low-temperature stress was revealed by transcriptome and metabolome approaches. With the extension of stress time, the number of differentially expressed genes and metabolites increased. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), three key enzyme genes related to fructan metabolism were screened (a total of 12 transcripts): sucrose: sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (1-SST) gene; fructan: fructan 6G fructosyltransferase (6G-FFT) gene; and fructan 1-exohydrolase (1-FEH) gene. Finally, two hub genes were obtained, namely Cluster-4573.161559 (6G-FFT) and Cluster-4573.153574 (1-FEH). The correlation network and metabolic heat map analysis between fructan genes and carbohydrate metabolites indicate that the expression of key enzyme genes in fructan metabolism plays a positive promoting role in the fructan response to low temperatures in garlic. The number of genes associated with the key enzyme of fructan metabolism in trehalose 6-phosphate was the highest, and the accumulation of trehalose 6-phosphate content may mainly depend on the key enzyme genes of fructan metabolism rather than the enzyme genes in its own synthesis pathway. This study not only obtained the key genes of fructan metabolism in garlic seedlings responding to low temperatures but also preliminarily analyzed its regulatory mechanism, providing an important theoretical basis for further elucidating the cold resistance mechanism of garlic fructan metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Bian
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Germplasm Resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Qianyi Zhou
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Germplasm Resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Zhongping Du
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Germplasm Resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Guangnan Zhang
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Germplasm Resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Rui Han
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Germplasm Resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Laisheng Chen
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Germplasm Resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Germplasm Resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Yi Li
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
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Barros KA, Inaba M, Martins AO, Sulpice R. High-Throughput Extraction and Enzymatic Determination of Sugars and Fructans in Fructan-Accumulating Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2398:107-119. [PMID: 34674172 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1912-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fructans are carbohydrates present in more than 15% of flowering plants. They represent the major pool of carbohydrates in some species, especially when facing cold or drought. However, the functions of fructans with high or low degrees of polymerization (DP), their diurnal use, and the regulation of their synthesis and degradation in response to stresses still remain unclear. Here we present an enzymatic protocol adapted to 96-well microplates that simultaneously allows the determination of fructans and glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Moreover, the protocol allows to estimate the average DP of the fructans in the samples. The protocol is based on the enzymatic degradation of fructans into glucose and fructose and their subsequent conversion into gluconate 6-phosphate concomitant with the formation of NADH in the presence of ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallyne A Barros
- NUI Galway, Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, Galway, Ireland
| | - Masami Inaba
- NUI Galway, Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, Galway, Ireland
| | - Auxiliadora Oliveira Martins
- NUI Galway, Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, Galway, Ireland
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- NUI Galway, Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, Galway, Ireland.
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Barros KA, Esteves-Ferreira AA, Inaba M, Meally H, Finnan J, Barth S, Davis SJ, Sulpice R. Diurnal patterns of growth and transient reserves of sink and source tissues are affected by cold nights in barley. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1404-1420. [PMID: 32012288 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Barley is described to mostly use sucrose for night carbon requirements. To understand how the transient carbon is accumulated and utilized in response to cold, barley plants were grown in a combination of cold days and/or nights. Both daytime and night cold reduced growth. Sucrose was the main carbohydrate supplying growth at night, representing 50-60% of the carbon consumed. Under warm days and nights, starch was the second contributor with 26% and malate the third with 15%. Under cold nights, the contribution of starch was severely reduced, due to an inhibition of its synthesis, including under warm days, and malate was the second contributor to C requirements with 24-28% of the total amount of carbon consumed. We propose that malate plays a critical role as an alternative carbon source to sucrose and starch in barley. Hexoses, malate, and sucrose mobilization and starch accumulation were affected in barley elf3 clock mutants, suggesting a clock regulation of their metabolism, without affecting growth and photosynthesis however. Altogether, our data suggest that the mobilization of sucrose and malate and/or barley growth machinery are sensitive to cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallyne A Barros
- Plant Systems Biology Lab, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Alberto A Esteves-Ferreira
- Plant Systems Biology Lab, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Masami Inaba
- Plant Systems Biology Lab, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Helena Meally
- Crop Science Department, Teagasc, Carlow R93 XE12, Ireland
| | - John Finnan
- Crop Science Department, Teagasc, Carlow R93 XE12, Ireland
| | - Susanne Barth
- Crop Science Department, Teagasc, Carlow R93 XE12, Ireland
| | - Seth J Davis
- Department of Biology Heslington, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- Plant Systems Biology Lab, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
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Li M, He X, Hao D, Wu J, Zhao J, Yang Q, Chen X. 6-SFT, a Protein from Leymus mollis, Positively Regulates Salinity Tolerance and Enhances Fructan Levels in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2691. [PMID: 31159261 PMCID: PMC6600527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructans play vital roles in abiotic stress tolerance in plants. In this study, we isolated the sucrose:6-fructosyltransferase gene, which is involved in the synthesis of fructans, from Leymus mollis by rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The Lm-6-SFT gene was introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana cv. Columbia by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The transgenic plants were evaluated under salt stress conditions. The results showed that the expression of Lm-6-SFT was significantly induced by light, abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and salt treatment in L. mollis plants. Overexpression of Lm-6-SFT in Arabidopsis promoted seed germination and primary root growth during the early vegetative growth stage under salt stress. We also found that the transgenic plants expressing Lm-6-SFT had increased proline and fructan levels. β-Glucuronidase staining and promoter analysis indicated that the promoter of Lm-6-SFT was regulated by light, ABA, and salt stress. Quantitative PCR suggested that overexpression of Lm-6-SFT could improve salt tolerance by interacting with the expression of some salt stress tolerance genes. Thus, we demonstrated that the Lm-6-SFT gene is a candidate gene that potentially confers salt stress tolerance to plants. Our study will aid the elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of 6-SFT genes in herb plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiaolan He
- College of Environment and Life Science, Kaili University, Kaili 556011, GuiZhou, China.
| | - Dongdong Hao
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jixin Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Qunhui Yang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xinhong Chen
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering for Plant Breeding, China.
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Structural Modifications of Fructans in Aloe barbadensis Miller (Aloe Vera) Grown under Water Stress. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159819. [PMID: 27454873 PMCID: PMC4959688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aloe barbadensis Miller (Aloe vera) has a Crassulaceae acid metabolism which grants the plant great tolerance to water restrictions. Carbohydrates such as acemannans and fructans are among the molecules responsible for tolerating water deficit in other plant species. Nevertheless, fructans, which are prebiotic compounds, have not been described nor studied in Aloe vera, whose leaf gel is known to possess beneficial pharmaceutical, nutritional and cosmetic properties. As Aloe vera is frequently cultivated in semi-arid conditions, like those found in northern Chile, we investigated the effect of water deficit on fructan composition and structure. For this, plants were subjected to different irrigation regimes of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% field capacity (FC). There was a significant increase in the total sugars, soluble sugars and oligo and polyfructans in plants subjected to water deficit, compared to the control condition (100% FC) in both leaf tips and bases. The amounts of fructans were also greater in the bases compared to the leaf tips in all water treatments. Fructans also increase in degree of polymerization with increasing water deficit. Glycosidic linkage analyses by GC-MS, led to the conclusion that there are structural differences between the fructans present in the leaves of control plants with respect to plants irrigated with 50% and 25% FC. Therefore, in non-stressed plants, the inulin, neo-inulin and neo-levan type of fructans predominate, while in the most stressful conditions for the plant, Aloe vera also synthesizes fructans with a more branched structure, the neofructans. To our knowledge, the synthesis and the protective role of neo-fructans under extreme water deficit has not been previously reported.
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He X, Chen Z, Wang J, Li W, Zhao J, Wu J, Wang Z, Chen X. A sucrose:fructan-6-fructosyltransferase (6-SFT) gene from Psathyrostachys huashanica confers abiotic stress tolerance in tobacco. Gene 2015; 570:239-47. [PMID: 26072162 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fructans are accessible carbohydrate reserves in various plant species, which possess many physiological functions including anti-oxidation, stabilizing subcellular structures, and osmotic adjustment. In addition, fructans may play important roles in stress tolerance in plant species. In this study, we isolated a Psathyrostachys huashanica (2n=2x=14, NsNs) sucrose:fructan-6-fructosyltransferase (Ph-6-SFT) using homologous cloning and genomic walking. Sequencing and gene structure analysis showed that Ph-6-SFT contains four exons and three introns, with a transcript of 2207 bp. Sequence analysis indicated that the coding sequence of Ph-6-SFT is 1851 bp long and it encodes 616 amino acids, where the structure shares high similarity with 6-SFTs from other plants. Furthermore, Ph-6-SFT was transferred into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cv. W38 via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Compared with the wild-type plants, the transgenic tobacco plants exhibited a much higher tolerance of drought, cold, and high salinity. In all conditions, physiological studies showed that the tolerance of transgenic plants was associated with the accumulation of carbohydrate and proline, but reductions in malondialdehyde. Our results suggest that the 6-SFT gene from P. huashanica enhanced stress tolerance in tobacco plants and it may be applied as a genetic tool for improving stress tolerance in other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan He
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering for Plant Breeding, China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- College of Environment and Life Science, Kaili University, Kaili 556011, GuiZhou, China
| | - Wenxu Li
- Institute for Wheat Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
| | - Jixin Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinhong Chen
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering for Plant Breeding, China.
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2009-2010. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:268-422. [PMID: 24863367 PMCID: PMC7168572 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is the sixth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2010. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, arrays and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural typed constitutes the remainder. The main groups of compound that are discussed in this section are oligo and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Many of these applications are presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Harvey
- Department of BiochemistryOxford Glycobiology InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
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van Arkel J, Sévenier R, Hakkert J, Bouwmeester H, Koops A, van der Meer I. Fructan Biosynthesis Regulation and the Production of Tailor-Made Fructan in Plants. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1201/b17121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Li C, Rudi H, Stockinger EJ, Cheng H, Cao M, Fox SE, Mockler TC, Westereng B, Fjellheim S, Rognli OA, Sandve SR. Comparative analyses reveal potential uses of Brachypodium distachyon as a model for cold stress responses in temperate grasses. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:65. [PMID: 22569006 PMCID: PMC3487962 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the potential of Brachypodium distachyon as a model for low temperature stress responses in Pooideae. The ice recrystallization inhibition protein (IRIP) genes, fructosyltransferase (FST) genes, and many C-repeat binding factor (CBF) genes are Pooideae specific and important in low temperature responses. Here we used comparative analyses to study conservation and evolution of these gene families in B. distachyon to better understand its potential as a model species for agriculturally important temperate grasses. RESULTS Brachypodium distachyon contains cold responsive IRIP genes which have evolved through Brachypodium specific gene family expansions. A large cold responsive CBF3 subfamily was identified in B. distachyon, while CBF4 homologs are absent from the genome. No B. distachyon FST gene homologs encode typical core Pooideae FST-motifs and low temperature induced fructan accumulation was dramatically different in B. distachyon compared to core Pooideae species. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that B. distachyon can serve as an interesting model for specific molecular mechanisms involved in low temperature responses in core Pooideae species. However, the evolutionary history of key genes involved in low temperature responses has been different in Brachypodium and core Pooideae species. These differences limit the use of B. distachyon as a model for holistic studies relevant for agricultural core Pooideae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Li
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, ÅS, Norway
| | - Heidi Rudi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, ÅS, Norway
| | - Eric J Stockinger
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University/OARDC, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Hongmei Cheng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Moju Cao
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Samuel E Fox
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Todd C Mockler
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Bjørge Westereng
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Siri Fjellheim
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, ÅS, Norway
| | - Odd Arne Rognli
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, ÅS, Norway
| | - Simen R Sandve
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, ÅS, Norway
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Xue GP, Kooiker M, Drenth J, McIntyre CL. TaMYB13 is a transcriptional activator of fructosyltransferase genes involved in β-2,6-linked fructan synthesis in wheat. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:857-70. [PMID: 21838777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fructans are soluble fructosyl-oligosaccharides deposited in many cool-season grass species as a carbon reserve; they are synthesised by fructosyltransferases. In wheat and barley fructans can accumulate in mature stems at a very high level and serve as an important carbon source for grain filling. Fructan synthesis in temperate cereals is regulated by sucrose level and developmental signals, and functions as a metabolic adjustment for carbon balance between carbon supply and sink demand. In this study the expression levels of a highly homologous group of Triticum aestivumMYB genes (TaMYB13-1, TaMYB13-2 and TaMYB13-3) were found to be positively correlated with the mRNA levels of sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (1-SST) and sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (6-SFT) in wheat stems among recombinant inbred lines with a wide range of fructan concentrations through Affymetrix array expression analysis. This expression correction extended to expression profiles during stem development. TaMYB13 contains an R2R3-type MYB domain. In vitro random DNA-binding site selection followed by base substitution mutagenesis revealed that TaMYB13 bound to a (A/G/T)TT(A/T/C)GGT core sequence, which was present in the promoters of wheat Ta1-SST and Ta6-SFT genes as well as a barley Hv6-SFT gene. Transactivation analysis showed that TaMYB13 was a transcriptional activator and could markedly enhance the expression of 1-SST and 6-SFT promoter-driven reporter genes in wheat. Elimination of TaMYB13-binding sites in Ta6-SFT and Ta1-SST promoters markedly reduced TaMYB13-mediated reporter gene transactivation. These data suggest that TaMYB13 and its orthologues are positive regulators for controlling the expression of major fructosyltransferases involved in the fructan synthetic pathway in temperate cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Ping Xue
- CSIRO Plant Industry, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia.
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11
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Del Viso F, Casabuono AC, Couto AS, Hopp HE, Puebla AF, Heinz RA. Functional characterization of a sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase of the cold-resistant grass Bromus pictus by heterelogous expression in Pichia pastoris and Nicotiana tabacum and its involvement in freezing tolerance. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:493-9. [PMID: 20828870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 07/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported the molecular characterization of a putative sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (6-SFT) of Bromus pictus, a graminean species from Patagonia, tolerant to cold and drought. Here, this enzyme was functionally characterized by heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris and Nicotiana tabacum. Recombinant P. pastoris Bp6-SFT showed comparable characteristics to barley 6-SFT and an evident fructosyltransferase activity synthesizing bifurcose from sucrose and 1-kestotriose. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing Bp6-SFT, showed fructosyltransferase activity and fructan accumulation in leaves. Bp6-SFT plants exposed to freezing conditions showed a significantly lower electrolyte leakage in leaves compared to control plants, indicating less membrane damage. Concomitantly these transgenic plants resumed growth more rapidly than control ones. These results indicate that Bp6-SFT transgenic tobacco plants that accumulate fructan showed enhanced freezing tolerance compared to control plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Del Viso
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA Castelar) (1686), Hurlingham, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Rao RSP, Andersen JR, Dionisio G, Boelt B. Fructan accumulation and transcription of candidate genes during cold acclimation in three varieties of Poa pratensis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:344-51. [PMID: 20880605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Poa pratensis, a type species for the grass family (Poaceae), is an important cool season grass that accumulates fructans as a polysaccharide reserve. We studied fructan contents and expression of candidate fructan metabolism genes during cold acclimation in three varieties of P. pratensis adapted to different environments: Northern Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands. Fructan content increased significantly during cold acclimation and varieties showed significant differences in the level of fructan accumulation. cDNA sequences of putative fructosyltransferase (FT), fructan exohydrolase (FEH), and cold acclimation protein (CAP) genes were identified and cloned. In agreement with a function in fructan biosynthesis, transcription of a putative sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (Pp6-SFT) gene was induced during cold acclimation and fructan accumulation in all three P. pratensis varieties. Transcription of putative PpFEH and PpCAP genes was also induced by cold acclimation; however, transcription of these two genes was several-fold higher in the variety from Norway compared to the other two varieties. The results presented here suggest that Pp6-SFT is involved in fructan biosynthesis in P. pratensis. FEHs have previously been suggested to be involved in fructan biosynthesis and freezing tolerance, and induced expression of PpFEH during fructan accumulation could also suggest a role in fructan biosynthesis. However, based on the different PpFEH transcription rates among varieties and similar expression of PpFEH and PpCAP, we suggest that PpFEH is more likely to be involved in mediating freezing tolerance, e.g., by regulating the cell osmotic potential through fructan degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shyama Prasad Rao
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Forsøgsvej 1, Slagelse, Denmark.
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13
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Van den Ende W, Coopman M, Clerens S, Vergauwen R, Le Roy K, Lammens W, Van Laere A. Unexpected presence of graminan- and levan-type fructans in the evergreen frost-hardy eudicot Pachysandra terminalis (Buxaceae): purification, cloning, and functional analysis of a 6-SST/6-SFT enzyme. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:603-14. [PMID: 21037113 PMCID: PMC3075768 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.162222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
About 15% of flowering plants accumulate fructans. Inulin-type fructans with β(2,1) fructosyl linkages typically accumulate in the core eudicot families (e.g. Asteraceae), while levan-type fructans with β(2,6) linkages and branched, graminan-type fructans with mixed linkages predominate in monocot families. Here, we describe the unexpected finding that graminan- and levan-type fructans, as typically occurring in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), also accumulate in Pachysandra terminalis, an evergreen, frost-hardy basal eudicot species. Part of the complex graminan- and levan-type fructans as accumulating in vivo can be produced in vitro by a sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (6-SFT) enzyme with inherent sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (1-SST) and fructan 6-exohydrolase side activities. This enzyme produces a series of cereal-like graminan- and levan-type fructans from sucrose as a single substrate. The 6-SST/6-SFT enzyme was fully purified by classic column chromatography. In-gel trypsin digestion led to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-based cDNA cloning. The functionality of the 6-SST/6-SFT cDNA was demonstrated after heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris. Both the recombinant and native enzymes showed rather similar substrate specificity characteristics, including peculiar temperature-dependent inherent 1-SST and fructan 6-exohydrolase side activities. The finding that cereal-type fructans accumulate in a basal eudicot species further confirms the polyphyletic origin of fructan biosynthesis in nature. Our data suggest that the fructan syndrome in P. terminalis can be considered as a recent evolutionary event. Putative connections between abiotic stress and fructans are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Sandve SR, Kosmala A, Rudi H, Fjellheim S, Rapacz M, Yamada T, Rognli OA. Molecular mechanisms underlying frost tolerance in perennial grasses adapted to cold climates. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 180:69-77. [PMID: 21421349 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We review recent progress in understanding cold and freezing stress responses in forage grass species, notably Lolium and Festuca species. The chromosomal positions of important frost tolerance and winter survival QTLs on Festuca and Lolium chromosomes 4 and 5 are most likely orthologs of QTLs on Triticeae chromosome 5 which correspond to a cluster of CBF-genes and the major vernalization gene. Gene expression and protein accumulation analyses after cold acclimation shed light on general responses to cold stress. These responses involve modulation of transcription levels of genes encoding proteins involved in cell signalling, cellular transport and proteins associated with the cell membrane. Also, abundance levels of proteins directly involved in photosynthesis were found to be different between genotypes of differing frost tolerance levels, stressing the importance of the link between the function of the photosynthetic apparatus under cold stress and frost tolerance levels. The significance of the ability to undergo photosynthetic acclimation and avoid photoinhibition is also evident from numerous studies in forage grasses. Other interesting candidate mechanisms for freezing tolerance in forage grasses are molecular responses to cold stress which have evolved after the divergence of temperate grasses. This includes metabolic machinery for synthesis of fructans and novel ice-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simen R Sandve
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
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15
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Abstract
Grasslands cover more than 20% of the Earth's terrestrial surface, and their rise to dominance is one of the most dramatic events of biome evolution in Earth history. Grasses possess two main photosynthetic pathways: the C(3) pathway that is typical of most plants and a specialized C(4) pathway that minimizes photorespiration and thus increases photosynthetic performance in high-temperature and/or low-CO(2) environments. C(4) grasses dominate tropical and subtropical grasslands and savannas, and C(3) grasses dominate the world's cooler temperate grassland regions. This striking pattern has been attributed to C(4) physiology, with the implication that the evolution of the pathway enabled C(4) grasses to persist in warmer climates than their C(3) relatives. We combined geospatial and molecular sequence data from two public archives to produce a 1,230-taxon phylogeny of the grasses with accompanying climate data for all species, extracted from more than 1.1 million herbarium specimens. Here we show that grasses are ancestrally a warm-adapted clade and that C(4) evolution was not correlated with shifts between temperate and tropical biomes. Instead, 18 of 20 inferred C(4) origins were correlated with marked reductions in mean annual precipitation. These changes are consistent with a shift out of tropical forest environments and into tropical woodland/savanna systems. We conclude that C(4) evolution in grasses coincided largely with migration out of the understory and into open-canopy environments. Furthermore, we argue that the evolution of cold tolerance in certain C(3) lineages is an overlooked innovation that has profoundly influenced the patterning of grassland communities across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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del Viso F, Puebla AF, Hopp HE, Heinz RA. Cloning and functional characterization of a fructan 1-exohydrolase (1-FEH) in the cold tolerant Patagonian species Bromus pictus. PLANTA 2009; 231:13-25. [PMID: 19789892 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-1020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fructans are fructose polymers synthesized in a wide range of species such as bacteria, fungi and plants. Fructans are synthesized by fructosyltransferases (FTs) and depolymerized by fructan exohydrolases (FEHs). Bromus pictus is a graminean decaploid species from the Patagonian region of Argentina, which accumulates large amounts of fructans even at temperate temperatures. The first gene isolated from B. pictus fructan metabolism was a putative sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (6-SFT). Here, a complete cDNA of the first fructan exohydrolase (FEH) from B. pictus (Bp1-FEHa) was isolated using RT-PCR strategies. The Bp1-FEHa encoding gene is present as a single copy in B. pictus genome. Functional characterization in Pichia pastoris confirmed Bp1-FEHa is a fructan exohydrolase with predominant activity towards beta-(2-1) linkages. Its expression was analyzed in different leaf sections, showing the highest expression levels in the second section of the sheath and the tip of the blade. Bp1-FEHa expression was studied along with FEH and FT activities and fructan accumulation profile in response to chilling conditions during a 7-day time course experiment. Bp1-FEHa expression and FEH activity followed a similar pattern in response to low temperatures, especially in basal sections of the sheaths. In these sections the FEH and FT activities were particularly high and they were significantly correlated to fructan accumulation profile, along with cold treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia del Viso
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, INTA, Hurlingham, 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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