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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Yu Z, Wang H, Ping B, Liu Y, Liang J, Ma F, Zou Y, Zhao T. Insights into ACO genes across Rosaceae: evolution, expression, and regulatory networks in fruit development. Genes Genomics 2024:10.1007/s13258-024-01551-5. [PMID: 39141243 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-024-01551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ACO (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) serves as a pivotal enzyme within the plant ethylene synthesis pathway, exerting influence over critical facets of plant biology such as flowering, fruit ripening, and seed development. OBJECTIVE This study aims to identify ACO genes from representative Rosaceae genomes, reconstruct their phylogenetic relationships by integrating synteny information, and investigate their expression patterns and networks during fruit development. METHODS we utilize a specialized Hidden Markov Model (HMM), crafted on the sequence attributes of ACO gene-encoded proteins, to systematically identify and analyze ACO gene family members across 12 representative species within the Rosaceae botanical family. Through transcriptome analysis, we delineate the expression patterns of ACO genes in six distinct Rosaceae fruits. RESULTS Our investigation reveals the presence of 62 ACO genes distributed among the surveyed Rosaceae species, characterized by hydrophilic proteins predominantly expressed within the cytoplasm. Phylogenetic analysis categorizes these ACO genes into three discernible classes, namely Class I, Class II, and Class III. Further scrutiny via collinearity assessment indicates a lack of collinearity relationships among these classes, highlighting variations in conserved motifs and promoter types within each class. Transcriptome analysis unveils significant disparities in both expression levels and trends of ACO genes in fruits exhibiting respiratory bursts compared to those that do not. Employing Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), we discern that the co-expression correlation of ACO genes within loquat fruit notably differs from that observed in apples. Our findings, derived from Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment results, signify the involvement of ACO genes and their co-expressed counterparts in biological processes linked to terpenoid metabolism and carbohydrate synthesis in loquat. Moreover, our exploration of gene regulatory networks (GRN) highlights the potential pivotal role of the GNAT transcription factor (Ejapchr1G00010380) in governing the overexpression of the ACO gene (Ejapchr10G00001110) within loquat fruits. CONCLUSION The constructed HMM of ACO proteins offers a precise and systematic method for identifying plant ACO proteins, facilitating phylogenetic reconstruction. ACO genes from representative Rosaceae fruits exhibit diverse expression and regulative patterns, warranting further function characterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Yirong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Ze Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Hanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Boya Ping
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Yunxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Jiakai Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
| | - Yangjun Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
| | - Tao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
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Dambros JI, Storch TT, Pegoraro C, Crizel GR, Gonçalves BX, Quecini V, Fialho FB, Rombaldi CV, Girardi CL. Physicochemical properties and transcriptional changes underlying the quality of 'Gala' apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) under atmosphere manipulation in long-term storage. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:576-589. [PMID: 36063445 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The year-round availability of apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) depends on post-harvest technologies, which are essential for the retention of fruit sensory and chemical properties by delaying senescence. The effectiveness of strategies for preserving the quality of apples depends on complex interactions between the storage environment and endogenous biological factors. In the current work, we integrated instrumental, sensory, and transcriptional data to determine the role of conservation technologies cold storage, controlled atmosphere, and 1-methylcyclopropene-mediated ethylene blockage on the long-term conservation of apples. RESULTS The results demonstrated that inhibition of the consumer's perception of the apples' ethylene content is essential for long-term cold storage, and such quality conservation can be achieved by reducing oxygen pressure. Overall appreciation of apples after storage was determined mainly by their texture, with crispness and juiciness contributing favorably, and mealiness contributing negatively. Reduced oxygen pressure and inhibition of ethylene perception exerted distinct effects on the transcription of candidate genes associated with ripening in apple. Hexose and cell-wall carbohydrate metabolism genes exhibit distinct expression patterns under storage. CONCLUSION Inhibition of ethylene perception and reduction of relative oxygen pressure under cold storage both promote similar conservation of apple sensory traits under long-term cold storage. Texture was the main contributor to global appreciation of apples subjected to long-term storage. The conditions that were investigated were able to delay, but not fully prevent, senescence, as evidenced by physicochemical and gene expression analyses. The expression of gene-encoding enzymes involved in hexose metabolism was mainly developmentally regulated, whereas storage conditions exerted a stronger effect on the expression of genes associated with cell-wall metabolism. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliele Ilone Dambros
- Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Pegoraro
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Giseli Rodrigues Crizel
- Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Breno Xavier Gonçalves
- Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cesar Valmor Rombaldi
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Transcriptome analysis of peach fruit under 1-MCP treatment provides insights into regulation network in melting peach softening. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Peach (Prunus persica L.) displays distinguish texture phenotype during postharvest, which could be classified into three types, including melting flesh (MF), non-melting flesh (NMF) and stony-hard (SH). Of that MF peach would soften rapidly with an outbreak of ethylene production, which cause a huge waste during fruit transportation and storage. 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) was used to alleviate fruit softening. In this study, we performed RNA-sequencing on two MF peach cultivars (‘YuLu’ and ‘Yanhong’) after 1-MCP treatment to identify the candidate genes participating in peach fruit softening. 167 genes were identified by WGCNA and correlation analysis, which could respond to 1-MCP treatment and might be related to softening. Among them, 5 auxin related genes including 2 IAAs, 1 ARF and 2 SAURs, and 4 cell wall modifying genes (PpPG1, PpPG2, PpPG24 and PpPMEI) were characterized as key genes participating in MF peach softening. Furthermore, 2 transcription factors, which belong to HD-ZIP and MYB were predicted as candidates regulating softening process by constructing transcriptional network of these 4 cell wall modifying genes combined with expression pattern analysis, of that the HD-ZIP could trans-activate promoter of PpPG1.
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Wang P, Yu A, Ji X, Mu Q, Salman Haider M, Wei R, Leng X, Fang J. Transcriptome and metabolite integrated analysis reveals that exogenous ethylene controls berry ripening processes in grapevine. Food Res Int 2022; 155:111084. [PMID: 35400460 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is generally classified as a non-climacteric fruit, the regulatory mechanisms of ethylene in the ripening of non-climacteric fruit are still poorly understood. In this study, exogenous ethephon (ETH) strongly stimulated fruit color and anthocyanin accumulation, which was consistent with the increased expression of anthocyanin structural, regulatory, and transport genes. ETH application increased ABA content and decreased IAA content by coordinating ABA and auxin biosynthesis regulatory network. ETH treatment also accelerated sugar (glucose and fructose) accumulation by enhancing the gene expression involved in sugar transport and sucrose cleavage. ETH treatment blocked the synthesis of cellulose and accelerated the degradation of pectin, which was strongly associated with berry softening. To further confirm the function of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling genes, transient overexpression of VvACO4 and VvEIL3 were performed in both in tomato and strawberry fruits. These findings of the ethylene cascade add to our understanding of ethylene in non-climacteric berry ripening regulation and revealed a complex involvement of ethylene and its interplay with phytohormones during grapevine berry ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Wang
- Institute of Grape Science and Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Aishui Yu
- Institute of Grape Science and Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), MARA, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xinglong Ji
- Institute of Grape Science and Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), MARA, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qian Mu
- Shandong Academy of Grape, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250110, China
| | | | - Ruonan Wei
- Institute of Grape Science and Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xiangpeng Leng
- Institute of Grape Science and Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), MARA, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Jinggui Fang
- Institute of Grape Science and Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Farneti B, Khomenko I, Ajelli M, Emanuelli F, Biasioli F, Giongo L. Ethylene Production Affects Blueberry Fruit Texture and Storability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:813863. [PMID: 35401635 PMCID: PMC8990881 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.813863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene, produced endogenously by plants and their organs, can induce a wide array of physiological responses even at very low concentrations. Nevertheless, the role of ethylene in regulating blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) ripening and storability is still unclear although an increase in ethylene production has been observed in several studies during blueberry ripening. To overcome this issue, we evaluated the endogenous ethylene production of a Vaccinium germplasm selection at different fruit ripening stages and after cold storage, considering also textural modifications. Ethylene and texture were further assessed also on a bi-parental full-sib population of 124 accessions obtained by the crossing between "Draper" and "Biloxi", two cultivars characterized by a different chilling requirement and storability performances. Our results were compared with an extensive literature research, carried out to collect all accessible information on published works related to Vaccinium ethylene production and sensitivity. Results of this study illustrate a likely role of ethylene in regulating blueberry shelf life. However, a generalisation valid for all Vaccinium species is not attainable because of the high variability in ethylene production between genotypes, which is strictly genotype-specific. These differences in ethylene production are related with blueberry fruit storage performances based on textural alterations. Specifically, blueberry accessions characterized by the highest ethylene production had a more severe texture decay during storage. Our results support the possibility of tailoring ad hoc preharvest and postharvest strategies to extend blueberry shelf life and quality according with the endogenous ethylene production level of each cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Farneti
- Berries Genetics and Breeding Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
| | - Iuliia Khomenko
- Sensory Quality Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
| | - Matteo Ajelli
- Berries Genetics and Breeding Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
| | - Francesco Emanuelli
- Berries Genetics and Breeding Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Sensory Quality Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
| | - Lara Giongo
- Berries Genetics and Breeding Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
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6
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CAO S, QU G, MA C, BA L, JI N, MENG L, LEI J, WANG R. Effects of melatonin treatment on the physiological quality and cell wall metabolites in kiwifruit. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.85421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sen CAO
- Guiyang College, China; Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Processing, China
| | - Guangfan QU
- Guiyang College, China; Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Processing, China
| | - Chao MA
- Guiyang College, China; Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Processing, China
| | - Liangjie BA
- Guiyang College, China; Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Processing, China
| | - Ning JI
- Guiyang College, China; Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Processing, China
| | - Lingshuai MENG
- Guiyang College, China; Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Processing, China
| | - Jiqing LEI
- Guiyang College, China; Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Processing, China
| | - Rui WANG
- Guiyang College, China; Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Processing, China
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Belous O, Lagoshina A. The influence of growth regulators on the tea quality in the foothill zone of the North-West Caucasus. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20224708005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Agroecological assessment of the natural resources of the Adygea allowed to identify the main factors limiting the productivity of tea plants. Such factors determine a low yield and tea quality within the zone. Tea refers as a food product; therefore, to activate productivity and improve quality indicators on plantations, it is possible to use eco-friendly cultivation technologies only, for example, processing with growth regulators, which are used in organic farming. The content of ascorbic acid, extractives and tannin in 3-leaf tea flushes was determined. The treatments with growth regulators activate the accumulation of ascorbic acid by 1.5 - 1.8 times compared to the control option (116.8 mg/g of raw mass). Moreover, the largest amount of ascorbate is synthesized in flushes treated with rokohumin (177.8 mg/g) and bombardier (207.9 mg/g). Studies have shown that when treated with growth regulators, there is a slight increase in the amount of extractives (32.1-34.9 %, in the control – 31.3 %) and tannins (21.7 % – 22.9 %, 20.4 % in the control). The calculation of the smallest significant difference showed the presence of significant differences between the experimental options and the control for all the analysed characteristics.
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Fouzia S, Hussain PR, Abeeda M, Faheema M, Monica R. Potential of low dose irradiation to maintain storage quality and ensure safety of garlic sprouts. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lu L, Zuo W, Wang C, Li C, Feng T, Li X, Wang C, Yao Y, Zhang Z, Chen X. Analysis of the postharvest storage characteristics of the new red-fleshed apple cultivar 'meihong'. Food Chem 2021; 354:129470. [PMID: 33752117 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of postharvest storage conditions on the fruit quality of a new red-fleshed apple cultivar ('Meihong'). Mature 'Meihong' and 'Golden delicious' apples were exposed to room temperature, low temperature, and low temperature and 1-MCP, after which several fruit characteristics were evaluated (i.e., firmness, ethylene release rate, relative content of aroma components, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity, fruit softening-related enzyme activities, and related gene expression). Both 'Meihong' and 'Golden delicious' were ACS1-1/-2 heterozygotes, but the ethylene release rate in 'Meihong' fruits was lower than that in 'Golden delicious' fruits during storage. Therefore, 'Meihong' fruits are more conducive to storage. The low temperature storage with and without 1-MCP delayed fruit softening, decreased the ethylene release rate and ester aroma component content, and maintained total flavonoid and anthocyanin contents. Therefore, storage at low temperatures with 1-MCP or other preservatives may be useful for maintaining the 'Meihong' fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Weifang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Cuicui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Cuixia Li
- College of Life Sciences and Enology, Tai'shan University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Yuxin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Zongying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xuesen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China.
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Chang HY, Tong CBS. Identification of Candidate Genes Involved in Fruit Ripening and Crispness Retention Through Transcriptome Analyses of a 'Honeycrisp' Population. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1335. [PMID: 33050481 PMCID: PMC7650588 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Crispness retention is a postharvest trait that fruit of the 'Honeycrisp' apple and some of its progeny possess. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of crispness retention, progeny individuals derived from a 'Honeycrisp' × MN1764 population with fruit that either retain crispness (named "Retain"), lose crispness (named "Lose"), or that are not crisp at harvest (named "Non-crisp") were selected for transcriptomic comparisons. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using RNA-Seq, and the expression levels of the DEGs were validated using nCounter®. Functional annotation of the DEGs revealed distinct ripening behaviors between fruit of the "Retain" and "Non-crisp" individuals, characterized by opposing expression patterns of auxin- and ethylene-related genes. However, both types of genes were highly expressed in the fruit of "Lose" individuals and 'Honeycrisp', which led to the potential involvements of genes encoding auxin-conjugating enzyme (GH3), ubiquitin ligase (ETO), and jasmonate O-methyltransferase (JMT) in regulating fruit ripening. Cell wall-related genes also differentiated the phenotypic groups; greater numbers of cell wall synthesis genes were highly expressed in fruit of the "Retain" individuals and 'Honeycrisp' when compared with "Non-crisp" individuals and MN1764. On the other hand, the phenotypic differences between fruit of the "Retain" and "Lose" individuals could be attributed to the functioning of fewer cell wall-modifying genes. A cell wall-modifying gene, MdXTH, was consistently identified as differentially expressed in those fruit over two years in this study, so is a major candidate for crispness retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Yuan Chang
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA;
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11
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Nunes CFP, de Oliveira IR, Storch TT, Rombaldi CV, Orsel-Baldwin M, Renou JP, Laurens F, Girardi CL. Technical benefit on apple fruit of controlled atmosphere influenced by 1-MCP at molecular levels. Mol Genet Genomics 2020; 295:1443-1457. [PMID: 32700103 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-020-01712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The apple is a highly perishable fruit after harvesting and, therefore, several storage technologies have been studied to provide the consumer market with a quality product with a longer shelf life. However, little is known about the apple genome that is submitted to the storage, and even less with the application of ripening inhibitors. Due to these factors, this study sought to elucidate the transcriptional profile of apple cultivate Gala stored in a controlled atmosphere (AC) treated and not treated with 1-methyl cyclopropene (1-MCP). Through the genetic mapping of the apple, applying the microarray technique, it was possible to verify the action of treatments on transcripts related to photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, response to hormonal stimuli, nucleic acid metabolism, reduction of oxidation, regulation of transcription and metabolism of cell wall and lipids. The results showed that the transcriptional profile in the entire genome of the fruit showed significant differences in the relative expression of the gene, this in response to CA in the presence and absence of 1-MCP. It should be noted that the transcription genes involved in the anabolic pathway were only maintained after six months in fruits treated with 1-MCP. The data in this work suggests that the apple in the absence of 1-MCP begins to prepare its metabolism to mature, even during the storage period in AC. Meanwhile, in the presence of the inhibitor, the transcriptional profile of the fruit is similar to that at the time of harvest. It was also found that a set of genes that code for ethylene receptors, auxin homeostasis, MADS Box, and NAC transcription factors may be involved in the regulation of post-harvest ripening after storage and in the absence of 1-MCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Francine Paes Nunes
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu 'Maciel', Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelota, RS, 96050-500, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiane Timm Storch
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu 'Maciel', Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelota, RS, 96050-500, Brazil
| | - Cesar Valmor Rombaldi
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu 'Maciel', Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelota, RS, 96050-500, Brazil
| | - Mathilde Orsel-Baldwin
- Bâtiment B, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences IRHS, Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique INRA, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- Bâtiment B, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences IRHS, Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique INRA, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - François Laurens
- Bâtiment B, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences IRHS, Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique INRA, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - César Luis Girardi
- EMBRAPA Uva e Vinho, R. Livramento 515, Bento Gonçalves, RS, 957000-000, Brazil
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Wang S, Zhou Q, Zhou X, Zhang F, Ji S. Ethylene plays an important role in the softening and sucrose metabolism of blueberries postharvest. Food Chem 2020; 310:125965. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Brizzolara S, Manganaris GA, Fotopoulos V, Watkins CB, Tonutti P. Primary Metabolism in Fresh Fruits During Storage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:80. [PMID: 32140162 PMCID: PMC7042374 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The extension of commercial life and the reduction of postharvest losses of perishable fruits is mainly based on storage at low temperatures alone or in combination with modified atmospheres (MAs) and controlled atmospheres (CAs), directed primarily at reducing their overall metabolism thus delaying ripening and senescence. Fruits react to postharvest conditions with desirable changes if appropriate protocols are applied, but otherwise can develop negative and unacceptable traits due to the onset of physiological disorders. Extended cold storage periods and/or inappropriate temperatures can result in development of chilling injuries (CIs). The etiology, incidence, and severity of such symptoms vary even within cultivars of the same species, indicating the genotype significance. Carbohydrates and amino acids have protective/regulating roles in CI development. MA/CA storage protocols involve storage under hypoxic conditions and high carbon dioxide concentrations that can maximize quality over extended storage periods but are also affected by the cultivar, exposure time, and storage temperatures. Pyruvate metabolism is highly reactive to changes in oxygen concentration and is greatly affected by the shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Ethylene-induced changes in fruits can also have deleterious effects under cold storage and MA/CA conditions, affecting susceptibility to chilling and carbon dioxide injuries. The availability of the inhibitor of ethylene perception 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) has not only resulted in development of a new technology but has also been used to increase understanding of the role of ethylene in ripening of both non-climacteric and climacteric fruits. Temperature, MA/CA, and 1-MCP alter fruit physiology and biochemistry, resulting in compositional changes in carbon- and nitrogen-related metabolisms and compounds. Successful application of these storage technologies to fruits must consider their effects on the metabolism of carbohydrates, organic acids, amino acids and lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George A. Manganaris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Christopher B. Watkins
- School of Integrative Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Pietro Tonutti
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Pietro Tonutti,
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14
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Physiological response of ‘Fuji’ apples to irradiation and the effect on quality. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Belous O, Abilphazova J. Effect of plant growth regulators on biochemical compounds of tangerine (Citrus unshiu Marc.). POTRAVINARSTVO 2019. [DOI: 10.5219/1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect on tangerine of new generation plant growth regulators. The use of drugs in the period of fruit ripening has led to increased 2.0 - 3.7 times abscisic acid (AA) and 1.9 - 4.7% of Indole-acetic acid (IAA) acid in the leaves. Studies have shown that Indole-acetic acid and abscisic acid beginning of a sharp accumulation of their hormones coincides with action of stress factors and growth dormancy period. The use of the regulators had an impact not only on their content in leaves but also on fruit quality. For example, treatment Indole-acetic acid and Obstaktin led to an increase in the fruit of vitamin C. After treatments with plant growth regulators has been a significant decline in the total number of organic acids (up to 2.35% at the option of Melaphen and to 2.50% at Obstaktin, LSD (p ≤0.05) = 0.06). By reducing the content in the fruits of organic acids to all variants increased the sugar-acid index. After each spraying tangerine on the treatment options plant growth regulators has been a significant increase the dry matter. Thus, the positive effect of plant growth regulators on all the quality characteristics of tangerine was shown. In the summer period, the treatment by regulators may have a protective effect, increases the content in plants the content of Indole-acetic acid. The plant growth regulators of new generation have a positive effect on quality of dwarf tangerine. Given that the plants of tangerine in the subtropical zone of Russia each summer have to drought and are losing not only in yield, fruit quality too, new regulators may exert a protective effect, because increases the content in plants is Indole-acetic acid, which activates gene expression of drought resistance.
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16
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Liu C, Li J, Zhu P, Yu J, Hou J, Wang C, Long D, Yu M, Zhao A. Mulberry EIL3 confers salt and drought tolerances and modulates ethylene biosynthetic gene expression. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6391. [PMID: 30809434 PMCID: PMC6385683 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene regulates plant abiotic stress responses and tolerances, and ethylene-insensitive3 (EIN3)/EIN3-like (EIL) proteins are the key components of ethylene signal transduction. Although the functions of EIN3/EIL proteins in response to abiotic stresses have been investigated in model plants, little is known in non-model plants, including mulberry (Morus L.), which is an economically important perennial woody plant. We functionally characterized a gene encoding an EIN3-like protein from mulberry, designated as MnEIL3. A quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression of MnEIL3 could be induced in roots and shoot by salt and drought stresses. Arabidopsis overexpressing MnEIL3 exhibited an enhanced tolerance to salt and drought stresses. MnEIL3 overexpression in Arabidopsis significantly upregulated the transcript abundances of ethylene biosynthetic genes. Furthermore, MnEIL3 enhanced the activities of the MnACO1 and MnACS1 promoters, which respond to salt and drought stresses. Thus, MnEIL3 may play important roles in tolerance to abiotic stresses and the expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guiyang University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Panpan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Chongqing, China.,Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiamin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuanhong Wang
- The National Key Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Dingpei Long
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Chongqing, China
| | - Maode Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Chongqing, China
| | - Aichun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Chongqing, China
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17
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Yang H, Liu J, Dang M, Zhang B, Li H, Meng R, Qu D, Yang Y, Zhao Z. Analysis of β-Galactosidase During Fruit Development and Ripening in Two Different Texture Types of Apple Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:539. [PMID: 29740469 PMCID: PMC5928752 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
β-galactosidase (β-Gal), one of the cell wall modifying enzymes, plays an important role in fruit ripening and softening. However, its role in apple fruit texture remains unclear. In this study, the role of β-Gal was analyzed in two apple cultivars, 'Fuji' and 'Qinguan,' which are characterized by different fruit texture types, during fruit development and ripening. The firmness and pectin content of the fruits rapidly decreased and were much lower in 'Fuji' than in 'Qinguan' from 105 days after full bloom (DAFB). Transmission electron microscopy showed that the pectin-rich middle lamella was substantially degraded from 105 to 180 DAFB in the two apple cultivars. However, the degradation was more severe in 'Fuji' than in 'Qinguan.' Subcellular localization analysis showed that the Mdβ-Gal1, Mdβ-Gal2, and Mdβ-Gal5 proteins were located in the cell wall. β-Gal activity continuously increased during all fruit developmental stages and was much higher in the mature fruits of 'Fuji' than in those of 'Qinguan,' indicating that pectin was degraded by β-Gal. Consistent with the enzyme activities, expression levels of β-Gal genes (Mdβ-Gal1, Mdβ-Gal2, and Mdβ-Gal5) showed only slight changes from 60 to 105 DAFB but then dramatically increased until fruit ripening, with higher values in 'Fuji' than in 'Qinguan.' Furthermore, we found that activities of deletion derivatives in the Mdβ-Gal2 promoter and transcript level of Mdβ-Gal2 were induced by the treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ethylene (ETH) hormones. Two ETH and one MeJA hormone-responsive elements were identified by analyzing the promoter sequence. These results suggest that β-Gals, induced by ETH and MeJA, are involved in different fruit texture types of apple cultivars by influencing the degradation of pectin during the mature fruit stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Junling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Meile Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hongguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Rui Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dong Qu
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Yazhou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhengyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Apple Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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18
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Wang S, Zhou Q, Zhou X, Wei B, Ji S. The effect of ethylene absorbent treatment on the softening of blueberry fruit. Food Chem 2018; 246:286-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Tranbarger TJ, Fooyontphanich K, Roongsattham P, Pizot M, Collin M, Jantasuriyarat C, Suraninpong P, Tragoonrung S, Dussert S, Verdeil JL, Morcillo F. Transcriptome Analysis of Cell Wall and NAC Domain Transcription Factor Genes during Elaeis guineensis Fruit Ripening: Evidence for Widespread Conservation within Monocot and Eudicot Lineages. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:603. [PMID: 28487710 PMCID: PMC5404384 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), a monocotyledonous species in the family Arecaceae, has an extraordinarily oil rich fleshy mesocarp, and presents an original model to examine the ripening processes and regulation in this particular monocot fruit. Histochemical analysis and cell parameter measurements revealed cell wall and middle lamella expansion and degradation during ripening and in response to ethylene. Cell wall related transcript profiles suggest a transition from synthesis to degradation is under transcriptional control during ripening, in particular a switch from cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin synthesis to hydrolysis and degradation. The data provide evidence for the transcriptional activation of expansin, polygalacturonase, mannosidase, beta-galactosidase, and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase proteins in the ripening oil palm mesocarp, suggesting widespread conservation of these activities during ripening for monocotyledonous and eudicotyledonous fruit types. Profiling of the most abundant oil palm polygalacturonase (EgPG4) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO) transcripts during development and in response to ethylene demonstrated both are sensitive markers of ethylene production and inducible gene expression during mesocarp ripening, and provide evidence for a conserved regulatory module between ethylene and cell wall pectin degradation. A comprehensive analysis of NAC transcription factors confirmed at least 10 transcripts from diverse NAC domain clades are expressed in the mesocarp during ripening, four of which are induced by ethylene treatment, with the two most inducible (EgNAC6 and EgNAC7) phylogenetically similar to the tomato NAC-NOR master-ripening regulator. Overall, the results provide evidence that despite the phylogenetic distance of the oil palm within the family Arecaceae from the most extensively studied monocot banana fruit, it appears ripening of divergent monocot and eudicot fruit lineages are regulated by evolutionarily conserved molecular physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim Fooyontphanich
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD, UMR DIADEMontpellier, France
| | | | - Maxime Pizot
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD, UMR DIADEMontpellier, France
| | - Myriam Collin
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD, UMR DIADEMontpellier, France
| | | | - Potjamarn Suraninpong
- Department of Plant Science, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Walailak UniversityNakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Somvong Tragoonrung
- Genome Institute, National Center for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyPathumthani, Thailand
| | - Stéphane Dussert
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD, UMR DIADEMontpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Verdeil
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR AGAPMontpellier, France
| | - Fabienne Morcillo
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR DIADEMontpellier, France
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20
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Zhang Z, Wang N, Jiang S, Xu H, Wang Y, Wang C, Li M, Liu J, Qu C, Liu W, Wu S, Chen X, Chen X. Analysis of the Xyloglucan Endotransglucosylase/Hydrolase Gene Family during Apple Fruit Ripening and Softening. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:429-434. [PMID: 28025888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) genes were important for fruit ripening and softening in 'Taishanzaoxia' apple. In this study, we found it was ACS1-1/-1 homozygotes in 'Taishanzaoxia' apple, which determined the higher transcription activity of ACS1. XTH1, XTH3, XTH4, XTH5, and XTH9 were mainly involved in the early fruit softening independent of ethylene, while XTH2, XTH6, XTH7, XTH8, XTH10, and XTH11 were predominantly involved in the late fruit softening dependent on ethylene. Overexpression of XTH2 and XTH10 in tomato resulted in the elevated expression of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis (ACS2, ACO1), signal transduction (ERF2), and fruit softening (XTHs, PG2A, Cel2, and TBG4). In summary, the burst of ethylene in 'Taishanzaoxia' apple was predominantly determined by ACS1-1/-1 genotype, and the differential expression of XTH genes dependent on and independent of ethylene played critical roles in the fruit ripening and softening. XTH2 and XTH10 may act as a signal switch in the feedback regulation of ethylene signaling and fruit softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Shenghui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Haifeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yicheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Chuanzeng Wang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology , Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Jingxuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Changzhi Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Life Science, Linyi University , Linyi, Shandong 276005, China
| | - Shujing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xiaoliu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xuesen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
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21
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Xu J, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Zhang L, Hou Y, Dong W. Transcriptome Analysis and Ultrastructure Observation Reveal that Hawthorn Fruit Softening Is due to Cellulose/Hemicellulose Degradation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1524. [PMID: 27790234 PMCID: PMC5063854 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Softening, a common phenomenon in many fruits, is a well coordinated and genetically determined process. However, the process of flesh softening during ripening has rarely been described in hawthorn. In this study, we found that 'Ruanrou Shanlihong 3 Hao' fruits became softer during ripening, whereas 'Qiu JinXing' fruits remained hard. At late developmental stages, the firmness of 'Ruanrou Shanlihong 3 Hao' fruits rapidly declined, and that of 'Qiu JinXing' fruits remained essentially unchanged. According to transmission electron microscopy, the middle lamella of 'Qiu JinXing' and 'Ruanrou Shanlihong 3 Hao' fruit flesh was largely degraded as the fruits matured. Microfilaments in 'Qiu JinXing' flesh were arranged close together and were deep in color, whereas those in 'Ruanrou Shanlihong 3 Hao' fruit flesh were arranged loosely, partially degraded and light in color. RNA-Seq analysis yielded approximately 46.72 Gb of clean data and 72,837 unigenes. Galactose metabolism and pentose and glucuronate interconversions are involved in cell wall metabolism, play an important role in hawthorn texture. We identified 85 unigenes related to the cell wall between hard- and soft-fleshed hawthorn fruits. Based on data analysis and real-time PCR, we suggest that β-GAL and PE4 have important functions in early fruit softening. The genes Ffase, Gns,α-GAL, PE63, XTH, and CWP, which are involved in cell wall degradation, are responsible for the different textures of hawthorn fruits. Thus, we hypothesize that the different textures of 'Qiu JinXing' and 'Ruanrou Shanlihong 3 Hao' fruits at maturity mainly result from cellulose/hemicelluloses degradation rather than from lamella degradation. Overall, we propose that different types of hydrolytic enzymes in cells interact to degrade the cell wall, resulting in ultramicroscopic Structure changes in the cell wall and, consequently, fruit softening. These results provide fundamental insight regarding the mechanisms by which hawthorn fruits acquire different textures and also lay a solid foundation for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Yuhui Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Yali Hou
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Wenxuan Dong
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
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22
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Dheilly E, Gall SL, Guillou MC, Renou JP, Bonnin E, Orsel M, Lahaye M. Cell wall dynamics during apple development and storage involves hemicellulose modifications and related expressed genes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:201. [PMID: 27630120 PMCID: PMC5024441 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit quality depends on a series of biochemical events that modify appearance, flavour and texture throughout fruit development and ripening. Cell wall polysaccharide remodelling largely contributes to the elaboration of fleshy fruit texture. Although several genes and enzymes involved in cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis and modifications are known, their coordinated activity in these processes is yet to be discovered. RESULTS Combined transcriptomic and biochemical analyses allowed the identification of putative enzymes and related annotated members of gene families involved in cell wall polysaccharide composition and structural changes during apple fruit growth and ripening. The early development genes were mainly related to cell wall biosynthesis and degradation with a particular target on hemicelluloses. Fine structural evolutions of galactoglucomannan were strongly correlated with mannan synthase, glucanase (GH9) and β-galactosidase gene expression. In contrast, fewer genes related to pectin metabolism and cell expansion (expansin genes) were observed in ripening fruit combined with expected changes in cell wall polysaccharide composition. CONCLUSIONS Hemicelluloses undergo major structural changes particularly during early fruit development. The high number of early expressed β-galactosidase genes questions their function on galactosylated structures during fruit development and storage. Their activity and cell wall substrate remains to be identified. Moreover, new insights into the potential role of peroxidases and transporters, along with cell wall metabolism open the way to further studies on concomitant mechanisms involved in cell wall assembly/disassembly during fruit development and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Dheilly
- INRA UR 1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Sophie Le Gall
- INRA UR 1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Charlotte Guillou
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Estelle Bonnin
- INRA UR 1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Mathilde Orsel
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Marc Lahaye
- INRA UR 1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
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Fang R, Wu F, Zou A, Zhu Y, Zhao H, Zhao H, Liao Y, Tang RJ, Yang T, Pang Y, Wang X, Yang R, Qi J, Lu G, Yang Y. Transgenic analysis reveals LeACS-1 as a positive regulator of ethylene-induced shikonin biosynthesis in Lithospermum erythrorhizon hairy roots. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:345-58. [PMID: 26780904 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone ethylene (ET) is a crucial signaling molecule that induces the biosynthesis of shikonin and its derivatives in Lithospermum erythrorhizon shoot cultures. However, the molecular mechanism and the positive regulators involved in this physiological process are largely unknown. In this study, the function of LeACS-1, a key gene encoding the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase for ET biosynthesis in L. erythrorhizon hairy roots, was characterized by using overexpression and RNA interference (RNAi) strategies. The results showed that overexpression of LeACS-1 significantly increased endogenous ET concentration and shikonin production, consistent with the up-regulated genes involved in ET biosynthesis and transduction, as well as the genes related to shikonin biosynthesis. Conversely, RNAi of LeACS-1 effectively decreased endogenous ET concentration and shikonin production and down-regulated the expression level of above genes. Correlation analysis showed a significant positive linear relationship between ET concentration and shikonin production. All these results suggest that LeACS-1 acts as a positive regulator of ethylene-induced shikonin biosynthesis in L. erythrorhizon hairy roots. Our work not only gives new insights into the understanding of the relationship between ET and shikonin biosynthesis, but also provides an efficient genetic engineering target gene for secondary metabolite production in non-model plant L. erythrorhizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Fengyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Ailan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Hu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yonghui Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Ren-Jie Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tongyi Yang
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Rongwu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jinliang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Guihua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Yonghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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24
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McAtee PA, Richardson AC, Nieuwenhuizen NJ, Gunaseelan K, Hoong L, Chen X, Atkinson RG, Burdon JN, David KM, Schaffer RJ. The hybrid non-ethylene and ethylene ripening response in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) is associated with differential regulation of MADS-box transcription factors. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:304. [PMID: 26714876 PMCID: PMC4696264 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0697-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ripening in tomato is predominantly controlled by ethylene, whilst in fruit such as grape, it is predominantly controlled by other hormones. The ripening response of many kiwifruit (Actinidia) species is atypical. The majority of ripening-associated fruit starch hydrolysis, colour change and softening occurs in the apparent absence of ethylene production (Phase 1 ripening) whilst Phase 2 ripening requires autocatalytic ethylene production and is associated with further softening and an increase in aroma volatiles. RESULTS To dissect the ripening response in the yellow-fleshed kiwifruit A. chinensis ('Hort16A'), a two dimensional developmental stage X ethylene response time study was undertaken. As fruit progressed through maturation and Phase 1 ripening, fruit were treated with different concentrations of propylene and ethylene. At the start of Phase 1 ripening, treated fruit responded to ethylene, and were capable of producing endogenous ethylene. As the fruit progressed through Phase 1 ripening, the fruit became less responsive to ethylene and endogeneous ethylene production was partially repressed. Towards the end of Phase 1 ripening the fruit were again able to produce high levels of ethylene. Progression through Phase 1 ripening coincided with a developmental increase in the expression of the ethylene-unresponsive MADS-box FRUITFUL-like gene (FUL1). The ability to respond to ethylene however coincided with a change in expression of another MADS-box gene SEPALLATA4/RIPENING INHIBITOR-like (SEP4/RIN). The promoter of SEP4/RIN was shown to be transactivated by EIN3-like transcription factors, but unlike tomato, not by SEP4/RIN itself. Transient over-expression of SEP4/RIN in kiwifruit caused an increase in ethylene production. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the non-ethylene/ethylene ripening response observed in kiwifruit is a hybrid of both the tomato and grape ripening progression, with Phase 1 being akin to the RIN/ethylene inhibitory response observed in grape and Phase 2 akin to the RIN-associated autocatalytic ethylene response observed in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A McAtee
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | - Niels J Nieuwenhuizen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Kularajathevan Gunaseelan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Ling Hoong
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Xiuyin Chen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Jeremy N Burdon
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Karine M David
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Robert J Schaffer
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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25
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Ethylene-dependent regulation of an α-l-arabinofuranosidase is associated to firmness loss in ‘Gala’ apples under long term cold storage. Food Chem 2015; 182:111-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Segonne SM, Bruneau M, Celton JM, Le Gall S, Francin-Allami M, Juchaux M, Laurens F, Orsel M, Renou JP. Multiscale investigation of mealiness in apple: an atypical role for a pectin methylesterase during fruit maturation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:375. [PMID: 25551767 PMCID: PMC4310206 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apple fruit mealiness is one of the most important textural problems that results from an undesirable ripening process during storage. This phenotype is characterized by textural deterioration described as soft, grainy and dry fruit. Despite several studies, little is known about mealiness development and the associated molecular events. In this study, we integrated phenotypic, microscopic, transcriptomic and biochemical analyses to gain insights into the molecular basis of mealiness development. RESULTS Instrumental texture characterization allowed the refinement of the definition of apple mealiness. In parallel, a new and simple quantitative test to assess this phenotype was developed. CONCLUSIONS These data support the role of PME in cell wall remodelling during apple fruit development and ripening and suggest a local action of these enzymes. Mealiness may partially result from qualitative and spatial variations of pectin microarchitecture rather than quantitative pectin differences, and these changes may occur early in fruit development. The specific MdPME2 gene highlighted in this study could be a good early marker of texture unfavourable trait in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Mikol Segonne
- />AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Maryline Bruneau
- />INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Jean-Marc Celton
- />INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Sophie Le Gall
- />INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | | | - Marjorie Juchaux
- />Université d’Angers, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - François Laurens
- />INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Mathilde Orsel
- />INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- />AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045 Angers, France
- />INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071 Beaucouzé, France
- />Université d’Angers, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045 Angers, France
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27
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Chagné D, Dayatilake D, Diack R, Oliver M, Ireland H, Watson A, Gardiner SE, Johnston JW, Schaffer RJ, Tustin S. Genetic and environmental control of fruit maturation, dry matter and firmness in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2014; 1:14046. [PMID: 26504549 PMCID: PMC4596328 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2014.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
For any given genotype, the environment in which an apple is grown can influence the properties of the fruit considerably. While there has been extensive research on the mechanism of the genetic control of fruit quality traits, less effort has been made to investigate the way that these genetic mechanisms interact with the environment. To address this issue, we employed a large 'Royal Gala' × 'Braeburn' population of 572 seedlings replicated over sites in three climatically diverse apple-growing regions in New Zealand. Phenotyping for traits including fruit maturation timing, firmness and dry matter content was performed at each of these three sites for a single growing season (2011), and at two sites (Motueka and Hawke's Bay) for two seasons (2009 and 2010). The phenotype data collected over 2 years at two sites enabled the detection of 190 quantitative trait loci (QTL) that controlled these traits regardless of year or growing location, as well as some chromosomal loci that influenced the traits in a single given environment or year. For those loci that were environmentally stable over three sites, there was an interdependency of fruit maturation date, dry matter content and storage potential within this population, with two regions on Linkage Groups (LGs) 10 and 16 strongly contributing. If these loci were used in a marker-assisted selection programme to select for progeny bearing firmer fruit, this would have the unintentional consequence of selecting, high dry matter content, later maturing apples. In addition, a further 113 new QTLs with a smaller effect were identified, some of which were exhibited only in a single growing environment, demonstrating the underlying complexity of control of traits determining fruit quality, in addition to the need for being aware of environmental effects when developing new apple varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chagné
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Palmerston North Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Daya Dayatilake
- Plant & Food Research, Hawke's Bay Research Centre, Havelock North, New Zealand
| | - Robert Diack
- Plant & Food Research, Motueka Research Centre, Motueka, New Zealand
| | - Murray Oliver
- Plant & Food Research, Hawke's Bay Research Centre, Havelock North, New Zealand
| | - Hilary Ireland
- Plant & Food Research, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Amy Watson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Palmerston North Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Susan E Gardiner
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Palmerston North Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jason W Johnston
- Plant & Food Research, Hawke's Bay Research Centre, Havelock North, New Zealand
| | - Robert J Schaffer
- Plant & Food Research, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stuart Tustin
- Plant & Food Research, Hawke's Bay Research Centre, Havelock North, New Zealand
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