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Rong N, Huang L, Ye P, Pan H, Hu M, Bai M, Wu H. CgLS mediates limonene synthesis of main essential oil component in secretory cavity cells of Citrus grandis 'Tomentosa' fruits. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 280:135671. [PMID: 39284463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
d-Limonene is the predominant component of essential oil from Exocarpium Citri Grandis, known for its antibacterial, antioxidant, insecticidal, and anti-inflammatory properties. The synthesis, transport, and accumulation of d-limonene in Citrus grandis 'Tomentosa' fruits are regulated by limonene synthase (LS) and its associated regulatory genes. This study addresses the gap in understanding the spatiotemporal cytological changes of LS and its regulatory genes. Through cytochemical techniques, we investigated the distribution of essential oil in the plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles of secretory cavity cells. We identified the LS-encoding gene CgLS via transcriptomics and demonstrated in vitro that CgLS catalyzes the formation of d-limonene from geranyl diphosphate (GPP). Transient overexpression of CgLS increased monoterpene limonene accumulation, while TRV virus-induced gene silencing reduced it. CgLS expression levels and d-limonene content showed spatiotemporal consistency with fruit development, with in situ hybridization revealing predominant expression in secretory cavity cells. Immunocytochemical localization indicated that CgLS is primarily located in the endoplasmic reticulum, plastids, and vacuoles. Our findings suggest that CgLS is translated in the endoplasmic reticulum and transported to plastids and vacuoles where d-limonene synthesis occurs. This study provides comprehensive insights into the characteristics of CgLS and its role in d-limonene synthesis at the tissue, cellular, and molecular levels in C. grandis 'Tomentosa'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Rong
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Developmentand Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; Center for Medicinal Plants Research, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Liying Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Developmentand Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; Center for Medicinal Plants Research, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Peng Ye
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Developmentand Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; Center for Medicinal Plants Research, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huimin Pan
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Developmentand Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; Center for Medicinal Plants Research, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mingli Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Mei Bai
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Youchenliu Road, Maoming 525000, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Developmentand Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; Center for Medicinal Plants Research, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Hong Wu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Developmentand Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; Center for Medicinal Plants Research, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Paul S, Mitra A. Histochemical, metabolic and ultrastructural changes in leaf patelliform nectaries explain extrafloral nectar synthesis and secretion in Clerodendrum chinense. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:621-642. [PMID: 38366151 PMCID: PMC11037555 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Extrafloral nectaries are nectar-secreting structures present on vegetative parts of plants which provide indirect defences against herbivore attack. Extrafloral nectaries in Clerodendrum chinense are patelliform-shaped specialized trichomatous structures. However, a complete understanding of patelliform extrafloral nectaries in general, and of C. chinense in particular, has not yet been established to provide fundamental insight into the cellular physiological machinery involved in nectar biosynthesis and secretory processes. METHODS We studied temporal changes in the morphological, anatomical and ultrastructural features in the architectures of extrafloral nectaries. We also compared metabolite profiles of extrafloral nectar, nectary tissue, non-nectary tissue and phloem sap. Further, both in situ histolocalization and normal in vitro activities of enzymes related to sugar metabolism were examined. KEY RESULTS Four distinct tissue regions in the nectar gland were revealed from histochemical characterization, among which the middle nectariferous tissue was found to be the metabolically active region, while the intermediate layer was found to be lipid-rich. Ultrastructural study showed the presence of a large number of mitochondria along with starch-bearing chloroplasts in the nectariferous region. However, starch depletion was noted with progressive maturation of nectaries. Metabolite analysis revealed compositional differences among nectar, phloem sap, nectary and non-nectary tissue. Invertase activity was higher in secretory stages and localized in nectariferous tissue and adjacent region. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests extrafloral nectar secretion in C. chinense to be both eccrine and merocrine in nature. A distinct intermediate lipid-rich layer that separates the epidermis from nectary parenchyma was revealed, which possibly acts as a barrier to water flow in nectar. This study also revealed a distinction between nectar and phloem sap, and starch could act as a nectar precursor, as evidenced from enzymatic and ultrastructural studies. Thus, our findings on changing architecture of extrafloral nectaries with temporal secretion revealed a cell physiological process involved in nectar biosynthesis and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobhon Paul
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur – 721 302, India
| | - Adinpunya Mitra
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur – 721 302, India
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Li J, Hu H, Fu H, Li J, Zeng T, Li J, Wang M, Jongsma MA, Wang C. Exploring the co-operativity of secretory structures for defense and pollination in flowering plants. PLANTA 2024; 259:41. [PMID: 38270671 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04322-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION In flowers multiple secretory systems cooperate to deliver specialized metabolites to support specific roles in defence and pollination. The collective roles of cell types, enzymes, and transporters are discussed. The interplay between reproductive strategies and defense mechanisms in flowering plants has long been recognized, with trade-offs between investment in defense and reproduction predicted. Glandular trichomes and secretory cavities or ducts, which are epidermal and internal structures, play a pivotal role in the secretion, accumulation, and transport of specialized secondary metabolites, and contribute significantly to defense and pollination. Recent investigations have revealed an intricate connection between these two structures, whereby specialized volatile and non-volatile metabolites are exchanged, collectively shaping their respective ecological functions. However, a comprehensive understanding of this profound integration remains largely elusive. In this review, we explore the secretory systems and associated secondary metabolism primarily in Asteraceous species to propose potential shared mechanisms facilitating the directional translocation of these metabolites to diverse destinations. We summarize recent advances in our understanding of the cooperativity between epidermal and internal secretory structures in the biosynthesis, secretion, accumulation, and emission of terpenes, providing specific well-documented examples from pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium). Pyrethrum is renowned for its natural pyrethrin insecticides, which accumulate in the flower head, and more recently, for emitting an aphid alarm pheromone. These examples highlight the diverse specializations of secondary metabolism in pyrethrum and raise intriguing questions regarding the regulation of production and translocation of these compounds within and between its various epidermal and internal secretory systems, spanning multiple tissues, to serve distinct ecological purposes. By discussing the cooperative nature of secretory structures in flowering plants, this review sheds light on the intricate mechanisms underlying the ecological roles of terpenes in defense and pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hansen Fu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Tuo Zeng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Manqun Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Maarten A Jongsma
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Caiyun Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Parafiniuk A, Kromer K, Fleszar MG, Kreitschitz A, Wiśniewski J, Gamian A. Localization of Sesquiterpene Lactones Biosynthesis in Flowers of Arnica Taxa. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114379. [PMID: 37298857 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Arnica montana is a valuable plant with high demand on the pharmaceutical and cosmetic market due to the presence of helenalin (H) and 11α, 13-dihydrohelenalin (DH) sesquiterpene lactones (SLs), with many applications and anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, analgesic and other properties. Despite the great importance of these compounds for the protection of the plant and their medicinal value, the content of these lactones and the profile of the compounds present within individual elements of florets and flower heads have not been studied so far, and attempts to localize these compounds in flower tissues have also not been conducted. The three studied Arnica taxa synthesize SLs only in the aerial parts of plants, and the highest content of these substances was found in A. montana cv. Arbo; it was lower in wild species, and a very small amount of H was produced by A. chamissonis. Analysis of dissected fragments of whole inflorescences revealed a specific distribution pattern of these compounds. The lactones content in single florets increased from the top of the corolla to the ovary, with the pappus calyx being a significant source of their production. Histochemical tests for terpenes and methylene ketones indicated the colocalization of lactones with inulin vacuoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Parafiniuk
- Laboratory of Tissue Cultures, Botanical Garden, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 23, 50-525 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna Kromer
- Laboratory of Tissue Cultures, Botanical Garden, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 23, 50-525 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz G Fleszar
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kreitschitz
- Department of Plant Development Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, ul. Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Wiśniewski
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
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Bimolata W, Bhattacharya R, Goswami A, Dey PK, Mitra A. Spectral Light Treatment Influenced Morpho-Physiological Properties and Carvacrol Accumulation in Indian Borage. JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37359317 PMCID: PMC10201491 DOI: 10.1007/s00344-023-11028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Light emitting diodes (LEDs) as an alternative light source for plants had shown to enhance the plant material quality. Indian borage or Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng, a medicinal herb produces carvacrol as the major volatile organic compound (VOC). Histolocalization of VOCs and expression pattern of the terpenoid biosynthesis genes after spectral light treatment is not yet reported in P. amboinicus. This work investigated the morpho-physiological, biochemical and transcriptional responses towards red, green, blue, warm white and red-blue (RB, 1:1) LEDs treatment at 40 ± 5 μmol m-2 s-1 light intensity after 40 days. Maximal growth index (GI), leaf fresh weight and dry weight were obtained in RB (1:1) treated plants. There was one-fold increase in phenolics content and 2.5-fold increase in antioxidant activity in comparison to warm white. High quantity of terpenes and phenolics deposition were observed in the glandular trichomes of RB (1:1). Maximum carvacrol accumulation (14.45 µmol g-1 FW) was also detected in RB (1:1). The transcript levels of early terpene biosynthesis genes PaDXS, PaDXR, PaHMGR and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes, PaCYP1 and PaCYP9 were highly upregulated in RB (1:1) and green. The overall results suggest RB (1:1) as the better lighting option amongst the studied spectral lights for obtaining maximum phytochemicals in P. amboinicus. Work is being continued with different spectral ratios of red and blue LED lights to maximize phytochemical accumulation, the outcome of which will be reported elsewhere in near future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00344-023-11028-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waikhom Bimolata
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302 India
| | - Raktim Bhattacharya
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302 India
| | - Ambika Goswami
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302 India
| | - Pritam Kumar Dey
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302 India
| | - Adinpunya Mitra
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302 India
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Matzrafi M, Wolberg S, Abu-Nassar J, Zelinger E, Bar E, Cafri D, Lewinsohn E, Shtein I. Distinctive foliar features and volatile profiles in three Ambrosia species (Asteraceae). PLANTA 2023; 257:79. [PMID: 36912967 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ambrosia species differ both in their trichome types and in metabolic profiles of leaf volatiles. The current study provides tools for easier taxonomic identification of ragweed species. The genus Ambrosia (Asteraceae) includes some of the most noxious allergenic invasive weeds in the world. Due to high polymorphism in this genus, identification of species is often difficult. This study focuses on microscopic investigation of foliar features and GC-MS identification of the main leaf volatile components of three Ambrosia species currently found in Israel-invasive species Ambrosia confertiflora and A. tenuifolia, and transient A. grayi. A. confertiflora and A. tenuifolia have three trichome types: non-glandular trichomes, capitate glandular trichomes and linear glandular trichomes. Their non-glandular trichomes and capitate trichomes have distinct structures and can serve as taxonomic characters. A. grayi (the least successful invader) has only very dense covering trichomes. All three Ambrosia species have secretory structures in their leaf midrib. A. confertiflora, the most problematic invasive plant in Israel, had a ten times higher volatiles content than the other two species. In A. confertiflora, the most abundant volatiles were chrysanthenone (25.5%), borneol (18%), germacrene D and (E)-caryophyllene (both around 12%). In A. tenuifolia, the most abundant volatiles were β-myrcene (32.9%), (2E)-hexenal (13%) and 1,8-cineole (11.7%). In A. grayi, the most abundant volatiles were β-myrcene (17.9%), germacrene D (17.8%) and limonene (14%). The three examined species have distinct trichome types and metabolic profiles. Non-glandular trichomes show structural diversification between species and are a good descriptive character. Considering the anthropocentric significance of this highly problematic genus, the current study provides tools for easier identification of ragweed species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maor Matzrafi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | | | - Jackline Abu-Nassar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Einat Zelinger
- The Interdepartmental Equipment Unit, Faculty of Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Einat Bar
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Daniella Cafri
- Plant Protection and Inspection Services, Israel, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Efraim Lewinsohn
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Ilana Shtein
- Eastern R&D Center, Milken Campus, Ariel, Israel.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
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Xu S, Yu L, Hou Y, Huang B, Wang H, Li D, Wang D. Chemical composition, chemotypic characterization, and histochemical localization of volatile components in different cultivars of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. leaves. J Food Sci 2023; 88:1336-1348. [PMID: 36786362 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim., an important spice plant, is rich in volatile components and has formed several cultivars in China. Genetic variation among different cultivars has significant effects on volatile components. In this study, a total of 52 volatile compounds were detected from 11 cultivars of Z. bungeanum, among which palmitic acid, (+)-limonene, phytol, β-caryophyllene, and terpinyl acetate were screened as characteristic compounds, with palmitic acid and phytol contributing the most to the volatile composition. Combined with the results of chemometric and content analyses, three Z. bungeanum chemotypes were identified: (+)-limonene, β-caryophyllene + terpinyl acetate, and palmitic acid + phytol. In addition, the dynamics of the accumulation of its main components were explored, and the optimal harvest period for Z. bungeanum leaves (late July or early August) was clarified. Moreover, histochemical analysis results showed that terpenoids were mainly accumulated in the oil cells of Z. bungeanum leaves, and there were some differences in the number of oil cells in different chemotypes of Z. bungeanum, which might affect the yield and quality of volatile components. The results showed that the differences of chemical composition among diverse chemotypes of Z. bungeanum might be an important factor leading to the quality differences of the same planting resources. Accordingly, the study on the classification of Z. bungeanum chemotypes and the accumulation patterns of major chemical components is of great theoretical significance and practical value as a favorable guarantee for the development and utilization of Z. bungeanum resources and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Xu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Yu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuping Hou
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Huang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dengwu Li
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Resources Development and Utilization relies on the College of Forestry of Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Resources Development and Utilization relies on the College of Forestry of Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Li J, Hu H, Chen Y, Xie J, Li J, Zeng T, Wang M, Luo J, Zheng R, Jongsma MA, Wang C. Tissue specificity of (E)-β-farnesene and germacrene D accumulation in pyrethrum flowers. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 187:112768. [PMID: 33932787 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant defensive mimicry based on the aphid alarm pheromone (E)-β-farnesene (EβF) was previously shown to operate in Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Asteraceae) flowers. Germacrene D (GD), is another dominant volatile of T. cinerariifolium flowers and may modulate both defense and pollination. Here, we find that the increase in GD/EβF ratio at later developmental stages is correlated with the tissue distribution in the flower head: the total content of EβF and GD is similar, but GD accumulates comparatively more in the upper disk florets. Naphthol and N, N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (NADI)-stained purple ducts containing EβF and GD, were observed in the five petal lips of the corolla and two-lobed stigma of disk florets. By contrast in the peduncle, EβF accounts for nearly 80% of total terpenes, compared to 5% for GD. EβF is accumulated inside inner cortex cells and parenchyma cells of the pith in young peduncle. This is followed by the formation of terpene-filled axial secretory cavities parallel to the vascular bundles. In conclusion, the observed developmental and diurnal emissions of different EβF/GD ratios appear to be regulated by their tissue distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tuo Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Manqun Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Riru Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Maarten A Jongsma
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Caiyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Afshari M, Rahimmalek M. Variation in essential oil composition, anatomical, and antioxidant characteristics of Achillea filipendulina Lam. as affected by different phenological stages. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2021.1885510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahvash Afshari
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rahimmalek
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
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Buarque PFSM, Machado SR, Rodrigues TM. Anatomical and ultrastructural studies reveal temporal and spatial variation in the oil production in leaves of the diesel tree (Copaifera langsdorffii, Leguminosae). PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:1447-1456. [PMID: 32514767 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The oily resin produced by Copaifera langsdorffii, commonly called oil of copaiba, is widely exploited by the drug, cosmetic, and biodiesel industries. The distribution of oily secretory cavities and canals (secretory spaces) over the vegetative body characterizes this species. Oil is stored inside the lumen of the secretory spaces and only reaches the organ surface after injuries. Nonetheless, translucent oily deposits occur on the adaxial surface of intact young leaves. In this study, we searched for further sources of oil production in C. langsdorffii leaves in addition to the well-known secretory cavities and investigated the mechanisms of secretion. Leaves in different developmental stages were collected from adult plants and processed for studies on light and transmission electron microscopies. The primary finding of this study was the involvement of the chlorenchyma cells in lipid biosynthesis, in addition to the secretory cavities. The secretory activity of cavities and chlorenchyma cells overlapped in young leaves. Ultrastructurally, secretory cavity cells exhibited abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum profiles and oleoplasts, whereas the chlorenchyma cells had large chloroplasts with oil inclusions. Our data suggest that the oily material on the leaf surface arose from the chlorenchyma and was transported via the apoplast. These findings open new avenues for understanding oil biosynthesis regulation in mesophyll cells and planning of future strategies for the biotechnological application of C. langsdorffii leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plácido Fabrício Silva Melo Buarque
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences (Botany), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu City, São Paulo State, Brazil
- Goiás State University (UEG), Iporá City, Goiás State, 76200-000, Brazil
| | - Silvia Rodrigues Machado
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu City, São Paulo State, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Maria Rodrigues
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu City, São Paulo State, 18618-970, Brazil.
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Sugier P, Jakubowicz-Gil J, Sugier D, Kowalski R, Gawlik-Dziki U, Kołodziej B, Dziki D. Chemical Characteristics and Anticancer Activity of Essential Oil from Arnica Montana L. Rhizomes and Roots. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061284. [PMID: 32178275 PMCID: PMC7143959 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arnica montana L. is a medicinal plant with diverse biological activities commonly used in pharmacy and cosmetics. The attributes of A. montana are mainly related to the concentration and chemical composition of essential oils (EOs). Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the chemical composition of EOs derived from A. montana rhizomes and roots taking into account the age of the plants and to investigate the effect of the analyzed EOs on induction of apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy in human glioblastoma multiforme T98G and anaplastic astrocytoma MOGGCCM cell lines. Rhizomes and roots of mountain arnica were harvested at the end of the third and fourth vegetation periods. The chemical composition of essential oils was determined with the GC–MS technique. Among the 37 components of the essential oil of A. montana, 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (46.47%–60.31%), 2,6-diisopropylanisole (14.48%–23.10%), thymol methyl ether (5.31%–17.79%), p-methoxyheptanophenone (5.07%–9.65%), and α-isocomene (0.68%–2.87%), were detected in the rhizomes and roots of the three-year-old plants and in the rhizomes and roots of the four-year-old plants. The plant part (rhizome, root) and plant age can be determinants of the essential oil composition and, consequently, their biological activity. The induction of apoptosis (but not autophagy nor necrosis) at a level of 28.5%–32.3% is a promising result, for which 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene, 2,6-diisopropylanisole, thymol methyl ether, and p-methoxyheptanophenone are probably mainly responsible. The present study is the first report on the anticancer activities of essential oils from A. montana rhizomes and roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Sugier
- Department of Botany, Mycology and Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 19 Akademicka Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Joanna Jakubowicz-Gil
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 19 Akademicka Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Danuta Sugier
- Department of Industrial and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (D.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Radosław Kowalski
- Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 8 Skromna Street, 20-704 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Urszula Gawlik-Dziki
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Barbara Kołodziej
- Department of Industrial and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (D.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Dariusz Dziki
- Department of Thermal Technology and Food Process Engineering, University of Life Sciences, Głęboka 31, 20-612 Lublin, Poland;
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12
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Haratym W, Weryszko-Chmielewska E, Konarska A. Microstructural and histochemical analysis of aboveground organs of Centaurea cyanus used in herbal medicine. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:285-298. [PMID: 31515607 PMCID: PMC6982636 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Centaurea cyanus L. is a valuable source of many different bioactive substances. It is used in herbal medicine, but the structure of its organs used as raw material and secretory tissues has been insufficiently examined. The aim of this paper was to investigate the microstructure of C. cyanus flowers, bracts, stems and leaves with particular emphasis on secretory structures. Moreover, the main classes of secondary metabolites present in the secretion were identified and the taxonomic value of some micromorphological and anatomical features was analysed. Histochemical, micromorphological and ultrastructural analyses of aboveground organs of C. cyanus were carried out using light, fluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The analyses revealed the presence of petal papillae and a characteristic cuticular pattern on the petals, stamens and stylar hairs. There were four types of non-glandular trichomes on the bracts, leaves and stem surfaces. The epidermal cells of the bracts contained prismatic calcium oxalate crystals. Two kinds of secretory structures, i.e. glandular trichomes and ducts, were observed in the C. cyanus organs. The glandular trichomes were located on the bract and stem surfaces, and the ducts were detected in the leaves and stems. Ultrastructural analyses of the epithelium of the ducts showed the presence of strongly osmiophilic insoluble phenolic material in vacuoles as well as moderately osmiophilic insoluble lipidic material in elaioplasts and vesicles. The results of histochemical assays showed a heterogeneous nature of the duct secretion, which contained essential oil, lipids, flavonoids, tannins and terpenes containing steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Haratym
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Konarska
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
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13
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Delatte TL, Scaiola G, Molenaar J, de Sousa Farias K, Alves Gomes Albertti L, Busscher J, Verstappen F, Carollo C, Bouwmeester H, Beekwilder J. Engineering storage capacity for volatile sesquiterpenes in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1997-2006. [PMID: 29682901 PMCID: PMC6230952 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants store volatile compounds in specialized organs. The properties of these storage organs prevent precarious evaporation and protect neighbouring tissues from cytotoxicity. Metabolic engineering of plants is often carried out in tissues such as leaf mesophyll cells, which are abundant and easily accessible by engineering tools. However, these tissues are not suitable for the storage of volatile and hydrophobic compound such as sesquiterpenes and engineered volatiles are often lost into the headspace. In this study, we show that the seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana, which naturally contain lipid bodies, accumulate sesquiterpenes upon engineered expression. Subsequently, storage of volatile sesquiterpenes was achieved in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf tissue, by introducing oleosin-coated lipid bodies through metabolic engineering. Hereto, different combinations of genes encoding diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs), transcription factors (WRINKL1) and oleosins (OLE1), from the oil seed-producing species castor bean (Ricinus communis) and Arabidopsis, were assessed for their suitability to promote lipid body formation. Co-expression of α-bisabolol synthase with Arabidopsis DGAT1 and WRINKL1 and OLE1 from castor bean promoted storage of α-bisabolol in N. benthamiana mesophyll tissue more than 17-fold. A clear correlation was found between neutral lipids and storage of sesquiterpenes, using synthases for α-bisabolol, (E)-β-caryophyllene and α-barbatene. The co-localization of neutral lipids and α-bisabolol was shown using microscopy. This work demonstrates that lipid bodies can be used as intracellular storage compartment for hydrophobic sesquiterpenes, also in the vegetative parts of plants, creating the possibility to improve yields of metabolic engineering strategies in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Scaiola
- Lab Plant PhysiolWageningen Univ & ResWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jamil Molenaar
- Lab Plant PhysiolWageningen Univ & ResWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Carollo
- Lab Prod Nat & Espectrometria MassasUniv Fed Mato Grosso do SulCampo GrandeMSBrazil
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Lab Plant PhysiolWageningen Univ & ResWageningenThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Swammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- Wageningen Univ & ResWageningen Plant ResBiosciWageningenThe Netherlands
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14
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Niinemets Ü. Storage of defense metabolites in the leaves of Myrtaceae: news of the eggs in different baskets. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1445-1450. [PMID: 30307578 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, Tallinn, Estonia
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15
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Bezerra LDA, Mangabeira PAO, de Oliveira RA, Costa LCDB, Da Cunha M. Leaf blade structure of Verbesina macrophylla (Cass.) F. S. Blake (Asteraceae): ontogeny, duct secretion mechanism and essential oil composition. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:433-443. [PMID: 29394523 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Secretory structures are common in Asteraceae, where they exhibit a high degree of morphological diversity. The species Verbesina macrophylla, popularly known as assa-peixe, is native to Brazil where it is widely used for medicinal purposes. Despite its potential medical importance, there have been no studies of the anatomy of this species, especially its secretory structures and secreted compounds. This study examined leaves of V. macrophylla with emphasis on secretory structures and secreted secondary metabolites. Development of secretory ducts and the mechanism of secretion production are described for V. macrophylla using ultrastructure, yield and chemical composition of its essential oils. Verbesina macrophylla has a hypostomatic leaf blade with dorsiventral mesophyll and secretory ducts associated with vascular bundles of schizogenous origin. Histochemistry identified the presence of lipids, terpenes, alkaloids and mucopolysaccharides. Ultrastructure suggests that the secretion released into the duct lumen is produced in plastids of transfer cells, parenchymal sheath cells and stored in vacuoles in these cells and duct epithelial cells. The essential oil content was 0.8%, and its major components were germacrene D, germacrene D-4-ol, β-caryophyllene, bicyclogermacrene and α-cadinol. Secretory ducts of V. macrophylla are squizogenous. Substances identified in tissues suggest that both secretions stored in the ducts and in adjacent parenchyma cells are involved in chemical defence. The essential oil is rich in sesquiterpenes, with germacrene D and its derivatives being notable components.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D A Bezerra
- Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Brazil
| | - P A O Mangabeira
- Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Brazil
| | - R A de Oliveira
- Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Brazil
| | - L C D B Costa
- Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Brazil
| | - M Da Cunha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
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16
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Maiti S, Mitra A. Morphological, Physiological and Ultrastructural Changes in Flowers Explain the Spatio-Temporal Emission of Scent Volatiles in Polianthes tuberosa L. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:2095-2111. [PMID: 29036488 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Tuberose or Polianthes tuberosa L. is a horticultural crop of tropical origin, widely cultivated for its pleasant and intense floral fragrance in the evening. Here an investigation was made into the physiological and cell biological aspects of floral scent biosynthesis, tissue localization and emission that have not previously been examined. Volatiles collected from floral headspace were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for identification of individual compounds and elucidation of emission patterns. Transcript accumulation and the amount of active enzyme were measured to understand the enzymatic route of scent volatile biosynthesis. Localization of scent volatiles was investigated by histochemical and ultrastructural studies. Scent emission was found to be rhythmic and nocturnal under normal day-night influence, peaking at night. Enhanced enzyme activities and transcript accumulation were recorded just prior to maximum emission. Through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, the presence of a large number of floral stomata on the adaxial surface of the tepal was revealed which might have bearing on tissue-specific emission. Guard cells of stomata responded significantly to histochemical tests, which also indicated that epidermal tissues are mostly involved in scent emission. High metabolic activity was found in epidermal layers during anthesis as shown by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. Further, new insight into the localization of scent compounds, the plausible tissue involved in their release along with the preceding ultrastructural changes at the cellular levels is presented. Finally, ultrastructural analysis of the tepal surface has been able to fill a major gap in knowledge of stomatal involvement during scent emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saborni Maiti
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - Adinpunya Mitra
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India
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