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Mishra S, Zhang X, Yang X. Plant communication with rhizosphere microbes can be revealed by understanding microbial functional gene composition. Microbiol Res 2024; 284:127726. [PMID: 38643524 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Understanding rhizosphere microbial ecology is necessary to reveal the interplay between plants and associated microbial communities. The significance of rhizosphere-microbial interactions in plant growth promotion, mediated by several key processes such as auxin synthesis, enhanced nutrient uptake, stress alleviation, disease resistance, etc., is unquestionable and well reported in numerous literature. Moreover, rhizosphere research has witnessed tremendous progress due to the integration of the metagenomics approach and further shift in our viewpoint from taxonomic to functional diversity over the past decades. The microbial functional genes corresponding to the beneficial functions provide a solid foundation for the successful establishment of positive plant-microbe interactions. The microbial functional gene composition in the rhizosphere can be regulated by several factors, e.g., the nutritional requirements of plants, soil chemistry, soil nutrient status, pathogen attack, abiotic stresses, etc. Knowing the pattern of functional gene composition in the rhizosphere can shed light on the dynamics of rhizosphere microbial ecology and the strength of cooperation between plants and associated microbes. This knowledge is crucial to realizing how microbial functions respond to unprecedented challenges which are obvious in the Anthropocene. Unraveling how microbes-mediated beneficial functions will change under the influence of several challenges, requires knowledge of the pattern and composition of functional genes corresponding to beneficial functions such as biogeochemical functions (nutrient cycle), plant growth promotion, stress mitigation, etc. Here, we focus on the molecular traits of plant growth-promoting functions delivered by a set of microbial functional genes that can be useful to the emerging field of rhizosphere functional ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Mishra
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303, China.
| | - Xianxian Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303, China.
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Loyola-Vargas VM, Méndez-Hernández HA, Quintana-Escobar AO. The History of Agrobacterium Rhizogenes: From Pathogen to a Multitasking Platform for Biotechnology. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2827:51-69. [PMID: 38985262 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3954-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Agrobacterium's journey has been a roller coaster, from being a pathogen to becoming a powerful biotechnological tool. While A. tumefaciens has provided the scientific community with a versatile tool for plant transformation, Agrobacterium rhizogenes has given researchers a Swiss army knife for developing many applications. These applications range from a methodology to regenerate plants, often recalcitrant, to establish bioremediation protocols to a valuable system to produce secondary metabolites. This chapter reviews its discovery, biology, controversies over its nomenclature, and some of the multiple applications developed using A. rhizogenes as a platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M Loyola-Vargas
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, CP, Mexico.
| | - Hugo A Méndez-Hernández
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, CP, Mexico
| | - Ana O Quintana-Escobar
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, CP, Mexico
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3
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Luo P, Li TT, Shi WM, Ma Q, Di DW. The Roles of GRETCHEN HAGEN3 (GH3)-Dependent Auxin Conjugation in the Regulation of Plant Development and Stress Adaptation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4111. [PMID: 38140438 PMCID: PMC10747189 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The precise control of free auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) gradient, which is orchestrated by biosynthesis, conjugation, degradation, hydrolyzation, and transport, is critical for all aspects of plant growth and development. Of these, the GRETCHEN HAGEN 3 (GH3) acyl acid amido synthetase family, pivotal in conjugating IAA with amino acids, has garnered significant interest. Recent advances in understanding GH3-dependent IAA conjugation have positioned GH3 functional elucidation as a hot topic of research. This review aims to consolidate and discuss recent findings on (i) the enzymatic mechanisms driving GH3 activity, (ii) the influence of chemical inhibitor on GH3 function, and (iii) the transcriptional regulation of GH3 and its impact on plant development and stress response. Additionally, we explore the distinct biological functions attributed to IAA-amino acid conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Luo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; (T.-T.L.); (W.-M.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-Ming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; (T.-T.L.); (W.-M.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Dong-Wei Di
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; (T.-T.L.); (W.-M.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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4
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Shinde R, Ayyanath MM, Shukla M, El Kayal W, Saxena P, Subramanian J. Hormonal Interplay Leading to Black Knot Disease Establishment and Progression in Plums. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3638. [PMID: 37896101 PMCID: PMC10609688 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Black Knot (BK) is a deadly disease of European (Prunus domestics) and Japanese (Prunus salicina) plums caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Apiosporina morbosa. After infection, the appearance of warty black knots indicates a phytohormonal imbalance in infected tissues. Based on this hypothesis, we quantified phytohormones such as indole-3-acetic acid, tryptophan, indoleamines (N-acetylserotonin, serotonin, and melatonin), and cytokinins (zeatin, 6-benzyladenine, and 2-isopentenyladenine) in temporally collected tissues of susceptible and resistant genotypes belonging to European and Japanese plums during of BK progression. The results suggested auxin-cytokinins interplay driven by A. morbosa appears to be vital in disease progression by hampering the plant defense system. Taken together, our results indicate the possibility of using the phytohormone profile as a biomarker for BK resistance in plums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Shinde
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada (M.-M.A.); (M.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Murali-Mohan Ayyanath
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada (M.-M.A.); (M.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Mukund Shukla
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada (M.-M.A.); (M.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Walid El Kayal
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Vineland Station, ON L0R 2E0, Canada;
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Praveen Saxena
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada (M.-M.A.); (M.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Jayasankar Subramanian
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Vineland Station, ON L0R 2E0, Canada;
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Goto C, Ikegami A, Goh T, Maruyama K, Kasahara H, Takebayashi Y, Kamiya Y, Toyokura K, Kondo Y, Ishizaki K, Mimura T, Fukaki H. Genetic Interaction between Arabidopsis SUR2/CYP83B1 and GNOM Indicates the Importance of Stabilizing Local Auxin Accumulation in Lateral Root Initiation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1178-1188. [PMID: 37522618 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Lateral root (LR) formation is an important developmental event for the establishment of the root system in most vascular plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the fewer roots (fwr) mutation in the GNOM gene, encoding a guanine nucleotide exchange factor of ADP ribosylation factor that regulates vesicle trafficking, severely inhibits LR formation. Local accumulation of auxin response for LR initiation is severely affected in fwr. To better understand how local accumulation of auxin response for LR initiation is regulated, we identified a mutation, fewer roots suppressor1 (fsp1), that partially restores LR formation in fwr. The gene responsible for fsp1 was identified as SUPERROOT2 (SUR2), encoding CYP83B1 that positions at the metabolic branch point in the biosynthesis of auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole glucosinolate. The fsp1 mutation increases both endogenous IAA levels and the number of the sites where auxin response locally accumulates prior to LR formation in fwr. SUR2 is expressed in the pericycle of the differentiation zone and in the apical meristem in roots. Time-lapse imaging of the auxin response revealed that local accumulation of auxin response is more stable in fsp1. These results suggest that SUR2/CYP83B1 affects LR founder cell formation at the xylem pole pericycle cells where auxin accumulates. Analysis of the genetic interaction between SUR2 and GNOM indicates the importance of stabilization of local auxin accumulation sites for LR initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akira Ikegami
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Goh
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Kaisei Maruyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, 183-8509 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kasahara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, 183-8509 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Yuji Kamiya
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Koichi Toyokura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-3 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526 Japan
| | - Yuki Kondo
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Kimitsune Ishizaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Tetsuro Mimura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hidehiro Fukaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
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Tang J, Li Y, Zhang L, Mu J, Jiang Y, Fu H, Zhang Y, Cui H, Yu X, Ye Z. Biosynthetic Pathways and Functions of Indole-3-Acetic Acid in Microorganisms. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2077. [PMID: 37630637 PMCID: PMC10459833 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) belongs to the family of auxin indole derivatives. IAA regulates almost all aspects of plant growth and development, and is one of the most important plant hormones. In microorganisms too, IAA plays an important role in growth, development, and even plant interaction. Therefore, mechanism studies on the biosynthesis and functions of IAA in microorganisms can promote the production and utilization of IAA in agriculture. This mini-review mainly summarizes the biosynthesis pathways that have been reported in microorganisms, including the indole-3-acetamide pathway, indole-3-pyruvate pathway, tryptamine pathway, indole-3-acetonitrile pathway, tryptophan side chain oxidase pathway, and non-tryptophan dependent pathway. Some pathways interact with each other through common key genes to constitute a network of IAA biosynthesis. In addition, functional studies of IAA in microorganisms, divided into three categories, have also been summarized: the effects on microorganisms, the virulence on plants, and the beneficial impacts on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zihong Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (J.T.); (L.Z.)
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Koseoglou E, Hanika K, Mohd Nadzir MM, Kohlen W, van der Wolf JM, Visser RGF, Bai Y. Inactivation of tomato WAT1 leads to reduced susceptibility to Clavibacter michiganensis through downregulation of bacterial virulence factors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1082094. [PMID: 37324660 PMCID: PMC10264788 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1082094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tomato bacterial canker caused by Clavibacter michiganensis (Cm) is considered to be one of the most destructive bacterial diseases of tomato. To date, no resistance to the pathogen has been identified. While several molecular studies have identified (Cm) bacterial factors involved in disease development, the plant genes and mechanisms associated with susceptibility of tomato to the bacterium remain largely unknown. Here, we show for the first time that tomato gene SlWAT1 is a susceptibility gene to Cm. We inactivated the gene SlWAT1 through RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9 to study changes in tomato susceptibility to Cm. Furthermore, we analysed the role of the gene in the molecular interaction with the pathogen. Our findings demonstrate that SlWAT1 functions as an S gene to genetically diverse Cm strains. Inactivation of SlWAT1 reduced free auxin contents and ethylene synthesis in tomato stems and suppressed the expression of specific bacterial virulence factors. However, CRISPR/Cas9 slwat1 mutants exhibited severe growth defects. The observed reduced susceptibility is possibly a result of downregulation of bacterial virulence factors and reduced auxin contents in transgenic plants. This shows that inactivation of an S gene may affect the expression of bacterial virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Koseoglou
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Katharina Hanika
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Mas M. Mohd Nadzir
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wouter Kohlen
- Cluster of Plant Developmental Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan M. van der Wolf
- Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Perez VC, Zhao H, Lin M, Kim J. Occurrence, Function, and Biosynthesis of the Natural Auxin Phenylacetic Acid (PAA) in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:266. [PMID: 36678978 PMCID: PMC9867223 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Auxins are a class of plant hormones playing crucial roles in a plant's growth, development, and stress responses. Phenylacetic acid (PAA) is a phenylalanine-derived natural auxin found widely in plants. Although the auxin activity of PAA in plants was identified several decades ago, PAA homeostasis and its function remain poorly understood, whereas indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the most potent auxin, has been used for most auxin studies. Recent studies have revealed unique features of PAA distinctive from IAA, and the enzymes and intermediates of the PAA biosynthesis pathway have been identified. Here, we summarize the occurrence and function of PAA in plants and highlight the recent progress made in PAA homeostasis, emphasizing PAA biosynthesis and crosstalk between IAA and PAA homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica C. Perez
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Haohao Zhao
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Makou Lin
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jeongim Kim
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Genetic Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Sun H, Zhang J, Liu W, E W, Wang X, Li H, Cui Y, Zhao D, Liu K, Du B, Ding Y, Wang C. Identification and combinatorial engineering of indole-3-acetic acid synthetic pathways in Paenibacillus polymyxa. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:81. [PMID: 35953838 PMCID: PMC9367139 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Paenibacillus polymyxa is a typical plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR), and synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is one of the reasons for its growth-promoting capacity. The synthetic pathways of IAA in P. polymyxa must be identified and modified. Results P. polymyxa SC2 and its spontaneous mutant SC2-M1 could promote plant growth by directly secreting IAA. Through metabonomic and genomic analysis, the genes patA, ilvB3, and fusE in the native IPyA pathway of IAA synthesis in strain SC2-M1 were predicted. A novel strong promoter P04420 was rationally selected, synthetically analyzed, and then evaluated on its ability to express IAA synthetic genes. Co-expression of three genes, patA, ilvB3, and fusE, increased IAA yield by 60% in strain SC2-M1. Furthermore, the heterogeneous gene iaam of the IAM pathway and two heterogeneous IPyA pathways of IAA synthesis were selected to improve the IAA yield of strain SC2-M1. The genes ELJP6_14505, ipdC, and ELJP6_00725 of the entire IPyA pathway from Enterobacter ludwigii JP6 were expressed well by promoter P04420 in strain SC2-M1 and increased IAA yield in the engineered strain SC2-M1 from 13 to 31 μg/mL, which was an increase of 138%. Conclusions The results of our study help reveal and enhance the IAA synthesis pathways of P. polymyxa and its future application. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13068-022-02181-3. Verifying an entire native IPyA pathway of IAA synthesis in P. polymyxa. Introducing heterologous IAM and IPyA pathways of IAA synthesis to P. polymyxa. Selecting and analyzing a novel strong promoter P04420 to express IAA synthesis genes.
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Nakano M, Omae N, Tsuda K. Inter-organismal phytohormone networks in plant-microbe interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 68:102258. [PMID: 35820321 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are produced by plants and play central roles in interactions with pathogenic and beneficial microbes as well as plant growth and development. Each phytohormone pathway consists of its biosynthesis, transport, perception, and signaling and is intertwined with each other at various levels to form phytohormone networks in plants. Different kinds of microbes also produce phytohormones that exert physiological roles within microbes and manipulate phytohormone networks in plants by using phytohormones, their mimics, and proteinaceous effectors. In turn, plant-derived phytohormones can directly or indirectly through plant signaling networks affect microbial metabolism and community assembly. Therefore, phytohormone networks in plants and microbes are connected through plant and microbial phytohormones and other molecules to form inter-organismal phytohormone networks. In this review, we summarize recent progress on molecular mechanisms of inter-organismal phytohormone networks and discuss future steps necessary for advancing our understanding of phytohormone networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Nakano
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Natsuki Omae
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
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11
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Ohbayashi I, Sakamoto Y, Kuwae H, Kasahara H, Sugiyama M. Enhancement of shoot regeneration by treatment with inhibitors of auxin biosynthesis and transport during callus induction in tissue culture of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:43-50. [PMID: 35800968 PMCID: PMC9200084 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.1225a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In two-step culture systems for efficient shoot regeneration, explants are first cultured on auxin-rich callus-inducing medium (CIM), where cells are activated to proliferate and form calli containing root-apical meristem (RAM)-type stem cells and stem cell niche, and then cultured on cytokinin-rich shoot-inducing medium (SIM), where stem cells and stem cell niche of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) are established eventually leading to shoot regeneration. In the present study, we examined the effects of inhibitors of auxin biosynthesis and polar transport in the two-step shoot regeneration culture of Arabidopsis and found that, when they were applied during CIM culture, although callus growth was repressed, shoot regeneration in the subsequent SIM culture was significantly increased. The regeneration-stimulating effect of the auxin biosynthesis inhibitor was not linked with the reduction in the endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) level. Expression of the auxin-responsive reporter indicated that auxin response was more uniform and even stronger in the explants cultured on CIM with the inhibitors than in the control explants. These results suggested that the shoot regeneration competence of calli was enhanced somehow by the perturbation of the endogenous auxin dynamics, which we discuss in terms of the transformability between RAM and SAM stem cell niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwai Ohbayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan R.O.C
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Yuki Sakamoto
- Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 112-0001, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kuwae
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kasahara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Munetaka Sugiyama
- Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 112-0001, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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12
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Menon N, Richmond D, Rahman MR, Menon BRK. Versatile and Facile One-Pot Biosynthesis for Amides and Carboxylic Acids in E. coli by Engineering Auxin Pathways of Plant Microbiomes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Navya Menon
- The Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Collaborative Teaching Laboratory, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Daniel Richmond
- The Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Mohammad Rejaur Rahman
- The Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Binuraj R. K. Menon
- The Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, U.K
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13
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Guo R, Hu Y, Aoi Y, Hira H, Ge C, Dai X, Kasahara H, Zhao Y. Local conjugation of auxin by the GH3 amido synthetases is required for normal development of roots and flowers in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 589:16-22. [PMID: 34883285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) amido synthetases conjugate amino acids to a carboxyl group of small molecules including hormones auxin, jasmonate, and salicylic acid. The Arabidopsis genome harbors 19 GH3 genes, whose exact roles in plant development have been difficult to define because of genetic redundancy among the GH3 genes. Here we use CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to delete the Arabidopsis group II GH3 genes, which are able to conjugate indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to amino acids. We show that plants lacking the eight group II GH3 genes (gh3 octuple mutants) accumulate free IAA and fail to produce IAA-Asp and IAA-Glu conjugates. Consequently, gh3 octuple mutants have extremely short roots, long and dense root hairs, and long hypocotyls. Our characterization of gh3 septuple mutants, which provide sensitized backgrounds, reveals that GH3.17 and GH3.9 play prominent roles in root elongation and seed production, respectively. We show that GH3 functions correlate with their expression patterns, suggesting that local deactivation of auxin also contributes to maintaining auxin homeostasis. Moreover, this work provides a method for elucidating functions of individual members of a gene family, whose members have overlapping functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruipan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yun Hu
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yuki Aoi
- Department of Bioregulation and Biointeraction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hayao Hira
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Chennan Ge
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Xinhua Dai
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Kasahara
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yunde Zhao
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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14
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Tzipilevich E, Russ D, Dangl JL, Benfey PN. Plant immune system activation is necessary for efficient root colonization by auxin-secreting beneficial bacteria. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1507-1520.e4. [PMID: 34610294 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although plant roots encounter a plethora of microorganisms in the surrounding soil, at the rhizosphere, plants exert selective forces on their bacterial colonizers. Unlike immune recognition of pathogenic bacteria, the mechanisms by which beneficial bacteria are selected and how they interact with the plant immune system are not well understood. To better understand this process, we studied the interaction of auxin-producing Bacillus velezensis FZB42 with Arabidopsis roots and found that activation of the plant immune system is necessary for efficient bacterial colonization and auxin secretion. A feedback loop is established in which bacterial colonization triggers an immune reaction and production of reactive oxygen species, which, in turn, stimulate auxin production by the bacteria. Auxin promotes bacterial survival and efficient root colonization, allowing the bacteria to inhibit fungal infection and promote plant health. Thus, a feedback loop between bacteria and the plant immune system promotes the fitness of both partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elhanan Tzipilevich
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Dor Russ
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Philip N Benfey
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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15
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Banach A, Kuźniar A, Marzec-Grządziel A, Gałązka A, Wolińska A. Phenotype Switching in Metal-Tolerant Bacteria Isolated from a Hyperaccumulator Plant. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090879. [PMID: 34571755 PMCID: PMC8466758 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As an adaptation to unfavorable conditions, microorganisms may represent different phenotypes. Azolla filiculoides L. is a hyperaccumulator of pollutants, but the functions of its microbiome have not been well recognized to date. We aimed to reveal the potential of the microbiome for degradation of organic compounds, as well as its potential to promote plant growth in the presence of heavy metals. We applied the BiologTM Phenotypic Microarrays platform to study the potential of the microbiome for the degradation of 96 carbon compounds and stress factors and assayed the hydrolytic potential and auxin production by the microorganisms in the presence of Pb, Cd, Cr (VI), Ni, Ag, and Au. We found various phenotype changes depending on the stress factor, suggesting a possible dual function of the studied microorganisms, i.e., in bioremediation and as a biofertilizer for plant growth promotion. Delftia sp., Staphylococcus sp. and Microbacterium sp. exhibited high efficacy in metabolizing organic compounds. Delftia sp., Achromobacter sp. and Agrobacterium sp. were efficient in enzymatic responses and were characterized by metal tolerant. Since each strain exhibited individual phenotype changes due to the studied stresses, they may all be beneficial as both biofertilizers and bioremediation agents, especially when combined in one biopreparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Banach
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów St. 1 I, 20-708 Lublin, Poland; (A.K.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-454-56-48
| | - Agnieszka Kuźniar
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów St. 1 I, 20-708 Lublin, Poland; (A.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Anna Marzec-Grządziel
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation—State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8 St., 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.M.-G.); (A.G.)
| | - Anna Gałązka
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation—State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8 St., 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.M.-G.); (A.G.)
| | - Agnieszka Wolińska
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów St. 1 I, 20-708 Lublin, Poland; (A.K.); (A.W.)
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16
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Kunkel BN, Johnson JMB. Auxin Plays Multiple Roles during Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a040022. [PMID: 33782029 PMCID: PMC8411954 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin governs many aspects of normal plant growth and development. Auxin also plays an important role in plant-microbe interactions, including interactions between plant hosts and pathogenic microorganisms that cause disease. It is now well established that indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the most well-studied form of auxin, promotes disease in many plant-pathogen interactions. Recent studies have shown that IAA can act both as a plant hormone that modulates host signaling and physiology to increase host susceptibility and as a microbial signal that directly impacts the pathogen to promote virulence, but large gaps in our understanding remain. In this article, we review recent studies on the roles that auxin plays during plant-pathogen interactions and discuss the virulence mechanisms that many plant pathogens have evolved to manipulate host auxin signaling and promote pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara N Kunkel
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Joshua M B Johnson
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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17
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Gorshkov V, Tsers I. Plant susceptible responses: the underestimated side of plant-pathogen interactions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:45-66. [PMID: 34435443 PMCID: PMC9291929 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant susceptibility to pathogens is usually considered from the perspective of the loss of resistance. However, susceptibility cannot be equated with plant passivity since active host cooperation may be required for the pathogen to propagate and cause disease. This cooperation consists of the induction of reactions called susceptible responses that transform a plant from an autonomous biological unit into a component of a pathosystem. Induced susceptibility is scarcely discussed in the literature (at least compared to induced resistance) although this phenomenon has a fundamental impact on plant-pathogen interactions and disease progression. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on plant susceptible responses and their regulation. We highlight two main categories of susceptible responses according to their consequences and indicate the relevance of susceptible response-related studies to agricultural practice. We hope that this review will generate interest in this underestimated aspect of plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia.,Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Ivan Tsers
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
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18
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Yousaf MJ, Hussain A, Hamayun M, Iqbal A, Irshad M, Kim HY, Lee IJ. Transformation of Endophytic Bipolaris spp. Into Biotrophic Pathogen Under Auxin Cross-Talk With Brassinosteroids and Abscisic Acid. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:657635. [PMID: 34395395 PMCID: PMC8355742 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.657635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin is the reciprocal signaling molecule, which interferes with other phyto-hormonal and physiological processes during plant–microbes interaction. In this regard, Bipolaris spp., a growth-promoting endophytic fungus was used to inoculate pre-stressed Zea mays seedlings with yucasin (IAA inhibitor). The IAA-deficient host was heavily colonized by the endophyte that subsequently promoted the host growth and elevated the IAA levels with a peak value at 72 h. However, the seedling growth was inhibited later (i.e., at 120 h) due to the high levels of IAA that interfered with the activity of phytoalexins and brassinosteroids. Such interference also modulated the endophytic fungus from symbiotic to biotrophic pathogen that left the host plants defenseless.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anwar Hussain
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hamayun
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Iqbal
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irshad
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Ho-Youn Kim
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, South Korea
| | - In-Jung Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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19
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Lu Q, Chen X, Yang Z, Bashir NH, Liu J, Cui Y, Shao S, Chen MS, Chen H. Molecular and Histologic Adaptation of Horned Gall Induced by the Aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis (Pemphigidae). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105166. [PMID: 34068250 PMCID: PMC8153119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese galls are the result of hyperplasia in host plants induced by aphids. The metabolism and gene expression of these galls are modified to accommodate the aphids. Here, we highlight the molecular and histologic features of horned galls according to transcriptome and anatomical structures. In primary pathways, genes were found to be unevenly shifted and selectively expressed in the galls and leaves near the galls (LNG). Pathways for amino acid synthesis and degradation were also unevenly shifted, favoring enhanced accumulation of essential amino acids in galls for aphids. Although galls enhanced the biosynthesis of glucose, which is directly available to aphids, glucose content in the gall tissues was lower due to the feeding of aphids. Pathways of gall growth were up-regulated to provide enough space for aphids. In addition, the horned gall has specialized branched schizogenous ducts and expanded xylem in the stalk, which provide a broader feeding surface for aphids and improve the efficiency of transportation and nutrient exchange. Notably, the gene expression in the LNG showed a similar pattern to that of the galls, but on a smaller scale. We suppose the aphids manipulate galls to their advantage, and galls lessen competition by functioning as a medium between the aphids and their host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Lu
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (Q.L.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (N.H.B.); (J.L.); (Y.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (Q.L.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (N.H.B.); (J.L.); (Y.C.); (S.S.)
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Zixiang Yang
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (Q.L.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (N.H.B.); (J.L.); (Y.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Nawaz Haider Bashir
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (Q.L.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (N.H.B.); (J.L.); (Y.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Juan Liu
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (Q.L.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (N.H.B.); (J.L.); (Y.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Yongzhong Cui
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (Q.L.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (N.H.B.); (J.L.); (Y.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Shuxiao Shao
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (Q.L.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (N.H.B.); (J.L.); (Y.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Ming-Shun Chen
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Hang Chen
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (Q.L.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (N.H.B.); (J.L.); (Y.C.); (S.S.)
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, China
- Correspondence:
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20
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Favero BT, Tan Y, Lin Y, Hansen HB, Shadmani N, Xu J, He J, Müller R, Almeida A, Lütken H. Transgenic Kalanchoë blossfeldiana, Containing Individual rol Genes and Open Reading Frames Under 35S Promoter, Exhibit Compact Habit, Reduced Plant Growth, and Altered Ethylene Tolerance in Flowers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:672023. [PMID: 34025708 PMCID: PMC8138453 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.672023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reduced growth habit is a desirable trait for ornamental potted plants and can successfully be obtained through Rhizobium rhizogenes transformation in a stable and heritable manner. Additionally, it can also be obtained by transformation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring specific genes from R. rhizogenes. The bacterial T-DNA harbors four root oncogenic loci (rol) genes and 14 less known open reading frames (ORFs). The four rol genes, i.e., rolA, rolB, rolC, and rolD, are conceived as the common denominator for the compact phenotype and the other less characterized ORFs seem auxiliary but present a potential breeding target for less aberrant and/or more tailored phenotypes. In this study, Kalanchoë blossfeldiana 'Molly' was transformed with individual rol genes and selected ORFs in 35S overexpressing cassettes to comprehensively characterize growth traits, gene copy and expression, and ethylene tolerance of the flowers. An association of reduced growth habit, e.g. height and diameter, was observed for rolB2 and ORF14-2 when a transgene single copy and high gene expression were detected. Chlorophyll content was reduced in overexpressing lines compared to wild type (WT), except for one ΔORF13a (a truncated ORF13a, where SPXX DNA-binding motif is absent). The flower number severely decreased in the overexpressing lines compared to WT. The anthesis timing showed that WT opened the first flower at 68.9 ± 0.9 days and the overexpressing lines showed similar or up to 24 days delay in flowering. In general, a single or low relative gene copy insertion was correlated to higher gene expression, ca. 3 to 5-fold, in rolB and ΔORF13a lines, while in ORF14 such relation was not directly linked. The increased gene expression observed in rolB2 and ΔORF13a-2 contributed to reducing plant growth and a more compact habit. Tolerance of detached flowers to 0.5 μl L-1 ethylene was markedly higher for ORF14 with 66% less flower closure at day 3 compared to WT. The subcellular localization of rolC and ΔORF13a was investigated by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and confocal images showed that rolC and ΔORF13a are soluble and localize in the cytoplasm being able to enter the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Trevenzoli Favero
- Section for Crop Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Yi Tan
- Section for Crop Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Yan Lin
- Section for Crop Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Hanne Bøge Hansen
- Section for Crop Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Nasim Shadmani
- Section for Crop Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Jiaming Xu
- Section for Crop Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Junou He
- Section for Crop Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Renate Müller
- Section for Crop Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Aldo Almeida
- Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Lütken
- Section for Crop Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
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21
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Accumulation of the Auxin Precursor Indole-3-Acetamide Curtails Growth through the Repression of Ribosome-Biogenesis and Development-Related Transcriptional Networks. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042040. [PMID: 33670805 PMCID: PMC7923163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The major auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), is associated with a plethora of growth and developmental processes including embryo development, expansion growth, cambial activity, and the induction of lateral root growth. Accumulation of the auxin precursor indole-3-acetamide (IAM) induces stress related processes by stimulating abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. How IAM signaling is controlled is, at present, unclear. Here, we characterize the ami1rooty double mutant, that we initially generated to study the metabolic and phenotypic consequences of a simultaneous genetic blockade of the indole glucosinolate and IAM pathways in Arabidopsisthaliana. Our mass spectrometric analyses of the mutant revealed that the combination of the two mutations is not sufficient to fully prevent the conversion of IAM to IAA. The detected strong accumulation of IAM was, however, recognized to substantially impair seed development. We further show by genome-wide expression studies that the double mutant is broadly affected in its translational capacity, and that a small number of plant growth regulating transcriptional circuits are repressed by the high IAM content in the seed. In accordance with the previously described growth reduction in response to elevated IAM levels, our data support the hypothesis that IAM is a growth repressing counterpart to IAA.
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22
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De Saeger J, Park J, Chung HS, Hernalsteens JP, Van Lijsebettens M, Inzé D, Van Montagu M, Depuydt S. Agrobacterium strains and strain improvement: Present and outlook. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 53:107677. [PMID: 33290822 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Almost 40 years ago the first transgenic plant was generated through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, which, until now, remains the method of choice for gene delivery into plants. Ever since, optimized Agrobacterium strains have been developed with additional (genetic) modifications that were mostly aimed at enhancing the transformation efficiency, although an optimized strain also exists that reduces unwanted plasmid recombination. As a result, a collection of very useful strains has been created to transform a wide variety of plant species, but has also led to a confusing Agrobacterium strain nomenclature. The latter is often misleading for choosing the best-suited strain for one's transformation purposes. To overcome this issue, we provide a complete overview of the strain classification. We also indicate different strain modifications and their purposes, as well as the obtained results with regard to the transformation process sensu largo. Furthermore, we propose additional improvements of the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation process and consider several worthwhile modifications, for instance, by circumventing a defense response in planta. In this regard, we will discuss pattern-triggered immunity, pathogen-associated molecular pattern detection, hormone homeostasis and signaling, and reactive oxygen species in relationship to Agrobacterium transformation. We will also explore alterations that increase agrobacterial transformation efficiency, reduce plasmid recombination, and improve biocontainment. Finally, we recommend the use of a modular system to best utilize the available knowledge for successful plant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas De Saeger
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 406-840, South Korea; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jihae Park
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 406-840, South Korea; Department of Marine Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-840, South Korea
| | - Hoo Sun Chung
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Mieke Van Lijsebettens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Montagu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephen Depuydt
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 406-840, South Korea; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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23
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The Arabidopsis NRT1/PTR FAMILY protein NPF7.3/NRT1.5 is an indole-3-butyric acid transporter involved in root gravitropism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31500-31509. [PMID: 33219124 PMCID: PMC7733822 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013305117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Active membrane transport of plant hormones and their related compounds is an essential process that determines the distribution of the compounds within plant tissues and, hence, regulates various physiological events. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1/PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER FAMILY 7.3 (NPF7.3) protein functions as a transporter of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), a precursor of the major endogenous auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). When expressed in yeast, NPF7.3 mediated cellular IBA uptake. Loss-of-function npf7.3 mutants showed defective root gravitropism with reduced IBA levels and auxin responses. Nevertheless, the phenotype was restored by exogenous application of IAA but not by IBA treatment. NPF7.3 was expressed in pericycle cells and the root tip region including root cap cells of primary roots where the IBA-to-IAA conversion occurs. Our findings indicate that NPF7.3-mediated IBA uptake into specific cells is required for the generation of appropriate auxin gradients within root tissues.
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24
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Aoi Y, Hira H, Hayakawa Y, Liu H, Fukui K, Dai X, Tanaka K, Hayashi KI, Zhao Y, Kasahara H. UDP-glucosyltransferase UGT84B1 regulates the levels of indole-3-acetic acid and phenylacetic acid in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 532:244-250. [PMID: 32868079 PMCID: PMC7641881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a key plant growth regulator for diverse developmental processes in plants. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a primary plant auxin that regulates the formation of various organs. Plants also produce phenylacetic acid (PAA), another natural auxin, which occurs more abundantly than IAA in various plant species. Although it has been demonstrated that the two auxins have distinct transport characteristics, the metabolic pathways and physiological roles of PAA in plants remain unsolved. In this study, we investigated the role of Arabidopsis UDP-glucosyltransferase UGT84B1 in IAA and PAA metabolism. We demonstrated that UGT84B1, which converts IAA to IAA-glucoside (IAA-Glc), can also catalyze the conversion of PAA to PAA-glucoside (PAA-Glc), with a higher catalytic activity in vitro. Furthermore, we showed a significant increase in both the IAA and PAA levels in the ugt84b1 null mutants. However, no obvious developmental phenotypes were observed in the ugt84b1 mutants under laboratory growth conditions. Moreover, the overexpression of UGT84B1 resulted in auxin-deficient root phenotypes and changes in the IAA and PAA levels. Our results indicate that UGT84B1 plays an important role in IAA and PAA homeostasis in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Aoi
- Department of Biological Production Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hayao Hira
- Department of Bioregulation and Biointeraction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yuya Hayakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hongquan Liu
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Kosuke Fukui
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Xinhua Dai
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Keita Tanaka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ken-Ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Yunde Zhao
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Kasahara
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
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Molecular and Biochemical Differences in Leaf Explants and the Implication for Regeneration Ability in Rorippa aquatica (Brassicaceae). PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101372. [PMID: 33076473 PMCID: PMC7602576 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Plants have a high regeneration capacity and some plant species can regenerate clone plants, called plantlets, from detached vegetative organs. We previously outlined the molecular mechanisms underlying plantlet regeneration from Rorippa aquatica (Brassicaceae) leaf explants. However, the fundamental difference between the plant species that can and cannot regenerate plantlets from vegetative organs remains unclear. Here, we hypothesized that the viability of leaf explants is a key factor affecting the regeneration capacity of R. aquatica. To test this hypothesis, the viability of R. aquatica and Arabidopsis thaliana leaf explants were compared, with respect to the maintenance of photosynthetic activity, senescence, and immune response. Time-course analyses of photosynthetic activity revealed that R. aquatica leaf explants can survive longer than those of A. thaliana. Endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) were found at low levels in leaf explant of R. aquatica. Time-course transcriptome analysis of R. aquatica and A. thaliana leaf explants suggested that senescence was suppressed at the transcriptional level in R. aquatica. Application of exogenous ABA reduced the efficiency of plantlet regeneration. Overall, our results propose that in nature, plant species that can regenerate in nature can survive for a long time.
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Kaneko S, Cook SD, Aoi Y, Watanabe A, Hayashi KI, Kasahara H. An Evolutionarily Primitive and Distinct Auxin Metabolism in the Lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1724-1732. [PMID: 32697828 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a key regulator of plant growth and development. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a plant auxin, is mainly produced from tryptophan via indole-3-pyruvate (IPA) in both bryophytes and angiosperms. Angiosperms have multiple, well-documented IAA inactivation pathways, involving conjugation to IAA-aspartate (IAA-Asp)/glutamate by the GH3 auxin-amido synthetases, and oxidation to 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid (oxIAA) by the DAO proteins. However, IAA biosynthesis and inactivation processes remain elusive in lycophytes, an early lineage of spore-producing vascular plants. In this article, we studied IAA biosynthesis and inactivation in the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii. We demonstrate that S. moellendorffii mainly produces IAA from the IPA pathway for the regulation of root growth and response to high temperature, similar to the angiosperm Arabidopsis. However, S. moellendorffii exhibits a unique IAA metabolite profile with high IAA-Asp and low oxIAA levels, distinct from Arabidopsis and the bryophyte Marchantia polymorpha, suggesting that the GH3 family is integral for IAA homeostasis in the lycophytes. The DAO homologs in S. moellendorffii share only limited similarity to the well-characterized rice and Arabidopsis DAO proteins. We therefore suggest that these enzymes may have a limited role in IAA homeostasis in S. moellendorffii compared to angiosperms. We provide new insights into the functional diversification of auxin metabolic genes in the evolution of land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutaro Kaneko
- Department of Bioregulation and Biointeraction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509 Japan
| | - Sam David Cook
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509 Japan
- JSPS International Research Fellow, The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Chiyoda-ku, Japan
| | - Yuki Aoi
- Department of Biological Production Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509 Japan
| | - Akie Watanabe
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509 Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, 700-0005 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kasahara
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
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Role of Arabidopsis INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID CARBOXYL METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 in auxin metabolism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:1033-1038. [PMID: 32444138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin regulates a wide range of developmental processes in plants. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the main auxin that moves in a polar manner and forms concentration gradients, whereas phenylacetic acid (PAA), another natural auxin, does not exhibit polar movement. Although these auxins occur widely in plants, the differences between IAA and PAA metabolism remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of Arabidopsis IAA CARBOXYL METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (IAMT1) in IAA and PAA metabolism. IAMT1 proteins expressed in Escherichia coli could convert both IAA and PAA to their respective methyl esters. Overexpression of IAMT1 caused severe auxin-deficient phenotypes and reduced the levels of IAA, but not PAA, in the root tips of Arabidopsis, suggesting that IAMT1 exclusively metabolizes IAA in vivo. We generated iamt1 null mutants via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing and found that the single knockout mutants had normal auxin levels and did not exhibit visibly altered phenotypes. These results suggest that other proteins, namely the IAMT1 homologs in the SABATH family of carboxyl methyltransferases, may also regulate IAA levels in Arabidopsis.
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28
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Aoi Y, Tanaka K, Cook SD, Hayashi KI, Kasahara H. GH3 Auxin-Amido Synthetases Alter the Ratio of Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Phenylacetic Acid in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:596-605. [PMID: 31808940 PMCID: PMC7065595 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is the first discovered plant hormone and is essential for many aspects of plant growth and development. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the main auxin and plays pivotal roles in intercellular communication through polar auxin transport. Phenylacetic acid (PAA) is another natural auxin that does not show polar movement. Although a wide range of species have been shown to produce PAA, its biosynthesis, inactivation and physiological significance in plants are largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that overexpression of the CYP79A2 gene, which is involved in benzylglucosinolate synthesis, remarkably increased the levels of PAA and enhanced lateral root formation in Arabidopsis. This coincided with a significant reduction in the levels of IAA. The results from auxin metabolite quantification suggest that the PAA-dependent induction of GRETCHEN HAGEN 3 (GH3) genes, which encode auxin-amido synthetases, promote the inactivation of IAA. Similarly, an increase in IAA synthesis, via the indole-3-acetaldoxime pathway, significantly reduced the levels of PAA. The same adjustment of IAA and PAA levels was also observed by applying each auxin to wild-type plants. These results show that GH3 auxin-amido synthetases can alter the ratio of IAA and PAA in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Aoi
- Department of Bioregulation and Biointeraction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509 Japan
| | - Keita Tanaka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6708 WE, the Netherlands
| | - Sam David Cook
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509 Japan
- JSPS International Research Fellow, The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Chiyoda-ku, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, 700-0005 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kasahara
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
- Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, +81-42-360-8830
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29
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Amano R, Nakayama H, Momoi R, Omata E, Gunji S, Takebayashi Y, Kojima M, Ikematsu S, Ikeuchi M, Iwase A, Sakamoto T, Kasahara H, Sakakibara H, Ferjani A, Kimura S. Molecular Basis for Natural Vegetative Propagation via Regeneration in North American Lake Cress, Rorippa aquatica (Brassicaceae). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:353-369. [PMID: 31651939 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Some plant species have a striking capacity for regeneration in nature, including regeneration of the entire individual from explants. However, due to the lack of suitable experimental models, the regulatory mechanisms of spontaneous whole plant regeneration are mostly unknown. In this study, we established a novel model system to study these mechanisms using an amphibious plant within Brassicaceae, Rorippa aquatica, which naturally undergoes vegetative propagation via regeneration from leaf fragments. Morphological and anatomical observation showed that both de novo root and shoot organogenesis occurred from the proximal side of the cut edge transversely with leaf vascular tissue. Time-series RNA-seq analysis revealed that auxin and cytokinin responses were activated after leaf amputation and that regeneration-related genes were upregulated mainly on the proximal side of the leaf explants. Accordingly, we found that both auxin and cytokinin accumulated on the proximal side. Application of a polar auxin transport inhibitor retarded root and shoot regeneration, suggesting that the enhancement of auxin responses caused by polar auxin transport enhanced de novo organogenesis at the proximal wound site. Exogenous phytohormone and inhibitor applications further demonstrated that, in R. aquatica, both auxin and gibberellin are required for root regeneration, whereas cytokinin is important for shoot regeneration. Our results provide a molecular basis for vegetative propagation via de novo organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Amano
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto, 603-8555 Japan
| | - Hokuto Nakayama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Risa Momoi
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto, 603-8555 Japan
| | - Emi Omata
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto, 603-8555 Japan
| | - Shizuka Gunji
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8501 Japan
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Shuka Ikematsu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto, 603-8555 Japan
| | - Momoko Ikeuchi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Akira Iwase
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Tomoaki Sakamoto
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto, 603-8555 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kasahara
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8501 Japan
| | - Seisuke Kimura
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto, 603-8555 Japan
- Center for Ecological Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto, 603-8555 Japan
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30
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Goh T, Toyokura K, Yamaguchi N, Okamoto Y, Uehara T, Kaneko S, Takebayashi Y, Kasahara H, Ikeyama Y, Okushima Y, Nakajima K, Mimura T, Tasaka M, Fukaki H. Lateral root initiation requires the sequential induction of transcription factors LBD16 and PUCHI in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:749-760. [PMID: 31310684 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Lateral root (LR) formation in Arabidopsis thaliana is initiated by asymmetric division of founder cells, followed by coordinated cell proliferation and differentiation for patterning new primordia. The sequential developmental processes of LR formation are triggered by a localized auxin response. LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES-DOMAIN 16 (LBD16), an auxin-inducible transcription factor, is one of the key regulators linking auxin response in LR founder cells to LR initiation. We identified key genes for LR formation that are activated by LBD16 in an auxin-dependent manner. LBD16 targets identified include the transcription factor gene PUCHI, which is required for LR primordium patterning. We demonstrate that LBD16 activity is required for the auxin-inducible expression of PUCHI. We show that PUCHI expression is initiated after the first round of asymmetric cell division of LR founder cells and that premature induction of PUCHI during the preinitiation phase disrupts LR primordium formation. Our results indicate that LR initiation requires the sequential induction of transcription factors LBD16 and PUCHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuaki Goh
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Koichi Toyokura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 13 Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, 658-5801, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yoshie Okamoto
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takeo Uehara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shutaro Kaneko
- Department of Bioregulation and Biointeraction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Riken, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kasahara
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Riken, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Ikeyama
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yoko Okushima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Keiji Nakajima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Mimura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Masao Tasaka
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Fukaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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