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Shimakawa G, Müller P, Miyake C, Krieger-Liszkay A, Sétif P. Photo-oxidative damage of photosystem I by repetitive flashes and chilling stress in cucumber leaves. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2024; 1865:149490. [PMID: 38960078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2024.149490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Photosystem I (PSI) is an essential protein complex for oxygenic photosynthesis and is also known to be an important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the light. When ROS are generated within PSI, the photosystem can be damaged. The so-called PSI photoinhibition is a lethal event for oxygenic phototrophs, and it is prevented by keeping the reaction center chlorophyll (P700) oxidized in excess light conditions. Whereas regulatory mechanisms for controlling P700 oxidation have been discovered already, the molecular mechanism of PSI photoinhibition is still unclear. Here, we characterized the damage mechanism of PSI photoinhibition by in vitro transient absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in isolated PSI from cucumber leaves that had been subjected to photoinhibition treatment. Photodamage to PSI was induced by two different light treatments: 1. continuous illumination with high light at low (chilling) temperature (C/LT) and 2. repetitive flashes at room temperature (F/RT). These samples were compared to samples that had been illuminated with high light at room temperature (C/RT). The [FeS] clusters FX and (FA FB) were destructed in C/LT but not in F/RT. Transient absorption spectroscopy indicated that half of the charge separation was impaired in F/RT, however, low-temperature EPR revealed the light-induced FX signal at a similar size as in the case of C/RT. This indicates that the two branches of electron transfer in PSI were affected differently. Electron transfer at the A-branch was inhibited in F/RT and also partially in C/LT, while the B-branch remained active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginga Shimakawa
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Graduate School for Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Pavel Müller
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Chikahiro Miyake
- Graduate School for Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Pierre Sétif
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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2
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Didaran F, Kordrostami M, Ghasemi-Soloklui AA, Pashkovskiy P, Kreslavski V, Kuznetsov V, Allakhverdiev SI. The mechanisms of photoinhibition and repair in plants under high light conditions and interplay with abiotic stressors. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 259:113004. [PMID: 39137703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.113004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
This review comprehensively examines the phenomenon of photoinhibition in plants, focusing mainly on the intricate relationship between photodamage and photosystem II (PSII) repair and the role of PSII extrinsic proteins and protein phosphorylation in these processes. In natural environments, photoinhibition occurs together with a suite of concurrent stress factors, including extreme temperatures, drought and salinization. Photoinhibition, primarily caused by high irradiance, results in a critical imbalance between the rate of PSII photodamage and its repair. Central to this process is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which not only impair the photosynthetic apparatus first PSII but also play a signalling role in chloroplasts and other cellulular structures. ROS generated under stress conditions inhibit the repair of photodamaged PSII by suppressing D1 protein synthesis and affecting PSII protein phosphorylation. Furthermore, this review considers how environmental stressors exacerbate PSII damage by interfering with PSII repair primarily by reducing de novo protein synthesis. In addition to causing direct damage, these stressors also contribute to ROS production by restricting CO2 fixation, which also reduces the intensity of protein synthesis. This knowledge has significant implications for agricultural practices and crop improvement under stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fardad Didaran
- Department of Horticulture, Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Kordrostami
- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Ali Akbar Ghasemi-Soloklui
- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Pavel Pashkovskiy
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia.
| | - Vladimir Kreslavski
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Vladimir Kuznetsov
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Suleyman I Allakhverdiev
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia
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3
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Dmitrieva VA, Tyutereva EV, Voitsekhovskaja OV. What can reactive oxygen species (ROS) tell us about the action mechanism of herbicides and other phytotoxins? Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 220:92-110. [PMID: 38663829 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.04.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed in plant cells continuously. When ROS production exceeds the antioxidant capacity of the cells, oxidative stress develops which causes damage of cell components and may even lead to the induction of programmed cell death (PCD). The levels of ROS production increase upon abiotic stress, but also during pathogen attack in response to elicitors, and upon application of toxic compounds such as synthetic herbicides or natural phytotoxins. The commercial value of many synthetic herbicides is based on weed death as result of oxidative stress, and for a number of them, the site and the mechanism of ROS production have been characterized. This review summarizes the current knowledge on ROS production in plants subjected to different groups of synthetic herbicides and natural phytotoxins. We suggest that the use of ROS-specific fluorescent probes and of ROS-specific marker genes can provide important information on the mechanism of action of these toxins. Furthermore, we propose that, apart from oxidative damage, elicitation of ROS-induced PCD is emerging as one of the important processes underlying the action of herbicides and phytotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria A Dmitrieva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia; Laboratory of Phytotoxicology and Biotechnology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Saint Petersburg, 196608, Russia
| | - Elena V Tyutereva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia
| | - Olga V Voitsekhovskaja
- Laboratory of Molecular and Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia.
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4
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Milrad Y, Mosebach L, Buchert F. Regulation of Microalgal Photosynthetic Electron Transfer. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2103. [PMID: 39124221 PMCID: PMC11314055 DOI: 10.3390/plants13152103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
The global ecosystem relies on the metabolism of photosynthetic organisms, featuring the ability to harness light as an energy source. The most successful type of photosynthesis utilizes a virtually inexhaustible electron pool from water, but the driver of this oxidation, sunlight, varies on time and intensity scales of several orders of magnitude. Such rapid and steep changes in energy availability are potentially devastating for biological systems. To enable a safe and efficient light-harnessing process, photosynthetic organisms tune their light capturing, the redox connections between core complexes and auxiliary electron mediators, ion passages across the membrane, and functional coupling of energy transducing organelles. Here, microalgal species are the most diverse group, featuring both unique environmental adjustment strategies and ubiquitous protective mechanisms. In this review, we explore a selection of regulatory processes of the microalgal photosynthetic apparatus supporting smooth electron flow in variable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Milrad
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Laura Mosebach
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Felix Buchert
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
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5
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Yoshimura K, Ishikawa T. Physiological function and regulation of ascorbate peroxidase isoforms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2700-2715. [PMID: 38367016 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) reduces H2O2 to H2O by utilizing ascorbate as a specific electron donor and constitutes the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in organelles of plants including chloroplasts, cytosol, mitochondria, and peroxisomes. It has been almost 40 years since APX was discovered as an important plant-specific H2O2-scavenging enzyme, during which time many research groups have conducted molecular physiological analyses. It is now clear that APX isoforms function not only just as antioxidant enzymes but also as important factors in intracellular redox regulation through the metabolism of reactive oxygen species. The function of APX isoforms is regulated at multiple steps, from the transcriptional level to post-translational modifications of enzymes, thereby allowing them to respond flexibly to ever-changing environmental factors and physiological phenomena such as cell growth and signal transduction. In this review, we summarize the physiological functions and regulation mechanisms of expression of each APX isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Yoshimura
- Department of Food and Nutritional Science, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
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6
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Turunen O, Saleem T, Kurkela J, Kallio P, Tyystjärvi T. Engineering RNA polymerase to construct biotechnological host strains of cyanobacteria. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14263. [PMID: 38528669 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Application of cyanobacteria for bioproduction, bioremediation and biotransformation is being increasingly explored. Photoautotrophs are carbon-negative by default, offering a direct pathway to reducing emissions in production systems. More robust and versatile host strains are needed for constructing production strains that would function as efficient and carbon-neutral cyanofactories. We have tested if the engineering of sigma factors, regulatory units of the bacterial RNA polymerase, could be used to generate better host strains of the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Overexpressing the stress-responsive sigB gene under the strong psbA2 promoter (SigB-oe) led to improved tolerance against heat, oxidative stress and toxic end-products. By targeting transcription initiation in the SigB-oe strain, we could simultaneously activate a wide spectrum of cellular protective mechanisms, including carotenoids, the HspA heat shock protein, and highly activated non-photochemical quenching. Yellow fluorescent protein was used to test the capacity of the SigB-oe strain to produce heterologous proteins. In standard conditions, the SigB-oe strain reached a similar production as the control strain, but when cultures were challenged with oxidative stress, the production capacity of SigB-oe surpassed the control strain. We also tested the production of growth-rate-controlled host strains via manipulation of RNA polymerase, but post-transcriptional regulation prevented excessive overexpression of the primary sigma factor SigA, and overproduction of the growth-restricting SigC factor was lethal. Thus, more research is needed before cyanobacteria growth can be manipulated by engineering RNA polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otso Turunen
- Department of Life Technologies/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tayyab Saleem
- Department of Life Technologies/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Kurkela
- Department of Life Technologies/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pauli Kallio
- Department of Life Technologies/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Taina Tyystjärvi
- Department of Life Technologies/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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7
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Takagi D, Tani S. Impact of growth light environment on oxygen sensitivity in rice: Pseudo-first-order response of photosystem I photoinhibition to O 2 partial pressure. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14009. [PMID: 37882280 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) during photosynthetic electron transport reactions on the thylakoid membranes within both photosystems (PSI and PSII), leading to the impairment of photosynthetic activity, known as photoinhibition. In PSI, ROS production has been suggested to follow Michaelis-Menten- or second-order reaction-dependent kinetics in response to changes in the partial pressure of O2 . However, it remains unclear whether ROS-mediated PSI photoinhibition follows the kinetics mentioned above. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the ROS production kinetics from the aspect of PSI photoinhibition in vivo. For this research objective, we investigated the O2 dependence of PSI photoinhibition by examining intact rice leaves grown under varying photon flux densities. Subsequently, we found that the degree of O2 -dependent PSI photoinhibition linearly increased in response to the increase in O2 partial pressure. Furthermore, we observed that the higher photon flux density on plant growth reduced the O2 sensitivity of PSI photoinhibition. Based on the obtained data, we investigated the O2 -dependent kinetics of PSI photoinhibition by model fitting analysis to elucidate the mechanism of PSI photoinhibition in leaves grown under various photon flux densities. Remarkably, we found that the pseudo-first-order reaction formula successfully replicated the O2 -dependent PSI photoinhibition kinetics in intact leaves. These results suggest that ROS production, which triggers PSI photoinhibition, occurs by an electron-leakage reaction from electron carriers within PSI, consistent with previous in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takagi
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Japan
- Department of Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Japan
| | - Saya Tani
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Japan
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8
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Kozuleva MA, Ivanov BN. Superoxide Anion Radical Generation in Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1045-1060. [PMID: 37758306 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923080011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
This review analyzes data available in the literature on the rates, characteristics, and mechanisms of oxygen reduction to a superoxide anion radical at the sites of photosynthetic electron transport chain where this reduction has been established. The existing assumptions about the role of the components of these sites in this process are critically examined using thermodynamic approaches and results of the recent studies. The process of O2 reduction at the acceptor side of PSI, which is considered the main site of this process taking place in the photosynthetic chain, is described in detail. Evolution of photosynthetic apparatus in the context of controlling the leakage of electrons to O2 is explored. The reasons limiting application of the results obtained with the isolated segments of the photosynthetic chain to estimate the rates of O2 reduction at the corresponding sites in the intact thylakoid membrane are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Kozuleva
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Boris N Ivanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
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9
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Ohnishi M, Maekawa S, Wada S, Ifuku K, Miyake C. Evaluating the Oxidation Rate of Reduced Ferredoxin in Arabidopsis thaliana Independent of Photosynthetic Linear Electron Flow: Plausible Activity of Ferredoxin-Dependent Cyclic Electron Flow around Photosystem I. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12145. [PMID: 37569521 PMCID: PMC10419245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of ferredoxin (Fd)-dependent cyclic electron flow (Fd-CEF) around photosystem I (PSI) was determined in intact leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. The oxidation rate of Fd reduced by PSI (vFd) and photosynthetic linear electron flow activity are simultaneously measured under actinic light illumination. The vFd showed a curved response to the photosynthetic linear electron flow activity. In the lower range of photosynthetic linear flow activity with plastoquinone (PQ) in a highly reduced state, vFd clearly showed a linear relationship with photosynthetic linear electron flow activity. On the other hand, vFd increased sharply when photosynthetic linear electron flow activity became saturated with oxidized PQ as the net CO2 assimilation rate increased. That is, under higher photosynthesis conditions, we observed excess vFd resulting in electron flow over photosynthetic linear electron flow. The situation in which excess vFd was observed was consistent with the previous Fd-CEF model. Thus, excess vFd could be attributed to the in vivo activity of Fd-CEF. Furthermore, the excess vFd was also observed in NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-deficient mutants localized in the thylakoid membrane. The physiological significance of the excessive vFd was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Ohnishi
- Graduate School for Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-Ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 7 Gobancho, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Shu Maekawa
- Graduate School for Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-Ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Wada
- Graduate School for Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-Ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 7 Gobancho, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ifuku
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 7 Gobancho, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Graduate School for Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Chikahiro Miyake
- Graduate School for Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-Ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 7 Gobancho, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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10
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Saroussi S, Redekop P, Karns DAJ, Thomas DC, Wittkopp TM, Posewitz MC, Grossman AR. Restricting electron flow at cytochrome b6f when downstream electron acceptors are severely limited. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:789-804. [PMID: 36960590 PMCID: PMC10231464 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms frequently experience abiotic stress that restricts their growth and development. Under such circumstances, most absorbed solar energy cannot be used for CO2 fixation and can cause the photoproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage the photosynthetic reaction centers of PSI and PSII, resulting in a decline in primary productivity. This work describes a biological "switch" in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that reversibly restricts photosynthetic electron transport (PET) at the cytochrome b6f (Cyt b6f) complex when the capacity for accepting electrons downstream of PSI is severely limited. We specifically show this restriction in STARCHLESS6 (sta6) mutant cells, which cannot synthesize starch when they are limited for nitrogen (growth inhibition) and subjected to a dark-to-light transition. This restriction represents a form of photosynthetic control that causes diminished electron flow to PSI and thereby prevents PSI photodamage but does not appear to rely on a ΔpH. Furthermore, when electron flow is restricted, the plastid alternative oxidase (PTOX) becomes active, functioning as an electron valve that dissipates some excitation energy absorbed by PSII and allows the formation of a proton motive force (PMF) that would drive some ATP production (potentially sustaining PSII repair and nonphotochemical quenching [NPQ]). The restriction at the Cyt b6f complex can be gradually relieved with continued illumination. This study provides insights into how PET responds to a marked reduction in availability of downstream electron acceptors and the protective mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Saroussi
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Petra Redekop
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Devin A J Karns
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Dylan C Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Tyler M Wittkopp
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew C Posewitz
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Arthur R Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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11
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Shimakawa G. Electron transport in cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes: Are cyanobacteria simple models for photosynthetic organisms? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad118. [PMID: 37025010 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are structurally the simplest oxygenic phototrophs, which makes it difficult to understand the regulation of photosynthesis because the photosynthetic and respiratory processes share the same thylakoid membranes and cytosolic space. This review aimed to summarise the molecular mechanisms and in vivo activities of electron transport in cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes based on the latest progress in photosynthesis research in cyanobacteria. Photosynthetic linear electron transport for CO2 assimilation has the dominant electron flux in the thylakoid membranes. The capacity of O2 photoreduction in cyanobacteria is comparable to the photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, which is mediated by flavodiiron proteins. Additionally, cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes harbour the significant electron flux of respiratory electron transport through a homologue of respiratory complex I, which is also recognized as the part of cyclic electron transport chain if it is coupled with photosystem I in the light. Further, O2-independent alternative electron transports through hydrogenase and nitrate reductase function with reduced ferredoxin as the electron donor. Whereas all these electron transports are recently being understood one by one, the complexity as the whole regulatory system remains to be uncovered in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginga Shimakawa
- Department of Bioscience, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan
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12
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Furutani R, Wada S, Ifuku K, Maekawa S, Miyake C. Higher Reduced State of Fe/S-Signals, with the Suppressed Oxidation of P700, Causes PSI Inactivation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010021. [PMID: 36670882 PMCID: PMC9854443 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental stress increases the risk of electron accumulation in photosystem I (PSI) of chloroplasts, which can cause oxygen (O2) reduction to superoxide radicals and decreased photosynthetic ability. We used three Arabidopsis thaliana lines: wild-type (WT) and the mutants pgr5hope1 and paa1-7/pox1. These lines have different reduced states of iron/sulfur (Fe/S) signals, including Fx, FA/FB, and ferredoxin, the electron carriers at the acceptor side of PSI. In the dark, short-pulse light was repetitively illuminated to the intact leaves of the plants to provide electrons to the acceptor side of PSI. WT and pgr5hope1 plants showed full reductions of Fe/S during short-pulse light and PSI inactivation. In contrast, paa1-7/pox1 showed less reduction of Fe/S and its PSI was not inactivated. Under continuous actinic-light illumination, pgr5hope1 showed no P700 oxidation with higher Fe/S reduction due to the loss of photosynthesis control and PSI inactivation. These results indicate that the accumulation of electrons at the acceptor side of PSI may trigger the production of superoxide radicals. P700 oxidation, responsible for the robustness of photosynthetic organisms, participates in reactive oxygen species suppression by oxidizing the acceptor side of PSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riu Furutani
- Graduate School for Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 7 Gobancho, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Shinya Wada
- Graduate School for Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 7 Gobancho, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ifuku
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 7 Gobancho, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Graduate School for Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shu Maekawa
- Graduate School for Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Chikahiro Miyake
- Graduate School for Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 7 Gobancho, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Correspondence:
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13
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Holzmann D, Bethmann S, Jahns P. Zeaxanthin Epoxidase Activity Is Downregulated by Hydrogen Peroxide. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1091-1100. [PMID: 35674150 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The xanthophyll zeaxanthin (Zx) serves important photoprotective functions in chloroplasts and is particularly involved in the dissipation of excess light energy as heat in the antenna of photosystem II (PSII). Zx accumulates under high-light (HL) conditions in thylakoid membranes and is reconverted to violaxanthin by Zx epoxidase (ZEP) in low light or darkness. ZEP activity is completely inhibited under long-lasting HL stress, and the ZEP protein becomes degraded along with the PSII subunit D1 during photoinhibition of PSII. This ZEP inactivation ensures that high levels of Zx are maintained under harsh HL stress. The mechanism of ZEP inactivation is unknown. Here, we investigated ZEP inactivation by reactive oxygen species (ROS) under in vitro conditions. Our results show that ZEP activity is completely inhibited by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), whereas inhibition by singlet oxygen or superoxide seems rather unlikely. Due to the limited information about the amount of singlet oxygen and superoxide accumulating under the applied experimental conditions, however, a possible inhibition of ZEP activity by these two ROS cannot be generally excluded. Despite this limitation, our data support the hypothesis that the accumulation of ROS, in particular H2O2, might be responsible for HL-induced inactivation of ZEP under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrij Holzmann
- Photosynthesis and Stress Physiology of Plants, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bethmann
- Photosynthesis and Stress Physiology of Plants, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Peter Jahns
- Photosynthesis and Stress Physiology of Plants, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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14
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Foyer CH, Hanke G. ROS production and signalling in chloroplasts: cornerstones and evolving concepts. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:642-661. [PMID: 35665548 PMCID: PMC9545066 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen, superoxide (O2●- ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) are the markers of living cells. Oxygenic photosynthesis produces ROS in abundance, which act as a readout of a functional electron transport system and metabolism. The concept that photosynthetic ROS production is a major driving force in chloroplast to nucleus retrograde signalling is embedded in the literature, as is the role of chloroplasts as environmental sensors. The different complexes and components of the photosynthetic electron transport chain (PETC) regulate O2●- production in relation to light energy availability and the redox state of the stromal Cys-based redox systems. All of the ROS generated in chloroplasts have the potential to act as signals and there are many sulphhydryl-containing proteins and peptides in chloroplasts that have the potential to act as H2 O2 sensors and function in signal transduction. While ROS may directly move out of the chloroplasts to other cellular compartments, ROS signalling pathways can only be triggered if appropriate ROS-sensing proteins are present at or near the site of ROS production. Chloroplast antioxidant systems serve either to propagate these signals or to remove excess ROS that cannot effectively be harnessed in signalling. The key challenge is to understand how regulated ROS delivery from the PETC to the Cys-based redox machinery is organised to transmit redox signals from the environment to the nucleus. Redox changes associated with stromal carbohydrate metabolism also play a key role in chloroplast signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H. Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonB15 2TTUK
| | - Guy Hanke
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
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15
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Ivanov B, Borisova-Mubarakshina M, Vilyanen D, Vetoshkina D, Kozuleva M. Cooperative pathway of O 2 reduction to H 2O 2 in chloroplast thylakoid membrane: new insight into the Mehler reaction. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:857-869. [PMID: 36124268 PMCID: PMC9481754 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-00980-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen reduction in chloroplasts in the light was discovered by (Mehler Arch Biochem Biophys 33:65-77, 1951) as production of hydrogen peroxide. Later, it was shown that the primary product of the oxygen reduction is superoxide radical produced in thylakoids by one-electron transfer from reduced components of photosynthetic electron transport chain to O2 molecule. For a long time, the formation of hydrogen peroxide was considered to be a result of disproportionation of superoxide radicals in chloroplast stroma. Here, we overview a growing number of evidence indicating on another one, additional to disproportionation, pathway of hydrogen peroxide formation in chloroplasts, namely its formation in thylakoid membrane due to reaction of superoxide radical generated in the membrane with the reduced plastoquinone molecule, plastohydroquinone. Since various components of photosynthetic electron transport chain (primarily photosystem I) can supply superoxide radicals to this reaction, we refer this two-step O2 photoreduction to H2O2 as a cooperative process. The significance of hydrogen peroxide production via this pathway for redox signaling and scavenging of reactive oxygen species is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Ivanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Maria Borisova-Mubarakshina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Daria Vilyanen
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Daria Vetoshkina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Marina Kozuleva
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
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16
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Regulation of the generation of reactive oxygen species during photosynthetic electron transport. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1025-1034. [PMID: 35437580 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Light capture by chlorophylls and photosynthetic electron transport bury the risk of the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including singlet oxygen, superoxide anion radicals and hydrogen peroxide. Rapid changes in light intensity, electron fluxes and accumulation of strong oxidants and reductants increase ROS production. Superoxide is mainly generated at the level of photosystem I while photosystem II is the main source of singlet oxygen. ROS can induce oxidative damage of the photosynthetic apparatus, however, ROS are also important to tune processes inside the chloroplast and participate in retrograde signalling regulating the expression of genes involved in acclimation responses. Under most physiological conditions light harvesting and photosynthetic electron transport are regulated to keep the level of ROS at a non-destructive level. Photosystem II is most prone to photoinhibition but can be quickly repaired while photosystem I is protected in most cases. The size of the transmembrane proton gradient is central for the onset of mechanisms that protect against photoinhibition. The proton gradient allows dissipation of excess energy as heat in the antenna systems and it regulates electron transport. pH-dependent slowing down of electron donation to photosystem I protects it against ROS generation and damage. Cyclic electron transfer and photoreduction of oxygen contribute to the size of the proton gradient. The yield of singlet oxygen production in photosystem II is regulated by changes in the midpoint potential of its primary quinone acceptor. In addition, numerous antioxidants inside the photosystems, the antenna and the thylakoid membrane quench or scavenge ROS.
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17
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Zhang L, Zhang Z, Fang S, Liu Y, Shang X. Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses Unravel the Molecular Regulatory Mechanisms Involved in Photosynthesis of Cyclocarya paliurus under Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031161. [PMID: 35163101 PMCID: PMC8835658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis is the primary life process in nature, and how to improve photosynthetic capacity under abiotic stresses is crucial to carbon fixation and plant productivity. As a multi-functional tree species, the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus possess antihypertensive and hypoglycemic activities. However, the regulatory mechanism involved in the photosynthetic process of C. paliurus exposed to salinity has not yet been elucidated. In this study, the photosynthetic characteristics of C. paliurus seedlings, such as photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and electron transfer rate (ETR), were investigated under different salt concentrations, while the metabolome and transcriptome analyses were conducted to unravel its molecular regulatory mechanisms. Salt stress not only significantly affected photosynthetic characteristics of C. paliurus seedlings, but also severely modified the abundance of metabolites (such as fumaric acid, sedoheptulose-7-phosphate, d-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, and 3-phospho-d-glyceroyl phosphate) involved in central carbon metabolism, and the expression of photosynthetic genes. Through the co-expression network analysis, a total of 27 transcription factors (including ERFs, IDD, DOF, MYB, RAP) were identified to regulate photosynthetic genes under salt stress. Our findings preliminarily clarify the molecular regulatory network involved in the photosynthetic process of C. paliurus under salt stress and would drive progress in improving the photosynthetic capacity and productivity of C. paliurus by molecular technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Zijie Zhang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Shengzuo Fang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.S.)
- Co-Innovation Centre for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-25-854-28603
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Xulan Shang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.S.)
- Co-Innovation Centre for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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18
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Shimakawa G, Shoguchi E, Burlacot A, Ifuku K, Che Y, Kumazawa M, Tanaka K, Nakanishi S. Coral symbionts evolved a functional polycistronic flavodiiron gene. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 151:113-124. [PMID: 34309771 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00867-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, green algae, and basal land plants is protected against excess reducing pressure on the photosynthetic chain by flavodiiron proteins (FLV) that dissipate photosynthetic electrons by reducing O2. In these organisms, the genes encoding FLV are always conserved in the form of a pair of two-type isozymes (FLVA and FLVB) that are believed to function in O2 photo-reduction as a heterodimer. While coral symbionts (dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae) are the only algae to harbor FLV in photosynthetic red plastid lineage, only one gene is found in transcriptomes and its role and activity remain unknown. Here, we characterized the FLV genes in Symbiodiniaceae and found that its coding region is composed of tandemly repeated FLV sequences. By measuring the O2-dependent electron flow and P700 oxidation, we suggest that this atypical FLV is active in vivo. Based on the amino-acid sequence alignment and the phylogenetic analysis, we conclude that in coral symbionts, the gene pair for FLVA and FLVB have been fused to construct one coding region for a hybrid enzyme, which presumably occurred when or after both genes were inherited from basal green algae to the dinoflagellate. Immunodetection suggested the FLV polypeptide to be cleaved by a post-translational mechanism, adding it to the rare cases of polycistronic genes in eukaryotes. Our results demonstrate that FLV are active in coral symbionts with genomic arrangement that is unique to these species. The implication of these unique features on their symbiotic living environment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginga Shimakawa
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Eiichi Shoguchi
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Adrien Burlacot
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biosciences Et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3102, USA
| | - Kentaro Ifuku
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yufen Che
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Minoru Kumazawa
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenya Tanaka
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8631, Japan
| | - Shuji Nakanishi
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8631, Japan
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19
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Vilyanen D, Naydov I, Ivanov B, Borisova-Mubarakshina M, Kozuleva M. Inhibition of plastoquinol oxidation at the cytochrome b 6f complex by dinitrophenyl ether of iodonitrothymol (DNP-INT) depends on irradiance and H + uptake by thylakoid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148506. [PMID: 34751144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2021.148506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory analysis is a useful tool for studying reactions in the photosynthetic apparatus. After introducing by Aachim Trebst in 1978, dinitrophenylether of iodonitrothymol (DNP-INT), a competitive inhibitor of plastoquinol oxidation at the cytochrome (cyt.) b6f complex, has been widely applied to study reactions occurring in the plastoquinone pool and the cyt. b6f complex. Here we examine the inhibitory efficiency of DNP-INT by implementing three approaches to estimate the extent of blockage of electron flow from the plastoquinone pool to photosystem I in isolated thylakoids from spinach (Spinacia oleracea). We confirm that DNP-INT is a potent inhibitor of electron flow to photosystem I and demonstrate that inhibitory action of DNP-INT depends on irradiance and H+ uptake by thylakoid membranes. Based on these findings, we infer that affinity of the quinol-oxidizing site of the cyt. b6f complex to DNP-INT is increased in the light due to hydrogen bonding between DNP-INT molecules and acidic amino acid residue(s), which is (are) protonated in the light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Vilyanen
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Ilya Naydov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Boris Ivanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Maria Borisova-Mubarakshina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Marina Kozuleva
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia.
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20
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Lima-Melo Y, Kılıç M, Aro EM, Gollan PJ. Photosystem I Inhibition, Protection and Signalling: Knowns and Unknowns. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:791124. [PMID: 34925429 PMCID: PMC8671627 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.791124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is the process that harnesses, converts and stores light energy in the form of chemical energy in bonds of organic compounds. Oxygenic photosynthetic organisms (i.e., plants, algae and cyanobacteria) employ an efficient apparatus to split water and transport electrons to high-energy electron acceptors. The photosynthetic system must be finely balanced between energy harvesting and energy utilisation, in order to limit generation of dangerous compounds that can damage the integrity of cells. Insight into how the photosynthetic components are protected, regulated, damaged, and repaired during changing environmental conditions is crucial for improving photosynthetic efficiency in crop species. Photosystem I (PSI) is an integral component of the photosynthetic system located at the juncture between energy-harnessing and energy consumption through metabolism. Although the main site of photoinhibition is the photosystem II (PSII), PSI is also known to be inactivated by photosynthetic energy imbalance, with slower reactivation compared to PSII; however, several outstanding questions remain about the mechanisms of damage and repair, and about the impact of PSI photoinhibition on signalling and metabolism. In this review, we address the knowns and unknowns about PSI activity, inhibition, protection, and repair in plants. We also discuss the role of PSI in retrograde signalling pathways and highlight putative signals triggered by the functional status of the PSI pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Lima-Melo
- Post-graduation Programme in Cellular and Molecular Biology (PPGBCM), Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mehmet Kılıç
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Peter J. Gollan
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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