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Beltrán J, Wurtzel ET. Carotenoids: resources, knowledge, and emerging tools to advance apocarotenoid research. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024:112298. [PMID: 39442633 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 10/17/2024] [Accepted: 10/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
Carotenoids are a large class of isoprenoid compounds which are biosynthesized by plants, algae, along with certain fungi, bacteria and insects. In plants, carotenoids provide crucial functions in photosynthesis and photoprotection. Furthermore, carotenoids also serve as precursors to apocarotenoids, which are derived through enzymatic and non-enzymatic cleavage reactions. Apocarotenoids encompass a diverse set of compounds, including hormones, growth regulators, and signaling molecules which play vital roles in pathways associated with plant development, stress responses, and plant-organismic interactions. Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis indirectly influences the formation of apocarotenoids and bioactive effects on target pathways. Recent discovery of a plethora of new bioactive apocarotenoids across kingdoms has increased interest in expanding knowledge of the breadth of apocarotenoid function and regulation. In this review, we provide insights into the regulation of carotenogenesis, specifically linked to the biosynthesis of apocarotenoid precursors. We highlight plant studies, including useful heterologous platforms and synthetic biology tools, which hold great value in expanding discoveries, knowledge and application of bioactive apocarotenoids for crop improvement and human health. Moreover, we discuss how this field has recently flourished with the discovery of diverse functions of apocarotenoids, thereby prompting us to propose new directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Beltrán
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA.
| | - Eleanore T Wurtzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York (CUNY), Bronx, NY, United States; Graduate School and University Center, CUNY, New York, NY, United States.
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2
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Ying J, Hu J, M'mbone Muleke E, Shen F, Wen S, Ye Y, Cai Y, Qian R. RsOBP2a, a member of OBF BINDING PROTEIN transcription factors, inhibits two chlorophyll degradation genes in green radish. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134139. [PMID: 39059533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The green radish (Raphanus sativus L.) contains abundant chlorophyll (Chl). DOF-type transcription factor OBF BINDING PROTEIN (OBP) plays crucial functions in plant growth, development, maturation and responses to various abiotic stresses. However, the metabolism by which OBP transcription factors regulate light-induced Chl metabolism in green radish is not well understood. In this study, six OBP genes were identified from the radish genome, distributed unevenly across five chromosomes. Among these genes, RsOBP2a showed significantly higher expression in the green flesh compared to the white flesh of green radish. Analysis of promoter elements suggested that RsOBPs might be involved in stress responses, particularly in light-related processes. Overexpression of RsOBP2a led to increase Chl levels in cotyledons and adventitious roots of radish, while silencing RsOBP2a expression through TYMV-induced gene silencing accelerated leaf senescence. Further investigations revealed that RsOBP2a was localized in the nucleus and served as a transcriptional repressor. RsOBP2a was induced by light and directly suppressed the expression of STAYGREEN (SGR) and RED CHLOROPHYLL CATABOLITE REDUCTASE (RCCR), thereby delaying senescence in radish. Overall, a novel regulatory model involving RsOBP2a, RsSGR, and RsRCCR was proposed to govern Chl metabolism in response to light, offering insights for the enhancement of green radish germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Ying
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 334 Xueshan Road, Wenzhou 325005, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinbin Hu
- Ningbo Weimeng Seed Industry Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Everlyne M'mbone Muleke
- Department of Agriculture and Land Use Management, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya
| | - Feng Shen
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng 224002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wen
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 334 Xueshan Road, Wenzhou 325005, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youju Ye
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 334 Xueshan Road, Wenzhou 325005, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunfei Cai
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 334 Xueshan Road, Wenzhou 325005, Zhejiang, China
| | - Renjuan Qian
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 334 Xueshan Road, Wenzhou 325005, Zhejiang, China.
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Wei R, Lu Y, Mo Z, Sun Q, Yue P, Xie Z, Ye J, Deng X. CsERF003 enhanced peel coloration by promoting both chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid accumulation in citrus. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 346:112131. [PMID: 38801863 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Uneven coloration is a common phenomenon in citrus fruit during the ripening stage, as affects the appearance and economic value of the fruit. The elevated expression of CsERF003 during the degreening process of both lemon and satsuma mandarin peels was reported. In this research, a similar performance of CsERF003 in the pericarp coloration process was also identified by transcriptome analysis of 'Fengjie 72-1' navel orange and Lane Late navel orange. However, the regulatory mechanism of CsERF003 is not clear yet. Overexpression of CsERF003 could deepen the color of citrus callus and promote peel degreening of Newhall navel orange, which was attributed to the upregulation of genes involved in chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid synthesis. Furthermore, CsERF003 acted as an activator to promote the expression of CsLCYE, but couldn't activate the expression of CsLCYB1 and CsLCYB2; CsERF003 could also bind to the promoter of CsSGR to activate its expression. Together, our findings shed light on the regulatory mechanism of CsERF003 in chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid accumulation, particularly in the α-branch of carotenoid metabolism. These insights offer valuable perspectives for the genetic enhancement of peel coloration in citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Wei
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, The College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Lu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, The College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhijing Mo
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, The College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Quan Sun
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, The College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pengtao Yue
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, The College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zongzhou Xie
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, The College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junli Ye
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, The College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, The College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Sun Q, He Z, Feng D, Wei R, Zhang Y, Ye J, Chai L, Xu J, Cheng Y, Xu Q, Deng X. The abscisic acid-responsive transcriptional regulatory module CsERF110-CsERF53 orchestrates citrus fruit coloration. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024:101065. [PMID: 39164970 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.101065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Carotenoid biosynthesis is closely associated with abscisic acid (ABA) during the ripening process of non-climacteric fruits, but the regulatory mechanism that links ABA signaling to carotenoid metabolism remains largely unclear. Here, we identified two master regulators of ABA-mediated citrus fruit coloration, CsERF110 and CsERF53, which activate the expression of carotenoid metabolism genes (CsGGPPS, CsPSY, CsPDS, CsCRTISO, CsLCYB2, CsLCYE, CsHYD, CsZEP, and CsNCED2) to facilitate carotenoid accumulation. Further investigations showed that CsERF110 not only activates the expression of CsERF53 by binding to its promoter but also interacts with CsERF53 to form the transcriptional regulatory module CsERF110-CsERF53. We also discovered a positive feedback regulatory loop between the ABA signal and carotenoid metabolism regulated by the transcriptional regulatory module CsERF110-CsERF53. Our results reveal that the CsERF110-CsERF53 module responds to ABA signaling, thereby orchestrating citrus fruit coloration. Considering the importance of carotenoid content for citrus and many other carotenoid-rich crops, the revelation of molecular mechanisms that underlie ABA-mediated carotenoid biosynthesis in plants will facilitate the development of transgenic/gene-editing approaches, further contributing to improving the quality of citrus and other carotenoid-rich crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Sun
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhengchen He
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Di Feng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ranran Wei
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingzi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junli Ye
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lijun Chai
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Juan Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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Chen H, Ji H, Huang W, Zhang Z, Zhu K, Zhu S, Chai L, Ye J, Deng X. Transcription factor CrWRKY42 coregulates chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis in citrus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:728-744. [PMID: 38394457 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis, which occur almost simultaneously during fruit ripening, are essential for the coloration and nutritional value of fruits. However, the synergistic regulation of these 2 processes at the transcriptional level remains largely unknown. In this study, we identified a WRKY transcription factor, CrWRKY42, from the transcriptome data of the yellowish bud mutant "Jinlegan" ([Citrus unshiu × C. sinensis] × C. reticulata) tangor and its wild-type "Shiranui" tangor, which was involved in the transcriptional regulation of both chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis pathways. CrWRKY42 directly bound to the promoter of β-carotene hydroxylase 1 (CrBCH1) and activated its expression. The overexpression and interference of CrWRKY42 in citrus calli demonstrated that CrWRKY42 promoted carotenoid accumulation by inducing the expression of multiple carotenoid biosynthetic genes. Further assays confirmed that CrWRKY42 also directly bound to and activated the promoters of the genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis, including phytoene desaturase (CrPDS) and lycopene β-cyclase 2 (CrLCYB2). In addition, CrWRKY42 could bind to the promoters of NONYELLOW COLORING (CrNYC) and STAY-GREEN (CrSGR) and activate their expression, thus promoting chlorophyll degradation. The overexpression and silencing of CrWRKY42 in citrus fruits indicated that CrWRKY42 positively regulated chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis by synergistically activating the expression of genes involved in both pathways. Our data revealed that CrWRKY42 acts as a positive regulator of chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis to alter the conversion of citrus fruit color. Our findings provide insight into the complex transcriptional regulation of chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolism during fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Huiyu Ji
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Wenkai Huang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Zhehui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Kaijie Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Shiping Zhu
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Chai
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Junli Ye
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
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Tian S, Yang Y, Fang B, Uddin S, Liu X. The CrMYB33 transcription factor positively coordinate the regulation of both carotenoid accumulation and chlorophyll degradation in the peel of citrus fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 209:108540. [PMID: 38518398 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Citrus, cultivated extensively across the globe, possesses considerable economic importance and nutritional value. With the degradation of chlorophyll and accumulation of carotenoids, mature citrus fruits develop an orange-yellow peel, enhancing fruit value and consumer preference. MYB transcription factors (TFs) exert a significant role in diverse plant developmental processes and investigating their involvement in fruit coloration is crucial for developing new cultivars. This work aimed to characterize a citrus TF, CrMYB33, whose expression was found to be positively correlated with carotenoid biosynthesis during fruit ripening. The interference of CrMYB33 expression in citrus fruit resulted in inhibition of carotenoid accumulation, down-regulation of carotenoid biosynthetic genes, and a slower rate of chlorophyll degradation. Conversely, overexpression of CrMYB33 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) enhanced chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis, resulting in a deeper red coloration of the fruits. Furthermore, the transcription of associated genes was upregulated in CrMYB33-overexpressing tomato fruits. Additional assays reveal that CrMYB33 exhibits direct links and activation of the promoters of lycopene β-cyclase 2 (CrLCYb2), and β-carotene hydroxylases 2 (CrBCH2), both crucial genes in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. Additionally, it was found to inhibit chlorophyllase (CrCLH), a gene essential in chlorophyll degradation. These findings provide insight into the observed changes in LCYb2, BCH2, and CLH expression in the transgenic lines under investigation. In conclusion, our study revealed that CrMYB33 modulates carotenoid accumulation and chlorophyll degradation in citrus fruits through transcriptionally activating genes involved in metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Tian
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yuyan Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Bo Fang
- Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Saleem Uddin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Lei J, You Y, Dai P, Yu L, Li Y, Liu C, Liu X. GhAGL16 ( AGAMOUS- LIKE16) Negatively Regulates Tolerance to Water Deficit in Transgenic Arabidopsis and Cotton. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:282. [PMID: 38256835 PMCID: PMC10820581 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Cotton is one of the most economically important crops in the world, and drought is a key abiotic factor that can significantly reduce cotton yield. MADS-box transcription factors play essential roles in various aspects of plant growth and development as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stress. However, the use of MADS-box transcription factors to regulate water stress responses has not been fully explored in cotton. Here, we showed that GhAGL16 acts as a negative regulator of water deficit in cotton, at least in part by regulating ABA signaling. GhAGL16-overexpressing (GhAGL16-OE) transgenic Arabidopsis had lower survival rates and relative water contents (RWCs) under water stress. Isolated leaves of GhAGL16-OE Arabidopsis had increased water loss rates, likely attributable to their increased stomatal density. GhAGL16-OE Arabidopsis also showed reduced primary root lengths in response to mannitol treatment and decreased sensitivity of seed germination to ABA treatment. By contrast, silencing GhAGL16 in cotton enhanced tolerance to water deficit by increasing proline (Pro) content, increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities, and reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents under water stress. Subcellular localization and transcriptional activation assays confirmed that GhAGL16 is a nuclear protein that lacks transcriptional self-activation activity. The expression of ABA biosynthesis-related genes (GhNCED3/7/14), a catabolism-related gene (GhCYP707A), and a gene related to the ABA signaling pathway (GhABF4) was altered in GhAGL16-silenced plants. Taken together, our data demonstrate that GhAGL16 plays an important role in cotton resistance to water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Lei
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China;
| | - Yangzi You
- College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.Y.); (P.D.); (L.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Peihong Dai
- College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.Y.); (P.D.); (L.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Li Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.Y.); (P.D.); (L.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Yue Li
- College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.Y.); (P.D.); (L.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.Y.); (P.D.); (L.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.Y.); (P.D.); (L.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.L.)
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Liang MH, Li XY. Involvement of Transcription Factors and Regulatory Proteins in the Regulation of Carotenoid Accumulation in Plants and Algae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18660-18673. [PMID: 38053506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential for photosynthesis and photoprotection in photosynthetic organisms, which are widely used in food coloring, feed additives, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Carotenoid biofortification in crop plants or algae has been considered as a sustainable strategy to improve human nutrition and health. However, the regulatory mechanisms of carotenoid accumulation are still not systematic and particularly scarce in algae. This article focuses on the regulatory mechanisms of carotenoid accumulation in plants and algae through regulatory factors (transcription factors and regulatory proteins), demonstrating the complexity of homeostasis regulation of carotenoids, mainly including transcriptional regulation as the primary mechanism, subsequent post-translational regulation, and cross-linking with other metabolic processes. Different organs of plants and different plant/algal species usually have specific regulatory mechanisms for the biosynthesis, storage, and degradation of carotenoids in response to the environmental and developmental signals. In plants and algae, regulators such as MYB, bHLH, MADS, bZIP, AP2/ERF, WRKY, and orange proteins can be involved in the regulation of carotenoid metabolism. And many more regulators, regulatory networks, and mechanisms need to be explored. Our paper will provide a basis for multitarget or multipathway engineering for carotenoid biofortification in plants and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Ecological Science, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Xian-Yi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Ecological Science, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
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Zhao J, Xu Y, Li H, Zhu X, Yin Y, Zhang X, Qin X, Zhou J, Duan L, Liang X, Huang T, Zhang B, Wan R, Shi Z, Cao Y, An W. ERF5.1 modulates carotenoid accumulation by interacting with CCD4.1 in Lycium. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad230. [PMID: 38143484 PMCID: PMC10745278 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are important natural pigments and have medical and health functions for humans. Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (CCD4) and ethylene responsive factor (ERF) participate in carotenoid metabolism, but their roles in Lycium have not been discovered. Here, we annotated LbCCDs from the Lycium reference genome and found that LbCCD4.1 expression was significantly correlated with the carotenoid metabolites during Lycium five fruit developmental stages. Over-expression of LbCCD4.1 in NQ's leaves resulted in a series of significantly lower contents of carotenoid metabolites, including β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin. Moreover, LbERF5.1, a transcription factor belonging to the ERF family that was located in the nucleus, was isolated. Significant reductions in the carotenoids, especially lutein, violaxanthin and their derivatives, were observed in over-expressing ERF5.1 transgenic NQ's leaves. Over-expression or virus-induced gene silencing of LbERF5.1 in NQ's leaves induced a consistent up- or down-expression, respectively, of LbCCD4.1. Furthermore, yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that ERF5.1 interacted with the promoter of CCD4.1 to increase its expression, and LbERF5.1 could bind to any one of the three predicted binding sites in the promoter of LbCCD4.1. A transcriptome analysis of LbERF5.1 and LbCCD4.1 over-expressed lines showed similar global transcript expression, and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, phytoene synthase, lycopene δ-cyclase cytochrome, cytochrome P450-type monooxygenase 97A, cytochrome P450-type monooxygenase 97C, and zeaxanthin epoxidase in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway were differentially expressed. In summary, we uncovered a novel molecular mechanism of carotenoid accumulation that involved an interaction between ERF5.1 and CCD4.1, which may be used to enhance carotenoid in Lycium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhao
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Yuhui Xu
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Haoxia Li
- Institute of Forestry and Grassland Ecology, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Xinlei Zhu
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Yue Yin
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Xiyan Zhang
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | | | - Jun Zhou
- College of Biological Science & Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Linyuan Duan
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Xiaojie Liang
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Ting Huang
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Ru Wan
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Zhigang Shi
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Youlong Cao
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Wei An
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
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10
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Sun Q, He Z, Wei R, Yin Y, Ye J, Chai L, Xie Z, Guo W, Xu J, Cheng Y, Xu Q, Deng X. Transcription factor CsTT8 promotes fruit coloration by positively regulating the methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway and carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in citrus ( Citrus spp.). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad199. [PMID: 38023480 PMCID: PMC10673655 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids directly influence citrus fruit color and nutritional value, which is critical to consumer acceptance. Elucidating the potential molecular mechanism underlying carotenoid metabolism is of great importance for improving fruit quality. Despite the well-established carotenoid biosynthetic pathways, the molecular regulatory mechanism underlying carotenoid metabolism remains poorly understood. Our previous studies have reported that the Myc-type basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor (TF) regulates citrus proanthocyanidin biosynthesis. Transgenic analyses further showed that overexpression of CsTT8 could significantly promote carotenoid accumulation in transgenic citrus calli, but its regulatory mechanism is still unclear. In the present study, we found that overexpression of CsTT8 enhances carotenoid content in citrus fruit and calli by increasing the expression of CsDXR, CsHDS, CsHDR, CsPDS, CsLCYE, CsZEP, and CsNCED2, which was accompanied by changes in the contents of abscisic acid and gibberellin. The in vitro and in vivo assays indicated that CsTT8 directly bound to the promoters of CsDXR, CsHDS, and CsHDR, the key metabolic enzymes of the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, thus providing precursors for carotenoid biosynthesis and transcriptionally activating the expression of these three genes. In addition, CsTT8 activated the promoters of four key carotenoid biosynthesis pathway genes, CsPDS, CsLCYE, CsZEP, and CsNCED2, directly promoting carotenoid biosynthesis. This study reveals a novel network of carotenoid metabolism regulated by CsTT8. Our findings will contribute to manipulating carotenoid metabolic engineering to improve the quality of citrus fruit and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Sun
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhengchen He
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ranran Wei
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingzi Yin
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junli Ye
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lijun Chai
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zongzhou Xie
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenwu Guo
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Juan Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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11
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Liu X, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Hu C, Tan Q, Sun X, Wu S. Magnesium accelerates changes in the fruit ripening and carotenoid accumulation in Satsuma Mandarin pulp. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 204:108082. [PMID: 37852070 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to further examine the effect of Magnesium (Mg) application on fruit quality and carotenoid metabolism in Satsuma mandarin pulp. For this, a field experiment was using 20-year-old Satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu Marc.) for two treatment; (1) CK treatment (without Mg), (2) Mg fertilizer treatment (200 g MgO plant-1). Compared with CK, Mg treatment substantially raised the Mg content in pulp at 90 to 150 DAF (the fruit expansion period), increasing by 15.69%-21.74%. Mg treatment also increased fruit TSS content by 15.84% and 9.88%, decreased fruit TA content in by 34.25% and 33.26% at 195 DAF and 210 DAF (the fruit ripening period). Moreover, at 120 to 195 DAF, Mg treatment significantly increased the levels of lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin and violaxanthin in the pulp. This can be explained by the increased expression of important biosynthetic genes, including CitPSY, CitPDS, CitLCYb1, CitLCYb2, CitLCYe, CitHYb, and CitZEP, that played a role in altering the carotenoid composition. The findings of this research offer a novel approach for augmenting both the economic and nutritional worth of citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Liu
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Chengxiao Hu
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Qiling Tan
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
| | - Xuecheng Sun
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Songwei Wu
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
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