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Obeng EM, Dzuvor CKO, Danquah MK. Anti-SARS-CoV-1 and -2 nanobody engineering towards avidity-inspired therapeutics. NANO TODAY 2022; 42:101350. [PMID: 34840592 PMCID: PMC8608585 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, the emergence of coronavirus diseases has been dire distress on both continental and global fronts and has resulted in the search for potent treatment strategies. One crucial challenge in this search is the recurrent mutations in the causative virus spike protein, which lead to viral escape issues. Among the current promising therapeutic discoveries is the use of nanobodies and nanobody-like molecules. While these nanobodies have demonstrated high-affinity interaction with the virus, the unpredictable spike mutations have warranted the need for avidity-inspired therapeutics of potent inhibitors such as nanobodies. This article discusses novel approaches for the design of anti-SARS-CoV-1 and -2 nanobodies to facilitate advanced innovations in treatment technologies. It further discusses molecular interactions and suggests multivalent protein nanotechnology and chemistry approaches to translate mere molecular affinity into avidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene M Obeng
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Christian K O Dzuvor
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Michael K Danquah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga 615 McCallie Ave, Chattanooga, TN 37403, United States
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2
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Engineering pan-HIV-1 neutralization potency through multispecific antibody avidity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2112887119. [PMID: 35064083 PMCID: PMC8795538 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112887119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The high genetic diversity of HIV-1 continues to be a major barrier to the development of therapeutics for prevention and treatment. Here, we describe the design of an antibody platform that allows assembly of a highly avid, multispecific molecule that targets, simultaneously, the most conserved epitopes on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. The combined multivalency and multispecificity translates into extraordinary neutralization potency and pan-neutralization of HIV-1 strains, surpassing that of the most potent anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibody cocktails. Deep mining of B cell repertoires of HIV-1–infected individuals has resulted in the isolation of dozens of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Yet, it remains uncertain whether any such bNAbs alone are sufficiently broad and potent to deploy therapeutically. Here, we engineered HIV-1 bNAbs for their combination on a single multispecific and avid molecule via direct genetic fusion of their Fab fragments to the human apoferritin light chain. The resulting molecule demonstrated a remarkable median IC50 value of 0.0009 µg/mL and 100% neutralization coverage of a broad HIV-1 pseudovirus panel (118 isolates) at a 4 µg/mL cutoff—a 32-fold enhancement in viral neutralization potency compared to a mixture of the corresponding HIV-1 bNAbs. Importantly, Fc incorporation on the molecule and engineering to modulate Fc receptor binding resulted in IgG-like bioavailability in vivo. This robust plug-and-play antibody design is relevant against indications where multispecificity and avidity are leveraged simultaneously to mediate optimal biological activity.
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3
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Rujas E, Kucharska I, Tan YZ, Benlekbir S, Cui H, Zhao T, Wasney GA, Budylowski P, Guvenc F, Newton JC, Sicard T, Semesi A, Muthuraman K, Nouanesengsy A, Aschner CB, Prieto K, Bueler SA, Youssef S, Liao-Chan S, Glanville J, Christie-Holmes N, Mubareka S, Gray-Owen SD, Rubinstein JL, Treanor B, Julien JP. Multivalency transforms SARS-CoV-2 antibodies into ultrapotent neutralizers. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3661. [PMID: 34135340 PMCID: PMC8209050 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23825-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, has caused a global pandemic. Antibodies can be powerful biotherapeutics to fight viral infections. Here, we use the human apoferritin protomer as a modular subunit to drive oligomerization of antibody fragments and transform antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 into exceptionally potent neutralizers. Using this platform, half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values as low as 9 × 10-14 M are achieved as a result of up to 10,000-fold potency enhancements compared to corresponding IgGs. Combination of three different antibody specificities and the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain on a single multivalent molecule conferred the ability to overcome viral sequence variability together with outstanding potency and IgG-like bioavailability. The MULTi-specific, multi-Affinity antiBODY (Multabody or MB) platform thus uniquely leverages binding avidity together with multi-specificity to deliver ultrapotent and broad neutralizers against SARS-CoV-2. The modularity of the platform also makes it relevant for rapid evaluation against other infectious diseases of global health importance. Neutralizing antibodies are a promising therapeutic for SARS-CoV-2.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Apoferritins/chemistry
- Biological Availability
- Epitope Mapping
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Protein Engineering/methods
- Protein Subunits/chemistry
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Tissue Distribution
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Edurne Rujas
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Iga Kucharska
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yong Zi Tan
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samir Benlekbir
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hong Cui
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory A Wasney
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Structural & Biophysical Core Facility, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Budylowski
- Combined Containment Level 3 Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Furkan Guvenc
- Combined Containment Level 3 Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jocelyn C Newton
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Taylor Sicard
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony Semesi
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Krithika Muthuraman
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amy Nouanesengsy
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Clare Burn Aschner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katherine Prieto
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Bueler
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Samira Mubareka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Scott D Gray-Owen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John L Rubinstein
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bebhinn Treanor
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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4
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Benjathummarak S, Pipattanaboon C, Boonha K, Wongwit W, Ramasoota P, Pitaksajjakul P. Human single-chain variable fragment antibody expressed in E. coli with optimal in vitro cross-neutralizing and no enhancing activity. Biologicals 2018; 56:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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5
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Matsumoto T, Isogawa Y, Minamihata K, Tanaka T, Kondo A. Twigged streptavidin polymer as a scaffold for protein assembly. J Biotechnol 2016; 225:61-6. [PMID: 27002233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein assemblies are an emerging tool that is finding many biological and bioengineering applications. We here propose a method for the site-specific assembly of proteins on a twigged streptavidin (SA) polymer using streptavidin as a functional scaffold. SA was genetically appended with a G tag (sortase A recognition sequence) and a Y tag (HRP recognition sequence) on its N- and C-termini, respectively, to provide G-SA-Y. G-SA-Y was polymerized using HPR-mediated tyrosine coupling, then fluorescent proteins were immobilized on the polymer by biotin-SA affinity and sortase A-mediated ligation. Fluorescence measurements showed that the proteins were immobilized in close proximity to each other. Hydrolyzing enzymes were also functionally assembled on the G-SA-Y polymer. The site-specific assembly of proteins on twigged SA polymer may find new applications in various biological and bioengineering fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Matsumoto
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Isogawa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minamihata
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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6
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Maaß F, Wüstehube-Lausch J, Dickgießer S, Valldorf B, Reinwarth M, Schmoldt HU, Daneschdar M, Avrutina O, Sahin U, Kolmar H. Cystine-knot peptides targeting cancer-relevant human cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4). J Pept Sci 2015; 21:651-60. [PMID: 25964162 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cystine-knot peptides sharing a common fold but displaying a notably large diversity within the primary structure of flanking loops have shown great potential as scaffolds for the development of therapeutic and diagnostic agents. In this study, we demonstrated that the cystine-knot peptide MCoTI-II, a trypsin inhibitor from Momordica cochinchinensis, can be engineered to bind to cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), an inhibitory receptor expressed by T lymphocytes, that has emerged as a target for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Directed evolution was used to convert a cystine-knot trypsin inhibitor into a CTLA-4 binder by screening a library of variants using yeast surface display. A set of cystine-knot peptides possessing dissociation constants in the micromolar range was obtained; the most potent variant was synthesized chemically. Successive conjugation with neutravidin, fusion to antibody Fc domain or the oligomerization domain of C4b binding protein resulted in oligovalent variants that possessed enhanced (up to 400-fold) dissociation constants in the nanomolar range. Our data indicate that display of multiple knottin peptides on an oligomeric scaffold protein is a valid strategy to improve their functional affinity with ramifications for applications in diagnostics and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Maaß
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Dickgießer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Valldorf
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Reinwarth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Olga Avrutina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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7
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Takakura Y, Oka N, Tsunashima M. Expression, purification, and immobilization of recombinant tamavidin 2 fusion proteins. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2014; 1177:95-106. [PMID: 24943317 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1034-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tamavidin 2 is a fungal avidin-like protein that binds biotin with high affinity. Unlike avidin or streptavidin, tamavidin 2 in soluble form is produced at high levels in Escherichia coli. In this chapter, we describe a method for immobilization and purification of recombinant proteins with the use of tamavidin 2 as an affinity tag. The protein fused to tamavidin 2 is tightly immobilized and simultaneously purified on biotinylated magnetic microbeads without loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Takakura
- Plant Innovation Center, Japan Tobacco, Inc., 700 Higashibara, Iwata, Shizuoka, 438-0802, Japan,
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8
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Liu JL, Zabetakis D, Walper SA, Goldman ER, Anderson GP. Bioconjugates of rhizavidin with single domain antibodies as bifunctional immunoreagents. J Immunol Methods 2014; 411:37-42. [PMID: 24946086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Use of the avidin-biotin binding interaction for immunoassay applications is widespread. One advantageous immunoreagent is the recombinant fusion of an antibody fragment with a biotin binding protein. These genetic fusions alleviate the need to prepare chemical conjugates to achieve molecules that combine target recognition with signal transduction or to facilitate the directional immobilization of the binding element. In order for such a fusion protein to be useful, however, it must be able to be produced in good yield. Unfortunately, recombinant production of avidin or streptavidin as well as bioconjugates derived thereof has been problematic. An alternative biotin binding molecule called rhizavidin has been described, which forms a homodimer instead of a tetramer, but it has not been evaluated in genetic fusions with antibody binding domains. Single domain antibodies, the variable domain derived from camelid heavy chain only antibodies, offer binding domains with high affinity, and solubility that are well expressed in Escherichia coli. In this work, we prepared an anti-ricin single domain antibody - rhizavidin bioconjugate and evaluated it on the basis of its production in E. coli and on its activity in comparison to a streptavidin core bioconjugate and unfused single domain antibody. The single domain antibody-rhizavidin bioconjugate produced much better than its streptavidin core counterparts, yielding an average of 14 mg/L, a 20-fold improvement. When used in assays the rhizavidin conjugate provided the same desirable characteristics as the streptavidin core fusion as both capture and detection reagents. Since rhizavidin and single domain antibodies both display impressive thermal stabilities their fusion provides a route to achieve robust bifunctional immunoreagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinny L Liu
- Naval Research Laboratory, Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Dan Zabetakis
- Naval Research Laboratory, Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Scott A Walper
- Naval Research Laboratory, Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Ellen R Goldman
- Naval Research Laboratory, Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - George P Anderson
- Naval Research Laboratory, Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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9
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Shima H, Watanabe T, Fukuda S, Fukuoka SI, Ohara O, Ohno H. A novel mucosal vaccine targeting Peyer’s patch M cells induces protective antigen-specific IgA responses. Int Immunol 2014; 26:619-25. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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10
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Cheng CM, Tzou SC, Zhuang YH, Huang CC, Kao CH, Liao KW, Cheng TC, Chuang CH, Hsieh YC, Tai MH, Cheng TL. Functional production of a soluble and secreted single-chain antibody by a bacterial secretion system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97367. [PMID: 24824752 PMCID: PMC4019604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) serve as an alternative to full-length monoclonal antibodies used in research and therapeutic and diagnostic applications. However, when recombinant scFvs are overexpressed in bacteria, they often form inclusion bodies and exhibit loss of function. To overcome this problem, we developed an scFv secretion system in which scFv was fused with osmotically inducible protein Y (osmY), a bacterial secretory carrier protein, for efficient protein secretion. Anti-EGFR scFv (αEGFR) was fused with osmY (N- and C-termini) and periplasmic leader sequence (pelB) to generate αEGFR-osmY, osmY-αEGFR, and pelB-αEGFR (control), respectively. In comparison with the control, both the osmY-fused αEGFR scFvs were soluble and secreted into the LB medium. Furthermore, the yield of soluble αEGFR-osmY was 20-fold higher, and the amount of secreted protein was 250-fold higher than that of osmY-αEGFR. In addition, the antigen-binding activity of both the osmY-fused αEGFRs was 2-fold higher than that of the refolded pelB-αEGFR from inclusion bodies. Similar results were observed with αTAG72-osmY and αHer2-osmY. These results suggest that the N-terminus of osmY fused with scFv produces a high yield of soluble, functional, and secreted scFv, and the osmY-based bacterial secretion system may be used for the large-scale industrial production of low-cost αEGFR protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Min Cheng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shey-Cherng Tzou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Han Zhuang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chiao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Han Kao
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Wen Liao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chun Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chin Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Tai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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11
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Blocking monocyte transmigration in in vitro system by a human antibody scFv anti-CD99. Efficient large scale purification from periplasmic inclusion bodies in E. coli expression system. J Immunol Methods 2014; 408:35-45. [PMID: 24798881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Migration of leukocytes into site of inflammation involves several steps mediated by various families of adhesion molecules. CD99 play a significant role in transendothelial migration (TEM) of leukocytes. Inhibition of TEM by specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) can provide a potent therapeutic approach to treating inflammatory conditions. However, the therapeutic utilization of whole IgG can lead to an inappropriate activation of Fc receptor-expressing cells, inducing serious adverse side effects due to cytokine release. In this regard, specific recombinant antibody in single chain variable fragments (scFvs) originated by phage library may offer a solution by affecting TEM function in a safe clinical context. However, this consideration requires large scale production of functional scFv antibodies and the absence of toxic reagents utilized for solubilization and refolding step of inclusion bodies that may discourage industrial application of these antibody fragments. In order to apply the scFv anti-CD99 named C7A in a clinical setting, we herein describe an efficient and large scale production of the antibody fragments expressed in E. coli as periplasmic insoluble protein avoiding gel filtration chromatography approach, and laborious refolding step pre- and post-purification. Using differential salt elution which is a simple, reproducible and effective procedure we are able to separate scFv in monomer format from aggregates. The purified scFv antibody C7A exhibits inhibitory activity comparable to an antagonistic conventional mAb, thus providing an excellent agent for blocking CD99 signaling. This protocol can be useful for the successful purification of other monomeric scFvs which are expressed as periplasmic inclusion bodies in bacterial systems.
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12
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Zhang X, Wang XX, Shusta EV. Creation and Evaluation of a Single-chain Antibody Tetramer that Targets Brain Endothelial Cells. AIChE J 2014; 60:1245-1252. [PMID: 24659822 DOI: 10.1002/aic.14348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies that target and internalize into blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells offer promise as drug delivery agents. Previously, we identified a single-chain antibody (scFvA) capable of binding to the BBB. In an attempt to improve the binding and internalization properties of the single chain antibody (scFvA), a biotinylation tag (Avitag) was fused to scFvA and the protein secreted by yeast. The scFvA-Avitag could be biotinylated by yeast-displayed BirA enzyme and biotinylated scFvA-Avitag could be used to create scFv tetramers. Tetramerization of scFvA improved the internalization of scFvA into BBB endothelial cells, and biotinylated scFvA-Avitag could also be used to target streptavidin-coated quantum dots for BBB endothelial cell internalization. Perfusing the rat brain with scFvA-tetramer confirmed that the antigen targeted by scFvA is distributed on blood side of the BBB, suggesting the potential for downstream application of scFvA in brain-targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Zhang
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706
| | - Xin Xiang Wang
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706
| | - Eric V. Shusta
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706
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13
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Fluorogen-Activating scFv Biosensors Target Surface Markers on Live Cells Via Streptavidin or Single-Chain Avidin. Mol Biotechnol 2014; 56:585-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-014-9732-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Jørgensen ML, Friis NA, Just J, Madsen P, Petersen SV, Kristensen P. Expression of single-chain variable fragments fused with the Fc-region of rabbit IgG in Leishmania tarentolae. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:9. [PMID: 24428896 PMCID: PMC3917567 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years the generation of antibodies by recombinant methods, such as phage display technology, has increased the speed by which antibodies can be obtained. However, in some cases when recombinant antibodies have to be validated, expression in E. coli can be problematic. This primarily occurs when codon usage or protein folding of specific antibody fragments is incompatible with the E. coli translation and folding machinery, for instance when recombinant antibody formats that include the Fc-region are needed. In such cases other expression systems can be used, including the protozoan parasite Leishmania tarentolae (L. tarentolae). This novel host for recombinant protein expression has recently shown promising properties for the expression of single-chain antibody fragments. We have utilised the L. tarentolae T7-TR system to achieve expression and secretion of two scFvs fused to the Fc-region of rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG). Results Based on the commercial vector pLEXSY_IE-blecherry4 (Jena Bioscience; Cat. No. EGE-255), we generated a vector containing the Fragment Crystallisable (Fc) region of rabbit IgG allowing insertions of single chain antibody fragments (scFvs) in frame via Ncol/Notl cloning (pMJ_LEXSY-rFc). For the expression of rabbit Fc-fusion scFvs (scFv-rFc) we cloned two scFvs binding to human vimentin (LOB7 scFv) and murine laminin (A10 scFv) respectively, into the modified vector. The LOB7-rFc and A10-rFc fusions expressed at levels up to 2.95 mg/L in L. tarentolae T7-TR. Both scFv-rFcs were purified from the culture supernatants using protein A affinity chromatography. Additionally, we expressed three different scFvs without the rFc regions using a similar expression cassette, obtaining yields up to 1.00 mg/L. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first time that antibody fragments with intact Fc-region of immunoglobulin have been produced in L. tarentolae. Using the plasmid pMJ_LEXSY-rFc, L. tarentolae T7-TR can be applied as an efficient tool for expression of rFc fusion antibody fragments, allowing easy purification from the growth medium. This system provides an alternative in cases where antibody constructs express poorly in standard prokaryotic systems. Furthermore, in cases where bivalent Fc-fused antibody constructs are needed, using L. tarentolae for expression provides an efficient alternative to mammalian expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Kristensen
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus, Denmark.
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15
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Soshee A, Zürcher S, Spencer ND, Halperin A, Nizak C. General in vitro method to analyze the interactions of synthetic polymers with human antibody repertoires. Biomacromolecules 2013; 15:113-21. [PMID: 24328191 DOI: 10.1021/bm401360y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports on the hitherto underestimated antigenicity of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), which is widely used for pharmaceutical applications, highlight the need for efficient testing of polymer antigenicity and for a better understanding of its molecular origins. With this goal in mind, we have used the phage-display technique to screen large, recombinant antibody repertoires of human origin in vitro for antibodies that bind poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP). PVP is a neutral synthetic polymer of industrial and clinical interest that is also a well-known model antigen in animal studies, thus allowing the comparison of in vitro and in vivo responses. We have identified 44 distinct antibodies that bind specifically to PVP. Competitive binding assays show that the PVP-antibody binding constant is proportional to the polymerization degree of PVP and that specific binding is detected down to the vinylpyrrolidone (VP) monomer level. Statistical analysis of anti-PVP antibody sequences identifies an amino-acid motif that is shared by many phage-display-selected anti-PVP antibodies that are similar to a previously described natural anti-PVP antibody. This suggests a role for this motif in specific antibody/PVP interactions. Interestingly, sequence analysis also suggests that only a single antibody chain containing this shared motif is responsible for antibody binding to PVP, as confirmed upon systematic deletion of either antibody chain for 90% of selected anti-PVP antibodies. Overall, a large number of antibodies in the human repertoires we have screened bind specifically to PVP through a small number of shared amino acid motifs, and preliminary comparison points to significant correlations between the sequences of phage-display-selected anti-PVP antibodies and their natural counterparts isolated from immunized mice in previous studies. This study pioneers the use of antibody phage-display to explore the antigenicity of biotechnologically relevant polymers. It also paves the way for a fast, cost-effective, and systematic in vitro analysis, thus reducing the need for animal immunization experiments. Moreover, identifying the encoding DNA sequence of polymer-binding antibodies via phage-display enables future applications of a molecular biology approach to protein-polymer conjugation, based on protein-antibody fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandakumar Soshee
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Physics, UMR5588 Grenoble Université 1/CNRS , Grenoble, France
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16
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HASAN S, DONG J, HARA Y, MORIZANE Y, SHIBASAKI F, UEDA H. Protein-based Open Sandwich Immuno-PCR for Sensitive Detection of Small Biomarkers. ANAL SCI 2013; 29:871-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.29.871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharif HASAN
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
| | - Jinhua DONG
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Yuko HARA
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Yoshihito MORIZANE
- Department of Molecular Medical Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
| | - Futoshi SHIBASAKI
- Department of Molecular Medical Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
| | - Hiroshi UEDA
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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17
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A Cassette Vector System for the Rapid Cloning and Production of Bispecific Tetravalent Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/antib1010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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18
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Jafari R, Holm P, Piercecchi M, Sundström BE. Construction of divalent anti-keratin 8 single-chain antibodies (sc(Fv)(2)), expression in Pichia pastoris and their reactivity with multicellular tumor spheroids. J Immunol Methods 2010; 364:65-76. [PMID: 21093447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) are small monovalent recombinant antibody fragments that retain the specificity of their parent immunoglobulins. ScFvs are excellent building blocks for new and improved immunodiagnostic and therapeutic proteins. However, the monovalency and the rapid renal elimination of scFvs result in poor tumor accumulation and retention. Engineering divalent antibody fragments is an excellent way to address these shortcomings. In this study, covalent divalent single-chain variable fragments (sc(Fv)(2)s), were constructed from the monovalent anti-keratin 8 scFvs, TS1-218 and its mutant, HE1-Q. The scFvs and sc(Fv)(2)s were expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris, utilizing the alpha-factor secretion signal (α-factor) for extracellular secretion. The immunoreactivity and specificity of the antibody fragments were analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the uptake and retention of the (125)I labeled antibody fragments were evaluated using HeLa HEp-2 multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs). Analysis of the antibody fragments demonstrated that parts of the α-factor remained at the N-terminal of the antibody fragments. Despite incomplete processing of the α-factor, the antibody fragments were functional where the sc(Fv)(2)s gave a three-fold stronger signal in ELISA compared to their scFv counterparts and the mutant antibodies demonstrated a stronger signal than their initial wild types. In addition, the sc(Fv)(2)s DiTS1-218 and DiHE1-Q displayed an approximately two-fold higher uptake and were retained to a larger extent in the MCTS, demonstrating a 3.9 and 9.4-fold increase in half-life respectively compared to their corresponding scFvs. In conclusion, expression in P. pastoris improved the yield 20-fold and facilitated the purification of the antibody fragments. Furthermore, the sc(Fv)(2)s presented a higher functional affinity to K 8 both in ELISA and MCTS compared to the scFvs with DiHE1-Q being the best candidate for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozbeh Jafari
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Karlstad University, S-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
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20
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Tamavidin, a versatile affinity tag for protein purification and immobilization. J Biotechnol 2009; 145:317-22. [PMID: 20026208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tamavidin 2 is a fungal avidin-like protein that binds biotin with high affinity and is highly produced in soluble form in Escherichia coli. By contrast, widely used biotin-binding proteins avidin and streptavidin are rarely produced in soluble form in E. coli. In this study, we describe an efficient system for one-step purification and immobilization of recombinant proteins using tamavidin 2 as an affinity tag. A bacterial sialyltransferase and soybean agglutinin were fused to tamavidin 2 and expressed in E. coli and tobacco BY-2 cells, respectively. High-level expressions of the fusion proteins were detected (80 mg l(-1)E. coli culture for bacterial sialyltransferase-tamavidin 2 and 2 mg l(-1) BY-2 cell culture for soybean agglutinin-tamavidin 2). To immobilize and purify the fusion proteins, biotinylated magnetic microbeads were incubated with the soluble extract from each recombinant host producing the fusion protein and then washed thoroughly. As the result, both fusion proteins were immobilized tightly on the microbeads without substantial loss of activity and simultaneously highly purified (90-95% purity) on the microbeads. Biotin with a longer linker contributed to higher affinity between the fusion protein and biotin. These results suggest that tamavidin fusion technology is a powerful tool for production, purification, and immobilization of recombinant proteins.
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21
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Schoonooghe S, Kaigorodov V, Zawisza M, Dumolyn C, Haustraete J, Grooten J, Mertens N. Efficient production of human bivalent and trivalent anti-MUC1 Fab-scFv antibodies in Pichia pastoris. BMC Biotechnol 2009; 9:70. [PMID: 19671134 PMCID: PMC2736937 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-9-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumour associated antigens on the surface of tumour cells, such as MUC1, are being used as specific antibody targets for immunotherapy of human malignancies. In order to address the poor penetration of full sized monoclonal antibodies in tumours, intermediate sized antibodies are being developed. The cost-effective and efficient production of these molecules is however crucial for their further success as anti-cancer therapeutics. The methylotropic P. pastoris yeast grows in cheap mineral media and is known for its short process times and the efficient production of recombinant antibody fragments like scFvs, bivalent scFvs and Fabs. Results Based on the anti-MUC1 PH1 Fab, we have developed bivalent PH1 bibodies and trivalent PH1 tribodies of intermediate molecular mass by adding PH1 scFvs to the C-terminus of the Fab chains using flexible peptide linkers. These recombinant antibody derivatives were efficiently expressed in both mammalian and P. pastoris cells. Stable production in NS0 cells produced 130.5 mg pure bibody and 27 mg pure tribody per litre. This high yield is achieved as a result of the high overall purification efficiency of 77%. Expression and purification of PH1 bibodies and tribodies from Pichia supernatant yielded predominantly correctly heterodimerised products, free of light chain homodimers. The yeast-produced bi- and tribodies retained the same specific activity as their mammalian-produced counterparts. Additionally, the yields of 36.8 mg pure bibody and 12 mg pure tribody per litre supernatant make the production of these molecules in Pichia more efficient than most other previously described trispecific or trivalent molecules produced in E. coli. Conclusion Bi- and tribody molecules are efficiently produced in P. pastoris. Furthermore, the yeast produced molecules retain the same specific affinity for their antigen. These results establish the value of P. pastoris as an efficient alternative expression system for the production of recombinant multivalent Fab-scFv antibody derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Schoonooghe
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Technologie Park 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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22
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B3(Fab)-streptavidin Tetramer Has Higher Binding Avidity than B3(scFv)-streptavidin Tetramer. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2009.30.5.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Weisser NE, Hall JC. Applications of single-chain variable fragment antibodies in therapeutics and diagnostics. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:502-20. [PMID: 19374944 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies (Abs) are some of the most powerful tools in therapy and diagnostics and are currently one of the fastest growing classes of therapeutic molecules. Recombinant antibody (rAb) fragments are becoming popular therapeutic alternatives to full length monoclonal Abs since they are smaller, possess different properties that are advantageous in certain medical applications, can be produced more economically and are easily amendable to genetic manipulation. Single-chain variable fragment (scFv) Abs are one of the most popular rAb format as they have been engineered into larger, multivalent, bi-specific and conjugated forms for many clinical applications. This review will show the tremendous versatility and importance of scFv fragments as they provide the basic antigen binding unit for a multitude of engineered Abs for use as human therapeutics and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina E Weisser
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
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24
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Wang WW, Das D, Suresh MR. A versatile bifunctional dendritic cell targeting vaccine vector. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:158-72. [PMID: 19053535 DOI: 10.1021/mp800111a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an efficient versatile in vivo dendritic cell (DC) targeting vector for delivering different classes of antigens such as proteins, peptide, glycolipids and naked DNA for vaccine applications. A single chain antibody (scFv) that recognizes DEC-205 receptor of DC was fused with a core-streptavidin domain and expressed in Escherichia coli using the T7 expression system. The bifunctional fusion protein (bfFp) was expressed as a periplasmic soluble protein and affinity-purified in its monomeric form. The bifunctional activity against DEC-205 and biotin was characterized by ELISA and Western blot. In vivo DC targeting of a diverse group of biotinylated antigens such as viral and bacterial proteins, a cancer peptide, gangliosides and DNA of certain infectious diseases was conducted in mice. Results show that in the presence of bfFp and costimulatory anti-CD40 mAb, both humoral and cell-mediated responses were augmented in either the single antigen or multiple antigen targeting strategy. Lastly, bfFp based DC targeting of antigens in low doses may be a useful strategy for the design of monovalent or polyvalent vaccines for the masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welson W Wang
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2N8
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25
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Factors that influence the extracellular expression of streptavidin in Escherichia coli using a bacteriocin release protein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 81:319-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1673-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Deyev SM, Lebedenko EN. Multivalency: the hallmark of antibodies used for optimization of tumor targeting by design. Bioessays 2008; 30:904-18. [PMID: 18693269 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-precision tumor targeting with conventional therapeutics is based on the concept of the ideal drug as a "magic bullet"; this became possible after techniques were developed for production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Innovative DNA technologies have revolutionized this area and enhanced clinical efficiency of mAbs. The experience of applying small-size recombinant antibodies (monovalent binding fragments and their derivatives) to cancer targeting showed that even high-affinity monovalent interactions provide fast blood clearance but only modest retention time on the target antigen. Conversion of recombinant antibodies into multivalent format increases their functional affinity, decreases dissociation rates for cell-surface and optimizes biodistribution. In addition, it allows the creation of bispecific antibody molecules that can target two different antigens simultaneously and do not exist in nature. Different multimerization strategies used now in antibody engineering make it possible to optimize biodistribution and tumor targeting of recombinant antibody constructs for cancer diagnostics and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey M Deyev
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Shemyakin/Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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27
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Nogi T, Sangawa T, Tabata S, Nagae M, Tamura-Kawakami K, Beppu A, Hattori M, Yasui N, Takagi J. Novel affinity tag system using structurally defined antibody-tag interaction: application to single-step protein purification. Protein Sci 2008; 17:2120-6. [PMID: 18787202 DOI: 10.1110/ps.038299.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Biologically important human proteins often require mammalian cell expression for structural studies, presenting technical and economical problems in the production/purification processes. We introduce a novel affinity peptide tagging system that uses a low affinity anti-peptide monoclonal antibody. Concatenation of the short recognition sequence enabled the successful engineering of an 18-residue affinity tag with ideal solution binding kinetics, providing a low-cost purification means when combined with nondenaturing elution by water-miscible organic solvents. Three-dimensional information provides a firm structural basis for the antibody-peptide interaction, opening opportunities for further improvements/modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terukazu Nogi
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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28
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Dai M, Temirov J, Pesavento E, Kiss C, Velappan N, Pavlik P, Werner JH, Bradbury ARM. Using T7 phage display to select GFP-based binders. Protein Eng Des Sel 2008; 21:413-24. [PMID: 18469345 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzn016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous phage do not display cytoplasmic proteins very effectively. As T7 is a cytoplasmic phage, released by cell lysis, it has been prospected as being more efficient for the display of such proteins. Here we investigate this proposition, using a family of GFP-based cytoplasmic proteins that are poorly expressed by traditional phage display. Using two single-molecule detection techniques, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and anti-bunching, we show that the number of displayed fluorescent proteins ranges from one to three. The GFP derivatives displayed on T7 contain binding loops able to recognize specific targets. By mixing these in a large background of non-binders, these derivatives were used to optimize selection conditions. Using the optimal selection conditions determined in these experiments, we then demonstrated the selection of specific binders from a library of GFP clones containing heavy chain CDR3 antibody binding loops derived from normal donors inserted at a single site. The selected GFP-based binders were successfully used to detect binding without the use of secondary reagents in flow cytometry, fluorescence-linked immunosorbant assays and immunoblotting. These results demonstrate that specific GFP-based affinity reagents, selected from T7-based libraries, can be used in applications in which only the intrinsic fluorescence is used for detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dai
- Biosciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
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29
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Wang WWS, Das D, McQuarrie SA, Suresh MR. Design of a bifunctional fusion protein for ovarian cancer drug delivery: single-chain anti-CA125 core-streptavidin fusion protein. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2006; 65:398-405. [PMID: 17257818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2006.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a universal ovarian cancer cell targeting vehicle that can deliver biotinylated therapeutic drugs. A single-chain antibody variable domain (scFv) that recognizes the CA125 antigen of ovarian cancer cells was fused with a core-streptavidin domain (core-streptavidin-VL-VH and VL-VH-core-streptavidin orientations) using recombinant DNA technology and then expressed in Escherichia coli using the T7 expression system. The bifunctional fusion protein (bfFp) was expressed in a shaker flask culture, extracted from the periplasmic soluble protein, and affinity purified using an IMAC column. The two distinct activities (biotin binding and anti-CA125) of the bfFp were demonstrated using ELISA, Western blot and confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM). The ELISA method utilized human NIH OVCAR-3 cells along with biotinylated bovine serum albumin (B-BSA) or biotinylated liposomes, whereas, the Western blot involved probing with B-BSA. The CLSM study has shown specificity in binding to the OVCAR-3 cell-line. ELISA and Western blot studies have confirmed the bifunctional activity and specificity. In the presence of bfFp, there was enhanced binding of biotinylated antigen and liposome to OVCAR-3 cells. In contrast, the control EMT6 cells, which do not express the CA125 antigen, showed minimal binding of the bfFp. Consequently, bfFp based targeting of biotinylated therapeutic drugs, proteins, liposomes, or nanoparticles could be an alternative, convenient method to deliver effective therapy to ovarian cancer patients. Peritoneal infusion of the bfFp-therapeutic complex could also be effective in locally targeting the most common site of metastatic spread.
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30
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Scholler N, Garvik B, Quarles T, Jiang S, Urban N. Method for generation of in vivo biotinylated recombinant antibodies by yeast mating. J Immunol Methods 2006; 317:132-43. [PMID: 17113097 PMCID: PMC1784068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe here a novel method for generation of yeast-secreted, in vivo biotinylated recombinant antibodies, or biobodies. Biobodies are secreted by diploid yeast resulting from the fusion of two haploid yeast of opposite mating type. One yeast carries a cDNA encoding an antibody recognition sequence fused to an IgA1 hinge and a biotin acceptor site (BCCP) at the C-terminus; the other carries a cDNA encoding an E. coli biotin ligase (BirA) fused to KEX2 golgi-localization sequences, so that BirA can catalyze the biotin transfer to the recognition sequence-fused BCCP within the yeast secretory compartment. We illustrate this technology with biobodies against HE4, a biomarker for ovarian carcinoma. Anti-HE4 biobodies were derived from clones or pools of anti-HE4-specific yeast-display scFv, constituting respectively monoclonal (mBb) or polyclonal (pBb) biobodies. Anti-HE4 biobodies were secreted directly biotinylated thus bound to labeled-streptavidin and streptavidin-coated surfaces without Ni-purification. Anti-HE4 biobodies demonstrated specificity and sensitivity by ELISA assays, flow cytometry analysis and Western blots prior to any maturation; dissociation equilibrium constants as measured by surface plasmon resonance sensor were of K(d)=4.8 x 10(-9) M and K(d)=5.1 x 10(-9) M before and after Ni-purification respectively. Thus, yeast mating permits cost-effective generation of biotinylated recombinant antibodies of high affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Scholler
- Translational Outcomes Research Group, Molecular Diagnostics Program, Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
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31
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Singer EM, Smith SS. Nucleoprotein assemblies for cellular biomarker detection. NANO LETTERS 2006; 6:1184-9. [PMID: 16771577 DOI: 10.1021/nl060549h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we have used DNA Y-junctions as fluorescent scaffolds for EcoRII methyltransferase-thioredoxin (M.EcoRII-Trx) fusion proteins. Covalent links between the DNA scaffold and the methyltransferase were formed at preselected sites on the scaffold containing 5FdC. The resulting thioredoxin-targeted nanodevice was found to bind selectively to certain cell lines but not to others. The fusion protein was constructed so as to permit proteolytic cleavage of the thioredoxin peptide from the nanodevice. Proteolysis with thrombin or enterokinase effectively removed the thioredoxin peptide from the nanodevice and extinguished cell line specific binding measured by fluorescence. A number of potential applications for devices of this type can be envisioned. In particular, the ability of the fused protein to selectively target the nanodevice to certain tumor cell lines and not others suggests that this approach may serve as an adjunct to immunohistochemical methods in tumor classification as well as probe cell surface receptor architecture and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Singer
- City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA.
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32
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Lin Y, Pagel JM, Axworthy D, Pantelias A, Hedin N, Press OW. A genetically engineered anti-CD45 single-chain antibody-streptavidin fusion protein for pretargeted radioimmunotherapy of hematologic malignancies. Cancer Res 2006; 66:3884-92. [PMID: 16585217 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) currently kills the majority of afflicted patients despite combination chemotherapy and hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Our group has documented the promise of radiolabeled anti-CD45 monoclonal antibodies (Ab) administered in the setting of allogeneic HCT for AML, but toxicity remains high, and cure rates are only 25% to 30% for relapsed AML. We now show the superiority of pretargeted radioimmunotherapy (PRIT) compared with conventional radioimmunotherapy using a recombinant tetravalent single-chain Ab-streptavidin (SA) fusion protein (scFv(4)SA) directed against human CD45, administered sequentially with a dendrimeric N-acetylgalactosamine-containing clearing agent and radiolabeled 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic (DOTA)-biotin. The scFv(4)SA construct was genetically engineered by fusing Fv fragments of the human CD45-specific BC8 Ab to a full-length genomic SA gene and was expressed as a soluble tetramer in the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli. The fusion protein was purified to >95% homogeneity at an overall yield of approximately 50% using iminobiotin affinity chromatography. The immunoreactivity and avidity of the fusion protein were comparable with those of the intact BC8 Ab, and the scFv(4)SA construct bound an average of 3.9 biotin molecules out of four theoretically possible. Mouse lymphoma xenograft experiments showed minimal toxicity, excellent tumor-specific targeting of the fusion protein and radiolabeled DOTA-biotin in vivo, marked inhibition of tumor growth, and cured 100% of mice bearing CD45-expressing tumors. These promising results have prompted large-scale cGMP production of the BC8 fusion protein for clinical trials to be conducted in patients with hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukang Lin
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Clark J, Smith SS. Application of Nanoscale Bioassemblies to Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics. Adv Clin Chem 2006; 41:23-48. [PMID: 28682750 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(05)41002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This chapter summarizes progress in several approaches and devices that will improve and augment existing diagnostic techniques. The term bionanotechnology has been used to describe the science that supports the construction of nanoscale bioassemblies. In each of the present applications to diagnostics, bionanotechnological devices play a largely passive role. Cell surface targeting with an antibody, a growth factor, or a small molecule ligand achieves a new level of sophistication, however, it is still a passive approach. While the induced conformational changes associated with the binding of dendrimers or molecular beacons are somewhat more complex responses to the local environment, they are still largely passive mechanistically. Dynamic devices that change color with time of incubation based on the presence or absence of secondary or tertiary cellular markers within a population exhibiting a primary marker would be of considerable utility. Dynamic nanoscale devices of this type await the application of the rules of assembly associated with the scaffolds described earlier and perhaps the discovery and application of new rules of assembly and new scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod Clark
- City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
| | - Steven S Smith
- City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
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Clark J, Singer EM, Korns DR, Smith SS. Design and analysis of nanoscale bioassemblies. Biotechniques 2004; 36:992-6, 998-1001. [PMID: 15211750 DOI: 10.2144/04366rv01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bionanotechnology is an emerging field in nanotechnology. In general, it uses concepts from chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology to identify components and processes for the construction of self-assembling materials and devices. Distant goals of the science of bionanotechnology range from developing programmable nanoscale devices that can sample or alter their environments to developing assemblies capable of Darwinian evolution. At the heart of these approaches is the concept of the production of supramolecular assemblies (SMAs; also known as supramolecular aggregates) by programmed self-assembly in an aqueous medium. Ordered arrays, planar and closed-shell tilings, dynamic machines, and switches have been designed and constructed by using DNA-DNA, protein-protein, and protein-nucleic acid biospecificities. We review the designs and the analytical techniques that have been employed in the production of SMAs that do not occur in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod Clark
- Kaplan Clinical Research Laboratory, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, USA.
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Lu D, Jimenez X, Zhang H, Atkins A, Brennan L, Balderes P, Bohlen P, Witte L, Zhu Z. Di-diabody: a novel tetravalent bispecific antibody molecule by design. J Immunol Methods 2003; 279:219-32. [PMID: 12969563 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(03)00251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The clinical development of bispecific antibodies (BsAb) as therapeutics has been hampered by the difficulty in preparing the materials in sufficient quantity and quality by traditional methods. In recent years, a variety of recombinant methods have been developed for efficient production of BsAb, both as antibody fragments and as full-length IgG-like molecules. These recombinant antibody molecules possess dual antigen-binding capability with, in most cases, monovalency to each of their target antigens. Here, we describe an efficient approach for the production of a novel tetravalent BsAb, with two antigen-binding sites to each of its target antigens, by genetically fusing a bispecific/divalent diabody to, via the hinge region, the N-terminus of the CH(3) domain of an IgG. The novel BsAb, which we termed "di-diabody", represents a tetravalent diabody dimer resulting from dimerization between the hinge region and the CH(3) domains. A di-diabody was constructed using two antibodies directed against the two tyrosine kinase receptors of vascular endothelial growth factor, expressed both in a single Escherichia coli host and in mammalian cells, and purified to homogeneity by a one-step affinity chromatography. Compared to the bispecific/divalent diabody, the tetravalent di-diabody binds more efficiently to both of its target antigens and is more efficacious in blocking ligand binding to the receptors. The di-diabody retained good antigen-binding activity after incubation at 37 degrees C in mouse serum for 72 h, demonstrating good product stability. Finally, expression of the di-diabody in mammalian cells yielded higher level of production and better antibody activity. This design and expression for BsAb fragments should be applicable to any pair of antigen specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lu
- Department of Antibody Technology, ImClone Systems Incorporated, New York, NY 10014, USA
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36
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Charles CH, Luo GX, Kohlstaedt LA, Morantte IG, Gorfain E, Cao L, Williams JH, Fang F. Prevention of human rhinovirus infection by multivalent fab molecules directed against ICAM-1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:1503-8. [PMID: 12709314 PMCID: PMC153330 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.5.1503-1508.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a technology for improving avidity by making bivalent, trivalent, or tetravalent recombinant polypeptides. We designed tripartite proteins consisting of the Fab fragment of an antibody fused with a hinge derived from human immunoglobulin D that was further linked to polymerization domains derived from human coiled-coil proteins. We report here on the application of this method with a Fab domain directed against the major human rhinovirus receptor, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). Multivalent anti-ICAM-1 molecules were produced in bacteria and purified as soluble preassembled homogeneous proteins at high yield. These proteins successfully blocked rhinovirus infection in vitro, with the efficiency increasing from monomer to dimer, trimer, and tetramer. The diminished dissociation rate of these multivalent antibodies and their improved efficacy in preventing rhinovirus infection provide a foundation for producing prophylactic and therapeutic molecules against human rhinovirus, the causative agent of the majority of common colds.
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Ponnazhagan S, Mahendra G, Kumar S, Thompson JA, Castillas M. Conjugate-based targeting of recombinant adeno-associated virus type 2 vectors by using avidin-linked ligands. J Virol 2002; 76:12900-7. [PMID: 12438615 PMCID: PMC136730 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.24.12900-12907.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of targeted vectors, capable of tissue-specific transduction, remains one of the important aspects of vector modification for gene therapy applications. Recombinant adeno-associated virus type 2 (rAAV-2)-based vectors are nonpathogenic, have relatively low immunogenicity, and are capable of long-term transgene expression. AAV-2 vectors bind primarily to heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), a receptor that is present in many tissues and cell types. Because of the widespread expression of HSPG on many tissues, targeted transduction in vivo appears to be limited with AAV-2 vectors. Thus, development of strategies to achieve transductional targeting will have a profound benefit in the future application of these vectors. We report here a novel conjugate-based targeting method to enhance tissue-specific transduction of AAV-2-based vectors. The present report utilized a high-affinity biotin-avidin interaction as a molecular bridge to cross-link purified targeting ligands, produced genetically as fusion proteins to core-streptavidin, in a prokaryotic expression system. Conjugation of the bispecific targeting protein to the vector was achieved by biotinylating purified rAAV-2 without abolishing the capsid structure, internalization, and subsequent transgene expression. The tropism-modified vectors, targeted via epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or fibroblast growth factor 1alpha receptor (FGFR1alpha), resulted in a significant increase in transduction efficiency of EGFR-positive SKOV3.ip1 cells and FGFR1alpha-positive M07e cells, respectively. Further optimization of this method of targeting should enhance the potential of AAV-2 vectors in ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy and may form the basis for developing targeting methods for other AAV serotype capsids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvarangan Ponnazhagan
- Department of Pathology, LHRB 513, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 701 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Wu SC, Hassan Qureshi M, Wong SL. Secretory production and purification of functional full-length streptavidin from Bacillus subtilis. Protein Expr Purif 2002; 24:348-56. [PMID: 11922750 DOI: 10.1006/prep.2001.1582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Streptavidin is a versatile molecule for many in vitro and in vivo applications. To optimize the production of the full-length streptavidin in a soluble and functional form via secretion using Bacillus subtilis as the expression host, three different strategies were used. These strategies include the construction of a synthetic streptavidin gene, the installation of a transcription terminator, and the use of a sporulation mutant strain. In comparison with the wild-type streptavidin gene in expression studies, a combination of these approaches resulted in a 2.3-fold increase in streptavidin production. The production yields in complex and semidefined media were 94 and 24 mg/liter, respectively. A simple purification scheme which requires only a single ion-exchange matrix was designed to purify streptavidin to homogeneity directly from the culture supernatant. Purified streptavidin was in full length with good biotin binding capacity (3.2 binding sites available per tetramer). A combination of this expression system and purification scheme would be useful for production and purification of high-quality functional streptavidin for characterizations and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sau-Ching Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Abstract
Antibodies are unique in their high affinity and specificity for a binding partner, a quality that has made them one of the most useful molecules for biotechnology and biomedical applications. The field of antibody engineering has changed rapidly in the past 10 years, fueled by novel technologies for the in vitro isolation of antibodies from combinatorial libraries and their functional expression in bacteria. This review presents an overview of the methods available for the de novo generation of human antibodies, for engineering antibodies with increased antigen affinity, and for the production of antibody fragments. Select applications of recombinant antibodies are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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40
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Soukka T, Härmä H, Paukkunen J, Lövgren T. Utilization of kinetically enhanced monovalent binding affinity by immunoassays based on multivalent nanoparticle-antibody bioconjugates. Anal Chem 2001; 73:2254-60. [PMID: 11393849 DOI: 10.1021/ac001287l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The monovalent binding affinity of high binding site density nanoparticle-antibody bioconjugates is shown to exceed the intrinsic affinity of the original, monoclonal antibody. The nanoparticle-antibody bioconjugates were prepared by covalent coupling of antibodies to long-lifetime fluorescent, europium(III) chelate nanoparticles, 107 nm in diameter. Experiments were carried out in standard microtitration wells to determine solid-phase association and dissociation rate constants, nonspecific binding, and affinity constants of the various binding site density nanoparticle-antibody bioconjugates and the conventionally labeled monoclonal antibody. The affinity constant for monovalent binding of a high binding site density bioconjugate (5.4 x 10(10) M(-1)) was 8-fold higher than the intrinsic affinity of the antibody (6.6 x 10(9) M(-1)). The separately measured association (2.5 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1)) and dissociation (3.7 x 10(-5) s(-1)) rate constants of the bioconjugate were 2-fold higher and 4-fold lower, respectively, compared to the antibody. The dependence of the association rate constant of the density of the binding sites enhanced the kinetics and the affinity of the high binding site density bioconjugates. The nanoparticle labels with high specific activity, low nonspecific binding, and enhanced binding affinity of the nanoparticle-antibody bioconjugates contribute to the design of the next generation immunoassays with extreme sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Soukka
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Finland.
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41
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Goshorn S, Sanderson J, Axworthy D, Lin Y, Hylarides M, Schultz J. Preclinical evaluation of a humanized NR-LU-10 antibody-streptavidin fusion protein for pretargeted cancer therapy. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2001; 16:109-23. [PMID: 11385958 DOI: 10.1089/108497801300189209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A humanized single chain Fv antibody fragment specific to the EGP40 antigen was genetically engineered as a streptavidin fusion (scFvSA) for use in pretargeted radioimmunotherapy. The scFvSA construct was expressed as a soluble, tetrameric species in the Escherichia coli periplasm at 110-140 mg/liter. The fusion protein was purified from crude lysates by iminobiotin affinity chromatography with an overall yield of 50-60%. Characterization of the purified protein by SDS-PAGE, light scattering, and size exclusion chromatography demonstrated that the fusion protein was tetrameric with a molecular weight of approximately 172,000. Competitive immunoreactivity assays showed a two-fold greater binding to the antigen than the comparable whole antibody. The purified protein had a biotin disassociation rate identical to recombinant streptavidin and bound an average of three of four possible biotins per molecule. The radiolabeled fusion protein showed a faster blood clearance rate in normal mice than the corresponding whole antibody-streptavidin chemical conjugate. Tumor-specific targeting of a subsequently administered radionuclidechelate/biotin molecule was demonstrated in nude mice bearing SW1222 human colon carcinoma xenografts. A single dose of 800 microCi of 90Y-DOTA-biotin produced cures in mice with established subcutaneous human small cell lung or colon cancer xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Goshorn
- NeoRx Corporation, 410 W. Harrison St., Seattle, WA 98119, USA
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sano
- Center for Molecular Imaging Diagnosis and Therapy and Basic Science Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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43
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Tomlinson I, Holliger P. Methods for generating multivalent and bispecific antibody fragments. Methods Enzymol 2001; 326:461-79. [PMID: 11036658 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(00)26070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Tomlinson
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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44
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Cloutier SM, Couty S, Terskikh A, Marguerat L, Crivelli V, Pugnières M, Mani JC, Leisinger HJ, Mach JP, Deperthes D. Streptabody, a high avidity molecule made by tetramerization of in vivo biotinylated, phage display-selected scFv fragments on streptavidin. Mol Immunol 2000; 37:1067-77. [PMID: 11399324 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(01)00023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phage display is a powerful method of isolating of antibody fragments from highly diverse naive human antibody repertoires. However, the affinity of the selected antibodies is usually low and current methods of affinity maturation are complex and time-consuming. In this paper, we describe an easy way to increase the functional affinity (avidity) of single chain variable fragments (scFvs) by tetramerization on streptavidin, following their site-specific biotinylation by the enzyme BirA. Expression vectors have been constructed that enable addition of the 15 amino acid biotin acceptor domain (BAD) on selected scFvs. Different domains were cloned at the C-terminus of scFv in the following order: a semi-rigid hinge region (of 16 residues), the BAD, and a histidine tail. Two such recombinant scFvs directed against the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were previously selected from human non-immune and murine immune phage display libraries. The scFvs were first synthesized in Escherichia coli carrying the plasmid encoding the BirA enzyme, and then purified from the cytoplasmic extracts by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Purified biotinylated scFvs were tetramerized on the streptavidin molecule to create a streptabody (StAb). The avidity of various forms of anti-CEA StAbs, tested on purified CEA by competitive assays and surface plasmon resonance showed an increase of more than one log, as compared with the scFv monomer counterparts. Furthermore, the percentage of direct binding of 125I-labeled StAb or monomeric scFv on CEA-Sepharose beads and on CEA-expressing cells showed a dramatic increase for the tetramerized scFv (>80%), as compared with the monomeric scFv (<20%). Interestingly, the percentage binding of 125I-labeled anti-CEA StAbs to CEA-expressing colon carcinoma cells was definitely higher (>80%) than that obtained with a reference high affinity murine anti-CEA mAb (30%). Another advantage of using scFvs in a StAb format was demonstrated by Western blot analysis, where tetramerized anti-CEA scFv could detect a small quantity of CEA at a concentration 100-fold lower than the monomeric scFv.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Cloutier
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
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45
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Nilsson F, Tarli L, Viti F, Neri D. The use of phage display for the development of tumour targeting agents. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2000; 43:165-96. [PMID: 10967225 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(00)00068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One way to improve the selectivity of therapeutic molecules in clinical oncology would be to target them on the tumour site, thereby sparing normal tissues. The development of targeted therapeutic methodologies relies in most cases on the availability of binding molecules specific for tumour-associated markers. The display of repertoires of polypeptides on the surface of filamentous phage, together with the efficient selection-amplification of the desired binding specificities using affinity capture, represents an efficient route towards the isolation of specific peptides and proteins that could act as vehicles for tumour targeting applications. Most investigations in this area of research have so far been performed with phage derived recombinant antibodies, which have been shown to selectively target tumour-associated markers both in preclinical animal models and in the clinic. However, future developments with other classes of polypeptides (small constrained peptides, small globular proteins) promise to be important for the selective delivery of therapeutic agents to the tumour site.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Nilsson
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland
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46
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Little M, Kipriyanov SM, Le Gall F, Moldenhauer G. Of mice and men: hybridoma and recombinant antibodies. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 2000; 21:364-70. [PMID: 10916138 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(00)01668-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of mouse monoclonal antibodies have been produced from hybridomas over the past 25 years. The same technique can now be used to clone human antibodies from transgenic mice. Full-length antibodies and recombinant fragments engineered for various diagnostic and therapeutic applications can be obtained in reasonably large amounts after expression in mammalian cells, milk and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Little
- Affirmed Therapeutics AG, Dr-Albert-Reimann-Strabetae 2, 68526 Ladenburg, Germany
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47
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Zuo Z, Jimenez X, Witte L, Zhu Z. An efficient route to the production of an IgG-like bispecific antibody. PROTEIN ENGINEERING 2000; 13:361-7. [PMID: 10835110 DOI: 10.1093/protein/13.5.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Production of IgG-form bispecific antibody (BsAb-IgG) by co-expressing two antibodies in transfected cells is often inefficient owing to the unwanted pairing between the component heavy and light chains. We have developed an efficient method for the production of a novel IgG-like BsAb by using the natural dimerization mechanism between IgG heavy and light chains. Two single-chain Fv (scFv) of different specificity are fused to the constant domain of human kappa chain (C(L)) and the first constant domain of human heavy chain (C(H1)), to form two polypeptides, (scFv)(1)-C(L) and (scFv)(2)-C(H1)-C(H2)-C(H3), respectively. Co-expression of the two polypeptides in mammalian cells results in the formation of a covalently linked IgG-like hetero-tetramer, Bs(scFv)(4)-IgG, with dual specificity. Our approach yields a homogeneous bispecific IgG-like antibody product with each molecule containing four antigen binding sites, two for each of its target antigens. A Bs(scFv)(4)-IgG was prepared using two scFv antibodies each directed against a different epitope of a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, the kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR). The Bs(scFv)(4)-IgG is capable of simultaneously binding to the two epitopes on the receptor. Further, the Bs(scFv)(4)-IgG also retains the antigen-binding efficacy and biological activity of its component antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, ImClone Systems Incorporated, 180 Varick Street, New York, NY 10014, USA
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48
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Kipriyanov SM, Moldenhauer G, Schuhmacher J, Cochlovius B, Von der Lieth CW, Matys ER, Little M. Bispecific tandem diabody for tumor therapy with improved antigen binding and pharmacokinetics. J Mol Biol 1999; 293:41-56. [PMID: 10512714 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1999.3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To increase the valency, stability and therapeutic potential of bispecific antibodies, we designed a novel recombinant molecule that is bispecific and tetravalent. It was constructed by linking four antibody variable domains (VHand VL) with specificities for human CD3 (T cell antigen) or CD19 (B cell marker) into a single chain construct. After expression in Escherichia coli, intramolecularly folded bivalent bispecific antibodies with a mass of 57 kDa (single chain diabodies) and tetravalent bispecific dimers with a molecular mass of 114 kDa (tandem diabodies) could be isolated from the soluble periplasmic extracts. The relative amount of tandem diabodies proved to be dependent on the length of the linker in the middle of the chain and bacterial growth conditions. Compared to a previously constructed heterodimeric CD3xCD19 diabody, the tandem diabodies exhibited a higher apparent affinity and slower dissociation from both CD3(+)and CD19(+)cells. They were also more effective than diabodies in inducing T cell proliferation in the presence of tumor cells and in inducing the lysis of CD19(+)cells in the presence of activated human PBL. Incubated in human serum at 37 degrees C, the tandem diabody retained 90 % of its antigen binding activity after 24 hours and 40 % after one week. In vivo experiments indicated a higher stability and longer blood retention of tandem diabodies compared to single chain Fv fragments and diabodies, properties that are particularly important for potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kipriyanov
- Recombinant Antibody Research Group (D0500), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg.
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49
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Li JY, Sugimura K, Boado RJ, Lee HJ, Zhang C, Duebel S, Pardridge WM. Genetically engineered brain drug delivery vectors: cloning, expression and in vivo application of an anti-transferrin receptor single chain antibody-streptavidin fusion gene and protein. PROTEIN ENGINEERING 1999; 12:787-96. [PMID: 10506289 DOI: 10.1093/protein/12.9.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A single chain Fv antibody-streptavidin fusion protein was expressed and purified from bacterial inclusion bodies following cloning of the genes encoding the variable region of the heavy chain and light chain of the murine OX26 monoclonal antibody to the rat transferrin receptor. The latter undergoes receptor mediated transcytosis through the brain capillary endothelial wall in vivo, which makes up the blood-brain barrier (BBB); therefore, the OX26 monoclonal antibody and its single chain Fv analog may act as brain drug delivery vectors in vivo. Attachment of biotinylated drugs to the antibody vector is facilitated by production of the streptavidin fusion protein. The bi-functionality of the OX26 single chain Fv antibody-streptavidin fusion protein was retained, as the product both bound biotin and the rat transferrin receptor in vitro and in vivo, based on pharmacokinetic and brain uptake analyses in anesthetized rats. The attachment of biotin-polyethyleneglycol-fluorescein to the OX26 single chain Fv antibody-streptavidin fusion protein resulted in illumination of isolated rat brain capillaries in confocal fluorescent microscopy. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that genetically engineered single chain Fv antibody-streptavidin fusion proteins may be used for non-invasive neurotherapeutic delivery to the brain using endogenous BBB transport systems such as the transferrin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Li
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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50
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Mersmann M, Schmidt A, Tesar M, Schöneberg A, Welschof M, Kipriyanov S, Terness P, Little M, Pfizenmaier K, Moosmayer D. Monitoring of scFv selected by phage display using detection of scFv-pIII fusion proteins in a microtiter scale assay. J Immunol Methods 1998; 220:51-8. [PMID: 9839925 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(98)00144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We describe here a method for the efficient and rapid analysis of antigen binding characteristics of recombinant antibodies (ab) selected by phage display. This novel approach combines the bacterial production of soluble single chain ab (scFv)-pIII fusion proteins on a microtiter scale with the detection of these fusion proteins via a pIII-specific ab. It facilitates the parallel analysis of large numbers of clones and is more efficient than current analysis protocols. Applying this technique, we analysed phage display selection of tetanus toxoid (TTX) specific scFv with respect to: (i) the productive expression of fusion proteins; (ii) the enrichment of specific scFv in subsequent rounds of phage display selection on a polyclonal level; (iii) the antigen specificity of individual scFv clones; (iv) the antigen binding affinity of a selected scFv. A TTX-specific scFv (clone 4.3) was further examined in a mono- and bivalent form by surface plasmon resonance analysis. ScFv 4.3 possesses a subnanomolar affinity and a low off rate constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mersmann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Germany
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