1
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Ali EM, Abdallah BM. The potential use of ozone as antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic agent in nuts and its effect on nutritional quality. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e263814. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.263814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Ozone gas is considered as a safe antimicrobial agent in food industries. Here, we evaluated the antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities of ozone against fungal contamination in nuts. The most predominant fungal genera in nuts were Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Rhizopus. Ozone (4 ppm) significantly reduced the fungal sporulation of A. flavus and their aflatoxin production. Interestingly, ozone treatment of nuts reduced the total fungal count and increased aflatoxins degradation by approximately 95% and 85%, respectively. Ozone displayed high efficiency to increase the permeability of cell membrane and injury of cell wall of fungi. Increasing the exposure time of ozone in nuts up to 180 minutes showed to reduce the total lipid, carbohydrates, and protein by around 41.2%, 42.7% and 38.4% respectively, in pistachio, almond and peanuts. In conclusion, ozonation is a suitable decontaminating approach for reducing the microbial load in nuts, when used with suitable exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Ali
- King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia; Cairo University, Egypt
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2
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Maguey-González JA, Nava-Ramírez MDJ, Gómez-Rosales S, Ángeles MDL, Solís-Cruz B, Hernández-Patlán D, Merino-Guzmán R, Hernandez-Velasco X, Hernández-Ramírez JO, Loeza I, Senas-Cuesta R, Latorre JD, Vázquez-Durán A, Du X, Méndez-Albores A, Hargis BM, Téllez-Isaías G. Evaluation of the efficacy of humic acids to counteract the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 in turkey poults. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1276754. [PMID: 37881447 PMCID: PMC10594991 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1276754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of humic acid (HA) from worm compost as an adsorbent for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in turkey poults. The experiment involved the inclusion of 0.25% (w/w) HA in the diet of turkey poults consuming aflatoxin-contaminated feed (250 ng AFB1/g). A total of 350 1-day-old female Nicholas-700 turkey poults were randomly allocated to five equal groups: negative control (basal diet); positive control (basal diet + 250 ng AFB1/g; HA (basal diet + 0.25% HA); HA + AFB1 (basal diet + HA + 250 ng AFB1/g); and zeolite + AFB1 (basal diet + 0.25% zeolite + 250 ng AFB1/g). Each group had seven replicates of 10 poults (n = 70). The impact of HA addition was evaluated in terms of performance parameters, relative organ weights, liver histological lesions, and serum biochemical and hematological constituents. In general, the addition of HA improved body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion rate (FCR). Furthermore, HA effectively mitigated the toxic effects caused by AFB1 in the majority of the analyzed variables. The results indicated that HA effectively counteracted the AFB1-induced toxic effects in turkey poults. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that HA is capable of removing AFB1 from the contaminated diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Adonai Maguey-González
- Posgrado en Ciencias de la Producción y de la Salud Animal, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Unidad de Posgrado, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - María de Jesús Nava-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Cuautitlán, UNAM, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, México
| | - Sergio Gómez-Rosales
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal (CENID-INIFAP), Km1 Carretera a Colon Ajuchitlán, Querétaro, México
| | - María de Lourdes Ángeles
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal (CENID-INIFAP), Km1 Carretera a Colon Ajuchitlán, Querétaro, México
| | - Bruno Solís-Cruz
- Laboratorio 5: LEDEFAR, Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria, FES Cuautitlán, UNAM, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, México
- División de Ingeniería en Nanotecnología, Universidad Politécnica del Valle de México, Tultitlan, México
| | - Daniel Hernández-Patlán
- Laboratorio 5: LEDEFAR, Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria, FES Cuautitlán, UNAM, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, México
- División de Ingeniería en Nanotecnología, Universidad Politécnica del Valle de México, Tultitlan, México
| | - Rubén Merino-Guzmán
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Omar Hernández-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Cuautitlán, UNAM, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, México
| | - Ileana Loeza
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Roberto Senas-Cuesta
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Juan D. Latorre
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Alma Vázquez-Durán
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Cuautitlán, UNAM, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, México
| | - Xiangwei Du
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Abraham Méndez-Albores
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Cuautitlán, UNAM, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, México
| | - Billy M. Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Singh J, Mehta A. The main Aflatoxin B1 degrading enzyme in Pseudomonas putida is thermostable lipase. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10809. [PMID: 36217476 PMCID: PMC9547207 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is a carcinogenic and mutagenic mycotoxin mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, and prevalent in food and feed. Microbial degradation is a promising strategy which can be performed in mild and environmental friendly condition. This work is a step towards identifying the enzyme responsible for biodegradation of AFB1 by P. putida. Experiments were performed with P. putida lysate and compared with commercial lipase to see the degradation efficiency and the temperature stability. The cell free lysate of P. putida efficiently degraded AFB1 in a range of temperature from 20 to 90 °C. The lysate is thermostable and could retain its activity on pre-incubation up to 90 °C. Highest rate of degradation was observed at 70 °C. These observations show that the P. putida lysate is not only stable at higher temperatures but its enzymatic activity increases after incubation. Similarly, the commercial lipase degraded AFB1 efficiently. However, both, the P. putida lysate and lipase ceased degradation in presence of a lipase inhibitor, HgCl2. The Hill function accurately predicted enzyme activity at various times and temperatures. Like lipase, the lysate also hydrolyses the p-nitrophenyl palmitate to p-nitrophenol. Kinetic parameters such as Vmax, Km and n values are good measures to characterize the lysate response with respect to changing paranitro phenyl palmitate levels. The substrate specificity test of lipase showed linear correlation between the absorbance at 410 nm vs amount of product paranitro phenol. The value of Km, Vmax and n are 0.62 mM, 355.7 μmol min−1 and 1.29, respectively. The lipase gene presence in P. putida was confirmed using PCR technique. These observations indicate that the main enzyme responsible for AFB1 degradation by P. putida is lipase. Thus, lipase as a multifunctional biocatalyst provides a promising future for a variety of industries and may also help to ensure the food safety by degrading the mycotoxins.
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4
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Control of aflatoxin M1 in skim milk by high voltage atmospheric cold plasma. Food Chem 2022; 386:132814. [PMID: 35509170 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cold plasma has potential for the degradation of aflatoxins in corn and hazelnuts; however, this has not been demonstrated for aflatoxin in milk. In this study, the efficacy of high voltage atmospheric cold plasma (HVACP) on the reduction of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in skim milk improved with increasing treatment times (1-20 min), using gas containing 65% oxygen (MA65) rather than air, increasing voltage (60-80 kV) and reducing sample volume (30 mL-10 mL). Direct treatment was more effective than indirect treatment. AFM1 in milk was degraded by 65.0 % and 78.9 % by air and MA65 respectively in 20 min with no change in milk colour. The toxicity of AFM1 after treatment was assessed using a brine shrimp model. A five-minute HVACP treatment reduced the toxicity of AFM1 by 83.9 % based on the increase in brine shrimp survival. HVACP is a promising method to reduce AFM1 in milk.
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Kumar D, Yadav GP, Dalbhagat CG, Mishra HN. Effects of Cold Plasma on Food Poisoning Microbes and Food Contaminants including Toxins and Allergens: A Review. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.17010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Kumar
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - Gorenand Prasad Yadav
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - Chandrakant Genu Dalbhagat
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - Hari Niwas Mishra
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur West Bengal India
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6
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Babaee R, Karami-Osboo R, Mirabolfathy M. Evaluation of the use of Ozone, UV-C and Citric acid in reducing aflatoxins in pistachio nut. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Liu M, Zhao L, Gong G, Zhang L, Shi L, Dai J, Han Y, Wu Y, Khalil MM, Sun L. Invited review: Remediation strategies for mycotoxin control in feed. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:19. [PMID: 35090579 PMCID: PMC8796454 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00661-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of different species of fungi. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) are the main mycotoxins contaminating animal feedstuffs. These mycotoxins can primarily induce hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, consequently cause adverse effects on the health and performance of animals. Therefore, physical, chemical, biological and nutritional regulation approaches have been developed as primary strategies for the decontamination and detoxification of these mycotoxins in the feed industry. Meanwhile, each of these techniques has its drawbacks, including inefficient, costly, or impractically applied on large scale. This review summarized the advantages and disadvantages of the different remediation strategies, as well as updates of the research progress of these strategies for AFB1, DON, ZEN and FB1 control in the feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Guoxin Gong
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jiefan Dai
- Department of Agriculture of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanming Han
- Trouw Nutrition, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Trouw Nutrition, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Banha, 13736, Egypt
| | - Lvhui Sun
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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8
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Approaches to Inactivating Aflatoxins-A Review and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413322. [PMID: 34948120 PMCID: PMC8704553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, the contamination of crops with aflatoxins poses a significant economic burden, estimated to affect 25% of global food crops. In the event that the contaminated food is processed, aflatoxins enter the general food supply and can cause serious diseases. Aflatoxins are distributed unevenly in food or feedstock, making eradicating them both a scientific and a technological challenge. Cooking, freezing, or pressurizing have little effect on aflatoxins. While chemical methods degrade toxins on the surface of contaminated food, the destruction inside entails a slow process. Physical techniques, such as irradiation with ultraviolet photons, pulses of extensive white radiation, and gaseous plasma, are promising; yet, the exact mechanisms concerning how these techniques degrade aflatoxins require further study. Correlations between the efficiency of such degradation and the processing parameters used by various authors are presented in this review. The lack of appropriate guidance while interpreting the observed results is a huge scientific challenge.
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9
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Physical and Chemical Methods for Reduction in Aflatoxin Content of Feed and Food. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030204. [PMID: 33808964 PMCID: PMC7999035 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are among the most harmful fungal secondary metabolites imposing serious health risks on both household animals and humans. The more frequent occurrence of aflatoxins in the feed and food chain is clearly foreseeable as a consequence of the extreme weather conditions recorded most recently worldwide. Furthermore, production parameters, such as unadjusted variety use and improper cultural practices, can also increase the incidence of contamination. In current aflatoxin control measures, emphasis is put on prevention including a plethora of pre-harvest methods, introduced to control Aspergillus infestations and to avoid the deleterious effects of aflatoxins on public health. Nevertheless, the continuous evaluation and improvement of post-harvest methods to combat these hazardous secondary metabolites are also required. Already in-use and emerging physical methods, such as pulsed electric fields and other nonthermal treatments as well as interventions with chemical agents such as acids, enzymes, gases, and absorbents in animal husbandry have been demonstrated as effective in reducing mycotoxins in feed and food. Although most of them have no disadvantageous effect either on nutritional properties or food safety, further research is needed to ensure the expected efficacy. Nevertheless, we can envisage the rapid spread of these easy-to-use, cost-effective, and safe post-harvest tools during storage and food processing.
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10
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Wang Y, Li M, Tell LA, Baynes RE, Davis JL, Vickroy TW, Riviere JE, Lin Z. Physiological parameter values for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in food-producing animals. Part II: Chicken and turkey. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 44:423-455. [PMID: 33289178 PMCID: PMC8359335 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are growing in popularity due to human food safety concerns and for estimating drug residue distribution and estimating withdrawal intervals for veterinary products originating from livestock species. This paper focuses on the physiological and anatomical data, including cardiac output, organ weight, and blood flow values, needed for PBPK modeling applications for avian species commonly consumed in the poultry market. Experimental and field studies from 1940 to 2019 for broiler chickens (1-70 days old, 40 g - 3.2 kg), laying hens (4-15 months old, 1.1-2.0 kg), and turkeys (1 day-14 months old, 60 g -12.7 kg) were searched systematically using PubMed, Google Scholar, ProQuest, and ScienceDirect for data collection in 2019 and 2020. Relevant data were extracted from the literature with mean and standard deviation (SD) being calculated and compiled in tables of relative organ weights (% of body weight) and relative blood flows (% of cardiac output). Trends of organ or tissue weight growth during different life stages were calculated when sufficient data were available. These compiled data sets facilitate future PBPK model development and applications, especially in estimating chemical residue concentrations in edible tissues to calculate food safety withdrawal intervals for poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Shin Wang
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKSUSA
| | - Miao Li
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKSUSA
| | - Lisa A. Tell
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California‐DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - Ronald E. Baynes
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Jennifer L. Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and PathobiologyVirginia‐Maryland College of Veterinary MedicineBlacksburgVAUSA
| | - Thomas W. Vickroy
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Jim E. Riviere
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKSUSA
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKSUSA
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11
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Conte G, Fontanelli M, Galli F, Cotrozzi L, Pagni L, Pellegrini E. Mycotoxins in Feed and Food and the Role of Ozone in Their Detoxification and Degradation: An Update. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E486. [PMID: 32751684 PMCID: PMC7472270 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by some filamentous fungi, which can cause toxicity in animal species, including humans. Because of their high toxicological impacts, mycotoxins have received significant consideration, leading to the definition of strict legislative thresholds and limits in many areas of the world. Mycotoxins can reduce farm profits not only through reduced crop quality and product refusal, but also through a reduction in animal productivity and health. This paper briefly addresses the impacts of mycotoxin contamination of feed and food on animal and human health, and describes the main pre- and post-harvest systems to control their levels, including genetic, agronomic, biological, chemical, and physical methods. It so highlights (i) the lack of effective and straightforward solutions to control mycotoxin contamination in the field, at pre-harvest, as well as later post-harvest; and (ii) the increasing demand for novel methods to control mycotoxin infections, intoxications, and diseases, without leaving toxic chemical residues in the food and feed chain. Thus, the broad objective of the present study was to review the literature on the use of ozone for mycotoxin decontamination, proposing this gaseous air pollutant as a powerful tool to detoxify mycotoxins from feed and food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (M.F.); (F.G.); (L.P.); (E.P.)
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12
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Afsah-Hejri L, Hajeb P, Ehsani RJ. Application of ozone for degradation of mycotoxins in food: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1777-1808. [PMID: 33337096 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA) fumonisins (FMN), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and patulin are stable at regular food process practices. Ozone (O3 ) is a strong oxidizer and generally considered as a safe antimicrobial agent in food industries. Ozone disrupts fungal cells through oxidizing sulfhydryl and amino acid groups of enzymes or attacks the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the cell wall. Fusarium is the most sensitive mycotoxigenic fungi to ozonation followed by Aspergillus and Penicillium. Studies have shown complete inactivation of Fusarium and Aspergillus by O3 gas. Spore germination and toxin production have also been reduced after ozone fumigation. Both naturally and artificially, mycotoxin-contaminated samples have shown significant mycotoxin reduction after ozonation. Although the mechanism of detoxification is not very clear for some mycotoxins, it is believed that ozone reacts with the functional groups in the mycotoxin molecules, changes their molecular structures, and forms products with lower molecular weight, less double bonds, and less toxicity. Although some minor physicochemical changes were observed in some ozone-treated foods, these changes may or may not affect the use of the ozonated product depending on the further application of it. The effectiveness of the ozonation process depends on the exposure time, ozone concentration, temperature, moisture content of the product, and relative humidity. Due to its strong oxidizing property and corrosiveness, there are strict limits for O3 gas exposure. O3 gas has limited penetration and decomposes quickly. However, ozone treatment can be used as a safe and green technology for food preservation and control of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leili Afsah-Hejri
- Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, University of California Merced, Merced, California
| | - Parvaneh Hajeb
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Reza J Ehsani
- Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, University of California Merced, Merced, California
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13
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Zavala-Franco A, Arámbula-Villa G, Ramírez-Noguera P, Salazar AM, Sordo M, Marroquín-Cardona A, Figueroa-Cárdenas JDD, Méndez-Albores A. Aflatoxin detoxification in tortillas using an infrared radiation thermo-alkaline process: Cytotoxic and genotoxic evaluation. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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Krstović S, Krulj J, Jakšić S, Bočarov‐Stančić A, Jajić I. Ozone as decontaminating agent for ground corn containing deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and ochratoxin A. Cereal Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saša Krstović
- Faculty of Agriculture Department of Animal Science University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Jelena Krulj
- Institute of Food Technology University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Sandra Jakšić
- Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad” Novi Sad Serbia
| | | | - Igor Jajić
- Faculty of Agriculture Department of Animal Science University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia
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15
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Nguyen T, Flint S, Palmer J. Control of aflatoxin M 1 in milk by novel methods: A review. Food Chem 2019; 311:125984. [PMID: 31855773 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk and milk products has been recognised as an issue for over 30 years. Controlling AFM1 in milk is important to protect human health and trade. Preventing contamination by avoiding fungal contamination of cattle feed is the best method of control, however this is hard to avoid in some countries. Treating milk containing AFM1 is an alternative control measure, however, there is no single approved method. The challenge is to select a treatment method that is effective but does not affect the organoleptic quality of milk. This study reviews the strategies for degrading AFM1 in milk including yeast, lactic acid bacteria, enzyme, peroxide, ozone, UV light and cold plasma. This review compares the efficacy, influencing factors, (possible) mechanisms of activity, advantages, limitations and potential future trends of these methods and provides some recommendations for the treatment of milk to reduce the risk of AFM1 contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Nguyen
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand.
| | - Steve Flint
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand.
| | - Jon Palmer
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand.
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Alexandre APS, Castanha N, Costa NS, Santos AS, Badiale-Furlong E, Augusto PED, Calori-Domingues MA. Ozone technology to reduce zearalenone contamination in whole maize flour: degradation kinetics and impact on quality. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:6814-6821. [PMID: 31368532 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maize is one of the most important cereals. It is used for different purposes and in different industries worldwide. This cereal is prone to contamination with mycotoxins, such as zearalenone (ZEN), which is produced mainly by Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum and F. equiseti. Toxin production under highly moist conditions (aw > 0.95) is exacerbated if there are alternations between low temperatures (12-14 °C) and high temperatures (25-28 °C). Even if good production practices are adopted, mycotoxins can be found in several stages of the production chain. For this reason, an alternative to reducing this contamination is ozonation. This study evaluated the reduction of ZEN in naturally contaminated whole maize flour (WMF) treated with 51.5 mg L-1 of ozone for up to 60 min. Pasting properties, peroxide value, and fatty acid composition were also evaluated. RESULTS Zearalenone degradation in ozonated WMF was described by a fractional first-order kinetic, with a maximum reduction of 62.3% and kinetic parameter of 0.201 min-1 in the conditions that were evaluated. The ozonation process in WMF showed a decrease in the apparent viscosity, a decrease in the proportion of linoleic, oleic, and α-linolenic fatty acids, an increase in the proportion of palmitic acid, and an increase in the peroxide value. CONCLUSION Ozonation was effective in reducing ZEN contamination in WMF. However, it also modified the pasting properties, fatty acid profile, and peroxide value, affecting functional and technological aspects of WMF. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allana Patrícia Santos Alexandre
- Department of Agri-food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Nanci Castanha
- Department of Agri-food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Naiara Silva Costa
- Department of Agri-food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Amanda Silva Santos
- Department of Agri-food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Esteves Duarte Augusto
- Department of Agri-food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
- Food and Nutrition Research Center (NAPAN), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Antonia Calori-Domingues
- Department of Agri-food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
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Xu Y, Wang Y, Ji J, Wu H, Pi F, Zhang Y, Sun X. Chemical and toxicological alterations of zearalenone under ozone treatment. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 36:163-174. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1547425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Research and development department, Guangzhou GRG Metrology &Test Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Fuwei Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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18
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Brito Júnior JGD, Faroni LRD, Cecon PR, Benevenuto WCADN, Benevenuto Júnior AA, Heleno FF. Efficacy of ozone in the microbiological disinfection of maize grains. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.02217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of ozone in the microbiological disinfection of maize grains. Two kg samples of maize grains were used with moisture contents of 14.4% (w.b.), and 94% and 97% of natural infection by Penicillium spp and Aspergillus spp, respectively. The gas was applied at a concentration of 2.14 mg L-1 and flow rate of 5.8 L min-1 for 370 min at 25 ºC ± 2 ºC in order to determine the ozone concentration and saturation time of the maize grains. The experiment was installed according to a split plot design, with two treatments in the plots (atmospheric air and ozone gas) and exposure times of (0, 10, 20, 30 and 50 h) in the subplots, in a completely randomized design. It was shown that the ozone concentration and saturation time in the grain mass were 0.9874 mg L-1 and 138.56 min, respectively. Ozonation was effective in controlling storage fungi in the grain mass with 50 h of exposure to the gas, reducing the rate of incidence of Aspergillus spp (78.5%) and Penicillium spp (98.0%), thereby confirming its fungicidal effect under the conditions presented.
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20
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Santos Alexandre AP, Vela-Paredes RS, Santos AS, Costa NS, Canniatti-Brazaca SG, Calori-Domingues MA, Augusto PED. Ozone treatment to reduce deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) contamination in wheat bran and its impact on nutritional quality. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1189-1199. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1432899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Allana Patrícia Santos Alexandre
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba/SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Segundo Vela-Paredes
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba/SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Silva Santos
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba/SP, Brazil
| | - Naiara Silva Costa
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba/SP, Brazil
| | - Solange Guidolin Canniatti-Brazaca
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba/SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Antonia Calori-Domingues
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba/SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Esteves Duarte Augusto
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba/SP, Brazil
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21
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Gómez-Espinosa D, Cervantes-Aguilar FJ, Del Río-García JC, Villarreal-Barajas T, Vázquez-Durán A, Méndez-Albores A. Ameliorative Effects of Neutral Electrolyzed Water on Growth Performance, Biochemical Constituents, and Histopathological Changes in Turkey Poults during Aflatoxicosis. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E104. [PMID: 28335412 PMCID: PMC5371859 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9030104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different in vitro and in silico approaches from our research group have demonstrated that neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) can be used to detoxify aflatoxins. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the ability of NEW to detoxify B-aflatoxins (AFB₁ and AFB₂) in contaminated maize and to confirm detoxification in an in vivo experimental model. Batches of aflatoxin-contaminated maize were detoxified with NEW and mixed in commercial feed. A total of 240 6-day-old female large white Nicholas-700 turkey poults were randomly divided into four treatments of six replicates each (10 turkeys per replicate), which were fed ad libitum for two weeks with the following dietary treatments: (1) control feed containing aflatoxin-free maize (CONTROL); (2) feed containing the aflatoxin-contaminated maize (AF); (3) feed containing the aflatoxin-contaminated maize detoxified with NEW (AF + NEW); and (4) control feed containing aflatoxin-free maize treated with NEW (NEW). Compared to the control groups, turkey poults of the AF group significantly reduced body weight gain and increased feed conversion ratio and mortality rate; whereas turkey poults of the AF + NEW group did not present significant differences on productive parameters. In addition, alterations in serum biochemical constituents, enzyme activities, relative organ weight, gross morphological changes and histopathological studies were significantly mitigated by the aflatoxin-detoxification procedure. From these results, it is concluded that the treatment of aflatoxin-contaminated maize with NEW provided reasonable protection against the effects caused by aflatoxins in young turkey poults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Gómez-Espinosa
- National Autonomous University of Mexico-Superior Studies Faculty at Cuautitlan (UNAM-FESC), Master in Animal Production and Health Sciences, Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico.
| | - Francisco Javier Cervantes-Aguilar
- National Autonomous University of Mexico-Superior Studies Faculty at Cuautitlan (UNAM-FESC), Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Department of Biological and Livestock Sciences, Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico.
| | - Juan Carlos Del Río-García
- National Autonomous University of Mexico-Superior Studies Faculty at Cuautitlan (UNAM-FESC), Campus 4, Multidisciplinary Research Unit L14 (Food, Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicosis), Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico.
| | | | - Alma Vázquez-Durán
- National Autonomous University of Mexico-Superior Studies Faculty at Cuautitlan (UNAM-FESC), Campus 4, Multidisciplinary Research Unit L14 (Food, Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicosis), Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico.
| | - Abraham Méndez-Albores
- National Autonomous University of Mexico-Superior Studies Faculty at Cuautitlan (UNAM-FESC), Campus 4, Multidisciplinary Research Unit L14 (Food, Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicosis), Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico.
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22
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Sun C, Ji J, Wu S, Sun C, Pi F, Zhang Y, Tang L, Sun X. Saturated aqueous ozone degradation of deoxynivalenol and its application in contaminated grains. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Rushing BR, Selim MI. Effect of dietary acids on the formation of aflatoxin B2a as a means to detoxify aflatoxin B1. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1456-67. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1217065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Blake R. Rushing
- East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Mustafa I. Selim
- East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Greenville, NC, USA
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24
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Siciliano I, Spadaro D, Prelle A, Vallauri D, Cavallero MC, Garibaldi A, Gullino ML. Use of Cold Atmospheric Plasma to Detoxify Hazelnuts from Aflatoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8050125. [PMID: 27128939 PMCID: PMC4885040 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8050125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins, produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, can contaminate different foodstuffs, such as nuts. Cold atmospheric pressure plasma has the potential to be used for mycotoxin detoxification. In this study, the operating parameters of cold atmospheric pressure plasma were optimized to reduce the presence of aflatoxins on dehulled hazelnuts. First, the effect of different gases was tested (N₂, 0.1% O₂ and 1% O₂, 21% O₂), then power (400, 700, 1000, 1150 W) and exposure time (1, 2, 4, and 12 min) were optimized. In preliminary tests on aflatoxin standard solutions, this method allowed to obtain a complete detoxification using a high power for a few minutes. On hazelnuts, in similar conditions (1000 W, 12 min), a reduction in the concentration of total aflatoxins and AFB₁ of over 70% was obtained. Aflatoxins B₁ and G₁ were more sensitive to plasma treatments compared to aflatoxins B₂ and G₂, respectively. Under plasma treatment, aflatoxin B₁ was more sensitive compared to aflatoxin G₁. At the highest power, and for the longest time, the maximum temperature increment was 28.9 °C. Cold atmospheric plasma has the potential to be a promising method for aflatoxin detoxification on food, because it is effective and it could help to maintain the organoleptic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Siciliano
- Agroinnova-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2 Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy.
| | - Davide Spadaro
- Agroinnova-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2 Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy.
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2 Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy.
| | - Ambra Prelle
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2 Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy.
| | - Dario Vallauri
- Tecnogranda SpA, Via G.B. Conte, 19 Dronero, Cuneo 12025, Italy.
| | | | - Angelo Garibaldi
- Agroinnova-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2 Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy.
| | - Maria Lodovica Gullino
- Agroinnova-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2 Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy.
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2 Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy.
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25
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Tracing interactions among column height, exposure time and gas concentration to dimension peanut antifungal ozonation. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Savi GD, Piacentini KC, Scussel VM. Ozone Treatment Efficiency in Aspergillus
and Penicillium
Growth Inhibition and Mycotoxin Degradation of Stored Wheat Grains (Triticum aestivum
L.). J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geovana D. Savi
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants; Food Science and Technology Department; Center of Agricultural Sciences; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianopolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Karim C. Piacentini
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants; Food Science and Technology Department; Center of Agricultural Sciences; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianopolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Vildes M. Scussel
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants; Food Science and Technology Department; Center of Agricultural Sciences; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianopolis Santa Catarina Brazil
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27
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Luo X, Wang R, Wang L, Li Y, Zheng R, Sun X, Wang Y, Chen Z, Tao G. Analyses by UPLC Q-TOF MS of products of aflatoxin B(1) after ozone treatment. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 31:105-10. [PMID: 24350699 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.853323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Analysing the products of ozone-treated aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is essential in order to study the practical use of ozone treatment. In this paper, the products of AFB1 were investigated using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC Q-TOF MS). The products were well separated using UPLC, and the accurate masses of all the products were determined using Q-TOF MS. Finally, the possible pathways of fragmentation ion generation from the products of AFB1 and the structures of four products were proposed. From the view of the proposed structures of products, the C8-C9 double bond in the terminal furan ring was destroyed. According to the structure-activity relationship, the toxicity of products was significantly reduced compared with that of AFB1. The result indicated that ozone was an effective agent for degrading AFB1, and UPLC Q-TOF MS was a useful analytical tool for proposing and identifying a series of unknown products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Luo
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
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28
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Diao E, Hou H, Dong H. Ozonolysis mechanism and influencing factors of aflatoxin B1: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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29
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Luo X, Wang R, Wang L, Wang Y, Chen Z. Structure elucidation and toxicity analyses of the degradation products of aflatoxin B1 by aqueous ozone. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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Ozonolysis efficiency and safety evaluation of aflatoxin B1 in peanuts. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:519-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Yang J, Bai F, Zhang K, Bai S, Peng X, Ding X, Li Y, Zhang J, Zhao L. Effects of feeding corn naturally contaminated with aflatoxin B1 and B2 on hepatic functions of broilers. Poult Sci 2012; 91:2792-801. [PMID: 23091134 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding corn naturally contaminated with aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) and aflatoxin B(2) (AFB(2)) on serum biochemical parameters, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities, and pathological lesions of broilers. In total, 1,200 Cobb male broilers were randomly allocated into 5 treatments, with 8 replicates per treatment and 30 birds per replicate, in a 42-d experiment. The dietary treatments were as follows: control, 25, 50, 75, and 100% contaminated corn groups. Results showed that serum aspartate aminotransferase activity in the 75 and 100% contaminated groups were higher than that in the control group on d 21 (P < 0.05). Decreased content of hepatic total protein and increased activities of hepatic glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase were observed as the percentage of contaminated corn increased (P < 0.05). The activity of superoxide dismutase and the content of hepatic malondialdehyde increased when the broilers were fed with more than 50% contaminated corn (P < 0.05). A reduction in glutathione peroxidase level was observed in the AFB(1)- and AFB(2)-contaminated groups on d 21 (P < 0.05). The average pathological lesion scores and apoptosis rate of liver cells increased as the concentration of dietary AFB(1) and AFB(2) increased. Ultrastructural changes were found in the livers of broilers fed 100% contaminated corn. In conclusion, diets containing AFB(1) and AFB(2) could induce pathological lesions in the livers, slightly change the serum biochemical parameters, and damage the hepatic antioxidant functions when the inclusion of AFB(1)- and AFB(2)-contaminated corn reached or exceeded 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
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32
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de Alencar ER, Faroni LRD, Soares NDFF, da Silva WA, Carvalho MCDS. Efficacy of ozone as a fungicidal and detoxifying agent of aflatoxins in peanuts. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:899-905. [PMID: 22095762 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut contamination by fungi is a concern of processors and consumers owing to the association of these micro-organisms with quality deterioration and aflatoxin production. In this study the fungicidal and detoxifying effects of ozone on aflatoxins in peanuts was investigated. Peanut kernels were ozonated at concentrations of 13 and 21 mg L⁻¹ for periods of 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. RESULTS Ozone was effective in controlling total fungi and potentially aflatoxigenic species in peanuts, with a reduction in colony-forming units per gram greater than 3 log cycles at the concentration of 21 mg L⁻¹ after 96 h of exposure. A reduction in the percentage of peanuts with internal fungal populations was also observed, particularly after exposure to ozone at 21 mg L⁻¹. A reduction in the concentrations of total aflatoxins and aflatoxin B1 of approximately 30 and 25% respectively was observed for kernels exposed to ozone at 21 mg L⁻¹ for 96 h. CONCLUSION It was concluded that ozone is an important alternative for peanut detoxification because it is effective in controlling potentially aflatoxigenic fungi and also acts in the reduction of aflatoxin levels in kernels.
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33
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Jalili M, Jinap S, Son R. The effect of chemical treatment on reduction of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in black and white pepper during washing. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:485-93. [PMID: 21416415 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.551300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of 18 different chemicals, which included acidic compounds (sulfuric acid, chloridric acid, phosphoric acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, acetic acid), alkaline compounds (ammonia, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide), salts (acetate ammonium, sodium bisulfite, sodium hydrosulfite, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate) and oxidising agents (hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite), on the reduction of aflatoxins B(1), B(2), G(1) and G(2) and ochratoxin A (OTA) was investigated in black and white pepper. OTA and aflatoxins were determined using HPLC after immunoaffinity column clean-up. Almost all of the applied chemicals showed a significant degree of reduction on mycotoxins (p < 0.05). The lowest and highest reduction of aflatoxin B(1), which is the most dangerous aflatoxin, was 20.5% ± 2.7% using benzoic acid and 54.5% ± 2.7% using sodium hydroxide. There was no significant difference between black and white peppers (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jalili
- Centre of Excellence for Food Safety Research, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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34
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Scussel VM, Giordano BN, Simao V, Manfio D, Galvao S, Rodrigues MNF. Effect of Oxygen-Reducing Atmospheres on the Safety of Packaged Shelled Brazil Nuts during Storage. Int J Anal Chem 2011; 2011:813591. [PMID: 21760791 PMCID: PMC3132530 DOI: 10.1155/2011/813591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports the application of oxygen-(O(2)-) reducing atmosphere methods on stored shelled Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.) packs aiming to evaluate the degree of aflatoxin degradation, nuts lipid oxidative stability, fungi control, and hygienic conditions improvement. The methods applied were (a) ozone: O(3), (b) carbon dioxide: CO(2), and (c) O(2) absorber pads with and without vacuum. From all modified atmospheres evaluated, the best performance was obtained with O(3), either with or without vacuum. It was the only nut treatment that was able to degrade aflatoxins. None of the spiked (AFLs: 15 μg·kg(-1)) nut samples O(3)- treated had aflatoxins detected up to the LC-MS/MS method LOQ (0.36 μg·kg(-1) for total AFLs), thus producing safer nuts. Also it kept the fatty acid oxidation indicator-malondialdehyde stable and improved the sensory attributes for consumer acceptance. In addition, the destruction of fungi and yeast was observed since the O(3) application (from 1.8 × 10(4) cfu/g to NG = no growth). All other treatments stabilized and/or inhibited microorganisms' growth only. By adding CO(2) gas also played an important role in the nut quality. Regarding cost, gaseous O(3) showed to be of low cost for application in the nut packs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vildes Maria Scussel
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants, Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, P.O. Box 476, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
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Armando M, Dogi C, Pizzolitto R, Escobar F, Peirano M, Salvano M, Sabini L, Combina M, Dalcero A, Cavaglieri L. Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains from animal environment with in vitro aflatoxin B1 binding ability and anti-pathogenic bacterial influence. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2011. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2010.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are metabolites produced by fungi growing on foods or feeds and represent a serious hazard to humans and animals. Concerns related to the negative health impact of aflatoxins have led to the investigation of strategies to prevent, eliminate or reduce the presence of these toxins in contaminated products. Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains are among promising candidates that can be used in animal feed for improving the robustness of animals in the production environment. The aim of this work was to isolate and select S. cerevisiae strains from pig environment with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) binding ability, able to tolerate gastrointestinal conditions and with some potential beneficial properties to the host. S. cerevisiae strains were isolated from animal feed, faeces and gut and identified by morphological and molecular techniques. AFB1 binding percentages varied among yeast strains according to the AFB1 concentration used. The RC016 strain showed the highest adsorption percentage at the three AFB1 concentrations tested in this work (50, 100 and 500 ng/ml) followed by RC008 strain. All yeast strains were able to survive under gastrointestinal conditions and to strongly adhere to Vero cells. All S. cerevisiae strains showed co-aggregation with pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae and Salmonella enterica sub sp. enterica). Only RC016 and RC008 strongly inhibited the three pathogens assayed. S. cerevisiae strains RC016 and RC008 are promising microorganisms for inclusion in animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Armando
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Fellow of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Agencia Córdoba Ciencia (ACC), Argentina
| | - C. Dogi
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Fellow of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Agencia Córdoba Ciencia (ACC), Argentina
| | - R. Pizzolitto
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Fellow of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Agencia Córdoba Ciencia (ACC), Argentina
| | - F. Escobar
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Fellow of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Agencia Córdoba Ciencia (ACC), Argentina
| | - M. Peirano
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M. Salvano
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - L. Sabini
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M. Combina
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), EEA Mendoza, San Martín 3853, 5507 Lujan de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - A. Dalcero
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - L. Cavaglieri
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Argentina
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Nicolás-Vázquez I, Méndez-Albores A, Moreno-Martínez E, Miranda R, Castro M. Role of lactone ring in structural, electronic, and reactivity properties of aflatoxin B1: a theoretical study. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 59:393-406. [PMID: 20340014 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-010-9501-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study involved quantum mechanical calculations to explain the chemical behavior of the lactone ring of aflatoxin B1, which is a carcinogenic hazardous compound. The aflatoxin B1 compound, produced by the fungi Aspergillum flavus, was studied with the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) method; its reactivity properties were accounted for by means of the calculated geometrical and electronic parameters. The results obtained indicate that the fused A, B, C, and D rings of aflatoxin adopt a continuous planar conformation. The carbon atom of the lactone group presents a highly electrophilic character, since the population analysis yields a high positive charge for this atom, whereas high negative charges were recorded for both oxygen sites of that group. Thus, in an acidic aqueous medium, the oxygen atoms could be protonated and the carbon site may suffer a nucleophilic attack by water. Accordingly, the OC-O bond length has been lengthened substantially. So it was demonstrated that the lactonic ring of aflatoxin B1 is hydrolyzed under acidic conditions by an acid-acyl bimolecular mechanisms, A(AC)2, suggesting the deletion of its carcinogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Nicolás-Vázquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, Mexico.
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Freitas-Silva O, Venâncio A. Ozone applications to prevent and degrade mycotoxins: a review. Drug Metab Rev 2010; 42:612-20. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2010.484461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Huttunen K, Kauhanen E, Meklin T, Vepsäläinen A, Hirvonen MR, Hyvärinen A, Nevalainen A. The effect of ozonization on furniture dust: microbial content and immunotoxicity in vitro. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:2305-2311. [PMID: 20227106 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Moisture and mold problems in buildings contaminate also the furniture and other movable property. If cleaning of the contaminated furniture is neglected, it may continue to cause problems to the occupants even after the moisture-damage repairs. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of high-efficiency ozone treatment in cleaning of the furniture from moisture-damaged buildings. In addition, the effectiveness of two cleaning methods was compared. Samples were vacuumed from the padded areas before and after the treatment. The microbial flora and concentrations in the dust sample were determined by quantitative cultivation and QPCR-methods. The immunotoxic potential of the dust samples was analyzed by measuring effects on cell viability and production of inflammatory mediators in vitro. Concentrations of viable microbes decreased significantly in most of the samples after cleaning. Cleaning with combined steam wash and ozonisation was more effective method than ozonising alone, but the difference was not statistically significant. Detection of fungal species with PCR showed a slight but nonsignificant decrease in concentrations after the cleaning. The immunotoxic potential of the collected dust decreased significantly in most of the samples. However, in a small subgroup of samples, increased concentrations of microbes and immunotoxicological activity were detected. This study shows that a transportable cleaning unit with high-efficiency ozonising is in most cases effective in decreasing the concentrations of viable microbes and immunotoxicological activity of the furniture dust. However, the method does not destroy or remove all fungal material present in the dust, as detected with QPCR analysis, and in some cases the cleaning procedure may increase the microbial concentrations and immunotoxicity of the dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Huttunen
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland.
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Dornez E, Gebruers K, Delcour JA, Courtin CM. Grain-associated xylanases: occurrence, variability, and implications for cereal processing. Trends Food Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kutz R, Sampson J, Pompeu L, Ledoux D, Spain J, Vázquez-Añón M, Rottinghaus G. Efficacy of Solis, NovasilPlus, and MTB-100 to reduce aflatoxin M1 levels in milk of early to mid lactation dairy cows fed aflatoxin B1. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:3959-63. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zorlugenç B, Kiroğlu Zorlugenç F, Oztekin S, Evliya IB. The influence of gaseous ozone and ozonated water on microbial flora and degradation of aflatoxin B(1) in dried figs. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:3593-7. [PMID: 18824207 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effectiveness of gaseous ozone and ozonated water on microbial flora and aflatoxin B(1) content of dried figs were investigated. After dried figs were exposed to13.8mgL(-1) ozone gas and 1.7mgL(-1) ozonated water for 7.5, 15 and 30min, variation of aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB), E. coli, coliform, yeast and mold counts were determined. Before and after ozone treatments molds on dried figs were also isolated and identified. In both ozone treatments, AMB was not exactly inactivated whereas E. coli was completely destroyed at 7.5min. Coliform, and yeast were also destroyed at 7.5 and 15min in ozonated water, respectively. Ozone applications at 15min were sufficient for inactivation of all molds. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus which cause aflatoxin formation were isolated from dried figs. Artificially contaminated with aflatoxin B(1) samples were also treated with gaseous ozone and ozonated water for 30, 60 and 180min, respectively. In both of treatments, degradation of aflatoxin B(1) was increased due to increasing of ozonation time. Results indicated that gaseous ozone was more effective than ozonated water for reduction of aflatoxin B(1), whereas ozonated water was affected for decreasing microbial counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bülent Zorlugenç
- Department of Food Engineering, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey.
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Méndez-Albores A, Del Río-García J, Moreno-Martínez E. Decontamination of aflatoxin duckling feed with aqueous citric acid treatment. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Karaca H, Velioglu YS. Ozone Applications in Fruit and Vegetable Processing. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/87559120600998221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Young JC, Zhu H, Zhou T. Degradation of trichothecene mycotoxins by aqueous ozone. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:417-24. [PMID: 16185803 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Revised: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The degradation of ten trichothecene mycotoxins by aqueous ozone was monitored by liquid chromatography-ultraviolet-mass spectrometry (LC-UV-MS). Saturated aqueous ozone ( approximately 25 ppm) degraded these mycotoxins to materials that were not detected by UV or MS. At lower levels (approximately 0.25 ppm) of aqueous ozone, intermediate products were observed. On the basis of UV and MS data, it is proposed that the degradation begins with attack of ozone at the C9-10 double bond with the net addition of two atoms of oxygen. The remainder of the molecule appears to have been left unaltered. The oxidation state at the allylic carbon 8 position had a significant effect on the ease of reaction, as determined by moles of ozone required to effect oxidation. The amount of ozone required to effect oxidation to intermediate products and subsequent degradation followed the series allylic methylene (no oxygen) < hydroxyl (or ester) < keto. Ozonation was also sensitive to pH. At pH 4-6, all mycotoxins studied degraded readily; at pH 7-8 the degree of reactivity was dependent upon the carbon 8 oxidation state; at pH 9, there was little or no reaction. Structures for some of the intermediate products are proposed.
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Leibetseder J. Chapter 15 Decontamination and detoxification of mycotoxins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1823(09)70102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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Dubois M, Coste C, Despres AG, Efstathiou T, Nio C, Dumont E, Parent-Massin D. Safety of Oxygreen®, an ozone treatment on wheat grains. Part 2. Is there a substantial equivalence between Oxygreen-treated wheat grains and untreated wheat grains? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:1-15. [PMID: 16393809 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500316728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Oxygreen process is a new process based on wheat grain treatment by ozone (produced in situ), in a closed sequential batch reactor. The Oxygreen process offers a close, homogeneous, and controlled contact between the gas and the grain. It is proposed for use for wheat grain decontamination (insects, fungi, bacteria, mycotoxins, pesticides). It takes place in classical milling diagram, and occurs after grain cleaning and before milling. The aim of the study reported here was to determine if Oxygreen treatment could induce in the grain the formation of processing-related compounds, and if these compounds are specific or could be recognized as classical modifications already used in the cereal industry (milling, baking). Studies were performed in order to evaluate any effect of Oxygreen treatment on vitamins, ferulic acid, phytates, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. It was concluded that there was no detectable substantial difference between ozone-treated grains and the untreated ones, although some quantitative differences can occur. The more detectable differences concern concentration of free sugars, and inhibition of some oxidative enzymes. These quantitative differences are very slight compared to the modifications that occur in dough, after addition of oxidative products directly in flour, or during kneading and dough fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dubois
- Goëmar, ZAC La Madeleine, Saint Malo Cedex, France.
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Proctor AD, Ahmedna M, Kumar JV, Goktepe I. Degradation of aflatoxins in peanut kernels/flour by gaseous ozonation and mild heat treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 21:786-93. [PMID: 15370830 DOI: 10.1080/02652030410001713898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins occur naturally in many agricultural crops causing health hazards and economic losses. Despite improved handling, processing and storage, they remain a problem in the peanut industry. Therefore, new ways to detoxify contaminated products are needed to limit economic/health impacts and add value to the peanut industry. The study was conducted (1) to evaluate the effectiveness of ozonation and mild heat in breaking down aflatoxins in peanut kernels and flour, and (2) to quantify aflatoxin destruction compared with untreated samples. Peanut samples were inoculated with known concentrations of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2. Samples were subjected to gaseous ozonation and under various temperatures (25, 50, 75 degrees C) and exposure times (5, 10, 15 min). Ozonated and non-ozonated samples were extracted in acetonitrile/water, derivatized in a Kobra cell and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Ozonation efficiency increased with higher temperatures and longer treatment times. Regardless of treatment combinations, aflatoxins B1 and G1 exhibited the highest degradation levels. Higher levels of toxin degradation were achieved in peanut kernels than in flour. The temperature effect lessened as the exposure time increased, suggesting that ozonation at room temperature for 10-15 min could yield degradation levels similar to those achieved at higher temperatures while being more economical.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Proctor
- North Carolina A and T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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Yousef MI, Salem MH, Kamel KI, Hassan GA, El-Nouty FD. Influence of ascorbic acid supplementation on the haematological and clinical biochemistry parameters of male rabbits exposed to aflatoxin B1. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2003; 38:193-209. [PMID: 12617557 DOI: 10.1081/pfc-120018449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of L-ascorbic acid (AA) in alleviating the toxicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in male New-Zealand white rabbits. Five rabbits (6 months of age and mean body weight 3.12 kg) per group were assigned to 1 of 6 treatment groups: 0 mg AA and 0 mg AFB1/kg BW (control); 20 mg AA/kg BW; 15 microg AFB1/kg BW; 15 microg AFB1 plus 20 mg AA/kg BW; 30 pg AFB1/kg BW; 30 pg AFB1 plus 20 mg AA/kg BW. Rabbits were orally administered their respective doses every other day for 9 weeks, followed by a 9-week recovery period where all drugs were withdrawn. Evaluations were made for hemato-biochemical parameters and enzymatic activities. Results showed that AFB1 significantly (p < 0.05) decreased hemoglobin (Hb), total erythrocytic count (TEC) and packed cell volume (PCV), in a dose-dependent manner, and these effects were continued during the recovery period. Ascorbic acid caused an increase in these parameters, and alleviated the negative effect of AFB1 during the treatment period. Additionally, serum concentrations of total protein, albumin and glucose were significantly (P < 0.05) declined by treatment with the high dose of aflatoxin and these effects were continued during the recovery period. Ascorbic acid caused non-significant increases in these parameters and alleviated the harmful effect of AFB1. On the other hand, aflatoxin treatment caused significant increases (P < 0.05) in the activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (AlP) during the treatment period in a dose dependent manner, and this effect was continued during the recovery period, especially with the high dose. Also, treatment with the high dose of aflatoxin caused significant increases (P<0.05) in cholesterol and total bilirubin. Ascorbic acid caused significant decreases in these parameters and alleviated the harmful effects of AFB1. Whereas, Total leukocyte count (TLC), urea and creatinine were not significantly affected by aflatoxin-treatment. Generally, it is interesting feature that the treatment with AA alone had no negative effects on most of the previous parameters. Also, the presence of AA could diminished the adverse effects of AFB1 on most of hematological and biochemical values, and enzymatic activities in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Yousef
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research , Faculty of Agriculture, El-Shatby, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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