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Zhang Q, Li J, Wang G, Wang L, Zhang Z, Fang Z, Lin Y, Xu S, Feng B, Zhuo Y, Hua L, Jiang X, Zhao X, Wu D, Che L. The replacement of bacitracin methylene disalicylate with Bacillus subtilis PB6 in the diet of male Cherry Valley Ducks reduces the feed conversion ratio by improving intestinal health and modulating gut microbiota. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102155. [PMID: 36155883 PMCID: PMC9519614 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we compared the impacts of Bacillus subtilis PB6 (BS) and bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, expression of tight connection protein, and cecal microbiota community of male ducks through a 42-d trial. Three-hundred and sixty male Cherry Valley meat-type ducklings (1-day-old) were distributed into 3 groups of 6 replicates: CON group (control, basal diet), BMD group (basal diet + 45 mg/kg BMD, active ingredient dose in the feed), and BS group (basal diet + 2 × 107 CFU/kg BS in the feed). Results showed that supplementing the diet with BS reduced the average daily feed intake (ADFI) during d 15 to 42 and d 1 to 42 compared with the CON group (P = 0.032). It also reduced feed conversion ratio (FCR) during d 15 to 42 and d 1 to 42 (P < 0.05) relative to the other groups. The ileal villus height (VH) and villus height /crypt depth ratio (V/C) were increased (P < 0.05) in both the BS and BMD groups, and the jejunal VH and V/C ratio were increased in the BS group (P < 0.05). Relative to the CON, BS supplementation was associated with numerical augmentation of goblet cells in the jejunal mucosa and upregulation of jejunal zonula occludens (ZO-1) and ileal mucin2 (P < 0.05) mRNA levels. Analysis showed a negative correlation between FCR (d 0–42) and VH, V/C, and the number of goblet cells in the jejunum (P < 0.05). Additionally, BMD or BS supplementation altered the alpha diversity of colonic microbiota (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that Butyricimonas, Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Tannerellaceae were positively associated with the acetic acid and butyrate concentrations (P < 0.05). Taken together, the supplementation of BS in the diet of male ducks was conducive to reducing FCR by meliorating intestinal morphology, upregulating ZO-1 and mucin2 mRNA levels, regulating the abundance of microbiota, and metabolites, and having a greater effect than BMD supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Guixiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lizhi Wang
- Kemin (China) Technologies Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, China
| | | | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lun Hua
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xilun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Ullah S, Ditta YA, King AJ, Pasha TN, Mahmud A, Majeed KA. Varying isoleucine level to determine effects on performance, egg quality, serum biochemistry, and ileal protein digestibility in diets of young laying hens. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261159. [PMID: 35061687 PMCID: PMC8782478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To ascertain an appropriate level of isoleucine for LSL-LITE layers (23- to 30-week-old), diets containing total isoleucine concentrations (levels) of 0.66 (Control), 0.69, 0.72, 0.75, 0.78, 0.81, and 0.84% were fed as 7 treatments (2730 kcal/kg metabolizable energy) x 7 replicates x 10 birds per replicate. Significance for performance, egg quality, serum biochemistry, and ileal digestibility of protein was determined at P ≤ 0.05. Level, week, and level*week (L*W) were significant for production, egg mass, and feed intake. Level and week were significant for FCR. Week was significant for weight gain. Level was significant for egg weight, specific gravity, and shell thickness; week was also significant for these external egg parameters as well as shape index and proportional shell thickness. L*W was significant for all except shape index. For internal egg measurements, level was significant for proportional yolk, proportional albumen, yolk index, and yolk:albumen. Week was significant for internal egg parameters while L*W significantly affected Haugh unit, proportional albumen weight, yolk index, albumen index, and yolk color. Level was significant for globulin and glucose in serum. Isoleucine at 0.72%, 0.81%, and 0.84% produced the lowest FCR, an important standard in the poultry industry. Considering the low FCR of 1.45 and cost for inclusion as a dietary ingredient, 0.72% isoleucine was chosen for further studies with varying quantities of other branched chain amino acids in diets for young laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Ullah
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Y. A. Ditta
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- * E-mail: (YAD); (AJK)
| | - A. J. King
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YAD); (AJK)
| | - T. N. Pasha
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A Mahmud
- Department of Poultry Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - K. A. Majeed
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Macelline SP, Chrystal PV, Liu SY, Selle PH. The Dynamic Conversion of Dietary Protein and Amino Acids into Chicken-Meat Protein. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2288. [PMID: 34438749 PMCID: PMC8388418 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review considers the conversion of dietary protein and amino acids into chicken-meat protein and seeks to identify strategies whereby this transition may be enhanced. Viable alternatives to soybean meal would be advantageous but the increasing availability of non-bound amino acids is providing the opportunity to develop reduced-crude protein (CP) diets, to promote the sustainability of the chicken-meat industry and is the focus of this review. Digestion of protein and intestinal uptakes of amino acids is critical to broiler growth performance. However, the transition of amino acids across enterocytes of the gut mucosa is complicated by their entry into either anabolic or catabolic pathways, which reduces their post-enteral availability. Both amino acids and glucose are catabolised in enterocytes to meet the energy needs of the gut. Therefore, starch and protein digestive dynamics and the possible manipulation of this 'catabolic ratio' assume importance. Finally, net deposition of protein in skeletal muscle is governed by the synchronised availability of amino acids and glucose at sites of protein deposition. There is a real need for more fundamental and applied research targeting areas where our knowledge is lacking relative to other animal species to enhance the conversion of dietary protein and amino acids into chicken-meat protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shemil P. Macelline
- Poultry Research Foundation, Department of Animal Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (S.P.M.); (P.V.C.); (S.Y.L.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Peter V. Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation, Department of Animal Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (S.P.M.); (P.V.C.); (S.Y.L.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Sonia Y. Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation, Department of Animal Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (S.P.M.); (P.V.C.); (S.Y.L.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Peter H. Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation, Department of Animal Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (S.P.M.); (P.V.C.); (S.Y.L.)
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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Zhu YW, Yang WC, Liu W, Yin XH, Luo XB, Zhang SA, Wang WC, Yang L. Effects of dietary rapeseed meal inclusion levels on growth performance, organ weight, and serum biochemical parameters in Cherry Valley ducks. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6888-6896. [PMID: 31347686 PMCID: PMC8913998 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the inclusion levels of different types of rapeseed meal (RSM) on performance, organ weight, and serum biochemical parameters in Cherry Valley ducks in the starter period and grower-finisher period. In Exp. 1, a total of 750 seven-day-old male ducklings were divided into 5 dietary treatments with 6 replicate pens of 25 birds per pen. The starter diets with the inclusion of 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20% of double-low RSM contained 0, 1.37, 2.15, 3.46, or 5.31 µmol glucosinolates (GLS)/g in the finished feed (from day 7 to 21). In Exp. 2, a total of 900 fifteen-day-old male ducklings were divided into 6 dietary treatments with 6 replicate pens of 25 birds per pen. The grower-finisher diets with the inclusion of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25% of Indian RSM contained 0, 7.67, 15.34, 24.66, 31.21, or 38.44 µmol GLS/g in the finished feed (from day 15 to 42). For ducklings in the starter period (Exp. 1), body weight gain and feed intake decreased linearly as the dietary double-low RSM inclusion level increased at day 7 to 14, while growth rate was not influenced by dietary double-low RSM inclusion levels at day 15 to 21 and day 7 to 21. For ducks in the grower-finisher period (Exp. 2), growth performance decreased linearly as the dietary RSM inclusion level increased from 5 to 20%. In addition, dietary RSM inclusion levels induced liver enlargement in ducklings at day 21 (5 to 20% double-low RSM with 1.37 to 5.31 µmol/g GLS) and thyroid enlargement accompanied by increased serum AST and ALP activities in ducks at day 42 (5 to 15% Indian RSM with 7.67 to 23.66 µmol/g GLS). Therefore, our results indicated that the upper limit of using RSM sources in feed formulation should consider the anti-nutritional factor of GLS content at different stages of duck growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y W Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - W C Yang
- Aonong Biological Technology Group Co. Ltd., Xiamen 361000, China
| | - W Liu
- Wens Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd., Yunfu 527300, China
| | - X H Yin
- Animal husbandry and veterinary bureau of Liangshan, Jining 272000, China
| | - X B Luo
- Wens Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd., Yunfu 527300, China
| | - S A Zhang
- Wens Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd., Yunfu 527300, China
| | - W C Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - L Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China
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Zhang KX, Zhang KY, Applegate TJ, Bai SP, Ding XM, Wang JP, Peng HW, Xuan Y, Su ZW, Zeng QF. Evaluation of the standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids of rapeseed meals varying in protein solubility for Pekin ducks. Poult Sci 2019; 99:1001-1009. [PMID: 32036957 PMCID: PMC7587715 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine whether protein solubility (PS) of rapeseed meals (RSM) can affect standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIDAA) in meat ducks. A total of 1,168, 14-days-old ducks were randomly allotted to 23 treatments (6 cages per diet, 8 ducks per cage) and 1 nitrogen-free diet treatment (8 cages, 8 ducks per cage) based on body weight. The 23 experimental diets consisted of a corn–soybean meal basal diet, and 22 diets containing 15% RSM: 85% basal diet. Titanium dioxide (0.5%) was included in all diets as an indigestible marker. On day 18, all ducks were euthanized by carbon dioxide asphyxiation and digesta samples from the ileum. The contents of PS, ether extract (EE), glucosinolate, isothiocyanate, and oxazolidine were significantly different (P < 0.05) in the 22 RSM, with the CV being 52.62, 49.23, 86.84, 90.19, and 81.98%, respectively. The content of lysine (Lys) and methionine in the 22 RSM samples ranged from 1.03 to 2.71% (CV 24.19%) and from 0.33 to 0.65% (CV 15.17%), respectively. The SIDAA, except for leucine (Leu) and tyrosine, of the 22 RSM samples varied significantly (P < 0.05). A positive correlation was observed (P < 0.05) between PS and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of Lys, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, histidine, serine, cysteine, and tyrosine. The R2 value of multiple linear regression equations for predicting the SID of amino acids (AA) was best for Lys (R2 = 0.958 using dry matter, crude protein, EE, crude fiber, acid detergent fiber, and PS) and least significant for Leu (R2 = 0.348 using crude fiber and ash) with intermediate values for other AA (R2 = 0.359–0.837, P < 0.05). These results suggest that PS varying from 15.06 to 98.08%, also varied considerably in the proximate nutrient content, AA composition, and antinutritional factor content, which was reflected in considerable differences in the duck's SID of AA in RSM. Therefore, PS value can partly reflect the quality of RSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- K X Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affaires, Sichuan Province, China, 611130
| | - K Y Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affaires, Sichuan Province, China, 611130
| | - T J Applegate
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, 110 Cedar St. Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - S P Bai
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affaires, Sichuan Province, China, 611130
| | - X M Ding
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affaires, Sichuan Province, China, 611130
| | - J P Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affaires, Sichuan Province, China, 611130
| | - H W Peng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affaires, Sichuan Province, China, 611130
| | - Y Xuan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affaires, Sichuan Province, China, 611130
| | - Z W Su
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affaires, Sichuan Province, China, 611130
| | - Q F Zeng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affaires, Sichuan Province, China, 611130.
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Kovitvadhi A, Chundang P, Thongprajukaew K, Tirawattanawanich C, Srikachar S, Chotimanothum B. Potential of Insect Meals as Protein Sources for Meat-Type Ducks Based on In Vitro Digestibility. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E155. [PMID: 30970570 PMCID: PMC6523304 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a dramatic increase in duck meat consumption. As a result, ducks are an interesting alternative type of livestock. Animal-based proteins such as fishmeal and animal by-products are valuable nutrients with high digestibility, but they are associated with cost fluctuations, pathogen contamination, and environmental impacts. Therefore, plant-based proteins are used, but they have the disadvantages of inappropriate amino acid profiles, anti-nutritional factors, and mycotoxin contamination. Insect meal contains favorable nutrients and low production costs and is environmentally friendly; however, there is a large number of insect species. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation is to screen insects for their potential use as a protein source in the duck diet. Insect meal with a high proportion of low-digestible components was shown to have low digestibility. Yellow mealworm larvae, giant mealworm larvae, lesser wax moth larvae, house fly larvae, mulberry silkworm pupae, and American cockroach nymph have the potential to be alternative protein sources for ducks. Insect meal has been widely studied and is used in animal nutrition to replace common protein sources that have several disadvantages and to promote sustainability in animal production. Two-step in vitro digestibility using crude enzyme extracts from digestive tracts of meat-type ducks (Cherry Valley) was performed on general protein sources and insect meals to compare the in vitro digestibility of organic matter (OMd) and crude protein (CPd). Variation in chemical components between different types of insect meal was found. A positive correlation was found between OMd and the ether extract composition in insect meal, whereas a negative correlation was shown between crude fiber and acid detergent fiber. Contrasting relationships were found between CPd and crude fiber and acid detergent fiber in insect meal. In conclusion, the yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor), giant mealworm larvae (Zophobas morio), lesser wax moth larvae (Achroia grisella), house fly larvae (Musca domestica), mulberry silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori), and American cockroach nymph (Periplaneta americana) are potential protein sources for ducks based on OMd and CPd digestibility after screening with an in vitro digestibility technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attawit Kovitvadhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Pipatpong Chundang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Karun Thongprajukaew
- Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
| | - Chanin Tirawattanawanich
- Innovation Cluster 2, Thailand Science Park, Ministry of Science and Technology, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Sunyanee Srikachar
- Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Banthari Chotimanothum
- The Queen Sirikit Department of Sericulture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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Siegert W, Ganzer C, Kluth H, Rodehutscord M. Effect of amino acid deficiency on precaecal amino acid digestibility in broiler chickens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:723-737. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Siegert
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften Universität Hohenheim Stuttgart Germany
| | - Christian Ganzer
- Institut für Agrar‐ und Ernährungswissenschaften Martin‐Luther‐Universität Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Holger Kluth
- Institut für Agrar‐ und Ernährungswissenschaften Martin‐Luther‐Universität Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
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Siegert W, Ganzer C, Kluth H, Rodehutscord M. Influence of feed provisioning prior to digesta sampling on precaecal amino acid digestibility in broiler chickens. Arch Anim Nutr 2018; 72:190-204. [PMID: 29560741 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2018.1446810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A regression approach was applied to determine the influence of feed provisioning prior to digesta sampling on precaecal (pc) amino acid (AA) digestibility in broiler chickens. Soybean meal was used as an example test ingredient. Five feed-provisioning protocols were investigated, four with restricted provision and one with ad libitum provision. When provision was restricted, feed was provided for 30 min after a withdrawal period of 12 h. Digesta were sampled 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after feeding commenced. A diet containing 300 g maize starch/kg was prepared. Half or all the maize starch was replaced with soybean meal in two other diets. Average pc digestibility of all determined AA in the soybean meal was 86% for the 4 and 6-h protocols and 66% and 60% for the 2 and 1-h protocols, respectively. Average pc AA digestibility of soybean meal was 76% for ad libitum feed provision. Feed provisioning also influenced the determined variance. Variance in digestibility ranked in magnitude 1 h > ad libitum > 2 h > 6 h > 4 h for all AA. Owing to the considerable influence of feed-provisioning protocols found in this study, comparisons of pc AA digestibility between studies applying different protocols prior to digesta sampling must be treated with caution. Digestibility experiments aimed at providing estimates for practical feed formulation should use feed-provisioning procedures similar to those used in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Siegert
- a Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften , Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Christian Ganzer
- b Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften , Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - Holger Kluth
- b Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften , Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- a Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften , Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
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Kozlowski K, Mikulski D, Rogiewicz A, Zdunczyk Z, Rad-Spice M, Jeroch H, Jankowski J, Slominski B. Yellow-seeded B. napus and B. juncea canola. Part 2. Nutritive value of the meal for turkeys. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pirgozliev VR, Whiting IM, Mirza MW, Rose SP. Nutrient availability of different batches of wheat distiller’s dried grains with solubles for turkeys. Arch Anim Nutr 2018; 72:153-161. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2018.1435479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephen Paul Rose
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Shropshire, UK
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Siegert W, Ganzer C, Kluth H, Rodehutscord M. Effect of particle size distribution of maize and soybean meal on the precaecal amino acid digestibility in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:68-75. [PMID: 28905633 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1380295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. Herein, it was investigated whether different particle size distributions of feed ingredients achieved by grinding through a 2- or 3-mm grid would have an effect on precaecal (pc) amino acid (AA) digestibility. Maize and soybean meal were used as the test ingredients. 2. Maize and soybean meal was ground with grid sizes of 2 or 3 mm. Nine diets were prepared. The basal diet contained 500 g/kg of maize starch. The other experimental diets contained maize or soybean meal samples at concentrations of 250 and 500, and 150 and 300 g/kg, respectively, instead of maize starch. Each diet was tested using 6 replicate groups of 10 birds each. The regression approach was applied to calculate the pc AA digestibility of the test ingredients. 3. The reduction of the grid size from 3 to 2 mm reduced the average particle size of both maize and soybean meal, mainly by reducing the proportion of coarse particles. Reducing the grid size significantly (P < 0.050) increased the pc digestibility of all AA in the soybean meal. In maize, reducing the grid size decreased the pc digestibility of all AA numerically, but not significantly (P > 0.050). The mean numerical differences in pc AA digestibility between the grid sizes were 0.045 and 0.055 in maize and soybean meal, respectively. 4. Future studies investigating the pc AA digestibility should specify the particle size distribution and should investigate the test ingredients ground similarly for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Siegert
- a Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften , Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - C Ganzer
- b Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften , Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - H Kluth
- b Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften , Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - M Rodehutscord
- a Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften , Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
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12
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Velten S, Neumann C, Schäfer J, Liebert F. Effects of the Partial Replacement of Soybean Meal by Insect or Algae Meal in Chicken Diets with Graded Amino Acid Supply on Parameters of Gut Microbiology and Dietary Protein Quality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2018.83020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Liebert F. Invited review: Further progress is needed in procedures for the biological evaluation of dietary protein quality in pig and poultry feeds. Arch Anim Breed 2017. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-60-259-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract. Recently, biological procedures for feed protein evaluation in pig and poultry diets have been based on the amino acid composition of feed ingredients considering the animal's losses during processes of digestion or total protein utilization in a different manner. Such a development towards individual amino acids (AAs) was inevitable according to the disadvantage of traditional protein quality measures, like biological value (BV) or net protein utilization (NPU), to be non-additive in complex animal diets. In consequence, such measures are generally not suitable for predicting the final protein quality of protein mixtures from the individual protein value of feed ingredients. Otherwise, recent measures of AA disappearance from the small intestine up to the end of the ileum (ileal AA digestibility) also do not provide a true reflection of the biological availability of individual feed AAs independent of the extent of taking into account endogenous AA losses during digestion processes. Sophisticated procedures for protein evaluation are needed considering the AA losses, both during absorption and utilization after absorption. Advantages and limitations of important developments in procedures are discussed. Accordingly, the development of an exponential modelling approach is described (the Göttingen approach), which overcomes some of the traditional disadvantages by measuring the individual AA efficiency. Connecting feed protein evaluation, the modelling of quantitative AA requirements, and improved ideal protein concepts offers different fields of application. In addition, as demonstrated by example, the modelling of nitrogen losses per unit protein deposition and the minimizing of this parameter yields a further interesting tool for lowering the nitrogen burden from protein utilization processes. Finally, it is pointed out that traditional laboratory procedures also need to be updated, adapted to current knowledge, and validated according to the increasing hurdles for animal studies from the viewpoint of animal welfare. Modelling is a procedure with the potential to reduce the number of experimental animals significantly. This development needs more attention, higher acceptance, and wider application in the future of protein evaluation.
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Ganzer C, Siegert W, Kluth H, Bennewitz J, Rodehutscord M. Prececal amino acid digestibility of soybean cake in fast- and slow-growing broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2804-2810. [PMID: 28482061 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine whether there are differences in prececal amino acid digestibility between commonly used slow- and fast-growing broiler strains when the regression approach is applied. ISA J-275 and Ross 308 were selected as common representatives of slow- and fast-growing broiler strains, respectively. The experimental diets with soybean cake at levels of 0, 100, and 200 g/kg were offered for ad libitum consumption between 22 and 29 d post-hatch. Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker. Each treatment was tested with six pens comprising 10 birds each. Digesta samples were collected on a pen basis from the distal two-thirds of the intestine section between Meckel's diverticulum and 2 cm anterior to the ileocecal-colonic junction. The prececal amino acid digestibility of soybean cake was calculated by linear regression simultaneously for both strains. There was no significant interaction between broiler strain and inclusion level of soybean cake with respect to the prececal CP and amino acid digestibility of complete diets; there was a significant strain effect for 5 out of the 16 measured amino acids. The prececal CP and amino acid digestibility of soybean cake did not differ significantly between strains and was numerically almost identical. The results of the present study provide evidence of the transferability between broiler strains of prececal amino acid digestibility data, determined using the regression approach, thus improving the accuracy of diet formulation without drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ganzer
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - W Siegert
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - H Kluth
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - J Bennewitz
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Rodehutscord
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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15
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Determination of ileal digestibility of amino acids in raw materials for broiler chickens – Results of collaborative studies and assay recommendations. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Qin S, Tian G, Zhang K, Ding X, Bai S, Wang J, Jia G, Zeng Q. Influence of dietary rapeseed meal levels on growth performance, organ health and standardized ileal amino acid digestibility in meat ducks from 15 to 35 days of age. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 101:1297-1306. [PMID: 28133825 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary rapeseed meal (RSM) inclusion levels on growth performance, organ health and standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) in meat ducks from 15 to 35 days of age. Six hundred and eighty 15-days-old ducks were randomly allotted to five treatments based on body weight. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated on a digestible amino acid basis by replacing 0% (the control), 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% (based on fresh) of protein from soya bean meal (SBM) with protein from RSM. The corresponding levels of RSM in experimental diets were 0%, 6.66%, 13.32%, 19.98% and 26.64% respectively. With increasing dietary RSM levels, body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) linearly decreased (p < 0.001), whereas feed-to-gain ratio (F: G) linearly increased (p = 0.0078). Ducks fed the diets with 13.32% or more RSM had significantly lower (p < 0.05) BW, ADG and ADFI, or higher F: G than ducks fed the control diet. The maximum limit of dietary RSM supplementation was estimated to range from 4.27% to maximize ADG for 15 to 35 days to 11.69% to maintain feed intake for 15 to 35 days on the basis of a broken-line model. At day35, the 4th primary wing feather length and SIAAD (except for Met, Thr and Val) linearly decreased (p < 0.001), and the thyroid glands weight (% of BW) linearly increased (p < 0.05) with increasing dietary RSM levels. Ducks fed the RSM inclusion diets had significantly lower (p < 0.0001) serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) activities than ducks fed the control diet. These results suggested that the maximum limit of dietary RSM containing 7.57 μmol/g glucosinolates was estimated to be 4.27% to avoid growth reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Qin
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G Tian
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - K Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Ding
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Bai
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G Jia
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q Zeng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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17
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Zampiga M, Meluzzi A, Sirri F. Effect of dietary supplementation of lysophospholipids on productive performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass quality traits of broiler chickens. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2016.1192965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zampiga
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Adele Meluzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Sirri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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18
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Weintraut M, Kim S, Dalloul R, Wong E. Expression of small intestinal nutrient transporters in embryonic and posthatch turkeys. Poult Sci 2016; 95:90-8. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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19
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Siegert W, Ahmadi H, Helmbrecht A, Rodehutscord M. A quantitative study of the interactive effects of glycine and serine with threonine and choline on growth performance in broilers. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1557-68. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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20
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Burton EJ, Scholey DV, Williams PEV. Use of cereal crops for food and fuel - characterization of a novel bioethanol coproduct for use in meat poultry diets. Food Energy Secur 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Burton
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences; Nottingham Trent University; Brackenhurst Campus Nottingham NG25 0QF United Kingdom
| | - Dawn V. Scholey
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences; Nottingham Trent University; Brackenhurst Campus Nottingham NG25 0QF United Kingdom
| | - Peter E. V. Williams
- AB Vista - a division of AB Agri Ltd; 64 Innovation Way, Peterborough Business Park Lynch Wood Peterborough PE2 6FL United Kingdom
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21
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Kong C, Adeola O. Comparative amino acid digestibility for broiler chickens and White Pekin ducks. Poult Sci 2013; 92:2367-74. [PMID: 23960119 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 608 three-week-old male broiler chickens and White Pekin ducks were used in a 5-d trial to compare ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility of soybean meal (SBM) and canola meal (CM) using the regression method. A corn-casein-cornstarch-based diet was mixed to contain 15% CP. Cornstarch was replaced with test ingredient (SBM or CM) to contain 18 or 21% of CP in 4 other diets. A nitrogen-free diet (NFD) was used for standardization of apparent digestibility. Birds received a standard starter diet (23% CP) from d 0 to 14 posthatch and then 6 experimental diets for 5 d. On d 19 posthatch, birds were asphyxiated with CO(2), and digesta from the distal section of ileum was collected. The ileal digestibility of AA from the test ingredients was assessed by multiple linear regression analysis using data on daily apparent ileal digestible AA and total AA intakes. The basal endogenous losses of N and all AA for ducks were significantly higher than those for broilers. For ileal AA digestibility by regression of apparent digestible AA intake against AA intake, there was a higher (P < 0.05) digestibility for Cys and Pro in ducks compared with broilers (P < 0.05). Within species, digestibility was not different between SBM and CM except for Lys of ducks, and Lys and Pro of broilers (P < 0.05). The results of this study showed that ducks have higher basal endogenous AA losses compared with broiler chickens as well as higher ileal Cys and Pro digestibility estimates derived from regression approach, indicating that data obtained from broilers should not be used to formulate diets for ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kong
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA
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22
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Rezvani M, Kluth H, Bulang M, Rodehutscord M. Variation in amino acid digestibility of rapeseed meal studied in caecectomised laying hens and relationship with chemical constituents. Br Poult Sci 2013; 53:665-74. [PMID: 23281762 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2012.729130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. The objectives were to study the variation in amino acid (AA) digestibility of rapeseed meal in laying hens and to investigate whether the variation in AA digestibility can be explained by chemical constituents of the rapeseed meal. Nine rapeseed meals from different processing plants operating in Germany were used. The crude protein and crude fibre concentrations of the meals ranged from 367 to 410 and 137 to 175 g/kg dry matter (DM), respectively. The concentrations of total glucosinolates varied between 5.1 and 12.9 mmol/kg DM. Each meal was included in one of the experimental diets at an inclusion level of 200 g/kg at the expense of maize starch. 2. A total of 16 Lohmann Brown laying hens were used for this experiment and were surgically caecectomised. They were housed individually in metabolism cages. Each of the 10 diets was fed to at least 6 hens in 4 periods of two weeks duration. Excreta were collected during the last 5 d of each period. The digestibility coefficient of AA was calculated for each diet. The digestibility of the rapeseed meals was calculated by multiple linear regression analysis. 3. Mean essential AA digestibility of rapeseed meals varied between 0.78 and 0.84. Among the essential amino acids, the ighest level of digestibility was found for arginine (0.88) and methionine (0.87), and the lowest for lysine (0.74) and threonine (0.75). The highest variation between rapeseed meals in digestibility was found for threonine (0.68 to 0.79) and lysine (0.68 to 0.78). The concentration of neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen of the rapeseed meals was negatively correlated with the digestibility of lysine, but was not significantly correlated with digestibility of any other AA. Glucosinolate concentration was significantly correlated with valine digestibility. 4. Multiple regression analysis showed that the concentrations of crude protein and ash together were the major factors considered to explain variation in digestibility of essential AA. Additional consideration of neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen and total glucosinolates improved the goodness of fit only marginally and was unlikely to be of practical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rezvani
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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23
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Jia W, Mikulski D, Rogiewicz A, Zduńczyk Z, Jankowski J, Slominski BA. Low-fiber canola. Part 2. Nutritive value of the meal. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:12231-12237. [PMID: 23210640 DOI: 10.1021/jf302118c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The nutritive value of meals derived from black- and yellow-seeded Brassica napus and canola-quality Brassica juncea was determined with broiler chickens and young turkeys. A higher apparent ileal digestibility of total amino acids was observed in chickens fed diet containing yellow-seeded B. napus than in those fed conventional black-seeded B. napus or canola-quality B. juncea (88.8 vs 83.4 and 84.2%, P < 0.05). Metabolizable energy (AME(n)) contents for yellow- and black-seeded B. napus and B. juncea as determined with broiler chickens were 2190, 1904, and 1736 kcal/kg DM, respectively. In the turkey assay, the AME(n) values for yellow- and black-seeded B. napus and B. juncea canola averaged 2166, 2007, and 1877 kcal/kg DM, respectively. Multicarbohydrase enzyme addition to broiler chicken diets increased energy utilization (from 1943 to 2249 kcal/kg DM, on average), with the most pronounced effect observed for B. juncea canola (from 1736 to 2356 kcal/kg DM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jia
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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24
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Linares L, Murarolli R, Guaiume E, Shirley R, Hoehler D, Ledoux D, Firman J. Digestible lysine and threonine requirements of male turkeys from days 8 to 21 and days 29 to 42. J APPL POULTRY RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2011-00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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25
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Adedokun SA, Adeola O, Parsons CM, Lilburn MS, Applegate TJ. Factors affecting endogenous amino acid flow in chickens and the need for consistency in methodology. Poult Sci 2011; 90:1737-48. [PMID: 21753211 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate estimation of ileal endogenous amino acid (EAA) losses is important when formulating diets on a standardized ileal digestible amino acid basis. In addition to the undigested and unabsorbed amino acids of dietary origin, amino acids of endogenous origin, which can be basal or diet specific, are found in digesta. The improvement in the techniques used in amino acid analysis as well as a shift from sampling excreta to ileal digesta has resulted in more accurate amino acid digestibility coefficients. Despite this, however, it is important to determine the amino acids in the digesta that are of endogenous origin. Although the need for standardization and its associated advantages is still subject to debate, it is important to evaluate how values from various methodologies compare. Several methods have been used to estimate ileal EAA flow. The classical methods, including the regression method, the use of nitrogen-free diet (NFD), and the fasted cecectomized rooster method, are the most widely used. The criticisms with the last 2 methods are that birds are not in a normal physiological state and the ileal EAA flow is, therefore, underestimated. Different methods have resulted in different endogenous flow estimates, with the NFD method having the lowest values when compared with flows from the regression and highly digestible protein methods. In addition to the influence of methods on ileal EAA flows, the influence of the age of the birds on flow is important. Data on EAA losses are copious in the literature; however, variation in data across and within laboratories calls for investigation of factors contributing to the variation. This review compares results from different methods and examines the issue of repeatability and consistency of EAA losses data from different laboratories. Finally, composition of an NFD for estimating EAA losses is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Adedokun
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA
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26
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Kluth H, Rodehutscord M. Effect of the duration of prefeeding on amino acid digestibility of wheat distillers dried grains with solubles in broiler chicken. Poult Sci 2010; 89:681-7. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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27
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Jamroz D, Wiliczkiewicz A, Lemme A, Orda J, Skorupińska J, Wertelecki T. Effect of increased methionine level on performance and apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in ducks. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2009; 93:622-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Agbede J, Kluth H, Rodehutscord M. Studies on the effects of microbial phytase on amino acid digestibility and energy metabolisability in caecectomised laying hens and the interaction with the dietary phosphorus level. Br Poult Sci 2009; 50:583-91. [DOI: 10.1080/00071660903196900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Kluth H, Rodehutscord M. Effect of inclusion of cellulose in the diet on the inevitable endogenous amino acid losses in the ileum of broiler chicken. Poult Sci 2009; 88:1199-205. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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30
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de Coca-Sinova A, Valencia DG, Jiménez-Moreno E, Lázaro R, Mateos GG. Apparent ileal digestibility of energy, nitrogen, and amino acids of soybean meals of different origin in broilers. Poult Sci 2008; 87:2613-23. [PMID: 19038818 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of DM, gross energy (GE), N, and amino acids (AA) of 6 soybean meal (SBM) samples were compared in 21-d-old broilers. In addition, the digestibility of DM and N of diets that contained these SBM were tested in vitro. Four of the SBM were of South American origin, had a CP content varying from 45.2 to 47.2% and a trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) varying from 4.1 to 6.5 mg/g, and were collected from local traders. The other 2 SBM were from US origin; one was a branded product with 48.6% CP and 1.8 mg of TIA/g and the other was obtained from soybeans of US origin that were dehulled and processed in Spain (50.6% CP and 2.4 mg of TIA/g). The experimental design was completely randomized with 6 diets and 6 replicates per treatment. Chicks were fed a commercial diet from 1 to 16 d of age and then their respective experimental diets for 5 d. The diets were based on sucrose and corn starch, with the SBM tested as the only source of protein. At 21 d of age, digesta was collected from the distal ileum and the CAID of nutrients was determined using celite as an indigestible marker. Diets that included the 2 SBM with the greatest CP content had greater CAID of DM (P
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31
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Jamroz D, Wertelecki T, Lemme A, Wiliczkiewicz A, Orda J, Skorupińska J. Dynamics of yolk sac content absorption and intestine development in ducklings fed mixtures with increasing dietary methionine level. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2008; 93:381-90. [PMID: 18484969 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The experiment was carried out with ducklings fed-control feed mixture (Met level 0.3%) and mixtures supplemented with dl-methionine at the dose of 0.03 (II); 0.07 (III) 0.12 (IV) and 0.18% (V). In 5 h post-hatch (12 birds) and on days 3, 4, 6 always 18 birds were taken out from each treatment and killed, then the yolk sac (YS) and intestine were removed. The weight and chemical composition of YS residues (in them also amino acids) were analysed. Moreover on days 1, 3, 4 and 6, the amino acid pattern of YS residual protein was elaborated as well as length and weight of intestine were recorded. Increased doses of supplemental Met improved body weight gain after 4 days of ducklings life. All determined parameters were not affected by treatment. Development of intestines, yolk sac weight and yolk sac composition (DM, fat, protein, amino acid composition) changed with age; however, without any clear effect from dietary methionine level. No differences between sex and analysed parameters were stated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jamroz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Quality, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
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32
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Golian A, Guenter W, Hoehler D, Jahanian H, Nyachoti C. Comparison of Various Methods for Endogenous Ileal Amino Acid Flow Determination in Broiler Chickens. Poult Sci 2008; 87:706-12. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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33
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Wang Z, Shi S, Shi Y, Zhang J, Zhou Q. A Comparison of Methods to Determine Amino Acid Availability of Feedstuffs in Cecectomized Ganders. Poult Sci 2008; 87:96-100. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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34
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Rezvani M, Kluth H, Elwert C, Rodehutscord M. Effect of ileum segment and protein sources on net disappearance of crude protein and amino acids in laying hens. Br Poult Sci 2008; 49:28-36. [PMID: 18210287 DOI: 10.1080/00071660701812971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
1. This study investigated the net disappearance of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) from soybean meal and rapeseed meal in different sub-sections of the ileum of hens. A basal diet was used and in another 4 diets, maize starch contained in the basal diet was replaced with soybean meal or rapeseed meal at 140 and 280 g/kg so that changes in dietary AA concentrations resulted from the oilseed meals only. 2. A total of 250 Lohmann Brown pullets were used for this experiment at 20 weeks old and given one of the 5 diets for 7 d. The section between Meckel's diverticulum and 2 cm anterior to the ileo-caecal-colonic junction was taken after slaughtering the hens and cut into three sub-sections of equal length. Digesta were taken separately from each sub-section and then frozen. Net disappearance of AA and CP for the diets and the two protein sources was calculated based on standard equations and using a multiple linear regression approach. 3. Net disappearances of CP and all AA were significantly lower in the proximal sub-section than in the central and terminal sub-sections. Also, the net disappearance of CP and all AA from rapeseed meal was significantly lower in the proximal sub-section than in the central or terminal sub-sections. For soybean meal, only the net disappearances of arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and phenylalanine were significantly lower in the proximal than in the terminal sub-section. No significant differences in the net disappearance of CP and AA were detected between protein sources within the central and terminal sub-sections or between the central and terminal sub-section within each protein source. Soybean meal had a significantly higher net disappearance of CP and AA (with the exception of cystine and methionine) than rapeseed meal in the proximal sub-section but these differences were not statistically significant in the central and terminal sub-sections. 4. Amino acids disappeared from the proximal region of the ileum. This needs consideration in standard approaches that are used for measuring AA digestibility. There is a variation in AA digestibility between soybean meal and rapeseed meal. The ranking of individual AA regarding their digestibility is different between the two oilseed meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rezvani
- Permanent address: Animal Science Department, School of Agriculture, Bajgah, Isfahan Freeway, Shiraz, Iran
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Adedokun SA, Parsons CM, Lilburn MS, Adeola O, Applegate TJ. Comparison of ileal endogenous amino acid flows in broiler chicks and turkey poults. Poult Sci 2007; 86:1682-9. [PMID: 17626814 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.8.1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ileal endogenous amino acid (IEAA) and total amino acid (TAA) flow (mg/kg of DM intake) in turkey poults and broiler chicks at 3 ages (5, 15, and 21 d) were compared by feeding a N-free diet (NFD) or graded levels of casein (highly digestible protein, HDP). The semipurified diets contained 0 (NFD), 50, 100, or 150 g of casein/kg of diet as the only source of amino acids. Each diet was fed to 6 replicate cages containing 30 (5 d), 10 (15 d), or 8 (21 d) birds per cage for 5 d prior to the collection of ileal digesta. At d 5, IEAA and TAA flow in poults fed the NFD, 50, and 100 g of casein/kg of diet was higher (P < 0.05) than in chicks. The IEAA flows within and between both species on d 15 and 21 were not different. Similar trends were observed for the HDP diets (50, 100, or 150 g of casein/kg of diet). An interaction (P < 0.05) between species and age was observed for most of the amino acids for all treatments. The results from this study suggest that at d 5, poults have significantly higher concentration of IEAA and TAA output relative to chicks. However, by d 15 and 21, there were no species differences in IEAA or TAA flow. These results also showed that IEAA flow is species and age dependent. The increased IEAA flow observed at d 5 should be taken into consideration when formulating starter diets on a digestible amino acid basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Adedokun
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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