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Muñoz-Del-Carpio-Toia A, Bartolo-Marchena M, Benites-Zapata VA, Herrera-Añazco P. Mortality from COVID-19 in Amazonian and Andean original indigenous populations of Peru. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 56:102658. [PMID: 37944653 PMCID: PMC10823918 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the mortality rates from COVID-19 among indigenous populations of the Amazon and Andean regions of Peru during the years 2020, 2021 and 2022. METHODS Secondary analysis of 33,567 data from the COVID-19 Notification System of the National Epidemiology Center, Prevention and Control of Diseases (CDC-Peru), from the years 2020-2022. The variables were age, sex, belonging to the Andean or Amazonian ethnic group, number and type of symptoms and risk conditions, abnormal findings in chest X-rays, year of data collection for hospitalization and death from COVID-19. Poisson family generalized linear regression models with logarithmic linkage and robust variance were used to establish differences in mortality between ethnic groups. Crude and adjusted risk ratio (RR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS 33,567 participants with an average age of 33.6 years were included, 44.4 % were men and 70.2 % belonged to the Amazonian ethnic group. Most of those affected by COVID-19 presented 2 symptoms (38.8 %), 4.8 % presented some risk condition, 1451 (4.3 %) were hospitalized, and 433 (1.3 %) died. The adjusted analysis showed that the Andean group, compared to the Amazonian, tended to have a higher probability of death, and this association was statistically significant, RR =7.6, 95 % CI (5.5-10.5). CONCLUSIONS Patients from Andean indigenous communities had an almost 8 times higher risk of death from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Bartolo-Marchena
- Subdirección de Medicina Tradicional, Interculturalidad e investigación social en salud del CENSI del Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru.
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Marín-Machuca O, Chacón RD, Alvarez-Lovera N, Pesantes-Grados P, Pérez-Timaná L, Marín-Sánchez O. Mathematical Modeling of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths and the Impact of Vaccinations during Three Years of the Pandemic in Peru. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1648. [PMID: 38005980 PMCID: PMC10674587 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused widespread infections, deaths, and substantial economic losses. Vaccine development efforts have led to authorized candidates reducing hospitalizations and mortality, although variant emergence remains a concern. Peru faced a significant impact due to healthcare deficiencies. This study employed logistic regression to mathematically model COVID-19's dynamics in Peru over three years and assessed the correlations between cases, deaths, and people vaccinated. We estimated the critical time (tc) for cases (627 days), deaths (389 days), and people vaccinated (268 days), which led to the maximum speed values on those days. Negative correlations were identified between people vaccinated and cases (-0.40) and between people vaccinated and deaths (-0.75), suggesting reciprocal relationships between those pairs of variables. In addition, Granger causality tests determined that the vaccinated population dynamics can be used to forecast the behavior of deaths (p-value < 0.05), evidencing the impact of vaccinations against COVID-19. Also, the coefficient of determination (R2) indicated a robust representation of the real data. Using the Peruvian context as an example case, the logistic model's projections of cases, deaths, and vaccinations provide crucial insights into the pandemic, guiding public health tactics and reaffirming the essential role of vaccinations and resource distribution for an effective fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olegario Marín-Machuca
- Departamento Académico de Ciencias Alimentarias, Facultad de Oceanografía, Pesquería, Ciencias Alimentarias y Acuicultura, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Calle Roma 350, Miraflores 15074, Peru;
| | - Ruy D. Chacón
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Natalia Alvarez-Lovera
- Escuela Profesional de Genética y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Carlos Germán Amezaga 375, Lima 15081, Peru; (N.A.-L.); (L.P.-T.)
| | - Pedro Pesantes-Grados
- Unidad de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Carlos Germán Amezaga 375, Lima 15081, Peru;
| | - Luis Pérez-Timaná
- Escuela Profesional de Genética y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Carlos Germán Amezaga 375, Lima 15081, Peru; (N.A.-L.); (L.P.-T.)
| | - Obert Marín-Sánchez
- Departamento Académico de Microbiología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Carlos Germán Amezaga 375, Lima 15081, Peru
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3
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de Oliveira LA, de Rezende IM, Navarini VJ, Marchioro SB, Torres AJL, Croda J, Croda MG, Gonçalves CCM, Xavier J, de Castro E, Lima M, Iani F, Adelino T, Aburjaile F, Ferraz Demarchi LH, Taira DL, Zardin MCSU, Fonseca V, Giovanetti M, Andrews J, Alcantara LCJ, Simionatto S. Genomic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 from an indigenous reserve in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1195779. [PMID: 37965526 PMCID: PMC10641392 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1195779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on indigenous populations. Understanding the viral dynamics within this population is essential to create targeted protection measures. Methods A total of 204 SARS-CoV-2 positive samples collected between May 2020 and November 2021 from an indigenous area in Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Midwestern Brazil, were screened. Samples were submitted to whole genome sequencing using the Nanopore sequencing platform. Clinical, demographic, and phylogenetic data were analyzed. Results We found the co-circulation of six main SARS-CoV-2 lineages in the indigenous population, with the Zeta lineage being the most prevalent (27.66%), followed by B.1.1 (an ancestral strain) (20.21%), Gamma (14.36%) and Delta (13.83%). Other lineages represent 45.74% of the total. Our phylogenetic reconstruction indicates that multiple introduction events of different SARS-CoV-2 lineages occurred in the indigenous villages in MS. The estimated indigenous population mortality rate was 1.47%. Regarding the ethnicity of our cohort, 64.82% belong to the Guarani ethnicity, while 33.16% belong to the Terena ethnicity, with a slightly higher prevalence of males (53.43%) among females. Other ethnicities represent 2.01%. We also observed that almost all patients (89.55%) presented signs and symptoms related to COVID-19, being the most prevalent cough, fever, sore throat, and headache. Discussion Our results revealed that multiple independent SARS-CoV-2 introduction events had occurred through time, probably due to indigenous mobility, since the villages studied here are close to urban areas in MS. The mortality rate was slightly below of the estimation for the state in the period studied, which we believe could be related to the small number of samples evaluated, the underreporting of cases and deaths among this population, and the inconsistency of secondary data available for this study. Conclusion In this study, we showed the circulation of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants in this population, which should be isolated and protected as they belong to the most fragile group due to their socioeconomic and cultural disparities. We reinforce the need for constant genomic surveillance to monitor and prevent the spread of new emerging viruses and to better understand the viral dynamics in these populations, making it possible to direct specific actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Albuquerque de Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Izabela Mauricio de Rezende
- Stanford Pandemic Preparedness Hub, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Vinicius João Navarini
- Health Sciences Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Silvana Beutinger Marchioro
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Alex José Leite Torres
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Julio Croda
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mariana Garcia Croda
- Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Crhistinne Cavalheiro Maymone Gonçalves
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- State Secretariat of Health of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Joilson Xavier
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Emerson de Castro
- Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Lima
- Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Felipe Iani
- Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Talita Adelino
- Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flávia Aburjaile
- Preventive Veterinary Medicine Departament, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Deborah Ledesma Taira
- State Secretariat of Health of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Vagner Fonseca
- Pan American Health Organization - PAHO, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Climate-Amplified Diseases and Epidemics (CLIMADE) Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jason Andrews
- Stanford Pandemic Preparedness Hub, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara
- Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Climate-Amplified Diseases and Epidemics (CLIMADE) Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Simone Simionatto
- Health Sciences Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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Galappaththi EK, Perera CD, Dharmasiri IP, Ford JD, Kodithuwakku SS, Chicmana-Zapata V, Zavaleta-Cortijo C, Pickering K, van Bavel B, Hyams K, Arotoma-Rojas I, Akugre FA, Nkalubo J, Namanya DB, Mensah A, Hangula MM. Policy responses to COVID-19 in Sri Lanka and the consideration of Indigenous Peoples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY 2023; 144:110-123. [PMID: 36949900 PMCID: PMC10011033 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has had uneven impacts on health and well-being, with Indigenous communities in the Global South facing some of the highest risks. Focusing on the experience of Sri Lanka, this study identifies key policy responses to COVID-19, documents how they evolved over two years of the pandemic, and examines if and how government responses have addressed issues pertaining to Indigenous Peoples. Drawing upon an analysis of policy documents (n = 110) and interviews with policymakers (n = 20), we characterize seven key policy responses implemented by the Sri Lankan government: i) testing for and identifying COVID-19; ii) quarantine procedures; iii) provisional clinical treatments; iv) handling other diseases during COVID-19; v) movement; vi) guidelines to be adhered to by the general public; and vii) health and vaccination. The nature of these responses changed as the pandemic progressed. There is no evidence that policy development or implementation incorporated the voices and needs of Indigenous Peoples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eranga K Galappaththi
- Department of Geography, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, United States
| | - Chrishma D Perera
- Department of Geography, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, United States
- University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Indunil P Dharmasiri
- Department of Geography, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, United States
| | - James D Ford
- Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sarath S Kodithuwakku
- Department of Agricultural Economics & Business Management, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Victoria Chicmana-Zapata
- Unidad de Ciudadanía Intercultural y Salud Indígena (UCISI), Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Carol Zavaleta-Cortijo
- Unidad de Ciudadanía Intercultural y Salud Indígena (UCISI), Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Bianca van Bavel
- Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Hyams
- Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Ingrid Arotoma-Rojas
- Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jonathan Nkalubo
- Uganda National Health Research Organization & Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda
| | - Didacus Bambaiha Namanya
- Ministry of Health-Uganda National Health Research Organisation, & Uganda Martyrs, University, Uganda
| | - Adelina Mensah
- Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Martha M Hangula
- Department of Animal Production, Agribusiness and Economics, University of Namibia, Namibia
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5
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Takasaki Y, Abizaid C, Coomes OT. COVID-19 contagion across remote communities in tropical forests. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20727. [PMID: 36456613 PMCID: PMC9713114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding COVID-19 contagion among poor populations is hampered by a paucity of data, and especially so in remote rural communities with limited access to transportation, communication, and health services. We report on the first study on COVID-19 contagion across rural communities without road access. We conducted telephone surveys with over 400 riverine communities in the Peruvian Amazon in the early phase of the pandemic. During the first wave (April-June, 2020), COVID-19 spread from cities to most communities through public and private river transportation according to their remoteness. The initial spread was delayed by transportation restrictions but at the same time was driven in unintended ways by government social assistance. During the second wave (August, 2020), although people's self-protective behaviors (promoted through communication access) helped to suppress the contagion, people responded to transportation restrictions and social assistance in distinct ways, leading to greater contagion among Indigenous communities than mestizo communities. As such, the spatial contagion during the early phase of the pandemic in tropical forests was shaped by river transportation and social behaviors. These novel findings have important implications for research and policies on pandemics in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Takasaki
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XGraduate School of Economics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christian Abizaid
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Geography and Planning and School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Oliver T. Coomes
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
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6
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Soto-Cabezas MG, Reyes MF, Soriano AN, Velásquez Rodríguez JP, Ordoñez Ibargüen L, Martel KS, Flores Jaime N, Munayco CV. Ethical and administrative considerations of the article 'COVID-19 among Amazonian Indians in Peru: mortality, incidence and clinical characteristics'. J Public Health (Oxf) 2022:6758202. [PMID: 36221312 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Gabriela Soto-Cabezas
- Dirección de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Prevención y Control de Enfermedades, Ministerio de Salud, Calle Daniel Olaechea 199, Jesús María 15072, Lima, Peru
| | - Mary F Reyes
- Dirección de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Prevención y Control de Enfermedades, Ministerio de Salud, Calle Daniel Olaechea 199, Jesús María 15072, Lima, Peru
| | - Anderson N Soriano
- Dirección de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Prevención y Control de Enfermedades, Ministerio de Salud, Calle Daniel Olaechea 199, Jesús María 15072, Lima, Peru
| | - Jean Pierre Velásquez Rodríguez
- Dirección de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Prevención y Control de Enfermedades, Ministerio de Salud, Calle Daniel Olaechea 199, Jesús María 15072, Lima, Peru
| | - Luis Ordoñez Ibargüen
- Dirección de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Prevención y Control de Enfermedades, Ministerio de Salud, Calle Daniel Olaechea 199, Jesús María 15072, Lima, Peru
| | - Kevin S Martel
- Dirección de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Prevención y Control de Enfermedades, Ministerio de Salud, Calle Daniel Olaechea 199, Jesús María 15072, Lima, Peru
| | - Noemi Flores Jaime
- Dirección de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Prevención y Control de Enfermedades, Ministerio de Salud, Calle Daniel Olaechea 199, Jesús María 15072, Lima, Peru
| | - Cesar V Munayco
- Dirección de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Prevención y Control de Enfermedades, Ministerio de Salud, Calle Daniel Olaechea 199, Jesús María 15072, Lima, Peru
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