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Alquaiz AM, Kazi A, Almeneessier A, Alhalal E, Almuneef M, AlHabib Y. Relationship Between Violence Against Women, Social Support, Self-Esteem, and Mental Health in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:431-457. [PMID: 37688473 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231197135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to measure the prevalence of mental distress and to explore the relationship between violence against women (VAW), social support, self-esteem, and mental distress in women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire-guided, cross-sectional, interview-based study was conducted with 1,932 women, in primary healthcare centers. Around 29% reported moderate to severe distress levels, whereas 40% of women reported lifetime exposure to at least one type of violence. Linear regression analysis found that VAW was positively associated with mental distress with a unit increase associated with a 0.13 (0.58, 1.15) increase in distress level, whereas, for both social support and self-esteem, a unit increase in violence was associated with -0.23 (-0.47, -0.32) and -0.22 (-0.49, -0.33) unit decrease in the mental distress. Structural equation modeling found that violence had direct significant negative effects on social support (β = -.156, p < .001) and self-esteem (β = -.135, p < .001). Both social support (β = -.266, p < .001) and self-esteem (β = -.183, p < .001) had direct significant negative effects on distress. VAW exerted a direct significant positive effect on distress (β = .171, p < .001) as well as an indirect effect (β = .068, p < .001). Both social support (β = .044, p < .001) and self-esteem (β = .025, p < .001) were significant mediators of the effect of violence on mental distress. VAW can lead to mental distress and low self-esteem. Identification, counseling, and social support for women are important to improve their self-confidence and reduce the adverse effects of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljohara M Alquaiz
- Princess Nora Bent Abdullah Chair for Women's Health Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ambreen Kazi
- Princess Nora Bent Abdullah Chair for Women's Health Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aljohara Almeneessier
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alhalal
- Community and Mental Health Department, College of Nursing, King Saud University Medical city, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Almuneef
- Princess Nora Bent Abdullah Chair for Women's Health Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yara AlHabib
- Princess Nora Bent Abdullah Chair for Women's Health Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Moussouni A, Sidi Yakhlef A, Hamdaoui H, Litim Z. Prevalence and socio-economic determinants of consanguineous marriages in Algeria according to Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2019 data (MICS6). BIODEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY 2024; 69:30-42. [PMID: 38261529 DOI: 10.1080/19485565.2024.2306359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Consanguineous marriage is still a customary social phenomenon in Arab-Muslim communities. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of consanguineous marriages in the Algerian population and to identify the socio-economic determinants associated with the practice of this form of union. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study included data for 21141 ever-married women aged 15-49 years, from the MICS6 Algeria (Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey database), conducted in 2019. Using a logistic regression model, we assessed the influence of socio-economic and geographical determinants on the practice of consanguineous marriages. The prevalence of consanguinity was 23.0% (95% CI: 22.4-23.6). According to multivariable binary logistic regression analysis, low level of education, early age at marriage (15-19; 20-30 years), rural area of residence, all geographical regions except the north-western territorial programming space, economic activity, and the lowest wealth index were the main determinants that assist in the prevalence of high rates of consanguineous marriages in Algeria. Considering these explanatory variables could help national health policy decision-makers to create and implement national preventive action plans that are intended alter behaviors attitudes toward preference of consanguineous marriages and, thus, reduce the burden of genetic disorders or congenital abnormalities associated with consanguinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Moussouni
- National Center for Prehistoric, Anthropological and Historical Research (CNRPAH_Tlemcen's station), Algiers, Algeria
- Laboratory of Anthropology, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Adel Sidi Yakhlef
- Laboratory of Human Actions' Valorisation for Protection of Environment and Application in Public Health, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Houari Hamdaoui
- Laboratory of Human Actions' Valorisation for Protection of Environment and Application in Public Health, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
- University of Ghardaia, Ghardaia, Algeria
| | - Zakia Litim
- National Center for Prehistoric, Anthropological and Historical Research (CNRPAH_Tlemcen's station), Algiers, Algeria
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Alshammari A, Evans C, Mcgarry J. Nurses' experiences of perceiving violence and abuse of women in Saudi Arabia: A phenomenological study. Int Nurs Rev 2023; 70:501-509. [PMID: 37401925 DOI: 10.1111/inr.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To explore the practices, understanding, and experiences of nurses and nursing students about domestic violence and abuse in Saudi Arabia. BACKGROUND Domestic violence and abuse is a well-known public health issue and a clear violation of human rights resulting in detrimental effects on women's health. INTRODUCTION Societal and cultural barriers in Saudi Arabia limit women's rights and disclosure of violence within marriage and families, preventing access to health care and support. There are few reports of this phenomenon in Saudi Arabia. METHODS We used a hermeneutic phenomenological approach to acquire in-depth insights into nurses' perceptions and experiences regarding domestic violence and abuse. Eighteen nurses and student nurses were recruited from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, using convenience sampling. Data were gathered between October 2017 and February 2018 through in-depth semistructured interviews, organized using NVivo 12 and analyzed manually to identify consistent themes. This study adhered to the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research. FINDINGS An overarching concept of "being disempowered" was identified, which was present at three levels: a lack of nurses' professional preparation, insufficient organizational structures and processes, and wider social and cultural components. CONCLUSION This study provides an in-depth account of nurses' practices, understanding, and experiences of domestic violence and abuse, highlighting the sensitivity and difficulties of addressing the problem in hospitals across Saudi Arabia and potentially other similar countries. IMPLICATIONS The study's findings will inform the development of nursing education and practice in Saudi Arabia, as well as pave the way toward formulating effective strategies with needed modifications in curriculum, organizations, policy, procedures, and laws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkadi Alshammari
- Assistant Professor, Faculty of Nursing, Community Health Nursing and Mental Health Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Catrin Evans
- Associate Professor, School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Julie Mcgarry
- Assistant Professor, Faculty of Nursing, Community Health Nursing and Mental Health Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Professor in Nursing and Gender-Based Violence, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Health Sciences School, Sheffield, UK
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Park S, Kim SH. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials for Intimate Partner Violence: The Effects of the Programs Based on Their Purposes. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:2115-2129. [PMID: 35427459 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221084748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a complex global problem that has serious health consequences for victims. Many intervention programs have been introduced for IPV, with various target populations, purposes, designs, and outcomes. However, a consensus has not been reached regarding which type of program has the greatest impact. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of existing interventions on IPV risk and to compare the effects of the interventions based on their purposes and designs. Method: A systematic review and meta-analytic method were utilized in this study. Through a rigorous database search, 13 randomized controlled trials that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected and included in the analysis. Results: The included interventions had a small effect size, which was statistically significant. The couple interventions aiming to reduce the risk of IPV perpetration and victimization simultaneously showed the greatest impact, compared to bystander interventions and interventions targeting either perpetrators or victims. The interventions aiming to reduce the risk of IPV perpetration showed a significant impact on changing gender equality-related knowledge and attitudes, and those aiming to reduce the risk of IPV victimization were effective in increasing knowledge and changing attitudes related to traditional norms, empowerment, and health conditions. The interventions targeting bystanders showed significant effects on increasing bystander-related attitudes and behaviors. Conclusion: Our findings provide strong evidence for future intervention programs for IPV. Long-term research to follow-up actual IPV reductions after interventions will be needed to confirm the findings of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihyun Park
- Department of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sin-Hyang Kim
- Department of Nursing, Shinsung University, Dangjin-Si, South Korea
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Al-Marhabi BD, Fahim WA, Katooa NE, Al-Nujaydi AA. Maternal and Fetal Outcomes Among Pregnant Women Exposed to Violence. Cureus 2023; 15:e44715. [PMID: 37809198 PMCID: PMC10552788 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Domestic violence against women is now widely recognized as a public health issue and a major human rights violation on a global scale. It is a significant risk factor for women's health problems. Pregnancy places a woman under significant physical and psychological pressure, even without additional stressors like abuse. This pressure can have a negative impact on both the mother's and the child's health. This study aims to assess the prevalence of violence among pregnant women and to determine the maternal and fetal outcomes among pregnant women exposed to violence. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among 347 postpartum women to assess maternal and fetal outcomes among those who were exposed to violence during their pregnancy. A face-to-face interview was done using one tool with three parts to collect the necessary data. Part one included socio-demographic characteristics and reproductive history for participants, part two included safe and validated dates-physical violence victimization scale, and part three included maternal and fetal outcomes. Result The findings of this study showed that the prevalence of victimization occurred one to three times (28.8%), while 11.5% of victimization occurred four to nine times, and 2.6% of victimization occurred 10 times or more. Many factors play a role in violence, including family income, husband's jobs, husband smoking, being forced into marriage, a higher number of children, and parity. Additionally, it was discovered that adverse pregnancy and fetal outcomes include preterm birth (PTB), early onset of labor, low birth weight (LBW), and neonatal admission to the intensive care unit. Conclusion The result indicates that violence against pregnant women is at a significant rate. Their findings show that there are several factors that may have caused this percentage. Among the factors that contributed to violence in this study were family income, smoking, husbands' work, forced marriage, the number of pregnancies, and the number of children. To reduce violence during pregnancy, it is crucial to empower women, especially those without a source of income of their own. It is also critical to educate partners and foster healthy relationships between partners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wafaa A Fahim
- Faculty of Nursing, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
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Al Kiyumi MH, Al Shidhani AS, Al Sumri H, Al Saidi Y, Al Harrasi A, Al Kiyumi M, Al Sumri S, Al Toubi A, Shetty M, Al-Adawi S. Intimate Partner Violence in Khaliji Women: A Review of the Frequency and Related Factors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6241. [PMID: 37444089 PMCID: PMC10341606 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20136241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), locally known as Khaliji, is a group of six Arab nations, including Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health concern in the aforementioned region, but research that synthesises this trend has remained scarce. The present narrative review examines existing research on the prevalence and frequency of IPV among Khaliji women who inhabit the GCC nations. This review synthesised studies on physical and sexual violence, emotional abuse, and controlling behaviours perpetrated by an intimate partner. The prevalence rates of IPV among Khaliji women were observed to be high: women reported facing different types of abuse from their partners, namely physical (7-71%), sexual (3.7-81%), financial (21.3-26%), and psychological (7.5-89%), which is a culmination of controlling behaviour (36.8%), emotional violence (22-69%), and social violence (34%). Existing studies in the GCC region suggest that the most endorsed IPV was psychological abuse (89%), followed by sexual violence (81%). Qualitative analysis of the content of associated factors resulted in four significant descriptors, such as victim demographics, sociocultural factors, socioeconomic factors, and perpetrator-related issues. Research on IPV is still in its nascent stages, with very few studies emanating from the GCC region. The way forward will require developing culturally appropriate interventions that address the unique risk factors for IPV among the Khaliji population, strengthening institutional responses, and increasing awareness and social support for victims of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa H. Al Kiyumi
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; (A.S.A.S.); (H.A.S.); (Y.A.S.); (A.A.H.); (M.A.K.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Asma Said Al Shidhani
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; (A.S.A.S.); (H.A.S.); (Y.A.S.); (A.A.H.); (M.A.K.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Hana Al Sumri
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; (A.S.A.S.); (H.A.S.); (Y.A.S.); (A.A.H.); (M.A.K.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Yaqoub Al Saidi
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; (A.S.A.S.); (H.A.S.); (Y.A.S.); (A.A.H.); (M.A.K.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Amira Al Harrasi
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; (A.S.A.S.); (H.A.S.); (Y.A.S.); (A.A.H.); (M.A.K.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Maryam Al Kiyumi
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; (A.S.A.S.); (H.A.S.); (Y.A.S.); (A.A.H.); (M.A.K.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Sanaa Al Sumri
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; (A.S.A.S.); (H.A.S.); (Y.A.S.); (A.A.H.); (M.A.K.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Aseel Al Toubi
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; (A.A.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Maithili Shetty
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; (A.A.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Samir Al-Adawi
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; (A.A.T.); (M.S.)
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Moshtagh M, Amiri R, Sharafi S, Arab-Zozani M. Intimate Partner Violence in the Middle East Region: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:613-631. [PMID: 34382453 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211036060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a clinical and social problem globally, especially in the Middle East. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of IPV and its types against women in the Middle East region. METHOD PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched in January 2020. From 1995 to 2020, all studies performed in the Middle East, investigating at least one type of abuse against women and written in English, entered the study. All included studies were appraised using Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist, which was adapted for prevalence studies. The random effect model of meta-analysis was performed using the Mantel-Haenszel method by comprehensive meta-analysis software. Each type of abuse as event rate with 95% CI was calculated for each variable. Heterogeneity was investigated using the I 2 statistic test. RESULTS Fifty-five studies encompassing 138,692 participants were included in our meta-analysis. The rate of overall abuse was 26.3 (n = 55, 95% CI: [15.8, 40.5], p = .002). The highest rate of abuse in the included studies was reported for psychological abuse 48.6% (n = 46, 95% CI: [39.8, 57.5], p = .758). The rate of abuse for physical, economical, sexual, and injury were 28.4% (n = 53, 95% CI: [22.1, 35.7], p = .0001), 19% (n = 10, 95% CI: [9.8, 33.7], p = .0001), 18.5% (n = 45, 95% CI: [13.6, 24.6], p = .0001), and 18.4% (n = 5, 95% CI: [7.1, 40.2], p = 0.008), respectively. The overall abuse reported by World Health Organization Multi-Country Domestic Violence (DV)Questionnaire was 25.7% (n = 17, 95% CI: [18.4, 34.7], p = .0001). This value was 41.8% (n = 11, 95% CI: [29.7, 55], p = .223) for the Conflict Tactics Scale Questionnaire. CONCLUSION Although this review highlights the lack of or insufficient IPV data in some contexts and inconsistencies in defining and measuring IPV among studies, the evidence shows that a moderate to high pattern of abuse has been observed in the study population. Due to this region's unique cultural-religious characteristics, it is urgent to reduce this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Moshtagh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Rana Amiri
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK
| | - Simin Sharafi
- Nursing and Midwifery School, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Morteza Arab-Zozani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Alsalman Z, Shafey M, Al Ali L. Intimate Partner Violence; Are Saudi Physicians in Primary Health Care Setting Ready to Identify, Screening, and Respond? Int J Womens Health 2023; 15:623-633. [PMID: 37096173 PMCID: PMC10122482 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s401926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a growing hot topic in Saudi Arabia and primary health care (PHC) physicians play a significant role in preventing it. Our objective was to assess the PHC Physicians' readiness and barriers to identify, screen, and respond to IPV in Saudi Arabia. Methods A cross-sectional study recruited physicians working in PHC centers in Saudi Arabia. Data was collected using a modified online self-administered questionnaire based on the PREMIS "The Physician Readiness to Identify and Manage IPV." The questionnaire consisted of respondent profile, perceived preparedness and knowledge, actual knowledge, practice issues, and opinion regarding barriers. Results Among 169 PHC physicians, 60.9% had never experienced any formal IPV training. Around one-fifth of participants have a good perceived and actual knowledge, whereas one-third have a good perceived preparedness. Nearly half of the participants (46.7%) do not screen for IPV and two-thirds of them (66.3%) have never identified an IPV case during the previous 6 months. The logistic regression model showed that family physicians were 2.27 times more likely to have a good knowledge than a general practitioner, and participants with IPV training were more likely to have a good level of perceived preparedness, perceived knowledge, and more likely to perform screening of IPV. Conclusion The low level of PHC physicians' readiness to identify and respond to IPV is worrisome. Findings emphasize the urgent need for an IPV training program, a supportive work environment, and a clear referral system in order to help the practitioner to provide comprehensive services and ensure safety plans for abused women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaenb Alsalman
- Departments of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Zaenb Alsalman, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Po Box 3311, Al Ahsa, 36346, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966545611633, Email ;
| | - Marwa Shafey
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Neville SE, Zidan T, Williams A, Rotabi-Casares KS. Child maltreatment and protection in the Arab Gulf Cooperation Council countries: A scoping review. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 134:105924. [PMID: 36244212 PMCID: PMC10511143 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on child maltreatment and protection in the Arab Gulf Cooperation Council countries-Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE)-is limited but growing, as is child protection as a sector. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify themes and gaps in existing research on child maltreatment and protection, identify opportunities for building capacity in research and practice. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING N/A. METHODS We conducted a scoping review of empirical studies published in peer-reviewed journals in English and Arabic and reported methods and findings according to the PRISMA-ScR reporting protocol. Articles were coded by country, topic of research, and type of abuse studied, if any. RESULTS Our database search returned 6109 articles and 160 articles were included in our review. Themes included (1) prevalence, incidence, and characteristics of maltreatment, (2) outcomes associated with maltreatment, (3) attitudes, awareness, and reporting, (4) accidental injury and death potentially associated with neglect, (5) policy and practice. Eighty-seven articles studied Saudi Arabia, while 28 studied the UAE, 21 Kuwait, 13 Qatar, 12 Oman, and 11 Bahrain. Physical abuse was studied in 77 articles, followed by sexual abuse in 54 articles and emotional abuse in 54. CONCLUSION Although the medical community produces an encouraging volume of child maltreatment research, gaps remain. Intervention research is lacking, and further inquiry into family dynamics, culture, and spirituality could inform the development of effective interventions. Cross-sectoral collaboration among education, social work, law enforcement, and healthcare is also needed to safeguard children's rights in the GCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarek Zidan
- Indiana University School of Social Work, 1800 Mishawaka Ave., South Bend, IN, USA.
| | - Adam Williams
- Boston College Social Work Library, 140 Commonwealth Ave., Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
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Almegewly WH, Hawamdah S, Moussa FL, Dator WLT, Alonezi A, Al-Eissa M. Measuring Nurses' and Physicians' Attitudes and Perceptions of the Appropriate Interventions towards Intimate Partner Violence in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:1430. [PMID: 36011088 PMCID: PMC9408212 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10081430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is considered the most common form of violence against women worldwide, concerning public health, safety, and human rights. However, little to no studies in Saudi Arabia have explored the attitude and perception of health care providers working in emergency departments toward IPV. This study aimed to measure the attitude and perception of Emergency Room (ER) health care providers towards the appropriate intervention for IPV. Methods: This is a cross-sectional quantitative study. Data was collected from a convenient sample of nurses (n = 88) and physicians (n = 18) working in ER, using Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PREMIS). Data was collected from two hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and descriptive analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: The majority of the respondents were aged 18−40 (n = 106, 78%), while 22% were 41−60 years old, 69% were female, and 31% were male. Eighty-five percent were nurses and 15% were physicians. The majority of the respondents did not have any training on IPV and had gained knowledge or skills mostly during their medical/nursing classroom and clinical training. The analysis revealed that the participants had moderate levels of overall preparedness, knowledge about IPV, and perceived knowledge, with a mean score of 2.30, 18.62, and 2.18, respectively. The respondents had low scores in practice issues in new diagnosis (0.91), current screening (1.69), and actions when IPV is identified (0.91). The perceived preparedness and knowledge have a significant positive correlation, as shown by an r value of 0.8476 and a p-value of <0.05. Conclusion: The study shows that participants stated minimal previous IPV knowledge and training. It is necessary to put in place adequate resources and specific training programs to overcome this issue for both ER nurses and physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Hamad Almegewly
- Department of Community Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Fatchima Laouali Moussa
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, College of Nursing, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (F.L.M.); (W.L.T.D.)
| | - Wireen Leila Tanggawohn Dator
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, College of Nursing, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (F.L.M.); (W.L.T.D.)
| | - Anwar Alonezi
- Department of Community Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Majid Al-Eissa
- Department of National Family Safety Program, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
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Is consanguineous marriage related to spousal violence in India? Evidence from the National Family Health Survey, 2015-16. J Biosoc Sci 2021; 54:959-974. [PMID: 34847974 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932021000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Violence against women is a global phenomenon, and intimate partner violence is the most common form of violence faced by women in the world. Around 30% of women in the world, on average, and 33% in India experience intimate partner violence during their lifetime. The main aim of this study was to investigate whether consanguinity protects women from spousal violence. National Family Health Survey 2015-16 (NFHS-4) data were used. The study sample comprised 60,824 currently married women aged 15-49 years. The results of the logistic regression model showed that the likelihood of all types of spousal violence against women was higher among consanguineous unions compared with non-consanguineous unions in India. The association between consanguineous marriage and spousal violence was found to be positive and significant in the southern and eastern regions of India and among Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The association was not significant among Muslims. Differences in socio-cultural norms and practices across the regions of India, and among different socio-cultural groups, can perhaps explain these variations. Women belonging in higher age groups, from Other Backward Castes, those who were working and those with a low level of educational attainment and socioeconomic standing had a higher risk of experiencing intimate partner violence. Couples in a consanguineous marriage should be given adequate counselling to reduce intimate partner violence in India, and similarly culturally diverse countries. This would also help reach Target 5.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.
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Alharbi FF, Alkheraiji MA, Aljumah AA, Al-Eissa M, Qasim SS, Alaqeel MK. Domestic Violence Against Married Women During the COVID-19 Quarantine in Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2021; 13:e15231. [PMID: 34188981 PMCID: PMC8232927 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, cases of domestic abuse and aggressive behaviour between Saudi married couples were increasing annually, a topic of growing concern both socially and medically. With the forced indoor confinement enacted as a containment measure, international studies regarding domestic abuse indicated an almost unanimous increase in prevalence. This cross-sectional national study aimed to assess the change between the pre-and intra-pandemic prevalence of abuse in Saudi Arabia. Material and methods Anonymous data were gathered using a web-based Arabic version of the World Health Organization (WHO) multi-country instrument measuring violence against women residing in Saudi Arabia. The previously validated questionnaire included a series of multiple-choice questions related to demographic information, family infrastructure, experienced situations of abuse, and the severity and form of abuse during the quarantine period, from March 23, 2020, to June 21, 2020. Associations were tested using a two-tailed Pearson's Chi-square test and odds ratios. A binary multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the independent factors associated with domestic violence. Results In total, 2254 participants were included in the present study. The majority (n=2129, 94.7%) were Saudi nationals. The highest proportion (n=1022, 45.3%) was in the 30 to 40 years age group. The self-reported prevalence of domestic violence before COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine was 25.4% and 16.6% during the confinement, indicating an overall decrease of 8.8% in the reported cases. Regarding the type of violence, of the 315 (16.6%) women who endured violence since the confinement, the majority (n=301, 95.6%) experienced multiple forms of violent abuse, 264 (87.7%) suffered from psychological/emotional violence, 114 (37.9%) from physical violence, and 50 (16.6%) from sexual violence. Of the group who experienced multiple forms of violence, 120 (39.9%) reported an increase in the frequency and perceived intensity of the violence since the confinement. The only variable that directly increased the likelihood of suffering domestic violence had more than three children [OR = 1.59, P = 0.018]. Conclusions Contrary to trends observed in other countries, the national prevalence of abusive conduct towards married women showed a marked decrease during the quarantine period-more children directly correlated with a higher reported frequency of being abused. Further studies in neighbouring countries with comparable societies and structures must be conducted to assess the validity of our findings in the context of the global trends of violence in the marital home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares F Alharbi
- Mental Health, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, SAU
- Research Office, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Meshal A Alkheraiji
- Psychiatry, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
- Psychiatry, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, SAU
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
- Research Office, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Abdullah A Aljumah
- Mental Health, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, SAU
- Research Office, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Majid Al-Eissa
- Pediatrics, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, SAU
- Research Office, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Salman S Qasim
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
- Research Office, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Meshal K Alaqeel
- Mental Health, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, SAU
- Research Office, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
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Mollazehi M, El-Menyar A, Mekkodathil A, Consunji R, Al-Thani H. Violence -related injuries in a rapidly developing Middle Eastern country: a retrospective study from a level 1 trauma center. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1640. [PMID: 33143676 PMCID: PMC7607632 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Violence is a global public health concern leading to injuries, long-term physical, sexual or mental health problems and even mortality. The burden of violence-related injuries on hospital systems remains understudied in the Arabian Gulf region. The present study aimed to describe the epidemiology of hospitalized violence-related injuries in a rapidly developing Middle Eastern country. Methods A retrospective analysis from a level 1 trauma center, in the state of Qatar, was conducted. Data were retrieved from the Qatar national trauma registry for all patients who were admitted with violence-related injuries between June 2010 and June 2017. Analyzed data were used to compare hospitalized interpersonal and self-inflicted violence groups. Results The hospitalization rate of violence-related injuries was 4.6 per 100,000 population per year; it was significantly higher in males (5.5/100,000 males/year vs. 1.8/100,000 females/year) and younger persons, particularly in the 25–34 years old population (41%). South Asians constituted 55% of the affected study population. Interpersonal violence (76.7%) was the most common mechanism of injury. Significant differences between interpersonal and self-inflicted violence groups were evident, especially for the type of trauma (i.e. blunt or penetrating), injured body regions, alcohol use, injury severity, need for intubation and psychiatric referral (p < 0.05). Overall, in-hospital mortality was 6.4%; with a significantly higher rate in females (16% vs.5%, p = 0.001). Outcomes, including length of hospital stay and mortality, were comparable between the two study groups. Multivariate analysis showed that male gender and alcohol use were predictors for interpersonal violence whereas high Injury Severity Score (ISS) and low Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) were predictors of hospital mortality. Conclusions The rate of hospitalization for violence-related injuries in Qatar is low; however, its burden on the trauma system is of concern. Although it comprised only 9.6% of the study population, females are more likely to get hospitalized following self-inflicted injuries when compared to interpersonal violence. The disproportionate burden of violence among South Asian and young populations warrants an evidence-based public health approach to appropriately address the risk factors and set prevention programs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-020-09754-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monira Mollazehi
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayman El-Menyar
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar. .,Trauma & Vascular Surgery Section, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation & Weill Cornell Medical College, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
| | | | - Rafael Consunji
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hassan Al-Thani
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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