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Angerer V, Schmid Y, Franz F, Gnann H, Speer JM, Gnann A, Helmecke S, Buchwald A, Brandt SD, Passie T, Liechti ME, Auwärter V. Acute psychotropic, autonomic, and endocrine effects of 5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane (MDAI) compared with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in human volunteers: A self-administration study. Drug Test Anal 2023. [PMID: 38056906 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The acute psychoactive, autonomic, and endocrine effects of the new psychoactive substance (NPS) 5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane (MDAI; 3.0 mg/kg, range 180-228 mg) were investigated in six healthy volunteers (four males, two females) in a non-blinded fashion without placebo. Subjective, cardiovascular, and endocrine responses were compared with two different doses of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (75 mg and 125 mg) described in previously published placebo-controlled studies, which used identical outcome measures including Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), the Adjective Mood Rating Scale (AMRS), and the 5 Dimensions of Altered States of Consciousness (5D-ASC) scale. MDAI was well tolerated and produced subjective effects comparable with those of 125 mg MDMA. MDAI increased blood pressure similar to 125 mg MDMA but did not increase heart rate or body temperature. MDAI increased cortisol and prolactin levels and could be detected in serum about 20 min post ingestion and remained detectable at least for 4 days. In urine, MDAI was detectable over a period of at least 6 days. Further clinical investigations are warranted to assess whether MDAI could serve as drug with medicinal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Angerer
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yasmin Schmid
- Psychopharmacology Research, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Franz
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Armin Buchwald
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon D Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Torsten Passie
- Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute for History and Ethics in Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias E Liechti
- Psychopharmacology Research, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Crulli B, Dines AM, Blanco G, Giraudon I, Eyer F, Liechti ME, Miró Ò, Hovda KE, Heyerdahl F, Yates C, Vallersnes OM, Wood DM, Dargan PI. Novel psychoactive substances-related presentations to the emergency departments of the European drug emergencies network plus (Euro-DEN plus) over the six-year period 2014-2019. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2022; 60:1318-1327. [PMID: 36322684 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2022.2137524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) have been increasingly reported in the last 15-20 years. We aimed to describe presentations to the emergency department (ED) with acute recreational drug toxicity involving NPS. METHODS Data were extracted from the European Drug Emergencies Network (Euro-DEN) Plus database for all presentations to ED (36 EDs in 24 European countries) with acute toxicity between January 2014 and December 2019. Patient demographics, agents involved, and clinical outcomes were described and the subgroup of presentations involving NPS was compared with the rest of the cohort. RESULTS Out of 43,633 Euro-DEN Plus presentations, 3304 (7.6%) involved at least one NPS. Agents were identified mainly based on self-report or clinical presentation, with analytical confirmation being performed only in 17.9% of NPS presentations. The proportion of NPS presentations varied by centre (0-48.8%). For centres where data were available for all 6 years, NPS-related presentations peaked in 2015 (11.9%). In 2014, 78.4% of NPS agents reported were cathinones, while only 3.4% were synthetic cannabinoids (SCs); conversely, in 2019 only 11.6% of NPS agents reported were cathinones, while 72.2% were SCs. NPS-related presentations involved younger patients (median 30 (23-37) vs. 32 (25-40) years, p < 0.001) and more males (84.8 vs. 75.8%, p < 0.001) compared with the rest of the cohort. Patients presenting to ED after using NPS were more likely to self-discharge (22.8 vs. 15.1%), less likely to be admitted to critical care (3.6 vs. 6.1%) but had a longer length of stay in hospital (median 5.1 (2.7-18.7) vs. 4.7 (2.5-9.2) h, p < 0.001). Death occurred in 0.5% of all presentations involving NPS and in 0.4% of non-NPS presentations. CONCLUSIONS This large multicentre series of NPS presentations to European EDs showed marked geographical variation and changes over time in the proportion of presentations to ED involving NPS, as well as the proportion of NPS subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Crulli
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - Alison M Dines
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - Georgina Blanco
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - Isabelle Giraudon
- European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Florian Eyer
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias E Liechti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Òscar Miró
- Emergency Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Knut E Hovda
- Department of Acute Medicine, The National CBRNE Centre of Medicine, Medical Division, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fridtjof Heyerdahl
- Division of Prehospital Services, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher Yates
- Emergency Department, Hospital Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Odd Martin Vallersnes
- Department of General Practice, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Accident and Emergency Outpatient Clinic, City of Oslo Health Agency, Oslo, Norway
| | - David M Wood
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK.,Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul I Dargan
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK.,Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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3
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Jo C, Joo H, Youn DH, Kim JM, Hong YK, Lim NY, Kim KS, Park SJ, Choi SO. Rewarding and Reinforcing Effects of 25H-NBOMe in Rodents. Brain Sci 2022; 12:1490. [PMID: 36358416 PMCID: PMC9688077 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12111490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The drug 25H-NBOMe is a new psychoactive substance (NPS). The use of these substances is likely to pose a threat to public health because they elicit effects similar to those of known psychoactive substances with similar chemical structures. However, data regarding the abuse potential of 25H-NBOMe are lacking. Here, we evaluated the abuse liability of 25H-NBOMe in rodents. The rewarding and reinforcing effects were evaluated through conditioned place preference (CPP) and self-administration (SA) tests after administration of 25H-NBOMe. To investigate the effects of 25H-NBOMe on the central nervous system, we determined the changes in dopamine levels by in vivo microdialysis. In the locomotor activity test, 25H-NBOme significantly increased locomotor activity in mice. In the place conditioning test, the 25H-NBOMe (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) groups showed a significantly increase in CPP in mice. In the SA test, the 25H-NBOMe (0.01 mg/kg) administered group showed a significant increased number of infusions and active lever presses. In microdialysis, the 25H-NBOMe (10 mg/kg) administered group was significantly increased in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sun Ok Choi
- Pharmacological Research Division, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Chungju 28159, Korea
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4
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Correia B, Fernandes J, Botica MJ, Ferreira C, Quintas A. Novel Psychoactive Substances: The Razor's Edge between Therapeutical Potential and Psychoactive Recreational Misuse. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:medicines9030019. [PMID: 35323718 PMCID: PMC8950629 DOI: 10.3390/medicines9030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are compounds of natural and synthetic origin, similar to traditional drugs of abuse. NPS are involved in a contemporary trend whose origin lies in a thinner balance between legitimate therapeutic drug research and legislative control. The contemporary NPS trend resulted from the replacement of MDMA by synthetic cathinones in 'ecstasy' during the 2000s. The most common NPS are synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones. Interestingly, during the last 50 years, these two classes of NPS have been the object of scientific research for a set of health conditions. METHODS Searches were conducted in the online database PubMed using boolean equations. RESULTS Synthetic cannabinoids displayed protective and therapeutic effects for inflammatory, neurodegenerative and oncologic pathologies, activating the immune system and reducing inflammation. Synthetic cathinones act similarly to amphetamine-type stimulants and can be used for depression and chronic fatigue. CONCLUSIONS Despite the scientific advances in this field of research, pharmacological application of NPS is being jeopardized by fatalities associated with their recreational use. This review addresses the scientific achievements of these two classes of NPS and the toxicological data, ending with a reflection on Illicit and NPS control frames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Correia
- Laboratório de Ciências Forenses e Psicológicas Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2825-084 Caparica, Portugal; (B.C.); (J.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Joana Fernandes
- Laboratório de Ciências Forenses e Psicológicas Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2825-084 Caparica, Portugal; (B.C.); (J.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Maria João Botica
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPO), Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Carla Ferreira
- Laboratório de Ciências Forenses e Psicológicas Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2825-084 Caparica, Portugal; (B.C.); (J.F.); (C.F.)
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, 2825-084 Caparica, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of Porto University, Rua Professor Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Quintas
- Laboratório de Ciências Forenses e Psicológicas Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2825-084 Caparica, Portugal; (B.C.); (J.F.); (C.F.)
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, 2825-084 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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5
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Electrochemical detection of the synthetic cathinone 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone using carbon screen-printed electrodes: A fast, simple and sensitive screening method for forensic samples. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Deligianni E, Daniel OJ, Corkery JM, Schifano F, Lione LA. Impact of the UK Psychoactive Substances Act on awareness, use, experiences and knowledge of potential associated health risks of novel psychoactive substances. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:505-516. [PMID: 31495968 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The risk of potential harms prompted the UK government to introduce the Psychoactive Substances Act in 2016. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact and effectiveness of this new legislation on patterns of novel psychoactive substance (NPS) awareness, use, experiences and risk awareness in a self-selected sample of UK consumers to inform education and policy. METHODS The Bristol Online Survey was advertised on the Bluelight drug forum and social media Facebook pages and University email between 7 January and 7 February 2015 (168 responses) and 9 March to 18 September 2017 (726 responses). UK country of residence responses were extracted for analysis (SPSS). RESULTS In a predominantly university-educated, young (< 25 years) self-selecting sample, 1 year after introduction of the legislation, NPS use (in males, under 18s, those educated to school/college level, P < .001) has increased, whilst health risk awareness has not changed and remains poor. Users are switching to sourcing NPSs via street dealers (49%) and the darknet (31%) and showing an increase in preference for the herbal NPS Salvia divinorum (P < .05). The main reasons for NPS use remain the influence of friends (69%) in a social setting and to get high (76%) usually in combination with alcohol, cannabis or ecstasy. CONCLUSION Regulation alone, so far, has not impacted on health risk awareness, NPS drug demand and culture in our UK survey sample. Alongside regulation, NPS health promotion education (particularly in schools, colleges) is needed that addresses resilience and both the risks and beneficial effects of NPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Deligianni
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Omari J Daniel
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - John M Corkery
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Fabrizio Schifano
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Lisa A Lione
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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7
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Armenta S, Gil C, Ventura M, Esteve-Turrillas FA. Unexpected identification and characterization of a cathinone precursor in the new psychoactive substance market: 3′,4′-methylenedioxy-2,2-dibromobutyrophenone. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 306:110043. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Abstract
: Synthetic cathinones are a class of novel psychoactive substances. α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone (α-PVP), or "Flakka", is one of these substances. Users often present acutely psychotic or agitated. We present the case of a 20-year-old male without prior psychiatric history who was brought to the hospital by his family because of increasingly bizarre and erratic behavior after reported ingestion of Flakka. What ensued was a prolonged course of psychosis and severe catatonia. Synthetic cathinones are thought to cause catatonia in approximately 1% of cases. Awareness of the possible presentations associated with α-PVP intoxication is increasingly important and should be further explored, as they can have important implications in setting expectations for care. Additionally, providers should have a low threshold for asking patients about bath salt ingestion.
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9
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Abstract
Novel drugs of abuse are synthetic illicit drugs, or analogues of known illicit drugs, that can be more potent. Novel drugs of abuse are often labeled as designer drugs, research chemicals, legal highs, or psychoactive substances. They are often sold as designated legal or nondrug products, such as incense, plant food, or bath salts, with labeling such as "Not for Human Consumption" or "For Use in Research Only." The prevalence of use of novel drugs of abuse is difficult to determine because specific drugs, compounds, and availability of these drugs are constantly evolving. Changes in chemical structures lead to heterogeneity in physiologic response and clinical symptoms, even within the same category of drug. Pediatricians and emergency medicine physicians should be knowledgeable about novel drugs of abuse and their resulting symptoms for prevention and identification of their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Sam Wang
- Section of Emergency Medicine and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO.,Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health Hospital, Denver, CO
| | - Christopher Hoyte
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health Hospital, Denver, CO.,Department of Emergency Medicine and Medical Toxicology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, University Hospital, Aurora, CO
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10
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White JC, Wood DM, Hill SL, Eddleston M, Officer J, Dargan PI, Dunn M, Thomas SH. Acute toxicity following analytically confirmed use of the novel psychoactive substance (NPS) methiopropamine. A report from the Identification of Novel psychoActive substances (IONA) study. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2019; 57:663-667. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1538519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna C. White
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - David M. Wood
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Simon L. Hill
- Clinical Toxicology, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
| | | | - Jane Officer
- Scottish Police Authority, SPA Forensic Services, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul I. Dargan
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Dunn
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Chemical Threats and Hazards, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Simon H.L. Thomas
- Clinical Toxicology, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Chemical Threats and Hazards, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
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11
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Firman JW, Belfield SJ, Chen G, Jackson M, Lam FH, Richmond C, Smith J, Steinmetz FP, Cronin MTD. Chemoinformatic Consideration of Novel Psychoactive Substances: Compilation and Preliminary Analysis of a Categorised Dataset. Mol Inform 2019; 38:e1800142. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201800142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James W. Firman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - Samuel J. Belfield
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - George Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - Megan Jackson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - Fai Hou Lam
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - Callum Richmond
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - James Smith
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | | | - Mark T. D. Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street Liverpool L3 3AF UK
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12
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Fletcher EH, Tasker SM, Easton P, Denvir L. Improving the help and support provided to people who take new psychoactive substances ('legal highs'). J Public Health (Oxf) 2018; 38:e489-e495. [PMID: 28158593 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdv191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E H Fletcher
- Public Health Directorate, NHS Tayside, Kings Cross Hospital, Dundee DD3 8EA, UK
| | - S M Tasker
- Public Health Directorate, NHS Tayside, Kings Cross Hospital, Dundee DD3 8EA, UK
| | - P Easton
- Public Health Directorate, NHS Tayside, Kings Cross Hospital, Dundee DD3 8EA, UK
| | - L Denvir
- Public Health Directorate, NHS Tayside, Kings Cross Hospital, Dundee DD3 8EA, UK
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13
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Albery IP, Moss AC, Davidson N, Mba S, Blaszko U, Marchant AP. Selective attentional bias for novel psychoactive substance (NPS) and expectancy-related stimuli among nonproblematic NPS users and never NPS users. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2018.1436606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian P. Albery
- Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Antony C. Moss
- Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Nicola Davidson
- Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - S. Mba
- Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Ursula Blaszko
- Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, London South Bank University, London, UK
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14
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Henshall DE, Innes CW, Morrison SR, Wilson B, Brown RA, McAllister SM, Culshaw SL, Reda E. A prospective observational study of emergency department presentations following novel psychoactive substance use. Scott Med J 2018. [PMID: 29514583 DOI: 10.1177/0036933018760761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims Novel psychoactive substances are compounds intended to mimic the effects of illicit drugs. They provide a unique challenge to healthcare, as complications of their use and their impact on services are relatively unknown. This study aims to determine nature of presentations, patient demographics and impact on healthcare. Methods Novel psychoactive substances users who presented to a large urban emergency department over 4 weeks were prospectively identified and followed for 1 year. Patients over 13 years old were eligible for inclusion. Information regarding patient demographics and presentations was collected. Results During the study period, 53 patients (39 male), mean age 32.6 ± 8.9 (±standard deviation), presented 148 times with complaints relating to novel psychoactive substances use. Study population characteristics included history of illicit drug use (83.0%), intravenous drug use (64.2%), psychiatric diagnosis or symptoms (56.6%), methadone prescription (52.8%) and having no fixed abode (37.7%). Injection was the most common method of use (72.3%), Burst the most commonly named agent (19.6%) and behavioural change the most common presenting complaint (31.1%). Patients collectively spent 10,620 h in hospital over 1 year. Conclusion This study highlights differences between the young population targeted by government campaigns regarding novel psychoactive substances use and the presenting population to hospital, and the associated burden on the National Health Service.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Henshall
- Medical Student, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Emergency Department, UK
| | - Callum Wd Innes
- Medical Student, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Emergency Department, UK
| | - Scott R Morrison
- Medical Student, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Emergency Department, UK
| | - Blair Wilson
- Medical Student, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Emergency Department, UK
| | - Ryan A Brown
- Medical Student, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Emergency Department, UK
| | - Shannon M McAllister
- Medical Student, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Emergency Department, UK
| | - Seamus L Culshaw
- Medical Student, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Emergency Department, UK
| | - Elaina Reda
- Medical Student, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Emergency Department, UK
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15
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Corazza O, Valeriani G, Bersani FS, Corkery J, Martinotti G, Bersani G, Schifano F. "Spice," "kryptonite," "black mamba": an overview of brand names and marketing strategies of novel psychoactive substances on the web. J Psychoactive Drugs 2018; 46:287-94. [PMID: 25188698 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2014.944291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Abstract Introduction: Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPSs) are often sold online as "legal" and "safer" alternatives to International Controlled Drugs (ICDs) with captivating marketing strategies. Our aim was to review and summarize such strategies in terms of the appearance of the products, the brand names, and the latest trends in the illicit online marketplaces. METHODS Scientific data were searched in PsychInfo and Pubmed databases; results were integrated with an extensive monitoring of Internet (websites, online shops, chat rooms, fora, social networks) and media sources in nine languages (English, French, Farsi, Portuguese, Arabic, Russian, Spanish, and Chinese simplified/traditional) available from secure databases of the Global Public Health Intelligence Network. RESULTS Evolving strategies for the online diffusion and the retail of NPSs have been identified, including discounts and periodic offers on chosen products. Advertisements and new brand names have been designed to attract customers, especially young people. An increased number of retailers have been recorded as well as new Web platforms and privacy systems. DISCUSSION NPSs represent an unprecedented challenge in the field of public health with social, cultural, legal, and political implications. Web monitoring activities are essential for mapping the diffusion of NPSs and for supporting innovative Web-based prevention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Corazza
- a Principal Lecturer and Academic Research Lead, School of Life and Medical Sciences , University of Hertfordshire , Hertfordshire, UK
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16
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Bäckberg M, Jönsson KH, Beck O, Helander A. Investigation of drug products received for analysis in the Swedish STRIDA project on new psychoactive substances. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:340-349. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olof Beck
- Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Univesity Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Insitutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anders Helander
- Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Univesity Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Insitutet; Stockholm Sweden
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Mdege ND, Meader N, Lloyd C, Parrott S, McCambridge J. The Novel Psychoactive Substances in the UK Project: empirical and conceptual review work to produce research recommendations. PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3310/phr05040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAlthough illegal drug use has largely been declining in the UK over the past decade, this period has witnessed the emergence of a range of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) (‘legal highs’). These are new, mostly synthetic, substances that mimic the effects of existing drugs). Despite there being many causes for concern in relation to NPS, there has been little prior study of the burden associated with their use in public health terms. Clarity is lacking on research priorities in this rapidly developing literature.ObjectivesTo inform the development of public health intervention research on NPS by reviewing existing data on their use, associated problems and potential responses to such problems.DesignA scoping review and narrative synthesis of selected bodies of evidence was undertaken to summarise and evaluate what is known about NPS use and the related harms of, and responses to, such use. Relevant literature was identified from electronic databases (covering January 2006 to June 2016 inclusive), Google (Google Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA), relevant websites and online drug forums and by contacting experts. Articles were included if they were primary studies, secondary studies involving the analysis and interpretation of primary research or discussion papers. A conceptual framework postulating an evidence-informed public health approach to NPS use in the UK was developed through a pragmatic literature review, the iterative development of concepts and finalisation in light of the results from the empirical review work. The process also involved feedback from various stakeholders. Research recommendations were developed from both strands of work.ResultsA total of 995 articles were included in the scoping review, the majority of which related to individual-level health-related adverse effects attributable to NPS use. The prevalence of lifetime NPS use varied widely between (e.g. with higher prevalence in young males) and within population subgroups. The most commonly reported adverse effects were psychiatric/other neurological, cardiovascular, renal and gastrointestinal manifestations, and there is limited evidence available on responses. In these and other respects, available evidence is at an early stage of development. Initial evidence challenges the view that NPS should be treated differently from other illicit drugs. The conceptual framework indicated that much of the evidence that would be useful to inform public health responses does not yet exist. We propose a systems-based prevention approach that develops existing responses, is multilevel and life course informed in character, and emphasises commonalities between NPS and other legal and illegal drug use. We make 20 recommendations for research, including nine key recommendations.LimitationsScoping reviews do not interrogate evidence in depth, and the disjunction between the scoping review and the conceptual framework findings is worthy of careful attention.ConclusionsKey research recommendations build on those that have previously been made and offer more evidence-based justification and detail, as previous recommendations have not yet been acted on. The case for decision-making on commissioning new research based on these recommendations is both strong and urgent.Future workThe validity of recommendations generated through this project could be enhanced via further work with research commissioners, policy-makers, researchers and the public.Study registrationThe systematic review element of this study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42016026415.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen D Mdege
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Nick Meader
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| | - Charlie Lloyd
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Steve Parrott
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
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Corkery JM, Orsolini L, Papanti D, Schifano F. From concept(ion) to life after death/the grave: The 'natural' history and life cycle(s) of novel psychoactive substances (NPS). Hum Psychopharmacol 2017; 32. [PMID: 28657188 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A range of information needs should be met in order to better understand and predict the longevity/existence of novel psychoactive substances (NPS). This conceptual paper argues that one way of assessing how long a molecule may be around is to document how the life cycles or natural histories of 'traditional' drugs and NPS evolve. The earliest indication of the possible appearance of a new substance might be evidenced on the DeepWeb. However, this means they are less visible, in line with the clandestine nature of drug use and supply. Therefore, monitoring discussion groups/fora needs the development of new methods compared to those used in the Surface Net. Issues needing consideration in establishing NPS life cycles are outlined here, together with the probable outcomes that could result. The approach advocated means that it should be easier to identify which NPS are likely to come up or are emerging in real time, and, therefore, pre-empt/prevent their supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Martin Corkery
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Laura Orsolini
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Duccio Papanti
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Fabrizio Schifano
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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Abouchedid R, Hudson S, Thurtle N, Yamamoto T, Ho JH, Bailey G, Wood M, Sadones N, Stove CP, Dines A, Archer JRH, Wood DM, Dargan PI. Analytical confirmation of synthetic cannabinoids in a cohort of 179 presentations with acute recreational drug toxicity to an Emergency Department in London, UK in the first half of 2015. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2017; 55:338-345. [PMID: 28421836 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2017.1287373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists are the largest group of new psychoactive substances reported in the last decade; in this study we investigated how commonly these drugs are found in patients presenting to the Emergency Department with acute recreational drug toxicity. METHODS We conducted an observational cohort study enrolling consecutive adult patients presenting to an Emergency Department (ED) in London (UK) January-July 2015 (6 months) with acute recreational drug toxicity. Residual serum obtained from a serum sample taken as part of routine clinical care was analyzed using high-resolution accurate mass-spectrometry with liquid-chromatography (HRAM-LCMSMS). Minimum clinical data were obtained from ED medical records. RESULTS 18 (10%) of the 179 patient samples were positive for synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. The most common was 5F AKB-48 (13 samples, concentration 50-7600 pg/ml), followed by 5F PB-22 (7, 30-400 pg/mL), MDMB-CHMICA (7, 80-8000 pg/mL), AB-CHMINACA (3, 50-1800 pg/mL), Cumyl 5F-PINACA (1, 800 pg/mL) and BB-22 (1, 60 pg/mL). Only 9/18 (50%) in whom synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists were detected self-reported synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist use. The most common clinical features were seizures and agitation, both recorded in four (22%) individuals. Fourteen patients (78%) were discharged from the ED, one of the four admitted to hospital was admitted to critical care. CONCLUSIONS Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists were found in 10% of this cohort with acute recreational drug toxicity but self-reported in only half of these. This suggests that presentations to the ED with acute synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist toxicity may be more common than reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle Abouchedid
- a Clinical Toxicology , Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK
| | - Simon Hudson
- b Laboratory and Managed Services , LGC Ltd , Fordham , Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Natalie Thurtle
- a Clinical Toxicology , Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK
| | - Takahiro Yamamoto
- a Clinical Toxicology , Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK
| | - James H Ho
- a Clinical Toxicology , Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK
| | - George Bailey
- a Clinical Toxicology , Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK
| | - Michelle Wood
- c Department of Health Sciences , Waters Corporation , Wilmslow , Cheshire, UK
| | - Nele Sadones
- d Laboratory of Toxicology , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | | | - Alison Dines
- a Clinical Toxicology , Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK
| | - John R H Archer
- a Clinical Toxicology , Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK.,e Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine , King's College London , London , UK
| | - David M Wood
- a Clinical Toxicology , Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK.,e Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine , King's College London , London , UK
| | - Paul I Dargan
- a Clinical Toxicology , Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK.,e Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine , King's College London , London , UK
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Batisse A, Marillier M, Chevallier C, Bourgogne E, Grégoire M, Laprévote O, Djezzar S. “NRG-3”: What's in this? TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zloh M, Samaras EG, Calvo-Castro J, Guirguis A, Stair JL, Kirton SB. Drowning in diversity? A systematic way of clustering and selecting a representative set of new psychoactive substances. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09066h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic way of clustering NPS yields medoids with potential in the assignment of emerging substances to systematically defined categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mire Zloh
- Department of Pharmacy
- Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine
- School of Life and Medical Sciences
- University of Hertfordshire
- UK
| | - Eleftherios G. Samaras
- Department of Pharmacy
- Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine
- School of Life and Medical Sciences
- University of Hertfordshire
- UK
| | - Jesus Calvo-Castro
- Department of Pharmacy
- Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine
- School of Life and Medical Sciences
- University of Hertfordshire
- UK
| | - Amira Guirguis
- Department of Pharmacy
- Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine
- School of Life and Medical Sciences
- University of Hertfordshire
- UK
| | - Jacqueline L. Stair
- Department of Pharmacy
- Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine
- School of Life and Medical Sciences
- University of Hertfordshire
- UK
| | - Stewart B. Kirton
- Department of Pharmacy
- Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine
- School of Life and Medical Sciences
- University of Hertfordshire
- UK
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Severe Psychosis, Drug Dependence, and Hepatitis C Related to Slamming Mephedrone. Case Rep Psychiatry 2016; 2016:8379562. [PMID: 27247820 PMCID: PMC4877469 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8379562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Synthetic cathinones (SCs), also known as “bath salts,” are β-ketone amphetamine compounds derived from cathinone, a psychoactive substance found in Catha edulis. Mephedrone is the most representative SC. Slamming is the term used for the intravenous injection of these substances in the context of chemsex parties, in order to enhance sex experiences. Using IV mephedrone may lead to diverse medical and psychiatric complications like psychosis, aggressive behavior, and suicide ideation. Case. We report the case of a 25-year-old man admitted into a psychiatric unit, presenting with psychotic symptoms after slamming mephedrone almost every weekend for the last 4 months. He presents paranoid delusions, intense anxiety, and visual and kinesthetic hallucinations. He also shows intense craving, compulsive drug use, general malaise, and weakness. After four weeks of admission and antipsychotic treatment, delusions completely disappear. The patient is reinfected with hepatitis C. Discussion. Psychiatric and medical conditions related to chemsex and slamming have been reported in several European cities, but not in Spain. Psychotic symptoms have been associated with mephedrone and other SCs' consumption, with the IV route being prone to produce more severe symptomatology and addictive conducts. In the case we report, paranoid psychosis, addiction, and medical complications are described.
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Nizar H, Dargan PI, Wood DM. Using internet snapshot surveys to enhance our understanding of the availability of the novel psychoactive substance 4-methylaminorex and 4,4'-dimethylaminorex. J Med Toxicol 2015; 11:80-4. [PMID: 25167967 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-014-0425-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
4,4'-Dimethylaminorex is a stimulant novel psychoactive substance (NPS) first detected in Europe in November 2012. It is a derivative of 4-methylaminorex, a substance controlled under Schedule 1 of the 1971 United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances. There is currently no information on the availability or cost of these substances from Internet suppliers. An Internet snapshot study was undertaken in English using established European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) methodology to determine the availability of 4-methylaminorex and 4,4'-dimethylaminorex in April 2014. Twenty Internet sites selling 4-methylaminorex were identified, 18 selling in US dollars and two in GB Pound Sterling. Fourteen (70 %) Internet sites had a minimum purchase amount of ≥10 g (compared to user doses of 10-25 mg). For the 18 suppliers selling in US$, 9 quoted a fixed price per gram irrespective of the amount ordered and 11 had a reducing price per gram with increasing purchase quantity (US$30.8 ± 34.2/g for 1 g purchase to US$15.2 ± 20.3/g for 1 kg purchase). Only one Internet site selling 4,4'-dimethylaminorex was identified, selling in Euros. The minimum purchase quantity was 500 mg. The price per gram reduced from <euro>36.08/g for a 500 mg purchase to <euro>2.20/g for a 100 g purchase. This Internet snapshot demonstrated that there was a greater availability from Internet suppliers of products advertised as 4-methylaminorex than 4,4'-dimethylaminorex, despite the 4-methylaminorex being an internationally controlled substance. Whilst this may reflect misunderstanding by suppliers, it has the potential to put those purchasing at risk of contravening border control and/or local law enforcement legislation. The use of methodology such as Internet snapshot surveys is of increasing interest to clinical/medical toxicologists in their understanding of the supply, availability and cost of novel psychoactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Nizar
- Clinical Pharmacology, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
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Katselou M, Papoutsis I, Nikolaou P, Spiliopoulou C, Athanaselis S. α-PVP (“flakka”): a new synthetic cathinone invades the drug arena. Forensic Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-015-0298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mounsey SJ, Dargan PI, Stewart M, Brown A, Newton N, Wood DM. Perceived risk of using novel psychoactive substances in school students: lower in users compared to non-users. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2015.1021870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Lee HMD, Wood DM, Hudson S, Archer JRH, Dargan PI. Acute toxicity associated with analytically confirmed recreational use of methiopropamine (1-(thiophen-2-yl)-2-methylaminopropane). J Med Toxicol 2015; 10:299-302. [PMID: 24706157 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-014-0399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Methiopropamine use in Europe has been detected since January 2011, but there is limited information on its acute toxicity. Here, we describe a case of analytically confirmed methiopropamine acute toxicity. CASE REPORT A 27-year-old woman with no previous medical history was brought to the emergency department with palpitations, chest tightness, anxiety, nausea, vomiting and visual hallucinations following the use of a 'Quicksilver'. Toxicological analysis of her urine collected at presentation to the ED detected methiopropamine at a concentration of 400 ng/mL. Other drugs were also detected but at a much lower concentration. CONCLUSION This is the first ever case report of analytically confirmed acute toxicity related to methiopropamine use. It confirms the potential for significant acute toxicity with cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and psychotic symptoms thus providing further information to help with managing these patients and allow legislative authorities to consider the need for its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwee Min D Lee
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK,
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Araújo AM, Carvalho F, Bastos MDL, Guedes de Pinho P, Carvalho M. The hallucinogenic world of tryptamines: an updated review. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1151-73. [PMID: 25877327 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Airuehia E, Young Walker L, Nittler J. A Review of “Bath Salts”: Evolving Designer Drugs of Abuse. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2013.803942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wilkins C. A critical first assessment of the new pre-market approval regime for new psychoactive substances (NPS) in New Zealand. Addiction 2014; 109:1580-6. [PMID: 24529166 DOI: 10.1111/add.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New Zealand has recently attempted to address the underlying drivers of the escalating new psychoactive substances (NPS) ('legal highs') problem by establishing the world's first pre-market approval regulatory regime for NPS. NPS products which can be shown with clinical trial data to pose a 'low risk' of harm will be approved for legal manufacture and sale. AIMS AND METHOD This paper critically assesses the new regime, drawing on experience of the pharmaceutical sector and legal BZP market. FINDINGS A number of characteristics of the recreational use of NPS may not be well addressed by standard medical clinical trials, including binge use, polydrug use, use by vulnerable groups and high-risk modes of administration. The overt advertising and covert promotion of approved NPS products on the internet may make them fairly visible to young people. The black market for unapproved NPS may be difficult to suppress given that unapproved NPS will be physically identical to approved NPS. If the legal market for NPS encourages the use of NPS, alcohol and other drugs there may be an increase in drug-related harm. Alternatively, if the legal NPS market reduces the use of more harmful drugs, there may be a considerable public health benefit. CONCLUSIONS The clinical trials required for NPS products should address the characteristics of recreational NPS use. Enforcement resources and technical solutions are required to clearly distinguish legal NPS products. The impact the new NPS regime has on other drug use is a key issue and demands further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Wilkins
- Social and Health Outcomes Research and Evaluation (SHORE), SHORE and Whariki Research Centre, School of Public Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Schneir A, Ly BT, Casagrande K, Darracq M, Offerman SR, Thornton S, Smollin C, Vohra R, Rangun C, Tomaszewski C, Gerona RR. Comprehensive analysis of “bath salts” purchased from California stores and the internet. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014; 52:651-8. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2014.933231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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New drugs on the Internet: the case of Camfetamine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:419026. [PMID: 25136586 PMCID: PMC4124220 DOI: 10.1155/2014/419026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. The number of new psychoactive substances (NPS) advertised for sale online is constantly increasing and it has become a phenomenon of global concern. Among NPS, Camfetamine has been rediscovered as recreational drug in 2011. Very little information is still available in the scientific literature on its nature and potential health risks.
Methods. Data in scientific literature were integrated with a multilingual qualitative assessment of a range of online resources over the period of 32 months (May 2011–January 2014).
Results. N-Methyl-3-phenyl-norbornan-2-amine (Camfetamine) may act as an indirect dopaminergic agonist in the central nervous system and may have mild-moderate opioid activity too. There are no current epidemiological data about recreational use of Camfetamine; our research shows that it is indeed used especially by individuals with a history of recreational polydrug misuse. It facilitates mental alertness, induces relaxation, and, unlike many other stimulants, seems not to be associated with severe physical effects. Valid causes for concern issued in our research may be Camfetamine intravenous or intramuscular administration as well as its use in conjunction with other psychoactive substances. Conclusions. It is here highlighted that more large-scale studies need to be carried out to confirm and better describe both the extent of Camfetamine misuse and possible psychotropic/adverse effects.
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Watterson LR, Olive MF. Synthetic cathinones and their rewarding and reinforcing effects in rodents. ADVANCES IN NEUROSCIENCE (HINDAWI) 2014; 2014:209875. [PMID: 25328910 PMCID: PMC4199755 DOI: 10.1155/2014/209875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones, colloquially referred to as "bath salts", are derivatives of the psychoactive alkaloid cathinone found in Catha edulis (Khat). Since the mid-to-late 2000's, these amphetamine-like psychostimulants have gained popularity amongst drug users due to their potency, low cost, ease of procurement, and constantly evolving chemical structures. Concomitant with their increased use is the emergence of a growing collection of case reports of bizarre and dangerous behaviors, toxicity to numerous organ systems, and death. However, scientific information regarding the abuse liability of these drugs has been relatively slower to materialize. Recently we have published several studies demonstrating that laboratory rodents will readily self-administer the "first generation" synthetic cathinones methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and methylone via the intravenous route, in patterns similar to those of methamphetamine. Under progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement, the rank order of reinforcing efficacy of these compounds are MDPV ≥ methamphetamine > methylone. MDPV and methylone, as well as the "second generation" synthetic cathinones α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP) and 4-methylethcathinone (4-MEC), also dose-dependently increase brain reward function. Collectively, these findings indicate that synthetic cathinones have a high abuse and addiction potential and underscore the need for future assessment of the extent and duration of neurotoxicity induced by these emerging drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Foster Olive
- Department of Psychology Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona USA
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Bäckberg M, Beck O, Hultén P, Rosengren-Holmberg J, Helander A. Intoxications of the new psychoactive substance 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole (5-IT): A case series from the Swedish STRIDA project. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014; 52:618-24. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2014.920088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wood DM, Hill SL, Thomas SHL, Dargan PI. Using poisons information service data to assess the acute harms associated with novel psychoactive substances. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:850-60. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Wood
- Clinical Toxicology; Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and Kings Health Partners; London UK
- King's College London; London UK
| | - S. L. Hill
- Medical Toxicology Centre; Newcastle University; Newcastle UK
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Royal Victoria Infirmary; Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Newcastle UK
| | - S. H. L. Thomas
- Medical Toxicology Centre; Newcastle University; Newcastle UK
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Royal Victoria Infirmary; Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Newcastle UK
| | - P. I. Dargan
- Clinical Toxicology; Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and Kings Health Partners; London UK
- King's College London; London UK
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Wilkins C. The interim regulated legal market for NPS (‘legal high’) products in New Zealand: The impact of new retail restrictions and product licensing. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:868-75. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Wilkins
- SHORE & Whariki research centre; Massey University; Auckland New Zealand
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XXXIV International Congress of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT) 27–30 May 2014, Brussels, Belgium. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2014.906213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Archer JRH, Dargan PI, Lee HMD, Hudson S, Wood DM. Trend analysis of anonymised pooled urine from portable street urinals in central London identifies variation in the use of novel psychoactive substances. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014; 52:160-5. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2014.885982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
In the last few years, the variety and recreational use of 'legal high' designer stimulants has increased to unprecedented levels. Since their rapid emergence in drug markets, numerous adverse physical and psychological effects have been extensively reported. However, less is understood about the potential for compulsive use of and addiction to these drugs. Recently, a small collection of scientific studies assessing the abuse liability of these drugs has emerged. This new knowledge has been derived primarily from animal studies using behaviorally based procedures which include intravenous self-administration, conditioned place preference, intracranial self-stimulation, and drug discrimination. In this review we present a brief history of the recent rise in designer stimulant use followed by a short methodological description of the aforementioned procedures. We then review neurochemical and abuse liability studies on designer stimulants that have been examined to date. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of these collective findings, our current understanding of the abuse liability of these drugs in relation to each other and the illicit drugs they are designed to mimic, and recommend future research directions.
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Corkery JM, Elliott S, Schifano F, Corazza O, Ghodse AH. MDAI (5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane; 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[f][1,3]benzodioxol-6-amine; 'sparkle'; 'mindy') toxicity: a brief overview and update. Hum Psychopharmacol 2013; 28:345-55. [PMID: 23881883 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES MDAI (5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane; 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[f][1,3]benzodioxol-6-amine; 'sparkle'; 'mindy') is a psychoactive substance, sold primarily over the Internet and in 'head' shops as a 'legal high'. Synthesised and used as a research chemical in the 1990s, MDAI has structural similarities to MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine) and shares its behavioural properties. Recreational use of MDAI appears to have started in Europe around 2007, with a noticeable increase after 2009 in the UK and other countries. Calls to National Poisons Information Services started in 2010, although there were few presentations to emergency departments by patients complaining of undesirable physical and psychiatric effects after taking MDAI. Recreational use of this drug has been reported only occasionally by online user fora. There is little scientifically based literature on the pharmacological, physiological, psychopharmacological, toxicological and epidemiological characteristics of this drug. METHODS Recent literature (including 'grey') was searched to update what is known about MDAI, especially on its toxicity. RESULTS The resultant information is presented, including on the first three UK deaths involving MDAI use in 2011 and 2012. 'Serotonin syndrome' appears to be a possible factor in these fatalities. CONCLUSION It is vital that any other cases, including non-fatal overdoses, are documented so that a scientific evidence base can be established for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Corkery
- National Programme for Substance Abuse Deaths (np-SAD), International Centre for Drug Policy, St George's, University of London, London, UK.
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González D, Ventura M, Caudevilla F, Torrens M, Farre M. Consumption of new psychoactive substances in a Spanish sample of research chemical users. Hum Psychopharmacol 2013; 28:332-40. [PMID: 23881881 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To know the pattern of use of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) in a Spanish sample of research chemical (RC) users and to deepen the RC user profile and risk reduction strategies employed. METHODS This study is a cross-sectional survey by means of a specific questionnaire. Recruitment was carried out at music festivals, at non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and through announcements on an online forum. Two RC user profiles were defined, according to whether they search information through online forums. RESULTS A total of 230 users participated. The most frequent RCs were hallucinogenic phenethylamines (2C-B 80.0%, 2C-I 39.6%) and cathinones (methylone 40.1%, mephedrone 35.2%). The most frequent combination of RC with other illegal drugs was with cannabis (68.6%) and 2C-B with MDMA (28.3%). Subjects who are consulting drug forums (group 1) use more RC, obtain RC by Internet, and use more frequently risk prevention strategies. Regarding the risk-reduction strategies in this group, users sought information concerning RC before consuming them (100%), used precision scales to calculate dosage (72.3%), and analyzed the contents before consumption (68.8%). CONCLUSIONS There is a specific RC user profile with extensive knowledge and consumption of substances, using different strategies to reduce risks associated to its consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora González
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Unit and Drug Addiction Unit, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, INAD-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut MAR, Barcelona, Spain
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Monteiro MS, Bastos MDL, Guedes de Pinho P, Carvalho M. Update on 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP) party pills. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:929-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Archer JRH, Dargan PI, Hudson S, Davies S, Puchnarewicz M, Kicman AT, Ramsey J, Measham F, Wood M, Johnston A, Wood DM. Taking the Pissoir – a novel and reliable way of knowing what drugs are being used in nightclubs. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2012.740139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wood DM, Dargan PI. Understanding how data triangulation identifies acute toxicity of novel psychoactive drugs. J Med Toxicol 2013; 8:300-3. [PMID: 22581465 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-012-0241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been an increase in the availability and use of novel psychoactive substances (also known as "legal highs"). There is limited information available on the potential acute toxicity (harms) associated with the use of these novel psychoactive substances. Gold standard evidence, such as animal studies or human clinical trials, is rarely available to users or healthcare professionals. However, it is possible to use triangulation of data on the acute toxicity from multiple sources to describe the overall pattern of toxicity associated with a novel psychoactive substance. In this review, we will describe these potential data sources, which include self-reported toxicity on internet discussion fora, data from sub-population user surveys, data from regional and national poisons information services and published case reports and case series. We will then describe how pattern of acute toxicity associated with the use of the cathinone mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) was established using triangulation of these different data sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Wood
- Clinical Toxicology Service, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK.
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Novel psychoactive substances: how to understand the acute toxicity associated with the use of these substances. Ther Drug Monit 2013; 34:363-7. [PMID: 22673201 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e31825b954b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Since the turn of the 21st century, there has been an increase in the availability and use of novel psychoactive substances (also known as "legal highs") across Europe. Currently, there is limited information available on the potential acute toxicity (harms) associated with the use of these novel psychoactive substances. There are a number of potential data sources that can provide information on the acute toxicity associated with their use: (1) user reports on Internet discussion fora; (2) subpopulation level surveys of self-reported harms/unwanted effects (3) regional or national poisons information service accesses for support on presentations to healthcare facilities relating to acute toxicity; (4) case reports/series based on self-reported use or analytically confirmed use; and (5) human volunteer studies assessing potential acute toxicological effects. Each of these data sources has its own limitations, particularly those that are based on self-reported use because there are a number of European studies that show that there is inconsistency in the substance(s) in the "drug" that an individual uses. However, by using a multilayered approach of combining different sources, it is possible to reduce the overall impact of the limitations of any one individual data source. In this review article, we will combine information from these different data sources to describe the pattern of acute toxicity associated with 4 novel psychoactive substances: 1-benzylpiperazine, mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone), synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists, and methoxetamine.
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Archer JRH, Dargan PI, Hudson S, Wood DM. Analysis of anonymous pooled urine from portable urinals in central London confirms the significant use of novel psychoactive substances. QJM 2013. [PMID: 23178933 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcs219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Analysis of urine samples collected across a city centre, for the detection of novel psychoactive substances (NPS). DESIGN Cross-sectional study of anonymized urine samples used for the analysis of classical recreational drugs, NPS and metabolites. METHODS Pooled urine samples collected from portable stand-alone four-person urinals across a city centre were analysed using full-scan accurate-mass high-resolution liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Data were processed against compound databases containing >1700 drug compounds and metabolites. RESULTS Seven established recreational drugs (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, cocaine, cannabis, ketamine, 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine, methamphetamine and amphetamine) and six potential NPS [hordenine (all 12 urinals), cathine (11), methylhexaneamine (9), 4-methylmethcathinone (6), methiopropamine and metabolites (2) and methoxetamine and metabolites (1)] were detected. Methylhexaneamine, methiopropamine and hordenine are currently uncontrolled in the UK, whereas methoxetamine is currently subject to a Temporary Class Drug Order. Metabolites of the anabolic steroid nandrolone were found in two urinals and trenbolone metabolites and clenbuterol in one urinal. CONCLUSION Analysis of pooled urine samples collected anonymously from stand-alone urinals in a large inner city can detect the use of recreational drugs, NPS and anabolic steroids. Metabolite detection indicates actual drug use, metabolism and elimination rather than simply discarded drugs in the urinals. This technique by confirming the actual drug(s) used has the potential to be additive to currently used datasets/key indicators providing more robust information for healthcare authorities, legislative and law enforcement on the drugs actually being used.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R H Archer
- Medical Toxicology Office, 3rd Floor, Block C, South Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
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Mabbott S, Correa E, Cowcher DP, Allwood JW, Goodacre R. Optimization of Parameters for the Quantitative Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection of Mephedrone Using a Fractional Factorial Design and a Portable Raman Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302542r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Mabbott
- School of Chemistry,
Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester,
M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Elon Correa
- School of Chemistry,
Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester,
M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - David P. Cowcher
- School of Chemistry,
Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester,
M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - J. William Allwood
- School of Chemistry,
Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester,
M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Royston Goodacre
- School of Chemistry,
Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester,
M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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Wood DM, Dargan PI. Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone): what is new in our understanding of its use and toxicity. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 39:227-33. [PMID: 22564711 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) is a synthetic cathinone that has been used as a recreational drug in Europe and elsewhere in the world since 2007. In addition to published scientific papers there are a number of different data sources available which provide information on the sources, availability and prevalence of use of mephedrone. Whilst there are no formal human studies to determine the acute toxicity of mephedrone, there is a range of different levels of data available which describe the acute toxicity of mephedrone. These include user Internet discussion fora, sub-population level surveys of user previous experiences of acute toxicity and individual case reports and case series of toxicity related to both self-reported and analytically confirmed mephedrone use. In this review article we describe how through the process of data triangulation using a combination of these different sources, it is possible to develop an understanding of the acute toxicity of mephedrone. This demonstrates that mephedrone has a pattern of acute toxicity that is similar to other stimulant drugs such as MDMA, amphetamine and cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Wood
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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Deluca P, Davey Z, Corazza O, Di Furia L, Farre M, Flesland LH, Mannonen M, Majava A, Peltoniemi T, Pasinetti M, Pezzolesi C, Scherbaum N, Siemann H, Skutle A, Torrens M, van der Kreeft P, Iversen E, Schifano F. Identifying emerging trends in recreational drug use; outcomes from the Psychonaut Web Mapping Project. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 39:221-6. [PMID: 22841965 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper presents the outcomes of the 2-year European Union funded Psychonaut Web Mapping Project which aimed at developing and implementing an integrated web mapping system to promptly identify and learn about novel psychoactive substances (NPS; "legal highs") through the regular monitoring of the Internet. METHODS More than 200 discussion forums, social media, online shops, websites and other Internet resources (e.g. YouTube, eBay, Google, Google Insight) have been extensively and regularly monitored in 7 European countries (UK, Finland, Norway, Belgium, Germany, Italy and Spain) for emerging trends of NPS throughout the period of the study. RESULTS Key online resources have been identified as "leading edge" which have provided accurate and timely information on novel emerging compounds. In total more than 400 substances/products have been recorded. NPS have been noted online before reaching wider audiences. DISCUSSION Although a high number of novel psychoactive substances have been identified in the 2-year duration of the project, not all have become trends that needed public health response. Conversely, new recreational drug phenomena such as "spice drugs," mephedrone and naphyrone were all identified as emerging trends in forums and websites. In addition, it has been possible for the first time to collate detailed information on these and several more compounds even though no or limited scientific publications were available. It is therefore recommended that these monitoring activities are to be continued, that more countries, researchers and health professionals are involved, and that the findings are widely shared with all the relevant agencies, health professionals and future research projects. Implications, advantages and limitations of using the Internet as primary source for identifying emerging trends are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Deluca
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
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