Characteristics of Patients With Axial Spondyloarthritis by Geographic Regions: PROOF Multicountry Observational Study Baseline Results

Artificial intelligence improves the diagnosis of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27-negative axial spondyloarthritis based on multi-sequence magnetic resonance imaging and clinical features

Background

Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is frequently diagnosed late, particularly in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27-negative patients, resulting in a missed opportunity for optimal treatment. This study aimed to develop an artificial intelligence (AI) tool, termed NegSpA-AI, using sacroiliac joint (SIJ) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical SpA features to improve the diagnosis of axSpA in HLA-B27-negative patients.

Methods

We retrospectively included 454 HLA-B27-negative patients with rheumatologist-diagnosed axSpA or other diseases (non-axSpA) from the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University and Nanhai Hospital between January 2010 and August 2021. They were divided into a training set (n=328) for 5-fold cross-validation, an internal test set (n=72), and an independent external test set (n=54). To construct a prospective test set, we further enrolled 87 patients between September 2021 and August 2023 from the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University. MRI techniques employed included T1-weighted (T1W), T2-weighted (T2W), and fat-suppressed (FS) sequences. We developed NegSpA-AI using a deep learning (DL) network to differentiate between axSpA and non-axSpA at admission. Furthermore, we conducted a reader study involving 4 radiologists and 2 rheumatologists to evaluate and compare the performance of independent and AI-assisted clinicians.

Results

NegSpA-AI demonstrated superior performance compared to the independent junior rheumatologist (≤5 years of experience), achieving areas under the curve (AUCs) of 0.878 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.786-0.971], 0.870 (95% CI: 0.771-0.970), and 0.815 (95% CI: 0.714-0.915) on the internal, external, and prospective test sets, respectively. The assistance of NegSpA-AI promoted discriminating accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of independent junior radiologists by 7.4-11.5%, 1.0-13.3%, and 7.4-20.6% across the 3 test sets (all P<0.05). On the prospective test set, AI assistance also improved the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of independent junior rheumatologists by 7.7%, 7.7%, and 6.9%, respectively (all P<0.01).

Conclusions

The proposed NegSpA-AI effectively improves radiologists' interpretations of SIJ MRI and rheumatologists' diagnoses of HLA-B27-negative axSpA.

Matching-Adjusted Indirect Comparison of the 52-Week Efficacy of Bimekizumab Versus Secukinumab and Ixekizumab for the Treatment of Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis

INTRODUCTION

A previous network meta-analysis established 16-week relative efficacy with bimekizumab, an inhibitor of interleukin (IL)-17F in addition to IL-17A, versus other treatments for patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (r-axSpA; i.e., ankylosing spondylitis), including the IL-17A inhibitors secukinumab and ixekizumab. This matching-adjusted indirect comparison (MAIC) assessed 52-week relative efficacy of bimekizumab versus secukinumab and ixekizumab.

METHODS

Individual patient data from BE MOBILE 2 (bimekizumab 160 mg; N = 220) were matched to pooled summary data from MEASURE 1/2/3/4 (secukinumab 150 mg), MEASURE 3 (secukinumab 300 mg; escalated dose for inadequate responders), COAST-V (ixekizumab) and COAST-V/-W (ixekizumab). BE MOBILE 2 patients were reweighted using propensity score weights based on age, sex, ethnicity, tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) exposure, weight, baseline ASDAS and BASFI (secukinumab) and baseline BASDAI (ixekizumab), and 52-week efficacy outcomes from the trial recalculated. Odds ratios (OR) or mean difference for unanchored comparisons are reported with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

RESULTS

At week 52, MAIC demonstrated that patients may have higher likelihood of improvement in key efficacy outcomes with bimekizumab versus secukinumab 150 mg (e.g., ASAS40: [OR (95% CI): 1.48 (1.05, 2.10); p = 0.026]; effective sample size [ESS] = 177). Differences in 52-week efficacy outcomes between bimekizumab and secukinumab 300 mg dose escalation were non-significant (ESS = 120). Bimekizumab versus ixekizumab 80 mg comparisons (COAST-V only; ESS = 84) also suggested that differences were non-significant for most key efficacy outcomes. Other ixekizumab comparisons (COAST-V/-W; ESS = 45) suggested bimekizumab may have higher comparative efficacy for many of the same efficacy outcomes, however ixekizumab analyses were limited by poor population overlap, likely due to the greater proportion of patients with previous TNFi exposure.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients treated with bimekizumab may have a higher likelihood of achieving improved longer-term efficacy versus secukinumab 150 mg, suggesting bimekizumab may be a favorable therapeutic option for r-axSpA. Differences in efficacy outcomes with bimekizumab versus ixekizumab 80 mg were mostly non-significant, depending on the populations considered.

Disease modification in axial spondyloarthritis - still a controversy?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This review evaluates recent advancements in disease-modifying therapies for axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA).

RECENT FINDINGS

A recent study could not demonstrate an additional effect of NSAID therapy on golimumab [Tumor Necrosis Factor-α inhibitor (TNFi)] on structural progression; however, this might be due to the fact that the study was underpowered. While DMARDs have shown promise in suppressing inflammation, their impact on structural progression remains uncertain. A well powered trial showed no difference in spinal progression between secukinumab [Interleukin17A inhibitor (IL17Ai)] and adalimumab-biosimilar (TNFi). Preliminary data on Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) focus on MRI findings but lack evidence on radiographic spinal progression. While some studies suggest promising outcomes, others reveal limitations and inconclusive findings.

SUMMARY

Recent studies explore the effectiveness of NSAIDs, biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs like TNFi and IL-17i, as well as JAK inhibitors in axSpA. Conflicting evidence surrounds these therapies' ability to impede structural progression, with challenges in study design and interpretation. Moreover, changes in demographics and treatment methods underscore the importance of examining trends over time when assessing disease outcomes. Ultimately, ongoing research could benefit from new imaging tools when evaluating therapeutic strategies for modifying disease progression in axSpA.

Improved physical functioning, sleep, work productivity and overall health-related quality of life with bimekizumab in patients with axial spondyloarthritis: results from two phase 3 studies

OBJECTIVE

To assess the impact of bimekizumab on physical functioning, sleep, work productivity and overall health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with non-radiographic (nr-) and radiographic (r-) axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) in the phase 3 studies BE MOBILE 1 and 2.

METHODS

Patients were randomised to subcutaneous bimekizumab 160 mg or placebo every 4 weeks; from Week 16, all patients received bimekizumab 160 mg every 4 weeks. We report the following outcomes to Week 52: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale Revised (MOS-Sleep-R) Index II, Work Productivity and Activity Impairment: axSpA (WPAI:axSpA), Short Form-36 Physical and Mental Component Summary (SF-36 PCS/MCS) and Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life (ASQoL).

RESULTS

At Week 16, bimekizumab-randomised patients demonstrated significantly greater improvement from baseline versus placebo in BASFI, SF-36 PCS and ASQoL (p<0.001), and numerically greater improvements in MOS-Sleep-R Index II and WPAI:axSpA scores. Higher proportions of bimekizumab-randomised versus placebo-randomised patients at Week 16 achieved increasingly stringent thresholds for improvements in BASFI (0 to ≤4), and thresholds for meaningful improvements in SF-36 PCS (≥5-point increase from baseline) and ASQoL (≥4-point decrease from baseline). Responses were sustained or further improved to Week 52, where 60%-70% of bimekizumab-treated patients achieved BASFI ≤4 and meaningful improvements in SF-36 PCS and ASQoL, regardless of whether originally randomised to bimekizumab or placebo.

CONCLUSION

Bimekizumab treatment led to early improvements in physical function, sleep, work productivity and overall HRQoL at Week 16 in patients across the full axSpA disease spectrum. Improvements were sustained to Week 52.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS

NCT03928704; NCT03928743.

Differences between radiographic and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis patients in a Mexican cohort

To compare the demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics, disease onset, and clinical features of radiographic axial Spondyloarthritis (r-axSpA) and non-radiographic axial Spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA) patients. All patients who attended outpatient spondylarthritis (SpA) clinics at Hospital General de Mexico and the Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición from 1998 to 2005 and met the rheumatologist diagnostic criteria for SpA were selected. Then the SpA patients were classified by European Spondyloarthropathy Study Group criteria (ESSG). We selected SpA patients with axial presentation as axial SpA (axSpA), and they were classified as r-axSpA if they met modified New York (mNY) criteria for sacroiliitis and as nr-axSpA if they did not meet mNY criteria; to compared clinical, demographic, and laboratory test between the subgroups. It included 148 SpA patients; 55 (37.2%) patients had r-axSpA, and 70 (47.3%) had nr-axSpA. The nr-axSpA patients had a lower proportion of males (58.6% vs 78.2%, P < 0.05), lower HLA-B27 frequency (54.3%. vs. 92.7%, P < 0.05), were older at disease onset (21 vs 16 years; P < 0.01) and had a higher frequency of infections at disease onset (9.1% vs 32.9, P < 0.05) than r-axSpA. BASFI (2.9 vs 4.8; P < 0.0001), Dougados functional index (7 vs. 14; P < 0.05), and BASDAI (4.1 vs. 5.2; P < 0.001) were lower in patients with nr-axSpA than r-axSpA, respectively. The factors that most influenced the presentation of r-axSpA were history of uveitis (OR 14, 95% CI 2.3-85), HLA-B27 (OR 7.97, 95% CI, 2.96-122), male sex (OR 6.16, 95% CI, 1.47-25.7), axial enthesopathy count (OR 1.17 95% CI, 1.03-1.33). This study provides insight into the differences between nr-axSpA and r-axSpA in Mexico. Patients with r-axSpA were mainly male, with a younger presentation age, a higher prevalence of HLA-B27, more history of uveitis, fewer episodes of dactylitis, more axial enthesopathy, and higher disease activity than nr-axSpA.

Consensus-Based Overarching Principles and Recommendations on the Use of Biosimilars in the Treatment of Inflammatory Arthritis in the Gulf Region

BACKGROUND

Though biologic agents have significantly improved the treatment of inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and axial spondyloarthritis), high costs, stringent regulations, strict reimbursement criteria, and existing patents have limited patient access to treatments. While being highly similar in quality, safety, and efficacy to biologic reference products, biosimilars can reduce the financial burden and prevent underutilization of medication.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this initiative was to develop an evidence-based consensus of overarching principles and recommendations aimed at standardizing the use of biosimilars in treating inflammatory arthritis in the Gulf region.

METHODS

A task force of practicing rheumatologists, a clinical pharmacist, a health economist, patients, regulators, and payors from across the Gulf region developed recommendations and overarching principles based on the outputs of a systematic literature review conducted to address Patient-Intervention-Comparison-Outcome (PICO) questions specific to key challenges regarding the use of biosimilars for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis in the region. As the data before 2017 have been previously reviewed in another publication, the current review focused on data published between January 2017 and August 2022 (PROSPERO ID CRD42022364002). Consensus on each statement required a level of agreement of 70% or greater.

RESULTS

Consensus was reached for five overarching principles and nine recommendations by the task force. The principles emphasize the importance of improving the awareness, understanding, and perception of biosimilars, as well as the need for regulated regional real-world data generation and protocols to make biosimilars a viable and affordable treatment option for all patients. The consensus recommendations advocate the need for shared treatment decisions between rheumatologists and patients when considering biosimilars. They further recommend that confirmation of a biosimilar's efficacy and safety in a single indication is sufficient for extrapolation to other diseases for which the reference product has been approved. Finally, there is a need for pharmacovigilance and national health policies governing the adoption and prescription of biosimilars in clinical practice across the region.

CONCLUSIONS

These are the first consensus recommendations for the Gulf region based on a systematic literature review and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, integrating clinical evidence with clinical expertise to optimize decision making for the use of biosimilars in patients with inflammatory arthritis. They were formulated based on predominantly international data because of the limited regional data and therefore can be generalized to serve as recommendations for healthcare professionals in other parts of the world.

Radiographic and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis are not routinely distinguished in everyday clinical care: an analysis of real-world data from rheumatology practices

The categorization of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) into radiographic (r-axSpA) and non-radiographic (nr-axSpA) subtypes is important in clinical trials but may be of less value in clinical practice. This exploratory cross-sectional, multi-center study evaluated patients with axSpA under routine care at German clinical rheumatology sites (RHADAR real-world database), with a focus on imaging data used for diagnostic classifications. Our analyses included 371 patients with axSpA. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) age was 50.9 (14.0) years, disease duration was 16.4 (13.5) years, and 39.6% were female. Based on the rheumatologist's final assessment, almost half of patients had definite r-axSpA (n = 179; 48.2%), 53 (14.3%) had suspected r-axSpA, 112 (30.2%) had non-radiographic-axSpA (nr-axSpA), and 27 (7.3%) had undefined axSpA. Patients assessed with definite or suspected r-axSpA were more likely to be treated with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) (62.0% and 64.2%, respectively) compared with nr-axSpA or undefined axSpA patients (37.5% and 48.1%, respectively). Almost all patients (348/371; 93.8%) had sacroiliac joint imaging data (radiographs or magnetic resonance imaging) documented in their charts, but only 216 (58.2%) had conventional radiographs required for formal diagnosis of r-axSpA by modified New York criteria. Follow-up radiographic imaging in nr-axSpA patients was uncommon (23/216 [25.0%]) but confirmed r-axSpA in 9/23 patients (39.1%). In conclusion, radiographs were available for slightly more than half of axSpA patients. Follow-up imaging was infrequent during rheumatology care in Germany but confirmed r-axSpA in ~ 40% of patients originally considered to have nr-axSpA. The distinction between r-axSpA and nr-axSpA may be ill-defined in routine clinical practice.

Efficacy of TNF-α Inhibitors in the Treatment of nr-axSpA: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Based on Randomized Controlled Trials

INTRODUCTION

A growing number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated the effectiveness of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors in treating non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of TNF-α inhibitors in the treatment of nr-axSpA.

METHODS

PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for relevant RCTs using specific keywords up to June 2023. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who achieved Assessment in SpondyloArthritis international Society 40% (ASAS40). Secondary outcomes included ASAS20, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index 50% (BASDAI50), ASAS partial remission, and ASAS5/6.

RESULTS

A total of eight RCTs involving 1,376 patients were included. Patients receiving anti-TNF therapy exhibited a higher rate of ASAS40 (pooled RR = 2.36; 95% CI: 1.63-3.42; p < 0.001). In addition, the TNF-α inhibitor group showed higher BASDAI50 rates (pooled RR = 2.06; 95% CI: 1.48-2.89), ASAS20 rates (pooled RR = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.31-1.67), ASAS partial remission rates (pooled RR = 2.33; 95% CI: 1.58-3.43), and ASAS5/6 rates (RR = 3.46; 95% CI: 2.05-5.83) than the placebo group.

CONCLUSION

The TNF-α inhibitors were effective in treating nr-axSpA.

From Sand to Excellence: A Deep Dive into Abu Dhabi's Rheumatology Landscape

The Emirate of Abu Dhabi (AD) is the capital and largest emirate of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The emirate's economic significance stems from non-oil and oil contributions to GDP. The 2022 GDP of Abu Dhabi was USD 230 billion. The government provides services to its residents through digital platforms such as official websites. The Abu Dhabi Health Insurance Law No. 23 of 2005 mandates that residents have access to necessary medical care and services. There is a paucity in the literature on the available rheumatology services in the Arab region. This review article aims to explore the status of rheumatology services in AD for both residents and visitors. It will include an overview of paediatric and adult rheumatology care, accessibility of diagnostic procedures, the integration of electronic medical records, access to medications, the status of postgraduate education, research, and suggestions on how to enhance rheumatology services in AD as a destination for medical tourism.

Radiographic Progression in Sacroiliac Joints in Patients With Axial Spondyloarthritis: Results From a Five-Year International Observational Study

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate progression from nonradiographic (nr-) to radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (r-axSpA) over 5 years in patients with recently diagnosed (≤1 year) axSpA fulfilling the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) classification criteria.

METHODS

A prospsective, observational study (Patients with Axial Spondyloarthritis: Multi-Country Registry of Clinical Characteristics) was conducted in rheumatology practices in 29 countries. Baseline and follow-up radiographs of sacroiliac joints were centrally evaluated by three readers according to the grading system of the modified New York criteria for patients initially classified as nr-axSpA. Radiographic progression from nr-axSpA to r-axSpA was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Cox proportional regression analyses for progression from nr-axSpA to r-axSpA were also conducted.

RESULTS

Among 2,165 patients with axSpA, 1,612 (74%) were classified as having r-axSpA (1,050 [65%]) or nr-axSpA (562 [35%]) by central reading. Of 246 patients with nr-axSpA (mean [SD] symptom duration: 4.4 [6.2] years) who had at least one follow-up sacroiliac joint radiograph, progression from nr-axSpA to r-axSpA at any follow-up visit was observed in 40 patients (16%) over 5 years. Mean time to radiographic progression was 2.4 years (ranging from 0.9 to 5.1 years). Progression to r-axSpA was associated with male sex (hazard ratio [HR] 3.16 [95% CI 1.22-8.17]), fulfillment of the imaging arm of the ASAS classification criteria (HR 6.64 [1.37-32.25]), and good response to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (HR 4.66 [1.23-17.71]).

CONCLUSION

16% of patients with nr-axSpA progressed to r-axSpA within 5 years. Male sex, fulfillment of the imaging arm of the ASAS criteria, and good response to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were predictors of radiographic progression in patients with recently diagnosed axSpA.

Diagnostic delay is associated with uveitis and inflammatory bowel disease in AS: a study of extra-musculoskeletal manifestations in SpA

OBJECTIVES

To examine the prevalence of extra-musculoskeletal manifestations (EMM) and the association between diagnostic delay and their incidence in AS and PsA.

METHODS

This was a retrospective, cohort study comprising two single centre cohorts in Europe and one multicentre cohort in Latin America (RESPONDIA). Crude prevalence of EMMs (uveitis, IBD and psoriasis) was calculated across geographic area and adjusted by direct standardization. Cox proportional hazard analysis was performed to assess the association between diagnostic delay and EMM incidence.

RESULTS

Of 3553 patients, 2097 had AS and 1456 had PsA. The overall prevalence of uveitis was 22.9% (95% CI: 21.1, 24.8) in AS and 3.8% (95% CI: 2.9, 5.0) in PsA; 8.1% (95% CI: 7.0, 9.4) and 2.1% (1.3, 2.9), respectively, for IBD; and 11.0% (95% CI: 9.7, 12.4) and 94.6% (93.0, 95.9), respectively, for psoriasis. The EMM often presented before the arthritis (uveitis 45.1% and 33.3%, and IBD 37.4% and 70%, in AS and PsA, respectively). In the multivariable model, longer diagnostic delay (≥5 years) associated with more uveitis (hazard ratio [HR] 4.01; 95% CI: 3.23, 4.07) and IBD events (HR 1.85; 95% CI: 1.28, 2.67) in AS. Diagnostic delay was not significantly associated with uveitis (HR 1.57; 95% CI: 0.69, 3.59) or IBD events (HR 1.59; 95% CI: 0.39, 6.37) in PsA.

CONCLUSION

EMMs are more prevalent in AS than PsA and often present before the onset of the articular disease. A longer diagnostic delay is associated with the 'de novo' appearance of uveitis and IBD in AS, highlighting the need to enhance diagnostic strategies to shorten the time from first symptom to diagnosis in SpA.

Stepwise asynchronous telehealth assessment of patients with suspected axial spondyloarthritis: results from a pilot study

Patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) suffer from one of the longest diagnostic delays among all rheumatic diseases. Telemedicine (TM) may reduce this diagnostic delay by providing easy access to care. Diagnostic rheumatology telehealth studies are scarce and largely limited to traditional synchronous approaches such as resource-intensive video and telephone consultations. The aim of this study was to investigate a stepwise asynchronous telemedicine-based diagnostic approach in patients with suspected axSpA. Patients with suspected axSpA completed a fully automated digital symptom assessment using two symptom checkers (SC) (bechterew-check and Ada). Secondly, a hybrid stepwise asynchronous TM approach was investigated. Three physicians and two medical students were given sequential access to SC symptom reports, laboratory and imaging results. After each step, participants had to state if axSpA was present or not (yes/no) and had to rate their perceived decision confidence. Results were compared to the final diagnosis of the treating rheumatologist. 17 (47.2%) of 36 included patients were diagnosed with axSpA. Diagnostic accuracy of bechterew-check, Ada, TM students and TM physicians was 47.2%, 58.3%, 76.4% and 88.9% respectively. Access to imaging results significantly increased sensitivity of TM-physicians (p < 0.05). Mean diagnostic confidence of false axSpA classification was not significantly lower compared to correct axSpA classification for both students and physicians. This study underpins the potential of asynchronous physician-based telemedicine for patients with suspected axSpA. Similarly, the results highlight the need for sufficient information, especially imaging results to ensure a correct diagnosis. Further studies are needed to investigate other rheumatic diseases and telediagnostic approaches.

The use of deep learning in medical imaging to improve spine care: A scoping review of current literature and clinical applications

Background

Artificial intelligence is a revolutionary technology that promises to assist clinicians in improving patient care. In radiology, deep learning (DL) is widely used in clinical decision aids due to its ability to analyze complex patterns and images. It allows for rapid, enhanced data, and imaging analysis, from diagnosis to outcome prediction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current literature and clinical utilization of DL in spine imaging.

Methods

This study is a scoping review and utilized the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology to review the scientific literature from 2012 to 2021. A search in PubMed, Web of Science, Embased, and IEEE Xplore databases with syntax specific for DL and medical imaging in spine care applications was conducted to collect all original publications on the subject. Specific data was extracted from the available literature, including algorithm application, algorithms tested, database type and size, algorithm training method, and outcome of interest.

Results

A total of 365 studies (total sample of 232,394 patients) were included and grouped into 4 general applications: diagnostic tools, clinical decision support tools, automated clinical/instrumentation assessment, and clinical outcome prediction. Notable disparities exist in the selected algorithms and the training across multiple disparate databases. The most frequently used algorithms were U-Net and ResNet. A DL model was developed and validated in 92% of included studies, while a pre-existing DL model was investigated in 8%. Of all developed models, only 15% of them have been externally validated.

Conclusions

Based on this scoping review, DL in spine imaging is used in a broad range of clinical applications, particularly for diagnosing spinal conditions. There is a wide variety of DL algorithms, database characteristics, and training methods. Future studies should focus on external validation of existing models before bringing them into clinical use.

Is it time to move on from pelvic radiography as the first-line imaging modality for suspected sacroiliitis?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Pelvic radiography in which structural lesions characteristic of sacroiliitis can be detected, is recommended as the first imaging modality when axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is suspected clinically. However, cross-sectional modalities like computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are superior to radiographs for diagnosing sacroiliitis. Thus, we currently debate the role of radiography as first imaging modality in the diagnostic workup of axSpA.

RECENT FINDINGS

Diagnosing sacroiliitis on pelvic radiographs is challenging with large interobserver and intraobserver variation. Low-dose CT (ldCT) of the sacroiliac joints (SIJs) was proved to be more sensitive and reliable than radiographs with comparable ionizing radiation exposure. MRI is the preferred modality for detecting early SIJ inflammation, well before structural lesions evolve. New, promising MRI sequences sensitive to cortical bone improve erosion detection, making MRI a one-stop shop for the diagnosis of sacroiliitis.

SUMMARY

Given the debatable additive value of pelvic radiographs for the detection of sacroiliitis, and the presence of excellent alternatives for imaging the bony cortex of the SIJs such as ldCT and MRI with state-of-the-art sequences sensitive to cortical bone, it is high time to discuss the use of these more accurate modalities instead of radiographs.

Association of anxiety, depression and resilience with overall health and functioning in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA): a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the association between anxiety, depression and resilience with overall health and functioning in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA).

DESIGN

Cross-sectional evaluation of baseline data from a prospective cohort study, with recruitment from January 2018 to March 2021.

SETTING

Outpatient clinic in a tertiary hospital in Singapore.

PARTICIPANTS

Patients aged 21 years and above who were diagnosed with axSpA.

OUTCOME MEASURES

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used for assessing anxiety and depression, 10-item Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10) for resilience, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) for disease activity, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) for functional limitation and Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society Health Index (ASAS HI) for overall health and functioning. Univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to assess the association between anxiety, depression and resilience with health and functioning.

RESULTS

We included 296 patients in this study. The median (IQR) score for HADS-Anxiety was 5.0 (2.0-8.0), with 13.5% and 13.9% having borderline abnormal and abnormal anxiety, respectively. The median (IQR) score for HADS-Depression was 3.0 (1.0-7.0), with 12.8% and 8.4% having borderline abnormal and abnormal depression, respectively. The median (IQR) CD-RISC-10 score was 29.0 (23.0-32.0) while the median (IQR) ASAS HI score was 4.0 (2.0-7.0). Apart from BASDAI, BASFI and disease duration, anxiety and depression were associated with overall health and functioning (β: 0.12, 95% CI 0.03, 0.20; β: 0.20, 95% CI 0.09, 0.31) in the multivariable linear regression. Level of resilience was not associated with health and functioning.

CONCLUSION

Anxiety and depression, but not resilience, were associated with poorer health and functioning. Clinicians could consider routinely screening for anxiety and depression in their patients, especially in patients with more severe symptoms.

A glance into the future of diagnosis and treatment of spondyloarthritis

The last two decades have seen major developments in the field of spondyloarthritis (SpA), but there are still important unmet needs to address. In the future, we envisage important advances in the diagnosis and treatment of SpA. In the diagnosis of SpA, the use of online and social media tools will increase awareness of the disease and facilitate the referral of patients to rheumatology clinics. In addition, more specific diagnostic tests will be available, especially advanced imaging methods and new biomarkers. This will allow most patients to be diagnosed at an early stage of the disease. In the treatment of SpA, an increasing number of novel treatment targets can be expected, most of which will be directed against intracellular enzymes. We hope to see more strategy trials shaping treatment pathways in SpA and accommodating principals of precision medicine. Approved treatment options will be available for both axial and peripheral SpA. We also hope to intervene not only at the inflammation level but also at the level of underlying immunological processes that might be associated with a higher probability of long-standing remission if not a cure. Finally, artificial intelligence techniques will allow for the analysis of large-scale data to answer relevant research questions for the diagnosis and management of patients with SpA.