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Bagheri-Hosseinabadi Z, Mirzaei MR, Esmaeili O, Asadi F, Ahmadinia H, Shamsoddini B, Abbasifard M. Implications of Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase 4 gene transcription and polymorphisms in susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis in an Iranian population. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:104. [PMID: 37193992 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PADI4) has been implicated in Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis. Here we aimed to evaluate the association of PADI4 gene rs11203367 and rs1748033 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with RA proneness. METHODS The mRNA expression of PADI4 was determined in the whole blood samples. The genotyping of PADI4 polymorphisms was conducted using allelic discrimination TaqMan genotyping Real-time PCR. RESULTS The alleles and genotypes of rs11203367 polymorphism were not associated with susceptibility to RA risk. The T allele (OR = 1.58, 95%CI: 1.21-2.04, P = 0.0005), TT genotype (OR = 2.79, 95%CI: 1.53-5.06, P = 0.0007), TC genotype (OR = 1.52, 95%CI: 1.04-2.23, P = 0.0291), dominant (OR = 1.72, 95%CI: 1.19-2.47, P = 0.0034) and recessive (OR = 2.19, 95%CI: 1.25-3.82, P = 0.0057) models of rs1748033 SNP were associated with higher risk of RA. There was a significant upregulation of PADI4 mRNA in the RA patients compared to controls. mRNA expression of PADI4 had significantly positive correlation with anti-CCP level (r = 0.37, P = 0.041), RF level (r = 0.39, P = 0.037), and CRP level (r = 0.39, P = 0.024). CONCLUSION PADI4 gene rs1748033 SNP was associated with increased RA risk. This polymorphism might affect the RA pathogenesis regardless of impressing the levels of PADI-4 in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bagheri-Hosseinabadi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mirzaei
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ozrasadat Esmaeili
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Asadi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hassan Ahmadinia
- Occupational Environmental Research Center, Medical School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Banafshe Shamsoddini
- Student Research Committee, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mitra Abbasifard
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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Mukhtar M, Sheikh N, Batool A, Khawar MB, Fatima N, Mehmood R. Novel functional polymorphism on PADI-4 gene and its association with arthritis onset. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:1227-1233. [PMID: 35197789 PMCID: PMC8847927 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Citrullinated proteins formed by peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADIs) deimination of arginine residues in proteins are of particular interest in arthritis pathogenesis. Polymorphisms on the PADI-4 gene lead to the malfunctioning of PADIs leading to the onset of arthritis. Objective The present study was conducted to determine the polymorphisms on the PADI-4 gene and their association with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as well as Osteoarthritis (OA). Methodology To achieve the above-mentioned objective a case-control study was conducted. Blood samples were collected from RA, OA, and control subjects. DNA was extracted from each blood sample by modified organic method and was quantified as well as qualified by DNA gel electrophoresis and Nanodrop. Patients were tested for rs874881, rs11203366, rs11203367, rs2240336, rs2240337, rs2240339, rs1748033 and rs2240340 polymorphic sites by amplifying targeted regions through PCR with site-specific primers. Genotyping was performed by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism and direct sequencing method. Mutations were identified by analyzing sequences on BioEdit software. Allelic, genetic, and multiple site analysis were performed by SHEsis and PLINK software. Change in the amino acid sequence was identified by MEGA 6.0 software. Results Polymorphisms were identified on all targeted polymorphic sites except rs2240337 in both RA and OA individuals. In addition, two novel mutations were also identified in exon 4 identified i-e SCV000804840: c.218T > C and SCV000807675: c.241G > T. All the SNPs except rs11203366 were found to be significantly associated with RA at an allelic level whereas all SNP’s have been significant risk factors in the onset of OA. At genotypic level rs874881, rs11203366, rs2240339, SCV000804840 and SCV000807675 were significantly associated to RA development whereas rs874881, rs11203366, rs11203367, rs2240339, SCV000804840 and SCV000807675 were genetic risk factors in OA onset. Haplotype analysis indicated that GACCACGCC and GACCACGCT were highly significant in disease development. Polymorphisms identified altered the functioning of PADIs by altering their amino acid sequence. Conclusion In conclusion, it was found that PADI-4 gene polymorphism was not only involved in the onset of RA but was also found to be a significant risk factor in OA onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mukhtar
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.,Rhumatology Domain, Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nadeem Sheikh
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Andleeb Batool
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Babar Khawar
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Central Punjab (UCP), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naz Fatima
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Mehmood
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Massarenti L, Enevold C, Damgaard D, Ødum N, Garred P, Frisch M, Shelef MA, Jacobsen S, Nielsen CH. PADI4 Polymorphisms Confer Risk of Anti-CCP-Positive Rheumatoid Arthritis in Synergy With HLA-DRB1*04 and Smoking. Front Immunol 2021; 12:707690. [PMID: 34733271 PMCID: PMC8558474 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.707690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) catalyze citrullination, a post-translational modification playing a pathogenic role in anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)-positive rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The interplay between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PADI genes and known risk factors for ACPA-positive RA, including smoking, HLA-DR4 and -1, and the PTPN22 R620W polymorphism, was investigated. We typed four PADI2 SNPs, four PADI4 SNPs, and the PTPN22 R620W SNP in 445 Danish RA patients and 533 age-matched healthy controls, as well as in 200 North American RA patients and 100 age- and sex-matched controls. The HLA-DRB1 locus was typed in the Danish cohort. Logistic regression analyses, adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, and PTPN22 R620W, revealed increased risk of anti-CCP-positive RA in carriers of rs11203367(T) (OR: 1.22, p=0.03) and reduced risk in carriers of rs2240335(A) in PADI4 (OR: 0.82, p=0.04). rs74058715(T) in PADI4 conferred reduced risk of anti-CCP-negative RA (OR: 0.38, p=0.003). In HLA-DRB1*04-positive individuals, specifically, the risk of anti-CCP-positive RA was increased by carriage of PADI4 rs1748033(T) (OR: 1.54, p=0.007) and decreased by carriage of PADI4 rs74058715(T) (OR: 0.44, p=0.01), and we observed an interaction between these SNPs and HLA-DRB1*04 (p=0.004 and p=0.008, respectively) Thus, PADI4 polymorphisms associate with ACPA-positive RA, particularly in HLA-DRB1*04-positive individuals, and with ACPA-negative RA independently of HLA-DRB1*04.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Massarenti
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Section 7521, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Enevold
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Section 7521, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dres Damgaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Section 7521, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Ødum
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Frisch
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Søren Jacobsen
- Copenhagen Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Section 4242, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Henrik Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Section 7521, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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González-Febles J, Sanz M. Periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis: What have we learned about their connection and their treatment? Periodontol 2000 2021; 87:181-203. [PMID: 34463976 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis are chronic inflammatory diseases defined respectively by the destruction of the articular cartilage and tooth-supporting periodontal tissues. Although the epidemiologic evidence for an association between these two diseases is still scarce, there is emerging scientific information linking specific bacterial periodontal pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, in the citrullination process, leading to autoantibody formation and compromised immunotolerance of the susceptible patient to rheumatoid arthritis. In this review, we update the existing information on the evidence, not only regarding the epidemiologic association, but also the biologic mechanisms linking these two diseases. Finally, we review information emerging from intervention studies evaluating whether periodontal treatment could influence the initiation and progression of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerián González-Febles
- Departament of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Odontology, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Research Group on the Aetiology and Treatment of Periodontal and Periimplant Diseases (ETEP), Faculty of Odontology, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Sanz
- Departament of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Odontology, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Research Group on the Aetiology and Treatment of Periodontal and Periimplant Diseases (ETEP), Faculty of Odontology, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Issilbayeva A, Kushugulova A, Meiramova A, Kozhakhmetov S, Akhmetova Z, Nurgaziyev M, Chulenbayeva L, Babenko D, Kunz J, Ainabekova B. Epidemiological Trends of Rheumatoid Arthritis and PADI4, PTPN22, and HLA-DRB9 Genes Distribution in the Kazakhstan Population. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is 1% in the global population. The lack of epidemiological studies in developing countries makes it difficult to obtain a complete global epidemiological picture of RA. RA develops due to the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors, though the contribution of these factors to the various disease occurrence seen in different populations is unclear.
AIM: The aim of our study was to analyze the dynamics of the general prevalence and incidence of RA among the population of Kazakhstan in 2017–2019 as well as to investigate the three most common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of RA in the Kazakhstan population.
METHODS: The analysis of statistical data on Form 12 “On the health of the people and the health care system” was carried out. Prevalence and incidence rates were calculated according to generally accepted rules. Demographic data for the Republic of Kazakhstan were obtained from the official website stat.gov.kz. Our study included 70 RA patients and 113 control subjects. Blood samples were collected and genotyped for peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PADI4), protein tyrosine phosphatase 22, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB9 SNPs by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.
RESULTS: The prevalence of RA in Kazakhstan in 2017–2019 was 0.36–0.38%, with an incidence rate of 0.085–0.087%, which can be comparable to data of other countries in Central Asia. The allele and genotypes frequency analyses were carried out between patients and controls. The HLA-DRB9 showed significant association of the G allele odds ratio (OR) 1.96 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.252–3.081), p= 0.0025 and G/G genotype OR = 3.67 (95% CI: 1.58–8.54), p = 0.00162 with RA in our sample. Strong association between anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) profile and PADI4 (OR 12.19 [95% CI: 2.19–67.94], p = 0.00115) was found.
CONCLUSION: There was an increase in RA prevalence with age among females and a higher crude prevalence and incidence of RA in the southern regions of Kazakhstan. HLA-DRB9 prevailed in Kazakhstani patients with RA, PADI4 showed association with ACPA-positive RA. Further studies on larger samples are required to confirm our obtained results.
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Martinez-Prat L, Palterer B, Vitiello G, Parronchi P, Robinson WH, Mahler M. Autoantibodies to protein-arginine deiminase (PAD) 4 in rheumatoid arthritis: immunological and clinical significance, and potential for precision medicine. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2019; 15:1073-1087. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2020.1668778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martinez-Prat
- Research and Development, Inova Diagnostics, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Experimental Science, Francisco de Vitoria University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Boaz Palterer
- specialist in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Experimental and Clinical Medicine Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Vitiello
- resident in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Experimental and Clinical Medicine Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Parronchi
- (Allergy and Clinical Immunology), Laboratory Head, Experimental and Clinical Medicine Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - William H. Robinson
- (Immunology and Rheumatology), Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical [GRECC] Division, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Michael Mahler
- Research and Development, Inova Diagnostics, San Diego, CA, USA
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Aghchelli A, Yazdani Y, Bazzazi H, Aghaei M. Association Assessment of Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type 4 (PADI4) rs1748033 polymorphism and susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis in Gorgan, Northeast of Iran. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND BASIC RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/jcbr.2.2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 -104C/T polymorphism and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: A pooled analysis based on different populations. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29518108 PMCID: PMC5843217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies have analyzed the association between peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PADI4) -104C/T polymorphism and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the results are inconsistent. This meta-analysis, based on different populations, updated and reevaluated the possible associations between PADI4 -104C/T polymorphism and the susceptibility to RA. Methods A literature search was performed on PubMed and related Chinese databases up to April 2017. The association between PADI4 -104C/T polymorphism and RA risk was evaluated by calculating pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results A total of seventeen studies, including 5,756 RA cases and 4,987 controls, were screened out. In the overall population, PADI -104C/T polymorphism was significantly associated with an increased RA risk. In this meta-analysis stratified by ethnicity, a significant association between PADI -104C/T polymorphism and RA risk was established in China and Japan. Conclusions Our study indicated a significantly increased association between PADI -104C/T polymorphism and RA in Chinese and Japanese populations. Because most included populations in this meta-analysis were Asian, further studies are needed to elucidate whether the PADI4 -104C/T gene confers RA in other ethnic groups.
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Clinical and immunological aspects of anti-peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (anti-PAD4) autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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The relationship of PADI4_94 polymorphisms with the morbidity of rheumatoid arthritis in Caucasian and Asian populations: a meta-analysis and system review. Clin Rheumatol 2018; 37:289-296. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3964-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Baños-Hernández CJ, Navarro-Zarza JE, Parra-Rojas I, Vázquez-Villamar M, Ramón Padilla-Gutiérrez J, Valle Y, Reyes-Castillo Z, Magdalena Torres-Carrillo N, García-Arellano S, Brennan-Bourdon LM, Muñoz-Valle JF. PADI4 polymorphisms and the functional haplotype are associated with increased rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility: A replication study in a Southern Mexican population. Hum Immunol 2017; 78:553-558. [PMID: 28551357 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease with a complex genetic background. The peptidyl arginine deiminase type IV (PADI4) gene has been associated with RA susceptibility in several populations. We addressed the relationship between three exonic PADI4 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) PADI4_89 (rs11203366), PADI4_90 (rs11203367) and PADI4_92 (rs874881) and related haplotypes with RA in a population from Southern México. This study included 200 RA patients and 200 control subjects. The SNPs were evaluated using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique, and antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides (anti-CCP) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this population, the minor alleles of PADI4_89∗G, PADI4_90∗T and PADI4_92∗G gene polymorphisms were associated with RA susceptibility (OR=1.34, p=0.04; OR=1.35, p=0.03; OR=1.34, p=0.04; respectively). The GTG haplotype was also significantly associated with RA (OR=2.27 95%CI=1.18-4.41; p=0.008), but did not show association with levels of anti-CCP antibodies and clinical parameters. In conclusion, our replication study in a Southern Mexican population suggests that PADI4 individual polymorphisms and the related susceptibility haplotype (GTG) are also genetic risk markers for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Johana Baños-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - José Eduardo Navarro-Zarza
- Departamento de Medicina Interna-Reumatología, Hospital General de Chilpancingo "Dr. Raymundo Abarca Alarcón", Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Isela Parra-Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Mirna Vázquez-Villamar
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jorge Ramón Padilla-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Yeminia Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Zyanya Reyes-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Nora Magdalena Torres-Carrillo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Samuel García-Arellano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Lorena Michele Brennan-Bourdon
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Comisión para la Protección contra Riesgos Sanitarios del Estado de Jalisco, (COPRISJAL), Secretaria de Salud, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Koushik S, Joshi N, Nagaraju S, Mahmood S, Mudeenahally K, Padmavathy R, Jegatheesan SK, Mullangi R, Rajagopal S. PAD4: pathophysiology, current therapeutics and future perspective in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:433-447. [PMID: 28281906 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1294160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is an enzyme that plays an important role in gene expression, turning out genetic code into functional products in the body. It is involved in a key post translational modification, which involves the conversion of arginine to citrulline. It regulates various processes such as apoptosis, innate immunity and pluripotency, while its dysregulation has a great impact on the genesis of various diseases. Over the last few years PAD4 has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the basic structure and function of PAD4, along with the role of altered PAD4 activity in the onset of RA and other maladies. We also elucidate the role of PAD4 variants in etiology of RA among several ethnic groups and the current pre-clinical inhibitors to regulate PAD4. Expert opinion: Citrullination has a crucial role in RA and several other disorders. Since PAD4 is an initiator of the citrullination, it is an important therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases. Therefore, an in depth knowledge of the roles and activity of PAD4 is required to explore more effective ways to conquer PAD4 related ailments, especially RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Koushik
- a Bioinformatics , Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
| | - Nivedita Joshi
- a Bioinformatics , Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
| | | | - Sameer Mahmood
- a Bioinformatics , Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
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Decreased severity of experimental autoimmune arthritis in peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 knockout mice. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:205. [PMID: 27150598 PMCID: PMC4858923 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-1055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PADI4) has been identified as a susceptibility gene for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by genome-wide association studies. PADI4 is highly expressed in the bone marrow, macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes. Peptidyl citrulline is an interesting molecule in RA because it is a target antigen for anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies, and only PADs (translated proteins from PADI genes) can provide peptidyl citrulline via the modification of protein substrates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of the PADI4 gene in the progression of RA. Methods We generated Padi4 knockout (Padi4−/−) DBA1J mice. The Padi4−/− DBA1J and wild-type mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen (CII) to develop collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). The expression of various inflammatory cytokines and Padi genes in immune cells was detected by the real-time TaqMan assay. Cytokine concentrations in sera were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Localization of the PAD4 and PAD2 proteins was indicated by immunohistochemistry. Results We demonstrated that the clinical disease score was significantly decreased in the Padi4−/− mice and Padi4 expression was induced by CII immunization. In the Padi4−/− mice, serum anti-type II collagen (CII) immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, and inflammatory cytokine levels were significantly decreased compared with those in the wild-type mice. Padi2 expression was induced in the immune cells of the Padi4−/− mice as a compensation for the defect in Padi4. Conclusions Padi4 affected disease severity in the CIA mice and was involved in the enhancement of the collagen-initiated inflammatory responses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12891-016-1055-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Vernerova L, Spoutil F, Vlcek M, Krskova K, Penesova A, Meskova M, Marko A, Raslova K, Vohnout B, Rovensky J, Killinger Z, Jochmanova I, Lazurova I, Steiner G, Smolen J, Imrich R. A Combination of CD28 (rs1980422) and IRF5 (rs10488631) Polymorphisms Is Associated with Seropositivity in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Case Control Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153316. [PMID: 27092776 PMCID: PMC4836711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of the study was to analyse genetic architecture of RA by utilizing multiparametric statistical methods such as linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and redundancy analysis (RDA). Methods A total of 1393 volunteers, 499 patients with RA and 894 healthy controls were included in the study. The presence of shared epitope (SE) in HLA-DRB1 and 11 SNPs (PTPN22 C/T (rs2476601), STAT4 G/T (rs7574865), CTLA4 A/G (rs3087243), TRAF1/C5 A/G (rs3761847), IRF5 T/C (rs10488631), TNFAIP3 C/T (rs5029937), AFF3 A/T (rs11676922), PADI4 C/T (rs2240340), CD28 T/C (rs1980422), CSK G/A (rs34933034) and FCGR3A A/C (rs396991), rheumatoid factor (RF), anti–citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) and clinical status was analysed using the LDA and RDA. Results HLA-DRB1, PTPN22, STAT4, IRF5 and PADI4 significantly discriminated between RA patients and healthy controls in LDA. The correlation between RA diagnosis and the explanatory variables in the model was 0.328 (Trace = 0.107; F = 13.715; P = 0.0002). The risk variants of IRF5 and CD28 genes were found to be common determinants for seropositivity in RDA, while positivity of RF alone was associated with the CTLA4 risk variant in heterozygous form. The correlation between serologic status and genetic determinants on the 1st ordinal axis was 0.468, and 0.145 on the 2nd one (Trace = 0.179; F = 6.135; P = 0.001). The risk alleles in AFF3 gene together with the presence of ACPA were associated with higher clinical severity of RA. Conclusions The association among multiple risk variants related to T cell receptor signalling with seropositivity may play an important role in distinct clinical phenotypes of RA. Our study demonstrates that multiparametric analyses represent a powerful tool for investigation of mutual relationships of potential risk factors in complex diseases such as RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Vernerova
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Frantisek Spoutil
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Vlcek
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Krskova
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Adela Penesova
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Milada Meskova
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Marko
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | | - Jozef Rovensky
- National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Piešťany, Slovakia
| | - Zdenko Killinger
- 5th Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty of Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Jochmanova
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ivica Lazurova
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Guenter Steiner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Smolen
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Imrich
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Sharma A, Liu X, Hadley D, Hagopian W, Liu E, Chen WM, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Simell V, Rewers M, Ziegler AG, Lernmark Å, Simell O, Toppari J, Krischer JP, Akolkar B, Rich SS, Agardh D, She JX. Identification of Non-HLA Genes Associated with Celiac Disease and Country-Specific Differences in a Large, International Pediatric Cohort. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152476. [PMID: 27015091 PMCID: PMC4807782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are significant geographical differences in the prevalence and incidence of celiac disease that cannot be explained by HLA alone. More than 40 loci outside of the HLA region have been associated with celiac disease. We investigated the roles of these non-HLA genes in the development of tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies (tTGA) and celiac disease in a large international prospective cohort study. METHODS A total of 424,788 newborns from the US and European general populations and first-degree relatives with type 1 diabetes were screened for specific HLA genotypes. Of these, 21,589 carried 1 of the 9 HLA genotypes associated with increased risk for type 1 diabetes and celiac disease; we followed 8676 of the children in a 15 y prospective follow-up study. Genotype analyses were performed on 6010 children using the Illumina ImmunoChip. Levels of tTGA were measured in serum samples using radio-ligand binding assays; diagnoses of celiac disease were made based on persistent detection of tTGA and biopsy analysis. Data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards analyses. RESULTS We found 54 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 5 genes associated with celiac disease (TAGAP, IL18R1, RGS21, PLEK, and CCR9) in time to celiac disease analyses (10-4>P>5.8x10-6). The hazard ratios (HR) for the SNPs with the smallest P values in each region were 1.59, 1.45, 2.23, 2.64, and 1.40, respectively. Outside of regions previously associated with celiac disease, we identified 10 SNPs in 8 regions that could also be associated with the disease (P<10-4). A SNP near PKIA (rs117128341, P = 6.5x10-8, HR = 2.8) and a SNP near PFKFB3 (rs117139146, P<2.8x10-7, HR = 4.9) reached the genome-wide association threshold in subjects from Sweden. Analyses of time to detection of tTGA identified 29 SNPs in 2 regions previously associated with celiac disease (CTLA4, P = 1.3x10-6, HR = 0.76 and LPP, P = 2.8x10-5, HR = .80) and 6 SNPs in 5 regions not previously associated with celiac disease (P<10-4); non-HLA genes are therefore involved in development of tTGA. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, using a genetic analysis of a large international cohort of children, we associated celiac disease development with 5 non-HLA regions previously associated with the disease and 8 regions not previously associated with celiac disease. We identified 5 regions associated with development of tTGA. Two loci associated with celiac disease progression reached a genome-wide association threshold in subjects from Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Xiang Liu
- Pediatric Epidemiology Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - David Hadley
- Pediatric Epidemiology Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William Hagopian
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Edwin Liu
- Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Ville Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Anette-G. Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, and Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olli Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jeffrey P. Krischer
- Pediatric Epidemiology Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Beena Akolkar
- National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Stephen S. Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Daniel Agardh
- Diabetes and Celiac Disease Unit, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
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Damgaard D, Senolt L, Nielsen CH. Increased levels of peptidylarginine deiminase 2 in synovial fluid from anti-CCP-positive rheumatoid arthritis patients: Association with disease activity and inflammatory markers. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016; 55:918-27. [PMID: 26880831 PMCID: PMC5854038 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) in SF of RA patients and OA patients, and to determine the association between PAD2 levels, disease activity and inflammatory markers in RA. METHODS Blood and SF samples were obtained from 39 RA patients and 40 patients with OA. PAD2 content and PAD activity were measured by means of in-house assays. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12 were measured using flow cytometry. RESULTS PAD2 levels and PAD activity were higher in SF from RA than OA patients (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.03, respectively), as were all cytokine levels (P < 0.0001-0.05). SF PAD2 levels were higher among anti-CCP-positive patients than among anti-CCP-negative patients (P = 0.005). PAD2 levels in SF from RA patients correlated with disease activity, as assessed by DAS28 (P < 0.005). Moreover, SF PAD2 levels correlated with circulating CRP and anti-CCP levels (P < 0.0006), as well as with leucocyte count, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 levels in SF (P < 0.0001-0.02). PAD activity in SF was higher in RA patients than in OA patients, and correlated with PAD2 concentration. CONCLUSION Extracellular PAD2 levels in SF correlate with disease activity in RA patients. Anti-CCP-positive RA patients have higher PAD2 levels in SF than anti-CCP-negative RA patients and OA patients. Since we could demonstrate enzymatically active PADs in SF, we propose that free, extracellular PAD is of pathogenic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dres Damgaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Ladislav Senolt
- Institute of Rheumatology and Department of Rheumatology, 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Claus H Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark and
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Association between susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis and PADI4 polymorphisms: a meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol 2015; 35:961-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-015-3098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Yang XK, Liu J, Liu J, Liang Y, Xu WD, Leng RX, Pan HF, Ye DQ. Associations Between PADI4 Gene Polymorphisms and Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Updated Meta-analysis. Arch Med Res 2015; 46:317-25. [PMID: 26043831 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Studies investigating the association between the peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PADI4) gene polymorphisms and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) reported conflicting results. The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the association between PADI4 gene polymorphisms and RA. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the strength of the association. RESULTS A total of 34 studies from 28 articles involving 19859 patients with RA and 25771 healthy controls were included. Significant association of PADI4-94G/A polymorphism and RA was observed (OR = 0.891, 95% CI = 0.833-0.954, p = 0.001) in the overall study population and in the Asian populations (OR = 0.824, 95% CI = 0.759-0.894, p = 0.000) respectively. For the -92C/G polymorphism, a significant association was observed (OR = 1.481, 95% CI = 1.166-1.882, p = 0.001) in Africans. For the -90C/T polymorphism, a significant association was observed (OR = 0.576, 95% CI = 0.381-0.872, p = 0.009) in the Latin American population. The pooled estimates for the other polymorphisms were not statistically significantly associated with RA (PADI4-104C/T, -89A/G, -96T/C). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis demonstrates that PADI4-94G/A polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to RA in the overall population and in the Asian population. The PADI4 -92C/G polymorphism confers susceptibility to RA in Africans and the PADI4-90C/T polymorphism was associated with RA in the Latin American population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ke Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Wang-Dong Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Rui-Xue Leng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Dong-Qing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of unknown aetiology resulting in inflammation of the synovium, cartilage and bone. The disease has a heterogeneous character, consisting of clinical subsets of anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)-positive and APCA-negative disease. Although, the pathogenesis of RA is incompletely understood, genetic factors play a vital role in susceptibility to RA as the heritability of RA is between 50 and 60%, with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus accounting for at least 30% of overall genetic risk. Non-HLA genes, i.e. tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) within the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) have also been investigated for association with RA. Although, some contradictory results have originated from several studies on TNF-α gene, the data published so far indicate the possible existence of TNF-α gene promoter variants that act as markers for disease severity and response to treatment in RA. The correlation of HLA and non-HLA genes within MHC region is apparently interpreted. A considerable number of confirmed associations with RA and other autoimmune disease susceptibility loci including peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PADI4), protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT4), cluster of differentiation 244 (CD244) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), located outside the MHC have been reported recently. In this review, we aim to give an update on recent progress in RA genetics, the importance of the combination of HLA-DRB1 alleles, non-HLA gene polymorphism, its detection and autoantibodies as susceptibility markers for early RA disease.
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20
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Guzmán-Guzmán IP, Reyes-Castillo Z, Muñoz-Barrios S, Ruiz-Noa Y, Martínez-Bonilla GE, Parra-Rojas I, Palafox-Sánchez CA, Muñoz-Valle JF. Polymorphisms and functional haplotype in PADI4: further evidence for contribution on rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in a western Mexican population. Immunol Lett 2015; 163:214-20. [PMID: 25562673 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Peptidyl arginine deiminase IV (PADI4) enzyme catalyzes the citrullination of proteins, which are recognized by anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Here, we determined the association between PADI4 gene polymorphisms and haplotypes with RA susceptibility and clinical characteristics in a western Mexican population. The relationship of PADI4 polymorphisms with anti-CCP and PADI4 mRNA expression was also evaluated. PADI4_89, PADI4_90 and PADI4_92 polymorphisms were individually associated with RA susceptibility. The GTG haplotype was significantly associated with: RA susceptibility; disease onset at ≤ 40 years and anti-CCP antibodies. PADI4 expression was three fold higher in RA patients carrying the susceptibility haplotype (GTG) than in non-susceptibility haplotype carriers (ACC). In conclusion, polymorphisms and functional haplotype (GTG) in PADI4 are associated with RA susceptibility as well as anti-CCP antibodies in a Mexican population. This supports the role of PADI4 early in RA pathogenesis by promoting the generation of citrullinated autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Paola Guzmán-Guzmán
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Zyanya Reyes-Castillo
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Salvador Muñoz-Barrios
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Yeniley Ruiz-Noa
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Isela Parra-Rojas
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Claudia Azucena Palafox-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital General de Occidente, Secretaría de Salud Jalisco, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Zhang R, Luan M, Shang Z, Duan L, Tang G, Shi M, Lv W, Zhu H, Li J, Lv H, Zhang M, Liu G, Chen H, Jiang Y. RADB: a database of rheumatoid arthritis-related polymorphisms. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2014; 2014:bau090. [PMID: 25228593 PMCID: PMC4164886 DOI: 10.1093/database/bau090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that has a complex genetic basis. Therefore, it is important to explore the genetic background of RA. The extensive recent application of polymorphic genetic markers, especially single nucleotide polymorphisms, has presented us with a large quantity of genetic data. In this study, we developed the Database of Rheumatoid Arthritis-related Polymorphisms (RADB), to integrate all the RA-related genetic polymorphisms and provide a useful resource for researchers. We manually extracted the RA-related polymorphisms from 686 published reports, including RA susceptibility loci, polymorphisms associated with particular clinical features of RA, polymorphisms associated with drug response in RA and polymorphisms associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease in RA. Currently, RADB V1.0 contains 3235 polymorphisms that are associated with 636 genes and refer to 68 countries. The detailed information extracted from the literature includes basic information about the articles (e.g. PubMed ID, title and abstract), population information (e.g. country, geographic area and sample size) and polymorphism information (e.g. polymorphism name, gene, genotype, odds ratio and 95% confidence interval, P-value and risk allele). Meanwhile, useful annotations, such as hyperlinks to dbSNP, GenBank, UCSC, Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway, are included. In addition, a tool for meta-analysis was developed to summarize the results of multiple studies. The database is freely available at http://www.bioapp.org/RADB. Database URL:http://www.bioapp.org/RADB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China, Yiwu Hospital, Zhejiang University, Yiwu 322000, China, Genome Analysis Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China, Depatment of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Meiwei Luan
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China, Yiwu Hospital, Zhejiang University, Yiwu 322000, China, Genome Analysis Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China, Depatment of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Zhenwei Shang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China, Yiwu Hospital, Zhejiang University, Yiwu 322000, China, Genome Analysis Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China, Depatment of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Lian Duan
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China, Yiwu Hospital, Zhejiang University, Yiwu 322000, China, Genome Analysis Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China, Depatment of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Guoping Tang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China, Yiwu Hospital, Zhejiang University, Yiwu 322000, China, Genome Analysis Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China, Depatment of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Miao Shi
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China, Yiwu Hospital, Zhejiang University, Yiwu 322000, China, Genome Analysis Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China, Depatment of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Wenhua Lv
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China, Yiwu Hospital, Zhejiang University, Yiwu 322000, China, Genome Analysis Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China, Depatment of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Hongjie Zhu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China, Yiwu Hospital, Zhejiang University, Yiwu 322000, China, Genome Analysis Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China, Depatment of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Jin Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China, Yiwu Hospital, Zhejiang University, Yiwu 322000, China, Genome Analysis Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China, Depatment of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Hongchao Lv
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China, Yiwu Hospital, Zhejiang University, Yiwu 322000, China, Genome Analysis Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China, Depatment of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China, Yiwu Hospital, Zhejiang University, Yiwu 322000, China, Genome Analysis Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China, Depatment of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Guiyou Liu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China, Yiwu Hospital, Zhejiang University, Yiwu 322000, China, Genome Analysis Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China, Depatment of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - He Chen
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China, Yiwu Hospital, Zhejiang University, Yiwu 322000, China, Genome Analysis Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China, Depatment of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China zhangruijie
| | - Yongshuai Jiang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China, Yiwu Hospital, Zhejiang University, Yiwu 322000, China, Genome Analysis Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China, Depatment of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
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Govind N, Choudhury A, Hodkinson B, Ickinger C, Frost J, Lee A, Gregersen PK, Reynolds RJ, Bridges SL, Hazelhurst S, Ramsay M, Tikly M. Immunochip identifies novel, and replicates known, genetic risk loci for rheumatoid arthritis in black South Africans. Mol Med 2014; 20:341-9. [PMID: 25014791 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify genetic variants associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk in black South Africans. Black South African RA patients (n = 263) were compared with healthy controls (n = 374). Genotyping was performed using the Immunochip, and four-digit high-resolution human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing was performed by DNA sequencing of exon 2. Standard quality control measures were implemented on the data. The strongest associations were in the intergenic region between the HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQA1 loci. After conditioning on HLA-DRB1 alleles, the effect in the rest of the extended major histocompatibility (MHC) diminished. Non-HLA single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the intergenic regions LOC389203|RBPJ, LOC100131131|IL1R1, KIAA1919|REV3L, LOC643749|TRAF3IP2, and SNPs in the intron and untranslated regions (UTR) of IRF1 and the intronic region of ICOS and KIAA1542 showed association with RA (p < 5 × 10(-5)). Of the SNPs previously associated with RA in Caucasians, one SNP, rs874040, locating to the intergenic region LOC389203|RBPJ was replicated in this study. None of the variants in the PTPN22 gene was significantly associated. The seropositive subgroups showed similar results to the overall cohort. The effects observed across the HLA region are most likely due to HLA-DRB1, and secondary effects in the extended MHC cannot be detected. Seven non-HLA loci are associated with RA in black South Africans. Similar to Caucasians, the intergenic region between LOC38920 and RBPJ is associated with RA in this population. The strong association of the R620W variant of the PTPN22 gene with RA in Caucasians was not replicated since this variant was monomorphic in our study, but other SNP variants of the PTPN22 gene were also not associated with RA in black South Africans, suggesting that this locus does not play a major role in RA in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimmisha Govind
- Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ananyo Choudhury
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bridget Hodkinson
- Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Claudia Ickinger
- Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jacqueline Frost
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Annette Lee
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter K Gregersen
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard J Reynolds
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - S Louis Bridges
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Scott Hazelhurst
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mohammed Tikly
- Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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PADI4 haplotypes in association with RA Mexican patients, a new prospect for antigen modulation. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:383681. [PMID: 24454473 PMCID: PMC3881379 DOI: 10.1155/2013/383681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Peptidyl arginine deiminase IV (PAD 4) is the responsible enzyme for a posttranslational modification called citrullination, originating the antigenic determinant recognized by anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA). Four SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) have been described in PADI4 gene to form a susceptibility haplotype for rheumatoid arthritis (RA); nevertheless, results in association studies appear contradictory in different populations. The aim of the study was to analyze if the presence of three SNPs in PADI4 gene susceptibility haplotype (GTG) is associated with ACPA positivity in patients with RA. This was a cross-sectional study that included 86 RA patients and 98 healthy controls. Polymorphisms PADI4_89, PADI4_90, and PADI4_92 in the PADI4 gene were genotyped. The susceptibility haplotype (GTG) was more frequent in RA patients; interestingly, we found a new haplotype associated with RA with a higher frequency (GTC). There were no associations between polymorphisms and high scores in Spanish HAQ-DI and DAS-28, but we did find an association between RARBIS index and PADI4_89, PADI4_90 polymorphisms. We could not confirm an association between susceptibility haplotype presence and ACPA positivity. Further evidence about proteomic expression of this gene will determine its participation in antigenic generation and autoimmunity.
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Chang X, Xia Y, Pan J, Meng Q, Zhao Y, Yan X. PADI2 is significantly associated with rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81259. [PMID: 24339914 PMCID: PMC3855321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrullination, a posttranslational modification of peptidyl arginine to citrulline, plays an essential role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Citrullination is catalyzed by a group of peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) including PADI 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6. Many studies have indicated that the gene encoding PADI4 is a factor in susceptibility to RA. Some studies have detected PADI2 expression in RA synovial tissues, suggesting that PADI2 also plays an important role in the disease. This study evaluated the possible association between the PADI2-encoding gene and RA. Seventeen tag SNPs across the PAD locus were genotyped using a custom-designed Illumina 96-SNP VeraCode microarray. Peripheral blood samples were collected from patients with RA (n = 267), ankylosing spondylitis (AS, n = 51) and healthy controls (n = 160). The results of genotyping were verified using Sequenom MassARRAY in an independent cohort of 307 patients with RA, 324 patients with AS and 509 healthy controls. A western blot analysis was performed using synovial tissue from patients with RA (n = 7), osteoarthritis (OA, n = 7) and AS (n = 5) to determine the levels of expression of PADI2. A microarray analysis revealed a significant association between three selected PADI2 SNPs (rs2235926, rs2057094, rs2076616) and the presence of RA. The increased susceptibility to RA associated with rs2235926 (OR = 1.706733, 95% CI = [1.576366–1.866587], p = 0.000839) and rs2057094 (OR = 1.360432, 95% CI = [1.065483–1.869482], p = 0.003291) was further confirmed by the Sequenom MassARRAY. No tag SNPs in the PADI2 locus showed a significant association with AS. Increased expression of PADI2 was detected in RA synovial tissues compared with samples from patients with OA and AS. PADI2 is significantly associated with RA and may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Chang
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yifang Xia
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Jihong Pan
- Research Center for Medicinal Biotechnology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Qingsong Meng
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Research Center for Medicinal Biotechnology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xinfeng Yan
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
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Moelants EA, Mortier A, Van Damme J, Proost P, Loos T. Peptidylarginine deiminases: physiological function, interaction with chemokines and role in pathology. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2013; 9:e227-314. [PMID: 24063741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Suzuki T, Ikari K, Yano K, Inoue E, Toyama Y, Taniguchi A, Yamanaka H, Momohara S. PADI4 and HLA-DRB1 are genetic risks for radiographic progression in RA patients, independent of ACPA status: results from the IORRA cohort study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61045. [PMID: 23577190 PMCID: PMC3620057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic, chronic inflammatory disease influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, leading to joint destruction and functional impairment. Recently, a large-scaled GWAS meta-analysis using more than 37,000 Japanese samples were conducted and 13 RA susceptibility loci were identified. However, it is not clear whether these loci have significant impact on joint destruction or not. This is the first study focused on the 13 loci to investigate independent genetic risk factors for radiographic progression in the first five years from onset of RA. Methods Sharp/van der Heijde score of hands at 5-year disease duration, which represents joint damage, were measured retrospectively and used as an outcome variable in 865 Japanese RA patients. Genetic factors regarded as putative risk factors were RA-susceptible polymorphisms identified by the Japanese GWAS meta-analysis, including HLA-DRB1 (shared epitope, SE), rs2240340 (PADI4), rs2230926 (TNFAIP3), rs3093024 (CCR6), rs11900673 (B3GNT2), rs2867461 (ANXA3), rs657075 (CSF2), rs12529514 (CD83), rs2233434 (NFKBIE), rs10821944 (ARID5B), rs3781913 (PDE2A-ARAP1), rs2841277 (PLD4) and rs2847297 (PTPN2). These putative genetic risk factors were assessed by a stepwise multiple regression analysis adjusted for possible non-genetic risk factors: autoantibody positivity (anti-citrullinated peptide antibody [ACPA] and rheumatoid factor), history of smoking, gender and age at disease onset. Results The number of SE alleles (P = 0.002) and risk alleles of peptidyl arginine deiminase type IV gene (PADI4, P = 0.04) had significant impact on progressive joint destruction, as well as following non-genetic factors: ACPA positive (P = 0.0006), female sex (P = 0.006) and younger age of onset (P = 0.02). Conclusions In the present study, we found that PADI4 risk allele and HLA-DRB1 shared epitope are independent genetic risks for radiographic progression in Japanese rheumatoid arthritis patients. The results of this study give important knowledge of the risks on progressive joint damage in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Suzuki
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsunori Ikari
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Koichiro Yano
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisuke Inoue
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Toyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuo Taniguchi
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yamanaka
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Momohara
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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Pieringer H, Studnicka-Benke A. What is causing my arthritis, doctor? A glimpse beyond the usual suspects in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. QJM 2013; 106:219-28. [PMID: 23097394 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcs205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common, but heterogeneous, disease. Usually, when it comes to the pathogenesis of RA the physician faces a complex network of cytokines and cells of the immune system-the so-called effector level. However, is this network 'the cause' of the disease? Or is this rather the level most physicians are somewhat familiar with, as modern anti-rheumatic medications are having their targets there? In this review, we are looking beyond the usual culprits from the physician's perspective and discuss how other factors, such as genes, epigenetics, environmental factors, local joint characteristics or processes of aging might influence the clinical phenomenon RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pieringer
- Academic Research Unit, 2nd Department of Medicine, General Hospital Linz, Krankenhausstrasse 9, Linz, Austria.
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28
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Too CL, Murad S, Dhaliwal JS, Larsson P, Jiang X, Ding B, Alfredsson L, Klareskog L, Padyukov L. Polymorphisms in peptidylarginine deiminase associate with rheumatoid arthritis in diverse Asian populations: evidence from MyEIRA study and meta-analysis. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R250. [PMID: 23164236 PMCID: PMC3674620 DOI: 10.1186/ar4093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The majority of our knowledge regarding disease-related mechanisms of uncontrolled citrullination and anti-citrullinated protein antibody development in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was investigated in Caucasian populations. However, peptidylarginine deiminase (PADI) type 4 gene polymorphisms are associated with RA in East Asian populations and weak or no association was found in Caucasian populations. This study explores the association between the PADI4 polymorphisms and RA risk in a multiethnic population residing in South East Asia with the goal of elucidating generalizability of association in non-Caucasian populations. Methods A total of 320 SNPs from the PADI locus (including PADI1, PADI2, PADI3, PADI4 and PADI6 genes) were genotyped in 1,238 RA cases and 1,571 control subjects from the Malaysian Epidemiological Investigation of Rheumatoid Arthritis (MyEIRA) case-control study. Additionally, we conducted meta-analysis of our data together with the previously published studies of RA from East Asian populations. Results The overall odds ratio (ORoverall) for the PADI4 (rs2240340) allelic model was 1.11 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.00 to 1.23, P = 0.04) and for the genotypic model was 1.20 (95% CI = 1.01 to 1.44, P = 0.04). Haplotype analysis for four selected PADI4 SNPs revealed a significant association of one with susceptibility (P = 0.001) and of another with a protective effect (P = 0.02). The RA susceptibility was further confirmed when combined meta-analysis was performed using these data together with data from five previously published studies from Asia comprising 5,192 RA cases and 4,317 control subjects (ORoverall = 1.23 (95% CI = 1.16 to 1.31, Pheterogeneity = 0.08) and 1.31 (95% CI = 1.20 to 1.44, Pheterogeneity = 0.32) in allele and genotype-based models, respectively). In addition, we also detected a novel association of PADI2 genetic variant rs1005753 with RA (ORoverall = 0.87 (95% CI = 0.77 to 0.99)). Conclusion Our study demonstrates an association between PADI4 and RA in the multiethnic population from South East Asia and suggests additional association with a PADI2 gene. The study thus provides further support for the notion that polymorphisms in genes for enzymes responsible for citrullination contribute to RA development in multiple populations of Asian descent.
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Hou S, Gao GP, Zhang XJ, Sun L, Peng WJ, Wang HF, Ge XJ, Huang W, Sun YH. PADI4 polymorphisms and susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis. Mod Rheumatol 2012; 23:50-60. [PMID: 22552437 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-012-0639-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the association between peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PADI4) polymorphism and susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). An electronic searching strategy was employed to collect relevant studies on the association between PADI4 polymorphism and susceptibility to RA. The odds ratio (OR) with the 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) was used to evaluate the RA risk presented by PADI4 polymorphism. Fixed or random effects models were selected based on heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots, Begg's test, and Egger's test. A total of 27 studies from 21 articles were included. Six gene loci (padi4_94, 104, 92, 90, 89, and 100) were chosen for the meta-analysis. The pooled ORs (95 % CI) for allele 2 versus 1 were 1.08 (1.05-1.12), 1.17 (1.12-1.23), 1.26 (1.18-1.36), 1.17 (1.10-1.24), 1.30 (1.17-1.44), and 1.25 (1.11-1.40), respectively. All six SNPs were significantly associated with RA in Asian populations. Three SNPs (PADI4_104, 90, 89) showed significant associations, while the other three SNPs (PADI4_94, 92, 100) exhibited no associations in the European population. A dose-response relationship between allele 2 of PADI4 and the risk of RA was also identified. In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggests that PADI4 polymorphisms represent a significant risk factor for RA, especially in Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Hou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, People's Republic of China
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Cheng J, Zhang H, Zhuang C, Liu R. Peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 and methyl-CpG binding domain 4 polymorphisms in Chinese patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2012; 39:1159-65. [PMID: 22505706 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.120007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PADI4) and methyl-CpG binding domain 4 (MBD4) are closely related with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We hypothesized that PADI4 and MBD4 polymorphisms may contribute to RA susceptibility. METHODS We studied PADI4 rs2240340 G/A, PADI4 rs874881 C/G, MBD4 rs140693 G/A, and MBD4 rs2005618 T/C gene polymorphisms in 329 patients with RA and 697 controls in a Chinese population. Genotyping was done using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). RESULTS When the PADI4 rs2240340 GG homozygote genotype was used as the reference group, the AA genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk of RA. In the recessive model, when PADI4 rs2240340 GG/GA genotypes were used as the reference group, the AA homozygote genotype was associated with a significant increased susceptibility to RA. PADI4 rs874881 C/G was in complete linkage disequilibrium with PADI4 rs2240340 G/A. MBD4 rs140693 G/A and MBD4 rs2005618 T/C polymorphisms were not associated with the risk of RA. In stratification analyses, a significantly increased risk for RA associated with the PADI4 rs2240340 AA genotype was evident among older patients and patients who were anticitrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)-positive compared with the PADI4 rs2240340 GG/GA genotype. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the functional single-nucleotide polymorphism PADI4 rs2240340 G/A variant allele is associated with RA development, especially among older patients and ACPA-positive patients. However, our results were obtained from a moderate-sized sample, and therefore this is a preliminary conclusion. Validation by a larger study from a more diverse ethnic population is needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinluo Cheng
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Department of Orthopedics, and Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou Second People’s Hospital, Changzhou, China
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Abd-Allah SH, El-Shal AS, Shalaby SM, Pasha HF, El-Saoud AMA, El-Najjar AR, El-Shahawy EE. PADI4 polymorphisms and related haplotype in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Joint Bone Spine 2012; 79:124-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Prasad P, Kumar A, Gupta R, Juyal RC, B. K. T. Caucasian and Asian specific rheumatoid arthritis risk loci reveal limited replication and apparent allelic heterogeneity in north Indians. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31584. [PMID: 22355377 PMCID: PMC3280307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies and meta-analysis indicate that several genes/loci are consistently associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in European and Asian populations. To evaluate the transferability status of these findings to an ethnically diverse north Indian population, we performed a replication analysis. We investigated the association of 47 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 43 of these genes/loci with RA in a north Indian cohort comprising 983 RA cases and 1007 age and gender matched controls. Genotyping was done using Infinium human 660w-quad. Association analysis by chi-square test implemented in plink was carried out in two steps. Firstly, association of the index or surrogate SNP (r2>0.8, calculated from reference GIH Hap-Map population) was tested. In the second step, evidence for allelic/locus heterogeneity at aforementioned genes/loci was assessed for by testing additional flanking SNPs in linkage equilibrium with index/surrogate marker.Of the 44 European specific index SNPs, neither index nor surrogate SNPs were present for nine SNPs in the genotyping array. Of the remaining 35, associations were replicated at seven genes namely PTPN22 (rs1217407, p = 3×10(-3)); IL2-21 (rs13119723, p = 0.008); HLA-DRB1 (rs660895, p = 2.56×10(-5); rs6457617, p = 1.6×10(-09); rs13192471, p = 6.7×10(-16)); TNFA1P3 (rs9321637, p = 0.03); CCL21 (rs13293020, p = 0.01); IL2RA (rs2104286, p = 1.9×10(-4)) and ZEB1 (rs2793108, p = 0.006). Of the three Asian specific loci tested, rs2977227 in PADI4 showed modest association (p<0.02). Further, of the 140 SNPs (in LE with index/surrogate variant) tested, association was observed at 11 additional genes: PTPRC, AFF3, CD28, CTLA4, PXK, ANKRD55, TAGAP, CCR6, BLK, CD40 and IL2RB. This study indicates limited replication of European and Asian index SNPs and apparent allelic heterogeneity in RA etiology among north Indians warranting independent GWAS in this population. However, replicated associations of HLA-DRB1, PTPN22 (which confer ∼50% of the heritable risk to RA) and IL2RA suggest that cross-ethnicity fine mapping of such loci is apposite for identification of causal variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushplata Prasad
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Ex-All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Department of Rheumatology, Fortis Flt. Lt. Rajan Dhall Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajiva Gupta
- Ex-All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Medanta Bone & Joint Institute, Medanta - The Medicity, Gurgaon, India
| | | | - Thelma B. K.
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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Panati K, Pal S, Rao KV, Reddy VD. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of PADI4 gene with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Indian population. Genes Genet Syst 2012; 87:191-6. [DOI: 10.1266/ggs.87.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Shi J, Zhou L, Zhernakova A, Qian J, Zhu F, Sun G, Zhu L, Ma X, Dijkstra G, Wijmenga C, Faber KN, Lu X, Weersma RK. Haplotype-based analysis of ulcerative colitis risk loci identifies both IL2 and IL21 as susceptibility genes in Han Chinese. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:2472-9. [PMID: 21648020 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) varies between Western and Eastern ethnicities. A distinct genetic background may play a role in the differences. Until now, very little was known of the UC genetics in Asian populations. Here we performed a haplotype-based analysis of six known UC susceptibility loci in Han Chinese patients. METHODS In all, 245 UC patients and 300 healthy controls of Han Chinese descent were genotyped for 27 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which cover the major haplotypes of the chromosome regions containing IL10, IL2/IL21, MYO9B, ECM1, MST1, and IL23R in Han Chinese. RESULTS In contrast to the tight linkage disequilibrium (LD) block of the IL2/IL21 region in Caucasians, IL2 and IL21 reside in two independent LD blocks in Han Chinese. The IL2 SNP rs2069762 (P = 7.0 × 10(-4) , odds ratio [OR] = 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20-1.99) and the IL21 SNP rs2055979 (P = 1.2 × 10(-4) , OR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.17-1.92) were independently associated with UC. We identified one risk haplotype in IL2 and another independent risk haplotype in IL21. In addition to the IL2/IL21 locus, we observed association of the TT genotype of SNP rs1545620 in MYO9B with UC (P = 0.0169; OR = 0.29, 95% CI 0.11-0.78) and association of rs17375018 in IL23R with pancolitis in Chinese UC patients (P = 0.002; OR = 2.38, 95% CI 1.41-4.02). CONCLUSIONS Our study confirmed the association of the IL2/IL21 region with UC in Han Chinese patients, and further implied both IL2 and IL21 as genetic risk factors for UC. Han Chinese UC patients share part of their genetic susceptibility with Caucasian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
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Quirke AM, Fisher BAC, Kinloch AJ, Venables PJ. Citrullination of autoantigens: upstream of TNFα in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3681-8. [PMID: 21704035 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by synovial inflammation and destruction of joints. Over 20 years ago, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) was identified as a key player in a cytokine network, whose multifunctional effects could account for both the inflammation and destruction in RA. The remarkable efficacy of TNF inhibitors in the treatment of RA has resulted in extensive research addressing the regulation of TNFα production responsible for this excessive production. The discovery of autoimmunity to citrullinated protein/peptide antigens (ACPA) has led the concept that ACPA may be the essential link between disease susceptibility factors and the production of TNFα, which ultimately accounts for the disease phenotype. In this review we will consider (1) the mechanisms of citrullination, both physiological and pathological, (2) how known genetic and environmental factors could drive this peculiar form of autoimmunity and (3) how the immune response could lead to excessive production of TNFα by the synovial cells and ultimately to the disease phenotype (Fig. 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Quirke
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Perricone C, Ceccarelli F, Valesini G. An overview on the genetic of rheumatoid arthritis: a never-ending story. Autoimmun Rev 2011; 10:599-608. [PMID: 21545847 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory, multi-factorial disease sustained by environmental and genetic factors. These seem to be necessary but not sufficient in the disease development, nonetheless they can be responsible of different clinical pictures and response to therapy, and they can represent potential therapeutic targets. Several genes have been indicated so far in the pathogenesis of RA. The most important region is the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) that contributes to approximately half of the genetic susceptibility for RA. The association seems to be stronger or specific for anti-citrullinated protein antibodies positive disease. Several alleles in the epitope-recognition part of the HLA molecule that show the highest association with RA susceptibility, also share a common string of amminoacid residues (the so-called shared-epitope hypothesis). Other variants in potentially pathogenic genes located in non-MHC regions have been implicated by recently performed genome wide analysis studies. These genes include PTPN22, TRAF1-C5, PADI4, STAT4. Other polymorphisms seem to be responsible for more aggressive disease phenotype such as those located at TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-4, IL-5, OPN, PRF1. However, still nowadays, the genetic background of RA remains to be clearly depicted, and the efforts in the post-genomic era can bring to an estimation of the real likelihood of the genetic effect on RA. Finally, the discovery of new genes associated with the disease can be relevant in finding potential biomarkers, potentially useful in disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Perricone
- Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.
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Epidemiología genética de la artritis reumatoide: ¿qué esperar de América Latina? BIOMEDICA 2011. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v26i4.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Olivares Martínez E, Hernández Ramírez DF, Núñez-Álvarez CA, Cabiedes J. Citrullinated proteins in Rheumatoid Arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s2173-5743(11)70011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Wu H, Yang LH, Zuo J, Liang YL, Li PQ, Liu W, Xie XD. Fc receptor–like 3 gene polymorphisms confer susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis in a Chinese population. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:1203-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kolfenbach JR, Deane KD, Derber LA, O'Donnell CI, Gilliland WR, Edison JD, Rosen A, Darrah E, Norris JM, Holers VM. Autoimmunity to peptidyl arginine deiminase type 4 precedes clinical onset of rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:2633-9. [PMID: 20496417 DOI: 10.1002/art.27570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether antibodies against peptidyl arginine deiminase type 4 (PAD-4) are present in the preclinical phase of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to compare the timing and extent of their appearance with those of other preclinical autoantibodies. METHODS Prediagnosis serum samples from 83 patients with RA were evaluated for the presence of anti-PAD-4 antibody, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody, and rheumatoid factor. In addition, a control cohort (n = 83) matched by age, sex, race, number of serum samples, and duration of serum storage was tested for the presence of anti-PAD-4 antibody to determine its sensitivity and specificity for the subsequent development of RA. RESULTS Fifteen of 83 patients with RA (18.1%) had at least 1 prediagnosis sample positive for anti-PAD-4. One of 83 control subjects (1.2%) had at least 1 positive sample, resulting in a sensitivity and specificity of 18.1% and 98.8%, respectively, of anti-PAD-4 for the future development of RA. The mean duration of anti-PAD-4 positivity prior to clinical diagnosis was 4.67 years. Anti-PAD-4 positivity was associated with anti-CCP positivity (odds ratio 5.13 [95% confidence interval 1.07-24.5]). In subjects with prediagnosis samples that were positive for both antibodies, anti-CCP positivity predated anti-PAD-4 positivity in 9 of 13 cases (69%). CONCLUSION Autoantibodies to PAD-4 are present during the preclinical phase of RA in a subset of patients and are associated with anti-CCP positivity. Further exploration is needed regarding the timing of appearance and disease-related effects of PAD-4 autoimmunity.
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Chen R, Wei Y, Cai Q, Duan S, Lin J, Fang M, Lv K, Cheng N, Sun S. PADI4 Gene Polymorphism is not Associated with Ankylosing Spondylitis in Chinese Han Population. Scand J Immunol 2010; 72:449-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2010.02454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chen R, Wei Y, Cai Q, Duan S, Ren D, Shen J, He D, Fang M, Lv K, Cheng N, Sun S. The PADI4 gene does not contribute to genetic susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis in Chinese Han population. Rheumatol Int 2010; 31:1631-4. [PMID: 20563870 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-010-1519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Peptidyl arginine deiminase, type IV (PADI4) gene has been suggested to have an association with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in several populations. But its role in Chinese RA is not clarified. We investigated five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of PADI4 as PADI4-89 (rs11203366), PADI4-90 (rs11203367), PADI4-92 (rs874881) PADI4-94 (rs2240340), and PADI4-104 (rs1748033) in Chinese Han population. A total of 378 unrelated RA patients and 204 healthy controls were genotyped for the five SNPs. Individual allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies were compared between patients and controls. No significant differences in the frequency of PADI4 alleles, genotypes and haplotypes were observed between the patients and controls except PADI4-92. These data indicated that PADI4 polymorphisms were unlikely to play an important role in the susceptibility to RA in Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwen Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Second Military Medical University, No. 800 Xiangyin Road, 200433 Shanghai, China
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Kinloch AJ, Lundberg KE, Moyes D, Venables PJ. Pathogenic role of antibodies to citrullinated proteins in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 2:365-75. [PMID: 20476908 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.3.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the last 10 years, the discovery that antibodies to citrullinated proteins are highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis has led to a model of pathogenesis that ties together the genetic and environmental risk factors for susceptibility and severity of disease. The authors propose that the chronic inflammation is driven by two phases of an immune response. The first phase is the priming of autoimmunity, which may occur many years before the onset of disease and is caused by environmental factors, such as smoking and infectious agents, in the context of disease susceptibility alleles. This may occur in sites outside the joint, such as the respiratory tract. The second phase is the induction of arthritis, which is associated with the generation of citrullinated proteins within the joint, which is then perpetuated as the erosive disease by a local chronic immune response. The identity of candidate synovial citrullinated antigen(s), whether fibrin, vimentin, alpha-enolase, collagen type II or others yet to be described, may be the key to the pathogenesis of the destructive disease characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis. There is emerging evidence that citrullination may already be modified by established therapy in rheumatoid arthritis, but more specific inhibitors of deimination may provide new agents for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Kinloch
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Charing Cross Campus, Imperial College London, London W6 8LH, UK.
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Méchin MC, Sebbag M, Arnaud J, Nachat R, Foulquier C, Adoue V, Coudane F, Duplan H, Schmitt AM, Chavanas S, Guerrin M, Serre G, Simon M. Update on peptidylarginine deiminases and deimination in skin physiology and severe human diseases. Int J Cosmet Sci 2010; 29:147-68. [PMID: 18489346 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2494.2007.00377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Deimination (or citrullination) is a recently described post-translational modification, but its consequences are not yet well understood. It is catalysed by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs). These enzymes transform arginyl residues involved in a peptidyl link into citrullyl residues in a calcium-dependent manner. Several PAD substrates have already been identified like filaggrin and keratins K1 and K10 in the epidermis, trichohyalin in hair follicles, but also ubiquitous proteins like histones. PADs act in a large panel of physiological functions as cellular differentiation or gene regulation. It has been suggested that deimination plays a role in many major diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and psoriasis. Five human genes (PADIs), encoding five highly conserved paralogous enzymes (PAD1-4 and 6), have been characterized. These genes are clustered in a single locus, at 1p35-36 in man. Only PAD1-3 are expressed in human epidermis. PADs seem to be controlled at transcriptional, translational and activity levels and they present particular substrate specificities. In this review, we shall discuss these main biochemical, genetic and functional aspects of PADs together with their pathophysiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-C Méchin
- University of Toulouse III, UMR5165, Institut Fédératif de Recherche Claude de Préval, Toulouse, France.
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O'Rielly DD, Rahman P. Pharmacogenetics of rheumatoid arthritis: Potential targets from susceptibility genes and present therapies. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2010; 3:15-31. [PMID: 23226040 PMCID: PMC3513198 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s5012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic heterogeneous autoimmune disorder of unknown etiology resulting in inflammation in the synovium, cartilage, and bone. Genetic factors play an important role in susceptibility to RA as the heritability of RA is between 50% and 60%, with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus accounting for at least 30% of overall genetic risk. Outside the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region, six additional risk loci have been identified and validated including PTPN22, STAT4, PADI4, CTLA4, TNFAIP3-OLIG3, and TRAF1/C5. Genetic factors are also important in RA pharmacotherapy due to the gene-dependent activity of enzymes involved in the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics of RA medications. Indeed, there is great variability in drug efficacy as well as adverse events associated with any anti-rheumatic therapy and genetics is thought to contribute significantly to this inter-individual variability in response. This review will summarize the genetic factors that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of RA, and how these determinants may factor into the potential pharmacogenetics of this disease. We will also review the therapeutic agents that are currently being utilized or presently being evaluated in the treatment of RA, along with potential pharmacogenetic markers that have been proposed for such medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren D O'Rielly
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Uysal H, Nandakumar KS, Kessel C, Haag S, Carlsen S, Burkhardt H, Holmdahl R. Antibodies to citrullinated proteins: molecular interactions and arthritogenicity. Immunol Rev 2010; 233:9-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Olivares Martínez E, Hernández Ramírez DF, Núñez-Álvarez CA, Cabiedes J. [Citrullinated proteins in rheumatoid arthritis]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 7:68-71. [PMID: 21794783 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease of multifactorial etiology characterized by inflammation of the joints and presence of autoantibodies directed against multiple autoantigens. Recently the study of the anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACP) has acquired great interest due to its high specificity and sensitivity for diagnosis, in addition to which it has shown to be a predictor of severity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, suggesting an important participation in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Olivares Martínez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México D.F., México
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is recognized to be an autoimmune disease that causes preclinical systemic abnormalities and eventually leads to synovial inflammation and destruction of the joint architecture. Recently identified genetic risk factors and novel insights from animal models of spontaneous arthritis have lent support to the concept that thymic selection of an autoreactive T-cell repertoire is an important risk factor for this disease. With advancing age, defects in the homeostatic control of the T-cell pool and in the setting of signaling thresholds lead to the accumulation of pro-inflammatory T-effector cell populations and loss of tolerance to neo-antigens, such as citrullinated peptides. As the breakdown of tolerance to modified self-antigens can precede synovitis by decades, repair of homeostatic defects may open a unique window of opportunity for preventive interventions in RA. The end result of RA, destruction of cartilage and bone, appears to be driven by cytokine- and cell contact-induced activation of synoviocytes and monocytic cells, some of which differentiate into tissue-destructive osteoclasts. Targeting mediators involved in this process has greatly improved the management of this chronic inflammatory syndrome.
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Abstract
Many of the chronic inflammatory and degenerative disorders that present to clinical rheumatologists have a complex genetic aetiology. Over the past decade a dramatic improvement in technology and methodology has accelerated the pace of gene discovery in complex disorders in an exponential fashion. In this review, we focus on rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and ankylosing spondylitis and describe some of the recently described genes that underlie these conditions and the extent to which they overlap. The next decade will witness a full account of the main disease susceptibility genes in these diseases and progress in establishing the molecular basis by which genetic variation contributes to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Clarke
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Section of Molecular Genetics and Rheumatology, Fifth Floor, Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK.
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