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Lindsay HG, Hendrix CJ, Gonzalez Murcia JD, Haynie C, Weber KS. The Role of Atypical Chemokine Receptors in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16493. [PMID: 38003682 PMCID: PMC10671188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Neuroinflammation provides protection in acute situations but results in significant damage to the nervous system if chronic. Overexpression of chemokines within the brain results in the recruitment and activation of glial and peripheral immune cells which can propagate a cascading inflammatory response, resulting in neurodegeneration and the onset of neurodegenerative disorders. Recent work has identified the role of atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) in neurodegenerative conditions. ACKRs are seven-transmembrane domain receptors that do not follow canonical G protein signaling, but regulate inflammatory responses by modulating chemokine abundance, location, and availability. This review summarizes what is known about the four ACKRs and three putative ACKRs within the brain, highlighting their known expression and discussing the current understanding of each ACKR in the context of neurodegeneration. The ability of ACKRs to alter levels of chemokines makes them an appealing therapeutic target for neurodegenerative conditions. However, further work is necessary to understand the expression of several ACKRs within the neuroimmune system and the effectiveness of targeted drug therapies in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter G. Lindsay
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Colby J. Hendrix
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | | | - Christopher Haynie
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - K. Scott Weber
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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Dillemans L, De Somer L, Neerinckx B, Proost P. A review of the pleiotropic actions of the IFN-inducible CXC chemokine receptor 3 ligands in the synovial microenvironment. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:78. [PMID: 36862204 PMCID: PMC11071919 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04715-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are pivotal players in instigation and perpetuation of synovitis through leukocytes egress from the blood circulation into the inflamed articulation. Multitudinous literature addressing the involvement of the dual-function interferon (IFN)-inducible chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 in diseases characterized by chronic inflammatory arthritis emphasizes the need for detangling their etiopathological relevance. Through interaction with their mutual receptor CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), the chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 exert their hallmark function of coordinating directional trafficking of CD4+ TH1 cells, CD8+ T cells, NK cells and NKT cells towards inflammatory niches. Among other (patho)physiological processes including infection, cancer, and angiostasis, IFN-inducible CXCR3 ligands have been implicated in autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the abundant presence of IFN-induced CXCR3 ligands in bodily fluids of patients with inflammatory arthritis, the outcomes of their selective depletion in rodent models, and the attempts at developing candidate drugs targeting the CXCR3 chemokine system. We further propose that the involvement of the CXCR3 binding chemokines in synovitis and joint remodeling encompasses more than solely the directional ingress of CXCR3-expressing leukocytes. The pleotropic actions of the IFN-inducible CXCR3 ligands in the synovial niche reiteratively illustrate the extensive complexity of the CXCR3 chemokine network, which is based on the intercommunion of IFN-inducible CXCR3 ligands with distinct CXCR3 isoforms, enzymes, cytokines, and infiltrated and resident cells present in the inflamed joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Dillemans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lien De Somer
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara Neerinckx
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Moadab F, Khorramdelazad H, Abbasifard M. Role of CCL2/CCR2 axis in the immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: Latest evidence and therapeutic approaches. Life Sci 2021; 269:119034. [PMID: 33453247 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that uncontrolled immune system responses and their components play a significant role in developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which is considered an autoimmune disease (AD). Among immune system mediators, cytokines and chemokines are involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes. CCL2 or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is known as a CC chemokine that can induce the locomotion and recruitment of monocytes and macrophages to the site of injury. When CCL2 binds to its receptors, the most important of which is CCR2, various signaling pathways are triggered, eventually leading to various immunological events such as inflammation. This chemokine also participates in several events involved in RA pathogenesis, such as osteoclastogenesis, migration of effector T cells to the RA synovium tissue, and angiogenesis. In this review article, the role of the CCL2/CCR2 axis in RA pathogenesis and the immunotherapy opportunities based on CCL2/CCR2 axis targeting has been discussed based on existing investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moadab
- Student Research Committee, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Research, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Research, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mitra Abbasifard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Research, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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Koebner phenomenon leading to the formation of new psoriatic lesions: evidences and mechanisms. Biosci Rep 2020; 39:221063. [PMID: 31710084 PMCID: PMC6893164 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Koebner phenomenon refers to the emergence of new psoriatic lesions in the healthy skin regions following an injury/trauma to psoriatic patients. The occurrence of psoriatic lesions at unusual areas of the body regions such as on penis, around eyes and on keloids suggest that the Koebner phenomenon may be responsible for these lesions. A number of agents/triggers have been reported to induce the development of new psoriatic lesions in healthy skin areas and these include, tattooing skin, radiations, skin incision, viral infections and striae etc. The different mechanisms that contribute in inducing the development of new psoriatic lesions as Koebernization include the involvement of mast cell-derived inflammatory mediators such as tryptase, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, and IL-36γ. Moreover, an increased expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) also contribute in Koebernization. Apart from these, there is a critical role of α 2 β1 integrins, S100A7 (psoriasin) and S100A15 (koebnerisin), change in the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells, down-regulation of mechanosensitive polycystin 1 protein, decrease in inflammation controlling atypical chemokine receptor 2 (ACKR2), reduced expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDARs) on the keratinocytes and increase in levels of chemokines (CXCL8 and CCL20) in inducing formation of new psoriatic lesions. The present review discusses the role of Koebner phenomenon in the development of new psoriatic lesions. Moreover, it also describes the mechanisms involved in Koebernization in the form of discussion of different key targets that may be potentially modulated pharmacologically to attenuate/halt the development of new psoriatic lesions.
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Miyabe Y, Miyabe C, Iwai Y, Luster AD. Targeting the Chemokine System in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Vasculitis. JMA J 2020; 3:182-192. [PMID: 33150252 PMCID: PMC7590389 DOI: 10.31662/jmaj.2020-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrest of circulating leukocytes and subsequent diapedesis is a fundamental component of inflammation. In general, the leukocyte migration cascade is tightly regulated by chemoattractants, such as chemokines. Chemokines, small secreted chemotactic cytokines, as well as their G-protein-coupled seven transmembrane spanning receptors, control the migratory patterns, positioning and cellular interactions of immune cells. Increased levels of chemokines and their receptors are found in the blood and within inflamed tissue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and vasculitis. Chemokine ligand-receptor interactions regulate the recruitment of leukocytes into tissue, thus contributing in important ways to the pathogenesis of RA and vasculitis. Despite the fact that blockade of chemokines and chemokine receptors in animal models have yielded promising results, human clinical trials in RA using inhibitors of chemokines and their receptors have generally failed to show clinical benefits. However, recent early phase clinical trials suggest that strategies blocking specific chemokines may have clinical benefits in RA, demonstrating that the chemokine system remains a promising therapeutic target for rheumatic diseases, such as RA and vasuculitis and requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshishige Miyabe
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chie Miyabe
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Iwai
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Chemokines in rheumatic diseases: pathogenic role and therapeutic implications. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019; 15:731-746. [PMID: 31705045 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines, a family of small secreted chemotactic cytokines, and their G protein-coupled seven transmembrane spanning receptors control the migratory patterns, positioning and cellular interactions of immune cells. The levels of chemokines and their receptors are increased in the blood and within inflamed tissue of patients with rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, vasculitis or idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Chemokine ligand-receptor interactions control the recruitment of leukocytes into tissue, which are central to the pathogenesis of these rheumatic diseases. Although the blockade of various chemokines and chemokine receptors has yielded promising results in preclinical animal models of rheumatic diseases, human clinical trials have, in general, been disappointing. However, there have been glimmers of hope from several early-phase clinical trials that suggest that sufficiently blocking the relevant chemokine pathway might in fact have clinical benefits in rheumatic diseases. Hence, the chemokine system remains a promising therapeutic target for rheumatic diseases and requires further study.
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Graham GJ, Handel TM, Proudfoot AE. Leukocyte Adhesion: Reconceptualizing Chemokine Presentation by Glycosaminoglycans. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:472-481. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Borroni EM, Savino B, Bonecchi R, Locati M. Chemokines sound the alarmin: The role of atypical chemokine in inflammation and cancer. Semin Immunol 2018; 38:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Shams K, Kurowska-Stolarska M, Schütte F, Burden AD, McKimmie CS, Graham GJ. MicroRNA-146 and cell trauma down-regulate expression of the psoriasis-associated atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:3003-3012. [PMID: 29279330 PMCID: PMC5827444 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.809780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are the principal regulators of leukocyte migration and are essential for initiation and maintenance of inflammation. Atypical chemokine receptor 2 (ACKR2) binds and scavenges proinflammatory CC-chemokines, regulates cutaneous T-cell positioning, and limits the spread of inflammation in vivo. Altered ACKR2 function has been implicated in several inflammatory disorders, including psoriasis, a common and debilitating T-cell–driven disorder characterized by thick erythematous skin plaques. ACKR2 expression is abnormal in psoriatic skin, with decreased expression correlating with recruitment of T-cells into the epidermis and increased inflammation. However, the molecular mechanisms that govern ACKR2 expression are not known. Here, we identified specific psoriasis-associated microRNAs (miRs) that bind ACKR2, inhibit its expression, and are active in primary cultures of human cutaneous cells. Using both in silico and in vitro approaches, we show that miR-146b and miR-10b directly bind the ACKR2 3′-UTR and reduce expression of ACKR2 transcripts and protein in keratinocytes and lymphatic endothelial cells, respectively. Moreover, we demonstrate that ACKR2 expression is further down-regulated upon cell trauma, an important trigger for the development of new plaques in many psoriasis patients (the Koebner phenomenon). We found that tensile cell stress leads to rapid ACKR2 down-regulation and concurrent miR-146b up-regulation. Together, we provide, for the first time, evidence for epigenetic regulation of an atypical chemokine receptor. We propose a mechanism by which cell trauma and miRs coordinately exacerbate inflammation via down-regulation of ACKR2 expression and provide a putative mechanistic explanation for the Koebner phenomenon in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kave Shams
- Skin Research Group, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre; Department of Dermatology, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds LS7 4SA, United Kingdom; Chemokine Research Group
| | - Mariola Kurowska-Stolarska
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - A David Burden
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, Scotland, United Kingdom; Department of Dermatology, Lauriston Building, Edinburgh EH3 9HA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Clive S McKimmie
- Chemokine Research Group; Virus Host Interaction Team, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St. James' University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
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