Making sense of osteoarthritis: A narrative review

People make sense of osteoarthritis (OA) by drawing on information, beliefs, and knowledge. This narrative review summarises diverse qualitative and quantitative research investigating beliefs and knowledge about OA and the impact these have on behaviour and outcomes. It synthesises evidence and highlights key actions clinicians can take to support people to make sense of OA in helpful ways. Beliefs about OA inform the behaviour of those living with OA and the behaviour of clinicians caring for people with OA. Beliefs about OA often focus on joint degradation and inevitable progression. These impairment-focused fatalistic beliefs can result in reduced offer of, or engagement in, active management strategies. Alternative views focus on health as part of a dynamic ecosystem where people are healthy when they can participate in activities they value. These beliefs are associated with increased engagement in self-management and lifestyle-based interventions. Clinician actions that support people to make sense of OA ways that align with helpful behaviours and support participation in valued activities represent key opportunities to improve health and well-being.

A survey exploring the nexus of psychological traits, nature connection, and quality of life among patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Background

As the recognition of psychological factors in chronic illness management grows, this study examined the interplay of psychological traits - grit, self-efficacy, resilience, and nature-relatedness - and their collective impact on the Quality of Life (QoL) among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Malaysia.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 222 patients with RA at a private hospital in Malaysia. Utilizing validated scales, including the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Short Grit Scale, Nature Relatedness Scale, and Arthritis Self Efficacy Scale, data were collected. Pearson Product-moment Correlation analyses assessed the relationships between variables, and a multiple mediation analysis explored the mediating effects of resilience, grit, and self-efficacy on the relationship between nature-relatedness and QoL.

Findings

Of the 222 participants (86% female, mean age = 56.03, S.D. = 13.42), the analysis revealed a significant mediating role of resilience in the relationship between nature-relatedness and QoL among RA patients (b = -.117, SE = .042, 95% BCa CI [-.208, -.046]). Although grit and self-efficacy positively correlated with QoL, they did not serve as significant mediators in the nature-relatedness - QoL relationship. This highlights the pivotal role of building a sense of resiliency among patients with RA.

Interpretation

Individuals with RA are not only resilient in terms of their psychological traits such as grit, self-efficacy, and general resilience but also exhibit resilience in their connection and interaction with the natural environment (nature-relatedness). This holistic concept recognizes that fostering resilience in both psychological aspects and the context of one's environment is crucial for promoting overall well-being, particularly in the management of chronic illnesses like RA. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of psychological factors and environmental engagement in contributing to an individual's ability to cope and thrive despite health challenges.

Perspectives of patients with osteoarthritis for using digital technology in rehabilitation at a public community centre in the Cape Metropole area: A qualitative study

Objectives

To explore the perspectives of people with osteoarthritis (OA) on the use of digital technology into their rehabilitation program, including their awareness, views on accessibility, affordability and willingness to accept digital modalities for rehabilitation delivery.

Methods

A qualitative, descriptive design was conducted. Patients with OA who receive care at a public community rehabilitation centre in the Western Cape, South Africa were eligible to participants. Semi-structured interviewed were conducted and Atlas.ti 23 software was used for thematic analysis.

Results

The findings showed that the participants had limited awareness and exposure to telerehabilitation (TR), along with minimal digital literacy and skills. They were sceptical about the effectiveness of TR and concerned about the inherent lack of physical interactions with health professionals. However, some acknowledged TR's potential benefits for accessibility, convenience, family involvement and long-term community health improvement. Participants were willing to learn more about TR.

Conclusion

Considering the benefits of TR in lower resource settings such as South Africa, investment to increase awareness and patient education and training in TR may assist in enhancing access and quality of care. Resources dedicated to TR and management buy-in in low-and-middle income countries (LMICs) is necessary to facilitate the fit-for-context roll-out of TR.

How Does Exercise, With and Without Diet, Improve Pain and Function in Knee Osteoarthritis? A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial Exploring Potential Mediators of Effects

OBJECTIVE

To explore the mediators of effects of two 6-month telehealth-delivered exercise programs, including exercise with and without weight-loss diet, on pain and function improvements in knee osteoarthritis (OA).

METHODS

Secondary analysis of 345 participants from a 3-arm randomized controlled trial of exercise (Exercise program) and exercise plus diet (Diet + Exercise program) versus information (Control program) was conducted. Outcomes were changes in pain (11-point numeric rating scale) and function (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index [score range 0-68]) at 12 months. Potential mediators were change at 6 months in attitudes toward self-management, fear of movement, arthritis self-efficacy, weight, physical activity, and willingness for knee surgery. For the Diet + Exercise program versus the Exercise program, only change in weight was evaluated.

RESULTS

Possible mediators of the Exercise program versus the Control program included reduced fear of movement (accounting for -1.11 units [95% confidence interval (95% CI) -2.15, -0.07] improvement in function) and increased arthritis self-efficacy (-0.40 units [95% CI -0.75, -0.06] reduction in pain, -1.66 units [95% CI -3.04, -0.28] improvement in function). The Diet + Exercise program versus the Control program mediators included reduced fear of movement (-1.13 units [95% CI -2.17, -0.08] improvement in function), increased arthritis self-efficacy (-0.77 units [95% CI -1.26, -0.28] reduction in pain, -5.15 units [95% CI -7.34, -2.96] improvement in function), and weight loss (-1.20 units [95% CI -1.73, -0.68] reduction in pain, -5.79 units [95% CI -7.96, -3.63] improvement in function). Weight loss mediated the Diet + Exercise program versus the Exercise program (-0.89 units [95% CI -1.31, -0.47] reduction in pain, -4.02 units [95% CI -5.77, -2.26] improvement in function).

CONCLUSION

Increased arthritis self-efficacy, reduced fear of movement, and weight loss may partially mediate telehealth-delivered exercise program effects, with and without diet, on pain and/or function in knee OA. Weight loss may partially mediate the effect of diet and exercise compared to exercise alone.

Effectiveness and feasibility of a mobile health self-management intervention in rheumatoid arthritis: study protocol for a pragmatic multicentre randomised controlled trial (AEGORA)

BACKGROUND

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) considerably impacts patients' lives. Patients' confidence in their ability to manage this impact, or self-efficacy, can be supported with self-management interventions. One approach is to use mobile health (mHealth) applications, which can additionally provide insight into disease impact by remotely monitoring patient-reported outcomes. However, user engagement with mHealth-apps is variable, and concerns exist that remote monitoring might make patients overly attentive to symptoms.

METHODS

App-based Education and GOal setting in RA (AEGORA) is a multicentre, pragmatic randomised controlled trial investigating an mHealth-based self-management intervention to improve self-efficacy and remotely monitor disease impact in patients with RA. The intervention is provided via an adapted version of the application Sidekick (Sidekick Health, Reykjavik, Iceland) and consists of education, goal setting, lifestyle advice, and remote assessment of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Impact of Disease (RAID) questionnaire. Across two centres, 120 patients will be recruited and randomised (2:1:1) to usual care or intervention group A/B (study app with weekly/monthly prompts to complete the RAID, respectively). Outcomes are assessed at baseline and after 4-6 months. The primary endpoint is a clinically important improvement (≥ 5.5/110) in the Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale in the combined intervention group compared to usual care. Secondary endpoints are (a) non-inferiority regarding pain catastrophising, as a measure of symptom hypervigilance; (b) superiority regarding the RAID, sleep quality, and physical activity; and (c) participant engagement with the study app. Finally, the relationship between engagement, prompted frequency of RAID questionnaires, and the primary and secondary outcomes will be explored.

DISCUSSION

The AEGORA trial aims to study the effectiveness of mHealth-based, multicomponent self-management support to improve self-efficacy in the context of RA, while providing potentially valuable insights into temporal disease activity dynamics and the feasibility and possible negative effects of remote symptom monitoring in this population.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Clinicaltrials.gov NCT05888181. Retrospectively registered on March 23, 2023. Study inclusion started on March 3, 2023.

Viewpoint: Supporting mental health in the current management of rheumatoid arthritis: time to act!

Although clinical outcomes of RA have vastly improved in recent years, the disease's mental health impact has seemingly not decreased to the same extent. Even today, learning to live with RA is an active process involving several psychological, cognitive, behavioural and emotional pathways. Consequently, mental health disorders are more common in the context of RA than in the general population, and can be particularly detrimental both to patients' quality of life and to clinical outcomes. However, mental health is a spectrum and represents more than the absence of psychological comorbidity, and supporting patients' psychological wellbeing should thus involve a more holistic perspective than the mere exclusion or specific treatment of mental health disorders. In this viewpoint article, we build on mechanistic and historical insights regarding the relationship between RA and mental health, before proposing a practical stepwise approach to supporting patients' mental health in daily clinical practice.

The effect of a tight control regime with monthly follow-up on remission rates and reported pain in early rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether a tight control (TC) regime with monthly consultations to the physician for the first 6 months, could increase remission rate and improve reported pain of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

METHODS

In this single-centre, TC study, with monthly visits to the physician, a cohort of 100 patients with early RA was consecutively included. They were compared with a reference cohort of 100 patients from the same clinic that had been conventionally managed. The patients were followed for 2 years.

RESULTS

The patients in the TC cohort had lower 28- joints disease activity score (DAS28) at three, six, 12 and 24 months, compared with the conventionally managed cohort, p ≤ 0.001. At 12 months, 71% in the TC cohort versus 46% in the conventional cohort were in remission (DAS28 < 2.6) and at 24 months 68% versus 49% respectively, p < 0.05. The TC cohort reported less pain at three, six, 12 and 24 months, p < 0.001. Multiple logistical regression analyses adjusted for, respectively, age, disease duration, pharmacological treatment, DAS28 and visual analogue scale pain at inclusion, revealed that participation in the TC cohort had an independent positive association with remission at 12 and 24 months and with acceptable pain at 24 months.

CONCLUSION

The intensive follow-up schedule for patients with early RA improved remission and led to improvement in reported pain and physical function. The positive effect of a TC regime in early disease may be due to increased empowerment, developed by meeting health professionals frequently.

Interest in Digital Peer-Delivered Interventions and Preferences to Improve Pain Self-Efficacy and Reduce Loneliness amongst Patients with Chronic Pain: A Mixed Methods Co-Design Study (Preprint)

BACKGROUND

Two important factors that prolong and exacerbate chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) and disability are low pain self-efficacy and loneliness. Yet, few interventions have shown long-term sustained improvements in pain self-efficacy, and there are no evidence-based treatments that target social connectedness in people living with CNCP. More effective and accessible interventions designed to target self-efficacy and social connectedness could ease the burden of CNCP.

OBJECTIVE

To co-design accessible interventions to increase pain self-efficacy, social connection, pain-related outcomes, and quality of life, this study explored patients' interest and preferences for digital peer-delivered interventions for CNCP as well as implementation barriers and enablers.

METHODS

This cross-sectional mixed methods study was part of a larger longitudinal cohort study. Adult Australian residents (N=186) with CNCP diagnosed by a medical professional or pain specialist were included. Participants were initially recruited through advertising on professional pain social media accounts and websites. Questions examined whether patients were interested in digital peer-delivered interventions and their preferences for specific features (eg, Newsfeed). Pain self-efficacy and loneliness were assessed using validated questionnaires, and the association between these factors and interest in digital peer-delivered support was explored. Open-ended questions explored implementation barriers, enablers, and suggestions for consideration in intervention design.

RESULTS

There was interest in accessing digital peer-delivered interventions, with almost half of the sample indicating that they would access it if it was available. Those who indicated an interest in digital peer interventions reported both lower pain self-efficacy and greater loneliness than those who were not interested. Intervention content that incorporated education, links to health services and resources, and delivery of support by peer coaches were the most frequently preferred intervention features. Three potential benefits were identified: shared experience, social connection, and shared pain management solutions. Five potential barriers were identified: negative focus on pain, judgment, lack of engagement, negative impact on mental health, privacy and security concerns, and unmet personal preferences. Finally, there were 8 suggestions from participants: moderation of the group, interest subgroups, professional-led activities, psychological strategies, links to professional pain resources, newsletter, motivational content, live streaming, and online meetups.

CONCLUSIONS

Digital peer-delivered interventions were of particular interest to those with CNCP who had lower levels of pain self-efficacy and higher levels of loneliness. Future co-design work could tailor digital peer-delivered interventions to these unmet needs. Intervention preferences and implementation barriers and enablers identified in this study could guide further co-design and the development of such interventions.

Evaluation of two electronic-rehabilitation programmes for persistent knee pain: protocol for a randomised feasibility trial

INTRODUCTION

Persistent, knee pain is a common cause of disability. Education and exercise treatment are advocated in all clinical guidelines; however, the increasing prevalence of persistent knee pain presents challenges for health services regarding appropriate and scalable delivery of these treatments. Digital technologies may help address this, and this trial will evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of two electronic-rehabilitation interventions: 'My Knee UK' and 'Group E-Rehab'.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This protocol describes a non-blinded, randomised feasibility trial with three parallel groups. The trial aims to recruit 90 participants (45 years or older) with a history of persistent knee pain consistent with a clinical diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis. Participants will be randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 allocation ratio. The 'My Knee UK' intervention arm will receive a self-directed unsupervised internet-based home exercise programme plus short message service support (targeting exercise behaviour change) for 12 weeks; the 'Group E-Rehab' intervention arm will receive group-based physiotherapist-prescribed home exercises delivered via videoconferencing accompanied by internet-interactive educational sessions for 12 weeks; the control arm will receive usual physiotherapy care or continue with their usual self-management (depending on their recruitment path). Feasibility variables, patient-reported outcomes and clinical findings measured at baseline, 3 and 9 months will be assessed and integrated with qualitative interview data from a subset of Group E-Rehab and My Knee UK participants. If considered feasible and acceptable, a definitive randomised controlled trial can be conducted to investigate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of one or both interventions with a view to implementation in routine care.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

The trial was approved by the West of Scotland Research Ethics Committee 5 (Reference: 20/WS/0006). The results of the study will be disseminated to study participants, the study grant funder and will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

ISRCTN15564385.

"My Pain Is Unbearable…I Cannot Recognize Myself!" Emotions, Cognitions, and Behaviors of People Living With Musculoskeletal Disorders: An Umbrella Review

OBJECTIVE

To summarize (1) the emotions, cognitions, and behaviors of people who are living with musculoskeletal disorders related to symptoms and (2) the interactions of emotions, cognitions, and behaviors with the person's environment (family, social, and work roles).

DESIGN

An umbrella review of qualitative research syntheses and meta-summaries (metasynthesis, meta-ethnographies, meta-aggregation, meta-summary).

LITERATURE SEARCH

We searched CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycARTICLES, PsycEXTRA, PsycINFO, PubMed, and PubPsych from database inception to January 2021. We also searched gray literature via Open Grey and Google Scholar.

STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA

We included qualitative evidence syntheses evaluating adults with musculoskeletal disorders, based on the multidimensional diagnostic criteria for acute and chronic pain. Emotions, cognitions, and behaviors were the phenomenon of interest.

DATA SYNTHESIS

We developed 3 categories of themes ([1] emotions, [2] cognitions, and [3] behaviors) for each objective. We selected the 3 most common emotions, cognitions, and behaviors that appear as themes in our narrative synthesis.

RESULTS

We included 20 qualitative evidence syntheses that retrieved 284 original qualitative studies. Despair, distress, and fear were the main emotions reported by people living with musculoskeletal disorders. The alterations of the self and how people described their symptoms, what caused them, and how the symptoms impacted their lives were the most common cognitions. Cognitive strategies (ie, acceptance) and perceptions about social support emerged. People often used passive behaviors (eg, social isolation or hiding symptoms) to cope with the challenges that arose related to musculoskeletal symptoms. However, some people actively faced their symptoms, planning their activities or practicing them despite their symptoms.

CONCLUSION

Clinicians who support people living with musculoskeletal disorders should consider (1) assessing other emotions than pain-related fear (eg, despair and distress), (2) observing their cognitive responses (ie, acceptance), and (3) evaluating what type of behaviors people use (eg, active or passive). J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2022;52(5):243-261. doi:10.2519/jospt.2022.10707.

Social Determinants of Health in Physiatry: Challenges and Opportunities for Clinical Decision Making and Improving Treatment Precision

Physiatry is a medical specialty focused on improving functional outcomes in patients with a variety of medical conditions that affect the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, muscles, bones, joints, ligaments, and tendons. Social determinants of health (SDH) play a key role in determining therapeutic process and patient functional outcomes. Big data and precision medicine have been used in other fields and to some extent in physiatry to predict patient outcomes, however many challenges remain. The interplay between SDH and physiatry outcomes is highly variable depending on different phases of care, and more favorable patient profiles in acute care may be less favorable in the outpatient setting. Furthermore, SDH influence which treatments or interventional procedures are accessible to the patient and thus determine outcomes. This opinion paper describes utility of existing datasets in combination with novel data such as movement, gait patterning and patient perceived outcomes could be analyzed with artificial intelligence methods to determine the best treatment plan for individual patients in order to achieve maximal functional capacity.

Patient Empowerment and Associations with Disease Activity and Pain-Related and Lifestyle Factors in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis

BACKGROUND

Empowerment is important to patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) because most care is in the form of self-management. The aim was to study levels of empowerment and associated variables in patients with RA and to investigate longitudinal clinical data in patients with low and high empowerment.

METHODS

A postal survey was sent in 2017 to patients with RA from the BARFOT (Better Anti-Rheumatic Pharmacotherapy) cohort that included questions about disease activity, pain-related factors, lifestyle habits, and contained the Swedish Rheumatic Disease Empowerment Scale (SWE-RES-23). The 844 patients who answered the SWE-RES-23 made up the cohort of the present study. Differences in level of empowerment between groups (low, moderate, and high empowerment) were analyzed with ANOVA. Logistic regression analysis was used to study variables associated with low empowerment. Thirdly, we performed comparisons in longitudinal data (15 years) of disease activity, pain, and physical function between the three empowerment groups (low, moderate, and high empowerment).

RESULTS

Patients with low empowerment (n = 282) were significantly older, more often women, and reported worse pain-related factors and physical function and lower moderate and vigorous physical activity compared with those with high empowerment (n = 270). An analysis of longitudinal data found that patients with low empowerment had worse pain and physical function at all time points.

CONCLUSION

Patients with low empowerment have more pain-related symptoms, poorer physical function, and are less physically active. To promote patient empowerment in rehabilitation interventions it is important to identify and support self-management.

Treatment response and several patient-reported outcomes are early determinants of future self-efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis

BACKGROUND

Self-efficacy, or patients' confidence in their ability to control disease and its consequences, was recently prioritised in EULAR recommendations for inflammatory arthritis self-management strategies. However, it remains unclear which factors influence self-efficacy in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

METHODS

Data were analysed from the 2-year RCT Care in early RA (CareRA), which studied remission-induction treatment regimens for early RA. Participants completed the Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale (ASES), Short-Form 36 (SF-36), Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R), Utrecht Coping List (UCL), RAQoL and Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). Depending on time to first remission (DAS28-CRP < 2.6) and persistence of remission, treatment response was defined as persistent response, secondary failure, delayed response, late response or non-response. The association between ASES scores and clinical/psychosocial factors was explored with Spearman correlation and multivariate linear mixed models. Baseline predictors of week 104 ASES were identified with exploratory linear regression followed by multiple regression of significant predictors adjusted for DAS28-CRP, HAQ, treatment arm, treatment response, cumulative CRP/SJC28 and demographic/serologic confounders.

RESULTS

All 379 patients had a recent diagnosis of RA and were DMARD-naïve at study initiation. Most patients were women (69%) and RF/ACPA-positive (66%), and the mean (SD) age was 52 (13) years. For all tested outcome measures, better perceived health correlated with higher self-efficacy. While patient-reported factors (HAQ, SF-36, RAQoL, IPQ-R, pain, fatigue and patient's global assessment) showed moderate/strong correlations with ASES scores, correlations with physician-reported factors (physician's global assessment, SJC28), TJC28 and DAS28-CRP were weak. Only more favourable outcomes on patient-reported factors and DAS28-CRP were associated with higher ASES scores at each time point. An earlier, persistent treatment response predicted higher ASES scores at both weeks 52 and 104. Significant baseline predictors of week 104 ASES included HAQ; SF-36 mental component score, vitality, mental health and role emotional; IPQ-R illness coherence, treatment control, emotional representations and consequences; UCL Passive reacting; and the RAQoL.

CONCLUSIONS

Patient-reported outcomes and treatment response were early determinants of long-term self-efficacy in an early RA trial. These results provide further relevance for the window of opportunity in an early treat-to-target strategy and could help to timely identify patients who might benefit from self-management interventions.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

EudraCT 2008-007225-39.

The association between psychological factors and pain exacerbations in hip osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the association between psychological factors and pain exacerbations in people with hip OA.

METHODS

Eligible participants with symptomatic hip OA were instructed to complete online questionnaires every 10 days over a 90-day follow-up period. In addition, they were required to complete the questionnaire whenever they perceived they were experiencing a hip pain exacerbation. Hip pain exacerbation was defined as an increase of 2 points in pain intensity compared with baseline on an 11-point numeric rating scale (0-10). The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 Items, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Pain Catastrophizing Scale and Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire were used to evaluate psychological factors. The associations of these with risk of hip pain exacerbation were examined by conditional logistic regression.

RESULTS

Of 252 participants recruited, 131 (52.0%) contributed both case and control period data and were included in the analysis. A significant association was found between Pain Catastrophizing Scale overall score (1 point increase) with hip pain exacerbations (odds ratio: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.11). An increase of a minimal important change (5.5 points) of Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire score was associated with a lower odds of pain exacerbations (odds ratio: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.65, 0.85). No significant associations were found between Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 Items or Positive and Negative Affect Schedule scores with hip pain exacerbations.

CONCLUSION

Both pain catastrophizing and pain self-efficacy beliefs were associated with pain exacerbations in people with hip OA, but other psychological factors including depression, anxiety and stress or positive and negative affects, were not associated with pain exacerbations.

Aging With Disability: Populations, Programs, and the New Paradigm An Introduction to the Special Issue

Objective: The purpose of this article is to introduce a special issue dedicated to research at the intersection of aging and disability. Method: We provide some context for the importance of cross-disciplinary collaboration among aging and disability researchers and summarize the nine articles in this issue. Results: Articles in the special issue are centered around several overarching themes. These include meaningful social and community participation, goals and values in the context of disability, and the reach and effectiveness of programs and policies on rehabilitation and service utilization. Conclusion: As care models continue to merge aging and disability services, collaboration among traditional aging and disability research networks can lead to improved outcomes for adults aging with long-term disability.