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Waterhölter A, Wunderlich M, Turner JE. MAIT cells in immune-mediated tissue injury and repair. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350483. [PMID: 37740567 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are T cells that express a semi-invariant αβ T-cell receptor (TCR), recognizing non-peptide antigens, such as microbial-derived vitamin B2 metabolites, presented by the nonpolymorphic MHC class I related-1 molecule. Like NKT cells and γδT cells, MAIT cells belong to the group of innate-like T cells that combine properties of the innate and adaptive immune systems. They account for up to 10% of the blood T-cell population in humans and are particularly abundant at mucosal sites. Beyond the emerging role of MAIT cells in antibacterial and antiviral defenses, increasing evidence suggests additional functions in noninfectious settings, including immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and tissue repair. Here, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of MAIT cell functions in sterile tissue inflammation, with a particular focus on autoimmunity, chronic inflammatory diseases, and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Waterhölter
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte Wunderlich
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Eric Turner
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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New insights into MAIT cells in autoimmune diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114250. [PMID: 36652733 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are resident T cells that express semi-invariant TCR chains and are restricted by monomorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related molecules (MR1). MAIT cells can be activated by microbial-specific metabolites (MR1-dependent mode) or cytokines (MR1-independent mode). Activated MAIT cells produce chemokines, cytotoxic molecules (granzyme B and perforin), and proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17), to clear pathogens and target infected cells involved in the pro-inflammatory, migratory, and cytolytic properties of MAIT cells. MAIT cells produce pro-inflammatory cytokines in the target organs of autoimmune diseases and contribute to the development and progression of autoimmune diseases. This article reviews the biological characteristics, activation mechanism, dynamic migration, and dual functions of MAIT cells, and focuses on the mechanism and potential application of MAIT cells in the early diagnosis, disease activity monitoring, and therapeutic targets of autoimmune diseases, to lay a foundation for future research.
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Polakova A, Hudemann C, Wiemers F, Kadys A, Gremke N, Lang M, Zwiorek L, Pfützner W, Hertl M, Möbs C, Zimmer CL. Isolation of Lymphocytes from Human Skin and Murine Tissues: A Rapid and Epitope-Preserving Approach. JID INNOVATIONS 2022; 3:100155. [PMID: 36866120 PMCID: PMC9974185 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident immune cells have been shown to play an important role in skin health and disease. However, owing to limited access to human skin samples and time-consuming, technically demanding protocols, the characterization of tissue-derived cells remains challenging. For this reason, blood-derived leukocytes are frequently used as a surrogate specimen, although they do not necessarily reflect local immune responses in the skin. Therefore, we aimed to establish a rapid protocol to isolate a sufficient number of viable immune cells from 4-mm skin biopsies that can be directly used for a deeper characterization such as comprehensive phenotyping and functional studies of T cells. In this optimized protocol, only two enzymes, type IV collagenase and DNase I, were used to achieve both the highest possible cellular yield and marker preservation of leukocytes stained for multicolor flow cytometry. We further report that the optimized protocol may be used in the same manner for murine skin and mucosa. In summary, this study allows a rapid acquisition of lymphocytes from human or mouse skin suitable for comprehensive analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations, for disease surveillance, and for identification of potential therapeutic targets or other downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Polakova
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Hudemann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Felix Wiemers
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Arturas Kadys
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Gremke
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Lang
- Center for Human Genetics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Zwiorek
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Pfützner
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hertl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian Möbs
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christine L. Zimmer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany,Correspondence: Christine L. Zimmer, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Baldingerstraße, Marburg 35043, Germany.
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Hernandez-Jaimes OA, Cazares-Olvera DV, Line J, Moreno-Eutimio MA, Gómez-Castro CZ, Naisbitt DJ, Castrejón-Flores JL. Advances in Our Understanding of the Interaction of Drugs with T-cells: Implications for the Discovery of Biomarkers in Severe Cutaneous Drug Reactions. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1162-1183. [PMID: 35704769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Drugs can activate different cells of the immune system and initiate an immune response that can lead to life-threatening diseases collectively known as severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs). Antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and antiretrovirals are involved in the development of SCARs by the activation of αβ naïve T-cells. However, other subsets of lymphocytes known as nonconventional T-cells with a limited T-cell receptor repertoire and innate and adaptative functions also recognize drugs and drug-like molecules, but their role in the pathogenesis of SCARs has only just begun to be explored. Despite 30 years of advances in our understanding of the mechanisms in which drugs interact with T-cells and the pathways for tissue injury seen during T-cell activation, at present, the development of useful clinical biomarkers for SCARs or predictive preclinical in vitro assays that could identify immunogenic moieties during drug discovery is an unmet goal. Therefore, the present review focuses on (i) advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of SCARs reactions, (ii) a description of the interaction of drugs with conventional and nonconventional T-cells, and (iii) the current state of soluble blood circulating biomarker candidates for SCARs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Valeria Cazares-Olvera
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, México City 07340, México
| | - James Line
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Dean J Naisbitt
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - José Luis Castrejón-Flores
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, México City 07340, México
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Xia P, Xing XD, Yang CX, Liao XJ, Liu FH, Huang HH, Zhang C, Song JW, Jiao YM, Shi M, Jiang TJ, Zhou CB, Wang XC, He Q, Zeng QL, Wang FS, Zhang JY. Activation-induced pyroptosis contributes to the loss of MAIT cells in chronic HIV-1 infected patients. Mil Med Res 2022; 9:24. [PMID: 35619176 PMCID: PMC9137088 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-022-00384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are systemically depleted in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected patients and are not replenished even after successful combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). This study aimed to identify the mechanism underlying MAIT cell depletion. METHODS In the present study, we applied flow cytometry, single-cell RNA sequencing and immunohistochemical staining to evaluate the characteristics of pyroptotic MAIT cells in a total of 127 HIV-1 infected individuals, including 69 treatment-naive patients, 28 complete responders, 15 immunological non-responders, and 15 elite controllers, at the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. RESULTS Single-cell transcriptomic profiles revealed that circulating MAIT cells from HIV-1 infected subjects were highly activated, with upregulation of pyroptosis-related genes. Further analysis revealed that increased frequencies of pyroptotic MAIT cells correlated with markers of systemic T-cell activation, microbial translocation, and intestinal damage in cART-naive patients and poor CD4+ T-cell recovery in long-term cART patients. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that MAIT cells in the gut mucosa of HIV-1 infected patients exhibited a strong active gasdermin-D (GSDMD, marker of pyroptosis) signal near the cavity side, suggesting that these MAIT cells underwent active pyroptosis in the colorectal mucosa. Increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18 were observed in HIV-1 infected patients. In addition, activated MAIT cells exhibited an increased pyroptotic phenotype after being triggered by HIV-1 virions, T-cell receptor signals, IL-12 plus IL-18, and combinations of these factors, in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Activation-induced MAIT cell pyroptosis contributes to the loss of MAIT cells in HIV-1 infected patients, which could potentiate disease progression and poor immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xia
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xu-Dong Xing
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Cui-Xian Yang
- Yunnan Infectious Disease Hospital, Kunming, 650301, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Liao
- the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Hua Liu
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Hui-Huang Huang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jin-Wen Song
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Tian-Jun Jiang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Chun-Bao Zhou
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xi-Cheng Wang
- Yunnan Infectious Disease Hospital, Kunming, 650301, China
| | - Qing He
- the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Lei Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China.
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China.
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Li Y, Du J, Wei W. Emerging Roles of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Rheumatology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:819992. [PMID: 35317168 PMCID: PMC8934402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.819992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an unconventional T cell subset expressing a semi-invariant TCR and recognize microbial riboflavin metabolites presented by major histocompatibility complex class 1-related molecule (MR1). MAIT cells serve as innate-like T cells bridging innate and adaptive immunity, which have attracted increasing attention in recent years. The involvement of MAIT cells has been described in various infections, autoimmune diseases and malignancies. In this review, we first briefly introduce the biology of MAIT cells, and then summarize their roles in rheumatic diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, primary Sjögren’s syndrome, psoriatic arthritis, systemic sclerosis, vasculitis and dermatomyositis. An increased knowledge of MAIT cells will inform the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutic approaches in rheumatology.
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Plužarić V, Štefanić M, Mihalj M, Tolušić Levak M, Muršić I, Glavaš-Obrovac L, Petrek M, Balogh P, Tokić S. Differential Skewing of Circulating MR1-Restricted and γδ T Cells in Human Psoriasis Vulgaris. Front Immunol 2020; 11:572924. [PMID: 33343564 PMCID: PMC7744298 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.572924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis vulgaris (PV) is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory dermatosis mediated by aberrantly activated immune cells. The role of the innate-like T cells, particularly gammadelta T (γδT) cells and MR1-restricted T lymphocytes, is incompletely explored, mainly through animal models, or by use of surrogate lineage markers, respectively. Here, we used case-control settings, multiparameter flow cytometry, 5-OP-RU-loaded MR1-tetramers, Luminex technology and targeted qRT-PCR to dissect the cellular and transcriptional landscape of γδ and MR1-restricted blood T cells in untreated PV cases (n=21, 22 matched controls). High interpersonal differences in cell composition were observed, fueling transcriptional variability at healthy baseline. A minor subset of canonical CD4+CD8+MR1-tet+TCRVα7.2+ and CD4+CD8-MR1-tet+TCRVα7.2+ T cells was the most significantly underrepresented community in male PV individuals, whereas Vδ2+ γδ T cells expressing high levels of TCR and Vδ1-δ2- γδ T cells expressing intermediate levels of TCR were selectively enriched in affected males, partly reflecting disease severity. Our findings highlight a formerly unappreciated skewing of human circulating MAIT and γδ cytomes during PV, and reveal their compositional changes in relation to sex, CMV exposure, serum cytokine content, BMI, and inflammatory burden. Complementing numerical alterations, we finally show that flow-sorted, MAIT and γδ populations exhibit divergent transcriptional changes in mild type I psoriasis, consisting of differential bulk expression for signatures of cytotoxicity/type-1 immunity (EOMES, RUNX3, IL18R), type-3 immunity (RORC, CCR6), and T cell innateness (ZBTB16).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Plužarić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Mario Štefanić
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Mihalj
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Maja Tolušić Levak
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivanka Muršić
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ljubica Glavaš-Obrovac
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martin Petrek
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Peter Balogh
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Stana Tokić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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Vacchini A, Chancellor A, Spagnuolo J, Mori L, De Libero G. MR1-Restricted T Cells Are Unprecedented Cancer Fighters. Front Immunol 2020; 11:751. [PMID: 32411144 PMCID: PMC7198878 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-polymorphic MHC class I-related molecule MR1 presents antigenic bacterial metabolites to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and self-antigens to MR1-restricted T (MR1T) cells. Both MR1-restricted T cell populations are readily identified in healthy individuals, with MAIT cells accounting for 1-10% of circulating T cells, while MR1T cells have frequencies comparable to peptide-specific T cells (<0.1%). Self-reactive MR1T cells display a heterogeneous phenotype, and are capable of releasing both TH1 and TH2 cytokines, supporting not only activation of inflammation but also contributing to its regulation. Importantly, MR1T cells recognize and kill a diverse range of MR1-expressing tumor cells. On the other hand, evidence suggests MAIT cells augment cancer growth and metastases. This review addresses the potential role of MR1-restricted T cells in controlling tumor cells, facilitating their elimination and regulating cancer immunity. We also discuss therapeutic opportunities surrounding MR1-restricted T cells in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vacchini
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Chancellor
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julian Spagnuolo
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Mori
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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