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Yu H, Xu Y, Imani S, Zhao Z, Ullah S, Wang Q. Navigating ESKAPE Pathogens: Considerations and Caveats for Animal Infection Models Development. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2336-2355. [PMID: 38866389 PMCID: PMC11249778 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The misuse of antibiotics has led to the global spread of drug-resistant bacteria, especially multi-drug-resistant (MDR) ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species). These opportunistic bacteria pose a significant threat, in particular within hospitals, where they cause nosocomial infections, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. To comprehensively explore ESKAPE pathogenesis, virulence, host immune response, diagnostics, and therapeutics, researchers increasingly rely on necessitate suitable animal infection models. However, no single model can fully replicate all aspects of infectious diseases. Notably when studying opportunistic pathogens in immunocompetent hosts, rapid clearance by the host immune system can limit the expression of characteristic disease symptoms. In this study, we examine the critical role of animal infection models in understanding ESKAPE pathogens, addressing limitations and research gaps. We discuss applications and highlight key considerations for effective models. Thoughtful decisions on disease replication, parameter monitoring, and data collection are crucial for model reliability. By meticulously replicating human diseases and addressing limitations, researchers maximize the potential of animal infection models. This aids in targeted therapeutic development, bridges knowledge gaps, and helps combat MDR ESKAPE pathogens, safeguarding public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Yu
- Key
Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang
Province, Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention
of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang China
- Stomatology
Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine,
Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key
Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yongchang Xu
- Key
Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology of Zhejiang Province, School
of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal
University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Saber Imani
- Shulan
International Medical College, Zhejiang
Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- Department
of Computer Science and Engineering, University
of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Saif Ullah
- Department
of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Qingjing Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang
Province, Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention
of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang China
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2
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Swartz HM, Flood AB. Rethinking the Role of Biodosimetry to Assess Risks for Acute Radiation Syndrome in Very Large Radiation Events: Reconsidering Legacy Concepts. Radiat Res 2024; 201:440-448. [PMID: 38714319 DOI: 10.1667/rade-23-00141.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
The development of effective uses of biodosimetry in large-scale events has been hampered by residual, i.e., "legacy" thinking based on strategies that scale up from biodosimetry in small accidents. Consequently, there remain vestiges of unrealistic assumptions about the likely magnitude of victims in "large" radiation events and incomplete analyses of the logistics for making biodosimetry measurements/assessments in the field for primary triage. Elements remain from an unrealistic focus on developing methods to use biodosimetry in the initial stage of triage for a million or more victims. Based on recent events and concomitant increased awareness of the potential for large-scale events as well as increased sophistication in planning and experience in the development of biodosimetry, a more realistic assessment of the most effective roles of biodosimetry in large-scale events is urgently needed. We argue this leads to a conclusion that the most effective utilization of biodosimetry in very large events would occur in a second stage of triage, after initially winnowing the population by identifying those most in need of acute medical attention, based on calculations of geographic sites where significant exposures could have occurred. Understanding the potential roles and limitations of biodosimetry in large-scale events involving significant radiation exposure should lead to development of the most effective and useful biodosimetric techniques for each stage of triage for acute radiation syndrome injuries, i.e., based on more realistic assumptions about the underlying event and the logistics for carrying out biodosimetry for large populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold M Swartz
- Department of Radiology and Dartmouth Institute of Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
- Clin-EPR, LLC, Lyme, New Hampshire
| | - Ann Barry Flood
- Department of Radiology and Dartmouth Institute of Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
- Clin-EPR, LLC, Lyme, New Hampshire
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3
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Cassatt DR, DiCarlo AL, Molinar-Inglis O. Product Development within the National Institutes of Health Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program. Radiat Res 2024; 201:471-478. [PMID: 38407357 DOI: 10.1667/rade-23-00144.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP) at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH) was established to facilitate the development of medical countermeasures (MCMs) and diagnostic approaches for use in a radiation public health emergency. Approvals for MCMs can be very challenging but are made possible under the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Animal Rule, which is designed to enable licensure of drugs or biologics when clinical efficacy studies are unethical or unfeasible. The NIAID portfolio includes grants, contracts, and inter-agency agreements designed to span all aspects of drug development and encompasses basic research through FDA approval. In addition, NIAID manages an active portfolio of biodosimetry approaches to assess injuries and absorbed radiation levels to guide triage and treatment decisions. NIAID, together with grantees, contractors, and other stakeholders with promising products, works to advance candidate MCMs and biodosimetry tools through an established product development pipeline. In addition to managing grants and contracts, NIAID tests promising candidates in our established preclinical animal models, and the NIAID Program Officers work closely with sponsors as product managers to guide them through the process. In addition, a valuable benefit for stakeholders is working with the NIAID Office of Regulatory Affairs, where NIAID coordinates with the FDA to facilitate interactions between sponsors and the agency. Activities funded by NIAID include basic research (e.g., library screens to discover new products, determine early efficacy, and delineate mechanism of action) and the development of small and large animal models of radiation-induced hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, lung, kidney, and skin injury, radiation combined injury, and radionuclide decorporation. NIAID also sponsors Good Laboratory Practice product safety, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and toxicology studies, as well as efficacy and dose-ranging studies to optimize product regimens. For later-stage candidates, NIAID funds large-scale manufacturing and formulation development of products. The program also supports Phase 1 human clinical studies to ensure human safety and to bridge pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and efficacy data from animals to humans. To date, NIAID has supported >900 animal studies and one clinical study, evaluating >500 new/repurposed radiation MCMs and biodosimetric approaches. NIAID sponsorship led to the approval of three of the six drugs for acute radiation syndrome under the FDA Animal Rule, five Investigational New Drug applications, and 18 additional submissions for Investigational Device Exemptions, while advancing 38 projects to the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority for follow-on research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Cassatt
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Andrea L DiCarlo
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Olivia Molinar-Inglis
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
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4
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Silverman TA, Shadiack AM, Hofmeyer KA, Cecere AE, Eisnor DL, Hoffman CM, Loelius SG, Patel A, Homer MJ. Blood product use for radiological/nuclear trauma: product development and US regulatory considerations. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2024; 9:e001123. [PMID: 38196926 PMCID: PMC10773416 DOI: 10.1136/tsaco-2023-001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood products are likely to be critical components of the medical response to nuclear detonation, as the hematopoietic subsyndrome of acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS) includes depletion of platelets and red blood cells that can lead to lethal hemorrhage and anemia. There is, however, only limited clinical information on the use of blood products to treat H-ARS. As currently configured, the US blood supply cannot meet the predicted surge in blood product demand that is likely to occur short-term and possibly long-term in the event of a large nuclear detonation. As part of the Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response within the US Department of Health and Human Services, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) is addressing this preparedness gap by supporting the development of novel blood products and devices with characteristics that improve blood product storage and use in austere operational environments. The US Food and Drug Administration's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) recently issued draft guidance on the development of drugs and biologics regulated by CDER to prevent or treat Acute Radiation Syndrome under the provisions of the "Animal Rule." The commentary provided here discusses the unique regulatory scheme for transfusion components and blood products regulated as biological drugs by Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, including the ambiguity surrounding the evidentiary requirements for their approval for H-ARS, and whether, under certain circumstances, a specific H-ARS indication is necessary if relevant commercial indications are approved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby A Silverman
- Tunnell Government Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Division of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical Countermeasure, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Annette M Shadiack
- Tunnell Government Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Division of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical Countermeasure, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kimberly A Hofmeyer
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Ashley E Cecere
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Derek L Eisnor
- Division of Clinical Development, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Corey M Hoffman
- Division of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical Countermeasure, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Shannon G Loelius
- Division of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical Countermeasure, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Aditiben Patel
- Division of Regulatory and Quality Affairs, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Mary J Homer
- Division of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical Countermeasure, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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5
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Cai LH, Chen XY, Qian W, Liu CC, Yuan LJ, Zhang L, Nie C, Liu Z, Li Y, Li T, Liu MH. DDB2 and MDM2 genes are promising markers for radiation diagnosis and estimation of radiation dose independent of trauma and burns. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:294. [PMID: 37688632 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01222-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
In the field of biodosimetry, the current accepted method for evaluating radiation dose fails to meet the need of rapid, large-scale screening, and most RNA marker-related studies of biodosimetry are concentrating on a single type of ray, while some other potential factors, such as trauma and burns, have not been covered. Microarray datasets that contain the data of human peripheral blood samples exposed to X-ray, neutron, and γ-ray radiation were obtained from the GEO database. Totally, 33 multi-type ray co-induced genes were obtained at first from the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and key genes identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and these genes were mainly enriched in DNA damage, cellular apoptosis, and p53 signaling pathway. Following transcriptome sequencing of blood samples from 11 healthy volunteers, 13 patients with severe burns, and 37 patients with severe trauma, 6635 trauma-related DEGs and 7703 burn-related DEGs were obtained. Through the exclusion method, a total of 12 radiation-specific genes independent of trauma and burns were identified. ROC curve analysis revealed that the DDB2 gene performed the best in diagnosis of all three types of ray radiation, while correlation analysis showed that the MDM2 gene was the best in assessment of radiation dose. The results of multiple-linear regression analysis indicated that such analysis could improve the accuracy in assessment of radiation dose. Moreover, the DDB2 and MDM2 genes remained effective in radiation diagnosis and assessment of radiation dose in an external dataset. In general, the study brings new insights into radiation biodosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Hu Cai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, 30 Main Street, Gaotan Rock, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Yu Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, 30 Main Street, Gaotan Rock, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Qian
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Chuan Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, 30 Main Street, Gaotan Rock, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jia Yuan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, 30 Main Street, Gaotan Rock, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, 30 Main Street, Gaotan Rock, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Nie
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, 30 Main Street, Gaotan Rock, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, 30 Main Street, Gaotan Rock, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ming-Hua Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, 30 Main Street, Gaotan Rock, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Shuryak I, Ghandhi SA, Laiakis EC, Garty G, Wu X, Ponnaiya B, Kosowski E, Pannkuk E, Kaur SP, Harken AD, Deoli N, Fornace AJ, Brenner DJ, Amundson SA. Biomarker integration for improved biodosimetry of mixed neutron + photon exposures. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10936. [PMID: 37414809 PMCID: PMC10325958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37906-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a persistent risk of a large-scale malicious or accidental exposure to ionizing radiation that may affect a large number of people. Exposure will consist of both a photon and neutron component, which will vary in magnitude between individuals and is likely to have profound impacts on radiation-induced diseases. To mitigate these potential disasters, there exists a need for novel biodosimetry approaches that can estimate the radiation dose absorbed by each person based on biofluid samples, and predict delayed effects. Integration of several radiation-responsive biomarker types (transcripts, metabolites, blood cell counts) by machine learning (ML) can improve biodosimetry. Here we integrated data from mice exposed to various neutron + photon mixtures, total 3 Gy dose, using multiple ML algorithms to select the strongest biomarker combinations and reconstruct radiation exposure magnitude and composition. We obtained promising results, such as receiver operating characteristic curve area of 0.904 (95% CI: 0.821, 0.969) for classifying samples exposed to ≥ 10% neutrons vs. < 10% neutrons, and R2 of 0.964 for reconstructing photon-equivalent dose (weighted by neutron relative biological effectiveness) for neutron + photon mixtures. These findings demonstrate the potential of combining various -omic biomarkers for novel biodosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168Th Street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Shanaz A Ghandhi
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168Th Street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Evagelia C Laiakis
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Guy Garty
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168Th Street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168Th Street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Brian Ponnaiya
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168Th Street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Emma Kosowski
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Evan Pannkuk
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Salan P Kaur
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168Th Street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Andrew D Harken
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168Th Street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Naresh Deoli
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168Th Street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Albert J Fornace
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168Th Street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sally A Amundson
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168Th Street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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7
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Shuryak I, Royba E, Repin M, Turner HC, Garty G, Deoli N, Brenner DJ. A machine learning method for improving the accuracy of radiation biodosimetry by combining data from the dicentric chromosomes and micronucleus assays. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21077. [PMID: 36473912 PMCID: PMC9726929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A large-scale malicious or accidental radiological event can expose vast numbers of people to ionizing radiation. The dicentric chromosome (DCA) and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assays are well-established biodosimetry methods for estimating individual absorbed doses after radiation exposure. Here we used machine learning (ML) to test the hypothesis that combining automated DCA and CBMN assays will improve dose reconstruction accuracy, compared with using either cytogenetic assay alone. We analyzed 1349 blood sample aliquots from 155 donors of different ages (3-69 years) and sexes (49.1% males), ex vivo irradiated with 0-8 Gy at dose rates from 0.08 Gy/day to ≥ 600 Gy/s. We compared the performances of several state-of-the-art ensemble ML methods and found that random forest generated the best results, with R2 for actual vs. reconstructed doses on a testing data subset = 0.845, and mean absolute error = 0.628 Gy. The most important predictor variables were CBMN and DCA frequencies, and age. Removing CBMN or DCA data from the model significantly increased squared errors on testing data (p-values 3.4 × 10-8 and 1.1 × 10-6, respectively). These findings demonstrate the promising potential of combining CBMN and DCA assay data to reconstruct radiation doses in realistic scenarios of heterogeneous populations exposed to a mass-casualty radiological event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Ekaterina Royba
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Mikhail Repin
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Helen C Turner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Guy Garty
- Radiological Research Accelerator Facility, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Irvington, NY, USA
| | - Naresh Deoli
- Radiological Research Accelerator Facility, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Irvington, NY, USA
| | - David J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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8
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Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies: Biological Effects, Countermeasures and Biodosimetry. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061098. [PMID: 35739995 PMCID: PMC9219873 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic and radiological crises can be caused by accidents, military activities, terrorist assaults involving atomic installations, the explosion of nuclear devices, or the utilization of concealed radiation exposure devices. Direct damage is caused when radiation interacts directly with cellular components. Indirect effects are mainly caused by the generation of reactive oxygen species due to radiolysis of water molecules. Acute and persistent oxidative stress associates to radiation-induced biological damages. Biological impacts of atomic radiation exposure can be deterministic (in a period range a posteriori of the event and because of destructive tissue/organ harm) or stochastic (irregular, for example cell mutation related pathologies and heritable infections). Potential countermeasures according to a specific scenario require considering basic issues, e.g., the type of radiation, people directly affected and first responders, range of doses received and whether the exposure or contamination has affected the total body or is partial. This review focuses on available medical countermeasures (radioprotectors, radiomitigators, radionuclide scavengers), biodosimetry (biological and biophysical techniques that can be quantitatively correlated with the magnitude of the radiation dose received), and strategies to implement the response to an accidental radiation exposure. In the case of large-scale atomic or radiological events, the most ideal choice for triage, dose assessment and victim classification, is the utilization of global biodosimetry networks, in combination with the automation of strategies based on modular platforms.
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9
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Buchsbaum JC, Espey MG, Obcemea C, Capala J, Ahmed M, Prasanna PG, Vikram B, Hong JA, Teicher B, Aryankalayil MJ, Bylicky MA, Coleman CN. Tumor Heterogeneity Research and Innovation in Biologically Based Radiation Therapy From the National Cancer Institute Radiation Research Program Portfolio. J Clin Oncol 2022; 40:1861-1869. [PMID: 35245101 DOI: 10.1200/jco.21.02579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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10
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Pannkuk EL, Laiakis EC, Angdisen J, Jayatilake MM, Ake P, Lin LYT, Li HH, Fornace AJ. Small Molecule Signatures of Mice Lacking T-cell p38 Alternate Activation, a Model for Immunosuppression Conditions, after Total-Body Irradiation. Radiat Res 2022; 197:613-625. [PMID: 35245386 DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00199.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Several diagnostic biodosimetry tools have been in development that may aid in radiological/nuclear emergency responses. Of these, correlating changes in non-invasive biofluid small-molecule signatures to tissue damage from ionizing radiation exposure show promise for inclusion in predictive biodosimetry models. Integral to dose reconstruction has been determining how genotypic variation in the general population will affect model performance. Here, we used a mouse model that lacks the T-cell receptor specific alternative p38 pathway [p38αβY323F, double knock-in (DKI) mice] to determine how attenuated autoimmune and inflammatory responses may affect dose reconstruction. We exposed adult male DKI mice (8-10 weeks old) to 2 and 7 Gy in parallel with wild-type mice and assessed perturbations in urine (days 1, 3, 7) and serum (day 1) using a global metabolomics approach. A multidimensional scaling plot showed excellent separation of radiation-exposed groups in wild-type mice with slightly dampened responses in DKI mice. Validated metabolite panels were developed for urine [N6,N6,N6-trimethyllysine (TML), N1-acetylspermidine, spermidine, carnitine, acylcarnitine C21H35NO5, 4-aminohippuric acid] and serum [phenylalanine, glutamine, propionylcarnitine, lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC 14:0), LysoPC (22:5)] to determine the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). For both urine and serum, excellent sensitivity and specificity (AUROC > 0.90) was observed for 0 Gy vs. 7 Gy groups irrespective of genotype using identical metabolite panels. Similarly, excellent to fair classification (AUROC > 0.75) was observed for ≤2 Gy vs. 7 Gy mice for both genotypes, however, model performance declined (AUROC < 0.75) between genotypes after irradiation. Overall, these results suggest immunosuppression should not compromise small molecule multiplex panels used in dose reconstruction for biodosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Pannkuk
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Evagelia C Laiakis
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Jerry Angdisen
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Meth M Jayatilake
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Pelagie Ake
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Lorreta Yun-Tien Lin
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Heng-Hong Li
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Albert J Fornace
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
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11
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Maan K, Baghel R, Bakhshi R, Dhariwal S, Tyagi R, Rana P. An integrative chemometric approach and correlative metabolite networking of LC-MS and 1H NMR based urine metabolomics for radiation signatures. Mol Omics 2022; 18:214-225. [PMID: 34982087 DOI: 10.1039/d1mo00399b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The increasing threat of nuclear terrorism or radiological accident has made high throughput radiation biodosimetry a requisite for the immediate response for triage. Owing to detection of subtle alterations in biological pathways before the onset of clinical conditions, metabolomics has become an important tool for studying biomarkers and the related mechanisms for radiation induced damage. Here, we have attempted to combine two detection techniques, LC-MS and 1H NMR spectroscopy, to obtain a comprehensive metabolite profile of urine at 24 h following lethal (7.5 Gy) and sub-lethal (5 Gy) irradiation in mice. Integrated data analytics using multiblock-OPLSDA (MB-OPLSDA), correlation networking and pathway analysis was used to identify metabolic disturbances associated with radiation exposure. MB-OPLSDA revealed better clustering and separation of irradiated groups compared with controls without overfitting (p-value of CV-ANOVA: 1.5 × 10-3). Metabolites identified through MB-OPLSDA, namely, taurine, creatine, citrate and 2-oxoglutarate, were found to be dose independent markers and further support and validate our earlier findings as potential radiation injury biomarkers. Integrated analysis resulted in the enhanced coverage of metabolites and better correlation networking in energy, taurine, gut flora, L-carnitine and nucleotide metabolism observed post irradiation in urine. Our study thus emphasizes the major advantage of using the two detection techniques along with integrated analysis for better detection and comprehensive understanding of disturbed metabolites in biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Maan
- Metabolomics Research Facility, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), DRDO, S. K Mazumdar Road, Timarpur, Delhi-54, India. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ruchi Baghel
- Metabolomics Research Facility, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), DRDO, S. K Mazumdar Road, Timarpur, Delhi-54, India.
| | - Radhika Bakhshi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Seema Dhariwal
- Metabolomics Research Facility, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), DRDO, S. K Mazumdar Road, Timarpur, Delhi-54, India.
| | - Ritu Tyagi
- Metabolomics Research Facility, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), DRDO, S. K Mazumdar Road, Timarpur, Delhi-54, India.
| | - Poonam Rana
- Metabolomics Research Facility, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), DRDO, S. K Mazumdar Road, Timarpur, Delhi-54, India.
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12
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DiCarlo AL, Homer MJ, Coleman CN. United States medical preparedness for nuclear and radiological emergencies. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2021; 41:10.1088/1361-6498/ac0d3f. [PMID: 34153947 PMCID: PMC8648948 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac0d3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the end of the Cold War in 1991, U.S. Government (USG) investments in radiation science and medical preparedness were phased out; however, the events of 11 September, which involved a terroristic attack on American soil, led to the re-establishment of funding for both radiation preparedness and development of approaches to address injuries. Similar activities have also been instituted worldwide, as the global threat of a radiological or nuclear incident continues to be a concern. Much of the USG's efforts to plan for the unthinkable have centred on establishing clear lines of communication between agencies with responsibility for triage and medical response, and external stakeholders. There have also been strong connections made between those parts of the government that establish policies, fund research, oversee regulatory approval, and purchase and stockpile necessary medical supplies. Progress made in advancing preparedness has involved a number of subject matter meetings and tabletop exercises, publication of guidance documents, assessment of available resources, clear establishment of anticipated concepts of operation for multiple radiation and nuclear scenarios, and identification/mobilization of resources. From a scientific perspective, there were clear research gaps that needed to be addressed, which included the need to identify accurate biomarkers and design biodosimetry devices to triage large numbers of civilians, develop decorporation agents that are more amenable for mass casualty use, and advance candidate products to address injuries caused by radiation exposure and thereby improve survival. Central to all these activities was the development of several different animal constructs, since efficacy testing of these approaches requires extensive work in research models that accurately simulate what would be expected in humans. Recent experiences with COVID-19 have provided an opportunity to revisit aspects of radiation preparedness, and leverage those lessons learned to enhance readiness for a possible future radiation public health emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L DiCarlo
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Mary J Homer
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - C Norman Coleman
- Radiation Research Program (RRP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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13
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Ostheim P, Amundson SA, Badie C, Bazyka D, Evans AC, Ghandhi SA, Gomolka M, López Riego M, Rogan PK, Terbrueggen R, Woloschak GE, Zenhausern F, Kaatsch HL, Schüle S, Ullmann R, Port M, Abend M. Gene expression for biodosimetry and effect prediction purposes: promises, pitfalls and future directions - key session ConRad 2021. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:843-854. [PMID: 34606416 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1987571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In a nuclear or radiological event, an early diagnostic or prognostic tool is needed to distinguish unexposed from low- and highly exposed individuals with the latter requiring early and intensive medical care. Radiation-induced gene expression (GE) changes observed within hours and days after irradiation have shown potential to serve as biomarkers for either dose reconstruction (retrospective dosimetry) or the prediction of consecutively occurring acute or chronic health effects. The advantage of GE markers lies in their capability for early (1-3 days after irradiation), high-throughput, and point-of-care (POC) diagnosis required for the prediction of the acute radiation syndrome (ARS). CONCLUSIONS As a key session of the ConRad conference in 2021, experts from different institutions were invited to provide state-of-the-art information on a range of topics including: (1) Biodosimetry: What are the current efforts to enhance the applicability of this method to perform retrospective biodosimetry? (2) Effect prediction: Can we apply radiation-induced GE changes for prediction of acute health effects as an approach, complementary to and integrating retrospective dose estimation? (3) High-throughput and point-of-care diagnostics: What are the current developments to make the GE approach applicable as a high-throughput as well as a POC diagnostic platform? (4) Low level radiation: What is the lowest dose range where GE can be used for biodosimetry purposes? (5) Methodological considerations: Different aspects of radiation-induced GE related to more detailed analysis of exons, transcripts and next-generation sequencing (NGS) were reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ostheim
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany
| | - Sally A Amundson
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), New York, NY, USA
| | - Christophe Badie
- PHE CRCE, Chilton, Didcot, Oxford, UK.,Environmental Research Group within the School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine at Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Dimitry Bazyka
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Angela C Evans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Shanaz A Ghandhi
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Gomolka
- Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz/Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Milagrosa López Riego
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter K Rogan
- Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,CytoGnomix Inc, London, Canada
| | | | - Gayle E Woloschak
- Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Frederic Zenhausern
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Center for Applied Nanobioscience and Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Hanns L Kaatsch
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Schüle
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Ullmann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Port
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Abend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany
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14
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DiCarlo AL. Scientific research and product development in the United States to address injuries from a radiation public health emergency. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2021; 62:752-763. [PMID: 34308479 PMCID: PMC8438480 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The USA has experienced one large-scale nuclear incident in its history. Lessons learned during the Three-Mile Island nuclear accident provided government planners with insight into property damage resulting from a low-level release of radiation, and an awareness concerning how to prepare for future occurrences. However, if there is an incident resulting from detonation of an improvised nuclear device or state-sponsored device/weapon, resulting casualties and the need for medical treatment could overwhelm the nation's public health system. After the Cold War ended, government investments in radiation preparedness declined; however, the attacks on 9/11 led to re-establishment of research programs to plan for the possibility of a nuclear incident. Funding began in earnest in 2004, to address unmet research needs for radiation biomarkers, devices and products to triage and treat potentially large numbers of injured civilians. There are many biodosimetry approaches and medical countermeasures (MCMs) under study and in advanced development, including those to address radiation-induced injuries to organ systems including bone marrow, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, lungs, skin, vasculature and kidneys. Biomarkers of interest in determining level of radiation exposure and susceptibility of injury include cytogenetic changes, 'omics' technologies and other approaches. Four drugs have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of acute radiation syndrome (ARS), with other licensures being sought; however, there are still no cleared devices to identify radiation-exposed individuals in need of treatment. Although many breakthroughs have been made in the efforts to expand availability of medical products, there is still work to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L DiCarlo
- Corresponding author. Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, Room 7B13, Rockville, MD, USA. Office Phone: 1-240-627-3492; Office Fax: 1-240-627-3113;
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15
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Yadav M, Bhayana S, Liu J, Lu L, Huang J, Ma Y, Qamri Z, Mo X, Jacob DS, Parasa ST, Bhuiya N, Fadda P, Xu-Welliver M, Chakravarti A, Jacob NK. Two-miRNA-based finger-stick assay for estimation of absorbed ionizing radiation dose. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/552/eaaw5831. [PMID: 32669422 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw5831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear radiation and radioactive fallouts resulting from a nuclear weapon detonation or reactor accidents could result in injuries affecting multiple sensitive organs, defined as acute radiation syndrome (ARS). Rapid and early estimation of injuries to sensitive organs using markers of radiation response is critical for identifying individuals who could potentially exhibit ARS; however, there are currently no biodosimetry assays approved for human use. We developed a sensitive microRNA (miRNA)-based blood test for radiation dose reconstruction with ±0.5 Gy resolution at critical dose range. Radiation dose-dependent changes in miR-150-5p in blood were internally normalized by a miRNA, miR-23a-3p, that was nonresponsive to radiation. miR-23a-3p was not highly expressed in blood cells but was abundant in circulation and was released primarily from the lung. Our assay showed the capability for dose estimation within hours to 1 week after exposure using a drop of blood from mice. We tested this biodosimetry assay for estimation of absorbed ionizing radiation dose in mice of varying ages and after exposure to both improvised nuclear device (IND)-spectrum neutrons and gamma rays. Leukemia specimens from patients exposed to fractionated radiation showed depletion of miR-150-5p in blood. We bridged the exposure of these patients to fractionated radiation by comparing responses after fractionated versus single acute exposure in mice. Although validation in nonhuman primates is needed, this proof-of-concept study suggests the potential utility of this assay in radiation disaster management and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshleen Yadav
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sagar Bhayana
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joseph Liu
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lanchun Lu
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jason Huang
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ya Ma
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zahida Qamri
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Diviya S Jacob
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shashaank T Parasa
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Noureen Bhuiya
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Paolo Fadda
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Meng Xu-Welliver
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Arnab Chakravarti
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Naduparambil K Jacob
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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16
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Rotolo JA, Fong CS, Bodo S, Nagesh PK, Fuller J, Sharma T, Piersigilli A, Zhang Z, Fuks Z, Singh VK, Kolesnick R. Anti-ceramide single-chain variable fragment mitigates radiation GI syndrome mortality independent of DNA repair. JCI Insight 2021; 6:145380. [PMID: 33724956 PMCID: PMC8119204 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.145380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
After 9/11, threat of nuclear attack on American urban centers prompted government agencies to develop medical radiation countermeasures to mitigate hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS) and higher-dose gastrointestinal acute radiation syndrome (GI-ARS) lethality. While repurposing leukemia drugs that enhance bone marrow repopulation successfully treats H-ARS in preclinical models, no mitigator potentially deliverable under mass casualty conditions preserves GI tract. Here, we report generation of an anti-ceramide 6B5 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) and show that s.c. 6B5 scFv delivery at 24 hours after a 90% lethal GI-ARS dose of 15 Gy mitigated mouse lethality, despite administration after DNA repair was complete. We defined an alternate target to DNA repair, an evolving pattern of ceramide-mediated endothelial apoptosis after radiation, which when disrupted by 6B5 scFv, initiates a durable program of tissue repair, permitting crypt, organ, and mouse survival. We posit that successful preclinical development will render anti-ceramide 6B5 scFv a candidate for inclusion in the Strategic National Stockpile for distribution after a radiation catastrophe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy A Rotolo
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chii Shyang Fong
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sahra Bodo
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Prashanth Kb Nagesh
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - John Fuller
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thivashnee Sharma
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alessandra Piersigilli
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Zvi Fuks
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vijay K Singh
- Division of Radioprotectants, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, and.,Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Kolesnick
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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17
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Shuryak I, Turner HC, Pujol-Canadell M, Perrier JR, Garty G, Brenner DJ. Machine learning methodology for high throughput personalized neutron dose reconstruction in mixed neutron + photon exposures. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4022. [PMID: 33597632 PMCID: PMC7889851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83575-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We implemented machine learning in the radiation biodosimetry field to quantitatively reconstruct neutron doses in mixed neutron + photon exposures, which are expected in improvised nuclear device detonations. Such individualized reconstructions are crucial for triage and treatment because neutrons are more biologically damaging than photons. We used a high-throughput micronucleus assay with automated scanning/imaging on lymphocytes from human blood ex-vivo irradiated with 44 different combinations of 0-4 Gy neutrons and 0-15 Gy photons (542 blood samples), which include reanalysis of past experiments. We developed several metrics that describe micronuclei/cell probability distributions in binucleated cells, and used them as predictors in random forest (RF) and XGboost machine learning analyses to reconstruct the neutron dose in each sample. The probability of "overfitting" was minimized by training both algorithms with repeated cross-validation on a randomly-selected subset of the data, and measuring performance on the rest. RF achieved the best performance. Mean R2 for actual vs. reconstructed neutron doses over 300 random training/testing splits was 0.869 (range 0.761 to 0.919) and root mean squared error was 0.239 (0.195 to 0.351) Gy. These results demonstrate the promising potential of machine learning to reconstruct the neutron dose component in clinically-relevant complex radiation exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Helen C Turner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Monica Pujol-Canadell
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jay R Perrier
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Guy Garty
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - David J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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18
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Shukla SK, Sharma AK, Bajaj S, Yashavarddhan MH. Radiation proteome: a clue to protection, carcinogenesis, and drug development. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:525-531. [PMID: 33137481 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Shukla
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
| | - Ajay Kumar Sharma
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Sania Bajaj
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - M H Yashavarddhan
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
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19
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Shuryak I, Ghandhi SA, Turner HC, Weber W, Melo D, Amundson SA, Brenner DJ. Dose and Dose-Rate Effects in a Mouse Model of Internal Exposure from 137Cs. Part 2: Integration of Gamma-H2AX and Gene Expression Biomarkers for Retrospective Radiation Biodosimetry. Radiat Res 2020; 196:491-500. [PMID: 33064820 PMCID: PMC8944909 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00042.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation and ingestion of 137Cs and other long-lived radionuclides can occur after large-scale accidental or malicious radioactive contamination incidents, resulting in a complex temporal pattern of radiation dose/dose rate, influenced by radionuclide pharmacokinetics and chemical properties. High-throughput radiation biodosimetry techniques for such internal exposure are needed to assess potential risks of short-term toxicity and delayed effects (e.g., carcinogenesis) for exposed individuals. Previously, we used γ-H2AX to reconstruct injected 137Cs activity in experimentally-exposed mice, and converted activity values into radiation doses based on time since injection and 137Cs-elimination kinetics. In the current study, we sought to assess the feasibility and possible advantages of combining γ-H2AX with transcriptomics to improve 137Cs activity reconstructions. We selected five genes (Atf5, Hist2h2aa2, Olfr358, Psrc1, Hist2h2ac) with strong statistically-significant Spearman's correlations with injected activity and stable expression over time after 137Cs injection. The geometric mean of log-transformed signals of these five genes, combined with γ-H2AX fluorescence, were used as predictors in a nonlinear model for reconstructing injected 137Cs activity. The coefficient of determination (R2) comparing actual and reconstructed activities was 0.91 and root mean squared error (RMSE) was 0.95 MBq. These metrics remained stable when the model was fitted to a randomly-selected half of the data and tested on the other half, repeated 100 times. Model performance was significantly better when compared to our previous analysis using γ-H2AX alone, and when compared to an analysis where genes are used without γ-H2AX, suggesting that integrating γ-H2AX with gene expression provides an important advantage. Our findings show a proof of principle that integration of radiation-responsive biomarkers from different fields is promising for radiation biodosimetry of internal emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Shanaz A. Ghandhi
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Helen C. Turner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Waylon Weber
- Lovelace Biomedical, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87108
| | | | - Sally A. Amundson
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - David J. Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
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20
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Carnell LS. Spaceflight medical countermeasures: a strategic approach for mitigating effects from solar particle events. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 97:S125-S131. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1820603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S. Carnell
- Biological and Physical Sciences Division, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
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21
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Shuryak I, Turner HC, Perrier JR, Cunha L, Canadell MP, Durrani MH, Harken A, Bertucci A, Taveras M, Garty G, Brenner DJ. A High Throughput Approach to Reconstruct Partial-Body and Neutron Radiation Exposures on an Individual Basis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2899. [PMID: 32076014 PMCID: PMC7031285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59695-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodosimetry-based individualized reconstruction of complex irradiation scenarios (partial-body shielding and/or neutron + photon mixtures) can improve treatment decisions after mass-casualty radiation-related incidents. We used a high-throughput micronucleus assay with automated scanning and imaging software on ex-vivo irradiated human lymphocytes to: a) reconstruct partial-body and/or neutron exposure, and b) estimate separately the photon and neutron doses in a mixed exposure. The mechanistic background is that, compared with total-body photon irradiations, neutrons produce more heavily-damaged lymphocytes with multiple micronuclei/binucleated cell, whereas partial-body exposures produce fewer such lymphocytes. To utilize these differences for biodosimetry, we developed metrics that describe micronuclei distributions in binucleated cells and serve as predictors in machine learning or parametric analyses of the following scenarios: (A) Homogeneous gamma-irradiation, mimicking total-body exposures, vs. mixtures of irradiated blood with unirradiated blood, mimicking partial-body exposures. (B) X rays vs. various neutron + photon mixtures. The results showed high accuracies of scenario and dose reconstructions. Specifically, receiver operating characteristic curve areas (AUC) for sample classification by exposure type reached 0.931 and 0.916 in scenarios A and B, respectively. R2 for actual vs. reconstructed doses in these scenarios reached 0.87 and 0.77, respectively. These encouraging findings demonstrate a proof-of-principle for the proposed approach of high-throughput reconstruction of clinically-relevant complex radiation exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Helen C Turner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jay R Perrier
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lydia Cunha
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Monica Pujol Canadell
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohammad H Durrani
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Harken
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Antonella Bertucci
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Taveras
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guy Garty
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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22
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Carnell LS, Homer M, Hoots K, Meeks H, Prasanna PGS, Rios C, Simonsen LC, Taliaferro LP, Wathen LK. Medical countermeasures for radiation induced health effects: report of an Interagency Panel Session held at the NASA Human Research Program Investigator's Workshop, 26 January 2017. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 97:S117-S124. [PMID: 31490103 PMCID: PMC8463010 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1665214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
An Interagency Panel Session organized by the NASA Human Research Program (HRP) Space Radiation Program Element (SRPE) was held during the NASA HRP Investigator’s Workshop (IWS) in Galveston, Texas on 26 January 2017 to identify complementary research areas that will advance the testing and development of medical countermeasures (MCMs) in support of radioprotection and radiation mitigation on the ground and in space. There were several areas of common interest identified among the various participating agencies. This report provides a summary of the topics discussed by each agency along with potential areas of intersection for mutual collaboration opportunities. Common goals induded repurposing of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals for use as radioprotectors and/or mitigators, low-dose/chronic exposure paradigms, late effects post-radiation exposure, mixed-field exposures of gamma-neutron, performance decrements, and methods to determine individual exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Homer
- US Department of Health and Human Services, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Keith Hoots
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heather Meeks
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA, USA
| | - Pataje G S Prasanna
- US Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carmen Rios
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Lanyn P Taliaferro
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Lynne K Wathen
- US Department of Health and Human Services, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Washington, DC, USA
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23
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Groves AM, Williams JP. Saving normal tissues - a goal for the ages. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:920-935. [PMID: 30822213 PMCID: PMC7183326 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1589654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Almost since the earliest utilization of ionizing radiation, many within the radiation community have worked toward either preventing (i.e. protecting) normal tissues from unwanted radiation injury or rescuing them from the downstream consequences of exposure. However, despite over a century of such investigations, only incremental gains have been made toward this goal and, with certainty, no outright panacea having been found. In celebration of the 60th anniversary of the International Journal of Radiation Biology and to chronicle the efforts that have been made to date, we undertook a non-rigorous survey of the articles published by normal tissue researchers in this area, using those that have appeared in the aforementioned journal as a road map. Three 'snapshots' of publications on normal tissue countermeasures were taken: the earliest (1959-1963) and most recent (2013-2018) 5-year of issues, as well as a 5-year intermediate span (1987-1991). Limiting the survey solely to articles appearing within International Journal of Radiation Biology likely reduced the number of translational studies interrogated given the basic science tenor of this particular publication. In addition, by taking 'snapshots' rather than considering the entire breadth of the journal's history in this field, important papers that were published during the interim periods were omitted, for which we apologize. Nonetheless, since the journal's inception, we observed that, during the chosen periods, the majority of studies undertaken in the field of normal tissue countermeasures, whether investigating radiation protectants, mitigators or treatments, have focused on agents that interfere with the physical, chemical and/or biological effects known to occur during the acute period following whole body/high single dose exposures. This relatively narrow approach to the reduction of normal tissue effects, especially those that can take months, if not years, to develop, seems to contradict our growing understanding of the progressive complexities of the microenvironmental disruption that follows the initial radiation injury. Given the analytical tools now at our disposal and the enormous benefits that may be reaped in terms of improving patient outcomes, as well as the potential for offering countermeasures to those affected by accidental or mass casualty exposures, it appears time to broaden our approaches to developing normal tissue countermeasures. We have no doubt that the contributors and readership of the International Journal of Radiation Biology will continue to contribute to this effort for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Groves
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neonatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA
| | - Jacqueline P. Williams
- Departments of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA
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24
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Sproull MT, Camphausen KA, Koblentz GD. Biodosimetry: A Future Tool for Medical Management of Radiological Emergencies. Health Secur 2017; 15:599-610. [PMID: 29193982 PMCID: PMC5734138 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2017.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the threat of future radiological or nuclear events, there is a need to model and develop new medical countermeasures for managing large-scale population exposures to radiation. The field of radiation biodosimetry has advanced far beyond its original objectives to identify new methodologies to quantitate unknown levels of radiation exposure that may be applied in a mass screening setting. New research in the areas of genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) applications have identified novel biological indicators of radiation injury from a diverse array of biological sample materials, and studies continue to develop more advanced models of radiation exposure and injury. In this article, we identify the urgent need for new biodosimetry assessment technologies, describe how biodosimetry diagnostics work in the context of a broad range of radiation exposure types and scenarios, review the current state of the science, and assess how well integrated biodosimetry resources are in the national radiological emergency response framework.
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25
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Purbey PK, Scumpia PO, Kim PJ, Tong AJ, Iwamoto KS, McBride WH, Smale ST. Defined Sensing Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways Contribute to the Global Inflammatory Gene Expression Output Elicited by Ionizing Radiation. Immunity 2017; 47:421-434.e3. [PMID: 28930658 PMCID: PMC5661954 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental insults are often detected by multiple sensors that activate diverse signaling pathways and transcriptional regulators, leading to a tailored transcriptional output. To understand how a tailored response is coordinated, we examined the inflammatory response elicited in mouse macrophages by ionizing radiation (IR). RNA-sequencing studies revealed that most radiation-induced genes were strongly dependent on only one of a small number of sensors and signaling pathways, notably the DNA damage-induced kinase ATM, which regulated many IR-response genes, including interferon response genes, via an atypical IRF1-dependent, STING-independent mechanism. Moreover, small, defined sets of genes activated by p53 and NRF2 accounted for the selective response to radiation in comparison to a microbial inducer of inflammation. Our findings reveal that genes comprising an environmental response are activated by defined sensing mechanisms with a high degree of selectivity, and they identify distinct components of the radiation response that might be susceptible to therapeutic perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat K Purbey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Philip O Scumpia
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter J Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ann-Jay Tong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Keisuke S Iwamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stephen T Smale
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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26
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Pannkuk EL, Fornace AJ, Laiakis EC. Metabolomic applications in radiation biodosimetry: exploring radiation effects through small molecules. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:1151-1176. [PMID: 28067089 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1269218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposure of the general population to ionizing radiation has increased in the past decades, primarily due to long distance travel and medical procedures. On the other hand, accidental exposures, nuclear accidents, and elevated threats of terrorism with the potential detonation of a radiological dispersal device or improvised nuclear device in a major city, all have led to increased needs for rapid biodosimetry and assessment of exposure to different radiation qualities and scenarios. Metabolomics, the qualitative and quantitative assessment of small molecules in a given biological specimen, has emerged as a promising technology to allow for rapid determination of an individual's exposure level and metabolic phenotype. Advancements in mass spectrometry techniques have led to untargeted (discovery phase, global assessment) and targeted (quantitative phase) methods not only to identify biomarkers of radiation exposure, but also to assess general perturbations of metabolism with potential long-term consequences, such as cancer, cardiovascular, and pulmonary disease. CONCLUSIONS Metabolomics of radiation exposure has provided a highly informative snapshot of metabolic dysregulation. Biomarkers in easily accessible biofluids and biospecimens (urine, blood, saliva, sebum, fecal material) from mouse, rat, and minipig models, to non-human primates and humans have provided the basis for determination of a radiation signature to assess the need for medical intervention. Here we provide a comprehensive description of the current status of radiation metabolomic studies for the purpose of rapid high-throughput radiation biodosimetry in easily accessible biofluids and discuss future directions of radiation metabolomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Pannkuk
- a Tumor Biology Program , Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University , Washington DC , USA
| | - Albert J Fornace
- b Molecular Oncology , Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University , Washington DC , USA.,c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology , Georgetown University , Washington DC , USA
| | - Evagelia C Laiakis
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology , Georgetown University , Washington DC , USA
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27
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Swartz HM. Using Stable Free Radicals to Obtain Unique and Clinically Useful Data In Vivo in Human Subjects. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2016; 172:3-15. [PMID: 27886997 PMCID: PMC6061194 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper attempts to: (1) provide a critical overview of the challenges and opportunities to extend electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) into practical applications in human subjects, based on EPR measurements made in vivo; (2) summarize the clinical applications of EPR for improving treatments in cancer, wound healing and diabetic care, emphasizing EPR's unique capability to measure tissue oxygen repeatedly and with particular sensitivity to hypoxia and (3) summarize the capabilities of in vivo EPR to measure radiation dose for triage and medical guidance after a large-scale radiation exposure. The conclusion is that while still at a relatively early stage of its development and availability, clinical applications of EPR already have demonstrated significant value and the field is likely to grow in both the extent of its applications and its impact on significant problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold M Swartz
- EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems at Dartmouth, Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, HB 7785 One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
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