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Welch D, Hashmi R, Petersen C, Erde S, Brenner DJ, Nardell E. Film dosimetry for occupant exposure monitoring within Far-UVC installations. Photochem Photobiol 2024. [PMID: 38702942 DOI: 10.1111/php.13960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Far-UVC radiation between 200 and 230 nm is a promising technology for reducing airborne disease transmission. Previous work with far-UVC lamps has demonstrated the efficacy of far-UVC radiation to inactivate bacteria and viruses while presenting minimal human health hazards. While far-UVC intentionally exposes the occupied space, effectively disinfecting air between occupants, installations must still ensure that occupant eye and skin exposure is within the recommended daily limits. This study examines far-UVC-sensitive films for measuring the dose received by occupants within two real-world far-UVC installations. The film is characterized for accuracy, angular response, wavelength response, and sources of uncertainty in film response, and used to obtain individual exposure doses that account for both the non-uniform irradiance and the unique motion of individuals within the space. Dosimetry results using the films, which account for the time-weighted average exposure of an occupant, ranged from 10% to 49% of the maximum calculated stationary dose based on peak irradiance measurements. Results from this study spotlight the need to incorporate time-weighted average considerations into the design and safety assessment of far-UVC installations to ultimately operate far-UVC technology with its full potential to prevent the spread of potentially fatal infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Welch
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Raabia Hashmi
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Camryn Petersen
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Steven Erde
- College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - David J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Edward Nardell
- Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Farag OF, Kotb OM, Ghazaly ME, El-Sayed NM. Response of the modified GAFCHROMIC EBT2 radiochromic film to DC glow discharge plasma. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2262. [PMID: 38279004 PMCID: PMC10817983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52628-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The response of the modified GAFCHROMIC EBT2 radiochromic film to DC Oxygen glow discharge plasma was investigated using a flatbed scanner and an UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The film was modified by removing the polyester overlaminate, adhesive, and topcoat layers with a total thickness of 80 µm, and is now referred to as EBT2-M. The EBT2-M films were exposed to DC Oxygen plasma for different durations: 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 10 min. The exposed films exhibit coloration homogeneity with an average variation of (1.6 ± 0.3) × 10-4 pixel values/µm, irrespective of the applied exposure time. The pixel values of the red-and-green channels and weighted grayscale images decreased exponentially with different sensitivity amounts to [Formula: see text] 39.67, 49.69, and 42.11 min-1, respectively, as the exposure time increased. The two absorption peaks at 580 ± 4 nm and 632 ± 4 nm in the UV-Vis absorption spectra of the exposed GAFCHROMIC EBT2-M radiochromic films are increasing with increasing exposure time up to 4 min, thereafter saturated for prolonged exposure time. The integrated absorbance in the range from 400 to 700 nm is linearly correlated with the exposure time. The indirect and direct optical energy band gaps and Urbach energy of the modified GAFCHROMIC EBT2 film are weakly correlated with the exposure time. These findings suggest the utilization of the modified GAFCHROMIC EBT2 radiochromic film as a novel and simple technique for plasma diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar F Farag
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, PO 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Omar M Kotb
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, PO 44519, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - M El Ghazaly
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, PO 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Naglaa M El-Sayed
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, PO 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
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3
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Kotb OM, El Ghazaly M, Mohamed A, Ibrahim MA. Effect of Gafchromic™ EBT2 radiochromic film's components on the detection of UVA solar radiation selectively. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Sanchez-Parcerisa D, Sanz-García I, Ibáñez P, España S, Espinosa A, Gutiérrez-Neira C, López A, Vera JA, Mazal A, Fraile LM, Udías JM. Radiochromic film dosimetry for protons up to 10 MeV with EBT2, EBT3 and unlaminated EBT3 films. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 33910190 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abfc8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Passive dosimetry with radiochromic films is widely used in proton radiotherapy, both in clinical and scientific environments, thanks to its simplicity, high spatial resolution and dose-rate independence. However, film under-response for low-energy protons, the so-called linear-energy transfer (LET) quenching, must be accounted and corrected for. We perform a meta-analysis on existing film under-response data with EBT, EBT2 and EBT3 GAFchromic™ films and provide a common framework to integrate it, based on the calculation of dose-averaged LET in the active layer of the films. We also report on direct measurements with the 10 MeV proton beam at the Center for Microanalysis of Materials (CMAM) for EBT2, EBT3 and unlaminated EBT3 films, focusing on the 20-80 keVμm-1LET range, where previous data was scarce. Measured film relative efficiency (RE) values are in agreement with previously reported data from the literature. A model on film RE constructed with combined literature and own experimental values in the 5-80 keVμm-1LET range is presented, supporting the hypothesis of a linear decrease of RE with LET, with no remarkable differences between the three types of films analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sanchez-Parcerisa
- Grupo de Física Nuclear, EMFTEL and IPARCOS, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CEI Moncloa, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,Sedecal Molecular Imaging, Algete, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Sanz-García
- Grupo de Física Nuclear, EMFTEL and IPARCOS, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CEI Moncloa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Ibáñez
- Grupo de Física Nuclear, EMFTEL and IPARCOS, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CEI Moncloa, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Samuel España
- Grupo de Física Nuclear, EMFTEL and IPARCOS, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CEI Moncloa, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Espinosa
- Grupo de Física Nuclear, EMFTEL and IPARCOS, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CEI Moncloa, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Gutiérrez-Neira
- Grupo de Física Nuclear, EMFTEL and IPARCOS, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CEI Moncloa, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Microanálisis de Materiales (CMAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.,ALBA Synchrotron Light Source (CELLS-ALBA), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfonso López
- Dept. de Radiofísica y Protección Radiológica, Hospital de Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Vera
- Centro de Protonterapia de Quirónsalud, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Mazal
- Centro de Protonterapia de Quirónsalud, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Mario Fraile
- Grupo de Física Nuclear, EMFTEL and IPARCOS, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CEI Moncloa, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Udías
- Grupo de Física Nuclear, EMFTEL and IPARCOS, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CEI Moncloa, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
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5
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Wu MJ, Wu SC, Shen TL, Liao YM, Chen YF. Anderson Localization Enabled Spectrally Stable Deep-Ultraviolet Laser Based on Metallic Nanoparticle Decorated AlGaN Multiple Quantum Wells. ACS NANO 2021; 15:330-337. [PMID: 33284594 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Random lasers exhibit many exotic properties, including chaotic behavior, light localization, broad angular emission, and cost-effective fabrication, which enable them to attract both scientific and industrial interests. However, before the realization of their potential applications, several challenges still remain including the underlying mechanism and controllability due to their inherent multidirectional and chaotic fluctuations. Through more than two decades of collaborative efforts, the discovery of Anderson localization in random lasers provides a plausible route to resolve the difficulties, which enables one to tailor the number of lasing modes and stabilize the emission spectra. However, the related studies are rather rare and only restricted to limited wavelengths. In this study, based on enhanced Anderson localization assisted by surface plasmon resonance, spectrally stable deep-ultraviolet lasing action in AlGaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) is demonstrated. Our work serves as firm evidence to demonstrate the underlying mechanism of stabilized deep-ultraviolet random laser action that multiple scattering of a light beam in a disordered medium can induce Anderson localization similar to electron behavior. This feature covers the whole spectral range, and it is a universal phenomenon of an electromagnetic wave. Notably, stabilized deep-ultraviolet random laser action has not been demonstrated in all previous studies, even though it has great academic interest and potential application in many areas from environmental protection to biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jer Wu
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Cheng Wu
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Lin Shen
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ming Liao
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Fang Chen
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Welch D, Brenner DJ. Improved Ultraviolet Radiation Film Dosimetry Using OrthoChromic OC-1 Film †. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 97:498-504. [PMID: 33294996 PMCID: PMC8547612 DOI: 10.1111/php.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in far-UVC lighting, defined as wavelengths from 200 to 230 nm, because research has demonstrated these wavelengths to be an effective antimicrobial technology while posing a minimal hazard to human health. Far-UVC lighting is now being installed to directly irradiate spaces where humans are present, and it will be important to perform measurements to verify far-UVC lighting installations are operating within widely accepted exposure guidelines. In this work, we explore the use of a commercially available film, known as OrthoChromic OC-1, to measure ultraviolet radiation exposure. The film was tested with a variety of ultraviolet wavelengths and irradiance conditions, and the color change of the film was analyzed for increasing levels of radiant exposure. The film response extended over a dynamic range that was greater than the recommended exposure limits for far-UVC radiation so it can potentially be useful for health hazard monitoring. The spectrum of the incident ultraviolet radiation strongly affected the response of the film; therefore, for accurate measurements we recommend the measured spectrum match the spectrum used for calibration. Overall, dosimetry with this film provides a simple, accurate, and inexpensive method of quantifying ultraviolet radiation exposure that is suitable for far-UVC measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Welch
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Alsaee SK, Omar AF, Ahmed NM, Alsadig A, Sulieman A, Alzimami K. EBT3 Films in Low Solar Ultraviolet and X-Ray Dose Measurement: A Comparative Analysis. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819855532. [PMID: 31236089 PMCID: PMC6572892 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819855532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the potentiality of Gafchromic external beam therapy 3 (EBT3) film to measure low dosage of solar ultraviolet (SUV; 0-10 600 mJ/cm2) and x-ray (0-750 mGy) radiation. In this experiment, 2 groups of EBT3 films were prepared with size 2 cm × 1 cm. The first group of films was exposed by incremental SUV dose in the middle of the day. The other group was irradiated by x-ray at 100 kVp, 100 mA, and 2 S of tube voltage, tube current, and exposure time, respectively. The measured SUV consists of 90% ultraviolet A (UVA) and 10% ultraviolet B. The film discoloration was represented by visible absorbance spectroscopy technique using Jaz spectrometer from Ocean Optics Inc. Simple linear regression produced high accuracy with coefficients of determination, r 2 of 0.9804 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 434.88 mJ/cm2 for the measurement of SUV dose. On the other hand, r 2 of 0.98 and RMSE of 31 mGy was produced for the measurement of x-ray dose. The application of multiple linear regression enhanced the measurement accuracy with R 2 of 99% and 99.7% and RMSE of 327.06 mJ/cm2 and 15.045 mGy for SUV and x-ray dose, respectively. The spectral analysis shows a promising measurement at selected wavelengths for SUV and x-ray dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh K. Alsaee
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Naser M. Ahmed
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed Alsadig
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - A. Sulieman
- Radiology and Medical Imaging Department, Collage of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alzimami
- Department of Radiological sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Abstract
The change in optical properties of GafChromic films depends not only on the absorbed dose, but also on the linear energy transfer (LET) of the ionizing radiation. The influence of LET on the film dose-response relationship is especially important when films are applied for dosimetry of energetic charged particles. In the present study, we examined the response of the unlaminated EBT3 and MD-V3 films to proton, deuterium and helium beams with energies in the range of several megaelectronvolts (MeV). Films were exposed to doses up to 200 Gy and a model based on the bimolecular chemical reaction was chosen to fit the measured film signals. The LET in the active layers of the films and the dose correction factors were computed with Monte Carlo software TRIM. Signal quenching, observed for all ion beams in comparison to x-rays, was investigated as a function of the LET in the range of 10-100 keV µm-1. The response of the films got weaker with increasing the LET and showed no dependence on the ion species. The LET effect was quantified by introducing a modified expression for the relative effectiveness (RE) by which a unique RE value is assigned to a single LET. The RE defined in that way decreased from about 90% for LET of 10 keV µm-1 to less than 50% for LET of 100 keV µm-1. Similar behavior was observed for EBT3 and MD-V3 film models.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Grilj
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - D. J. Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Welch D, Buonanno M, Shuryak I, Randers-Pehrson G, Spotnitz HM, Brenner DJ. Effect of far ultraviolet light emitted from an optical diffuser on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202275. [PMID: 30096188 PMCID: PMC6086454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are a target for new antimicrobial technologies. Far-UVC technology is an emerging disinfection method that directly kills microorganisms using light. In contrast with conventional UV sterilization, far-UVC light has antimicrobial capabilities without apparent harm to mammalian cells. This study examines the application of 224 nm far-UVC light delivered from a laser using an optical diffuser towards the goal of protecting against bacterial invasion around skin penetrating devices. Delivery of far-UVC using a laser and optical fibers enables exposure to unique geometries that would otherwise be shielded when using a lamp. Testing of the bactericidal potential of diffusing the far-UVC laser output over a large area was tested and yielded qualitative area killing results. The killing of MRSA using this method was also examined using an in vitro survival assay. Results followed a classic log-linear disinfection model with a rate constant of k = 0.51 cm2/mJ, which corresponds to an inactivation cross section of D90 = 4.5 mJ/cm2. This study establishes far-UVC delivered from a laser through an optical diffuser as a viable solution for disinfection of susceptible regions such as around catheters, drivelines, or other skin penetrating medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Welch
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Manuela Buonanno
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gerhard Randers-Pehrson
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Henry M. Spotnitz
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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Far-UVC light: A new tool to control the spread of airborne-mediated microbial diseases. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2752. [PMID: 29426899 PMCID: PMC5807439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21058-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Airborne-mediated microbial diseases such as influenza and tuberculosis represent major public health challenges. A direct approach to prevent airborne transmission is inactivation of airborne pathogens, and the airborne antimicrobial potential of UVC ultraviolet light has long been established; however, its widespread use in public settings is limited because conventional UVC light sources are both carcinogenic and cataractogenic. By contrast, we have previously shown that far-UVC light (207-222 nm) efficiently inactivates bacteria without harm to exposed mammalian skin. This is because, due to its strong absorbance in biological materials, far-UVC light cannot penetrate even the outer (non living) layers of human skin or eye; however, because bacteria and viruses are of micrometer or smaller dimensions, far-UVC can penetrate and inactivate them. We show for the first time that far-UVC efficiently inactivates airborne aerosolized viruses, with a very low dose of 2 mJ/cm2 of 222-nm light inactivating >95% of aerosolized H1N1 influenza virus. Continuous very low dose-rate far-UVC light in indoor public locations is a promising, safe and inexpensive tool to reduce the spread of airborne-mediated microbial diseases.
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Welch D, Spotnitz HM, Brenner DJ. Measurement of UV Emission from a Diffusing Optical Fiber Using Radiochromic Film. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1509-1512. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Welch
- Center for Radiological Research; Columbia University Medical Center; New York NY
| | - Henry M. Spotnitz
- Department of Surgery; Columbia University Medical Center; New York NY
| | - David J. Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research; Columbia University Medical Center; New York NY
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