Stress-related hippocampus activation mediates the association between polyvictimization and trait anxiety in adolescents

A Systematic Review of Conceptualizations and Operationalizations of Youth Polyvictimization

Violence against youth is a global issue impacting millions each year. Increasingly, research has focused on studying those impacted by multiple forms of violence, or polyvictims. Evidence strongly suggests that polyvictimized youth tend to have worse physical and mental health outcomes than those who have experienced single forms of violence. Moreover, minoritized youth (i.e., racial and/or sexual minority youth, youth with disabilities) are more likely to experience polyvictimization, making this a social justice and equity concern. To date, there is no universal consensus on what exactly constitutes polyvictimization. This systematic review aims to examine the ways in which polyvictimization is being studied to inform both research and practice. As such, relevant databases were searched to amass the extant literature related to youth polyvictimization internationally. Empirical studies published since 2006 that focused on youth (under age 18) polyvictimization were included. After the review process, 264 studies met eligibility criteria, however 55 studies employed person-centered/finite mixture analyses and were removed for a separate review, resulting in 209 featured in the current systematic review. Results demonstrate that researchers are defining and operationalizing polyvictimization in different ways: (a) using individual victimization event counts; (b) employing domain-based counts; and (c) taking a "highest-victimized" percentage of their sample. The most used measurement tool was the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire, though other validated tools and researcher-constructed questions were frequently utilized. Research on polyvictimization is burgeoning worldwide; however, this research is being conducted in disparate ways, making it difficult to compare findings and further advance the field.

Stress in Musicians with and Without Focal Dystonia Is Not Reflected in Limbic Circuit Activation

BACKGROUND

Musicians' dystonia (MD) is a movement disorder with several established risk factors, but the exact pathophysiology remains unknown. Recent research suggests dysfunction in sensory-motor, basal ganglia, cerebellar, and limbic loops as potential causes. Adverse childhood experiences are also considered risk factors.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate whether MD patients have experienced more childhood trauma, leading to increased stress reactivity and neural vulnerability to movement disorders.

METHODS

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and the Montreal Imaging Stress Task, 40 MD patients were compared with 39 healthy musicians (HMs). Whole-brain analysis and regions of interest analysis were performed. Parameter estimates and subjective stress levels were compared between groups and correlated with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.

RESULTS

MD patients reported significantly higher childhood trauma scores than healthy control subjects, but they did not differ in their subjective stress experiences. Stress-related activity of limbic areas was neither found in the whole sample nor between the two groups. Instead, increased activity of visual association and temporal areas was observed, but this activation did not differ between patients and HMs. However, patients showed a tendency toward reduced precuneus activity under stress. Adverse childhood experiences were negatively correlated with precuneus, thalamus, and substantia nigra activity across all participants.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, MD patients and HMs had similar subjective and neurological reactions to stress but differed in childhood trauma experiences and precuneus activity under stress. Further research about the functional connectivity between precuneus, cerebellum, thalamus, and basal ganglia in musicians is needed. © 2024 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Trait anxiety mediates the association between hippocampal-insula functional connectivity and anxiety symptom severity in adults with and without generalized anxiety disorder

BACKGROUND

Trait anxiety is a vulnerability factor for the development of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The hippocampus has been implicated in trait anxiety in normal and GAD populations. However, the exact neural mechanism of hippocampal functional connectivity (FC) and its association with clinical symptoms and trait anxiety in GAD patients remains unknown.

METHODS

We recruited 68 participants (37 drug-naïve non-comorbidity GAD patients and 31 matched healthy controls (HC)), assessed their trait and state anxiety, scanned them with structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and compared their hippocampal FC and volumes. We explored the relationships between hippocampal FC, clinical symptoms, and trait anxiety using partial correlation analyses; we also investigated the mediating effects of trait anxiety on the association between hippocampal FC and GAD symptom severity.

RESULTS

The GAD group showed increased right hippocampal FC with left insula, which was positively correlated with the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), State Anxiety Inventory (SAI), and Trait Anxiety Inventory (TAI). Trait anxiety mediated the relationship between hippocampal FC and anxiety levels. We found no significant difference in hippocampal volumes between GAD and HC.

LIMITATIONS

The sample size was moderate. The exclusion of comorbidity may reduce the generalizability of our results in normal clinical settings.

CONCLUSIONS

The GAD patients showed no structural change but had functional alterations in the hippocampus. More importantly, future psychotherapy for this disorder should consider that trait anxiety might play a crucial role in the altered hippocampal FC in GAD.

"Many bad things had been happening to me": Children's perceptions and experiences of polyvictimization in the context of child physical abuse

BACKGROUND

The association between child maltreatment and polyvictimization has received growing attention since being identified by Finkelhor and colleagues in 2005.

OBJECTIVE

The current study was designed to explore the experiences and perceptions of children who reported polyvictimization during forensic interviews.

METHODS

This mixed-methods study sample comprised 117 children aged 5-14, referred for the first time to forensic interviews following suspected physical abuse by a parent. More than one-third of the children reported polyvictimization. A thematic analysis was carried out to spotlight these children's experiences.

RESULTS

The analysis identified three main themes: the way children comprehend the polyvictimization, the consequences of the polyvictimization regarding the children's negative self-attribution, and the way the polyvictimization was constructed through the dynamic with the forensic interviewers.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings pointed to the importance of the forensic interview platform in assessing children's maltreatment burden. The current study also provided a glance into the possible involvement of the mechanics of self-blame among maltreated children. These findings have the potential to enhance our understanding of the excessive psychological toll taken on polyvictimized children.

Decline of stress resilience in aging rats: Focus on choroid plexus-cerebrospinal fluid-hippocampus

Objectives: This study was designed to examine the mechanisms underlying decline of stress resilience in aged rats from the perspective of CP-CSF-hippocampus.Methods: Male Wistar rats (7-8 weeks old or 20 months old) were subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 6 weeks. The behavioral tests were conducted to assess anxiety, depression and cognitive function. Hippocampal neurogenesis, apoptosis and synaptic plasticity were detected by western blot (WB) and/or immunofluorescence (IF) assay. Differential expression of growth factors (GFs) and axon guidance proteins (AGPs) in CSF was analyzed using the quantitative proteomics approach. IF and WB were performed to detect expression of occludin-1, Ki-67/Transthyretin, and folate transporters in choroid plexus (CP).Results: Decreased proliferation, impaired structure and transport function of CP were correlated with CSF composition alterations in stressed aging rats, including reduced 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate, growth factors and axon growth factors. Nutritional support of CSF upon hippocampus was attenuated, therefore affecting hippocampal plasticity. It has led to depression-like behaviors and cognitive deficits in stressful aged rats.Conclusions: Keeping normal structure and function of CP-CSF system may be a practical strategy for neuropsychological disorders in the elderly. This work provides evidential basis for CP transplant and CSF replacement therapy in future studies.

Triple Network Functional Connectivity During Acute Stress in Adolescents and the Influence of Polyvictimization

BACKGROUND

Exposure to both chronic and acute stressors can disrupt functional connectivity (FC) of the default mode network (DMN), salience network (SN), and central executive network (CEN), increasing risk for negative health outcomes. During adolescence, these stress-sensitive triple networks undergo critical neuromaturation that is altered by chronic exposure to general forms of trauma or victimization. However, no work has directly examined how acute stress affects triple network FC in adolescents or whether polyvictimization-exposure to multiple categories/subtypes of victimization-influences adolescent triple network neural acute stress response.

METHODS

This functional magnetic resonance imaging study examined seed-to-voxel FC of the DMN, SN, and CEN during the Montreal Imaging Stress Task. Complete data from 73 participants aged 9 to 16 years (31 female) are reported.

RESULTS

During acute stress, FC was increased between DMN and CEN regions and decreased between the SN and the DMN and CEN. Greater polyvictimization was associated with reduced FC during acute stress exposure between the DMN seed and a cluster containing the left insula of the SN.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicate that acute stress exposure alters FC between the DMN, SN, and CEN in adolescents. In addition, FC changes during stress between the DMN and SN are further moderated by polyvictimization exposure.