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Espinoza Oyarce DA, Burns RA, Shaw ME, Butterworth P, Cherbuin N. Neural correlates of the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory: A cross-sectional structural neuroimaging study in middle-aged adults. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14574. [PMID: 38546153 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) proposes that neurobiological systems control behavior: the fight-flight-freeze (FFFS) for avoidance of threat; behavioral approach/activation (BAS) for approach to rewards; and behavioral inhibition (BIS) for conflict resolution when avoidance and approach are possible. Neuroimaging studies have confirmed some theoretical associations between brain structures and the BAS and BIS; however, little representative population data are available for the FFFS. We investigated the neural correlates of the revised RST in a sample of 404 middle-aged adults (Mage = 47.18 (SD = 1.38); 54.5% female). Participants underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging and completed health questionnaires and the BIS/BAS/FFFS scales. We used multiple regression analyses to investigate the association between scale scores and volumes of a priori theoretically linked regions of interest while controlling for sex, age, intracranial volume, and cardio-metabolic variables; and conducted exploratory analyses on cortical thickness. The BIS was negatively associated with hippocampus laterality. At standard significance levels, the fear component of the FFFS was positively associated with anterior cingulate cortex; the BAS was positively associated with bilateral caudate; and the BIS was positively associated with posterior cingulate cortex volume. Furthermore, these neurobiological systems showed distinct patterns of association with cortical thickness though future work is needed. Our results showed that the neurobiological systems of the revised RST characterized in rodents can also be identified in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Espinoza Oyarce
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Richard A Burns
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Marnie E Shaw
- College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Peter Butterworth
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nicolas Cherbuin
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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2
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Huo Z, Chen Z, Zhang R, Xu J, Feng T. The functional connectivity between right parahippocampal gyrus and precuneus underlying the association between reward sensitivity and procrastination. Cortex 2024; 171:153-164. [PMID: 38000138 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Procrastination has adverse effects on personal growth and social development. Behavior research has found reward sensitivity is positively correlated with procrastination. However, it remains unclear that the neural substrates underlie the relationship between reward sensitivity and procrastination. To address this issue, the present study used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) analyses to investigate the neural substrates underlying the association with reward sensitivity and procrastination in two independent samples (N1 = 388, N2 = 330). In Sample 1, the behavioral result indicated reward sensitivity was positively correlated with procrastination. Moreover, the VBM analysis showed that reward sensitivity was positively associated with the gray matter volume (GMV) of the right parahippocampal gyrus. Furthermore, the RSFC result found reward sensitivity was negatively associated with the functional connectivity of the right parahippocampal gyrus-precuneus. Crucially, the mediation analysis revealed that functional connectivity of the right parahippocampal gyrus-precuneus mediated the relationship between reward sensitivity and procrastination. To verify the robustness of the results, confirmatory analysis was carried out in Sample 2. The results of Sample 1 (i.e., the behavioral, VBM, RSFC, and mediation results) can be verified in Sample 2. In brief, these findings suggested that the functional connectivity of the right parahippocampal gyrus-precuneus involved in reward impulsive control could modulate the relationship between reward sensitivity and procrastination, which is the first to reveal the neural underpinning of the association between reward sensitivity and procrastination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Huo
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; Experimental Research Center for Medical and Psychological Science (ERC-MPS), School of Psychology, Army Medical University, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junye Xu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingyong Feng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China.
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3
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Reward network connectivity "at rest" is associated with reward sensitivity in healthy adults: A resting-state fMRI study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 19:726-736. [PMID: 30680664 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-019-00688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The behavioral approach system (BAS), based on reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST), is a neurobehavioral system responsible for detecting and promoting motivated behaviors towards appetitive stimuli. Anatomically, the frontostriatal system has been proposed as the core of the BAS, mainly the ventral tegmental area and the ventral striatum and their dopaminergic connections with medial prefrontal structures. The RST also proposes the personality trait of reward sensitivity as a measurable construct of stable individual differences in BAS activity. However, the relationship between this trait and brain connectivity "at rest" has been poorly studied, mainly because previous investigations have focused on studying brain activity under reward-related contingency paradigms. Here, we analyzed the influence of reward sensitivity on the resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) between BAS-related areas by correlating the BOLD time series with the scores on the Sensitivity to Reward (SR) scale in a sample of 89 healthy young adults. Rs-FC between regions of interest were all significant. Results also revealed a positive association between SR scores and the rs-FC between the VTA and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and between the latter structure and the anterior cingulate cortex. These results suggest that reward sensitivity could be associated with different resting-state activity in the mesocortical pathway.
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Cubillo A, Makwana AB, Hare TA. Differential modulation of cognitive control networks by monetary reward and punishment. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 14:305-317. [PMID: 30690563 PMCID: PMC6399610 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Incentives are primary determinants of if and how well an organism will perform a given behavior. Here, we examined how incentive valence and magnitude influence task switching, a critical cognitive control process, and test the predictions that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the ventral striatum (vStr) function as key nodes linking motivation and control systems in the brain. Our results indicate that reward and punishment incentives have both common and distinct effects on cognitive control at the behavioral and neurobiological levels. For example, reward incentives led to greater activity in the ACC during the engagement of control relative to punishments. Furthermore, the neural responses to reward and punishment differed as a function of individual sensitivity to each incentive valence. Functional connectivity analyses suggest a role for vStr in signaling motivational value during cognitive control and as a potential link between motivation and control networks. Overall, our findings suggest that similar changes in observed behavior (e.g. response accuracy) under reward and punishment incentives are mediated by, at least partially, distinct neurobiological substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cubillo
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aidan B Makwana
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Todd A Hare
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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5
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Kocsel N, Galambos A, Szabó E, Édes AE, Magyar M, Zsombók T, Pap D, Kozák LR, Bagdy G, Kökönyei G, Juhász G. Altered neural activity to monetary reward/loss processing in episodic migraine. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5420. [PMID: 30931979 PMCID: PMC6443660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41867-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysfunctions of the mesolimbic cortical reward circuit have been proposed to contribute to migraine pain. Although supporting empirical evidence was mainly found in connection with primary rewards or in chronic migraine where the pain experience is (almost) constant. Our goal however was to investigate the neural correlates of secondary reward/loss anticipation and consumption using the monetary incentive delay task in 29 episodic migraine patients and 41 headache-free controls. Migraine patients showed decreased activation in one cluster covering the right inferior frontal gyrus during reward consumption compared to controls. We also found significant negative correlation between the time of the last migraine attack before the scan and activation of the parahippocampal gyrus and the right hippocampus yielded to loss anticipation. During reward/loss consumption, a relative increase in the activity of the visual areas was observed the more time passed between the last attack and the scan session. Our results suggest intact reward/loss anticipation but altered reward consumption in migraine, indicating a decreased reactivity to monetary rewards. The findings also raise the possibility that neural responses to loss anticipation and reward/loss consumption could be altered by the proximity of the last migraine attack not just during pre-ictal periods, but interictally as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Kocsel
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,SE-NAP2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Galambos
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edina Szabó
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Edit Édes
- SE-NAP2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Magyar
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Terézia Zsombók
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Pap
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - György Bagdy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyöngyi Kökönyei
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary. .,SE-NAP2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gabriella Juhász
- SE-NAP2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, The University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
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6
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Kilroy E, Cermak SA, Aziz-Zadeh L. A Review of Functional and Structural Neurobiology of the Action Observation Network in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Coordination Disorder. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E75. [PMID: 30925819 PMCID: PMC6523237 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has reported motor impairment similarities between children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and a subgroup of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, there is a debate as to whether DCD is a co-occurring diagnosis in individuals with ASD and motor impairments (ASDd), or if motor impairments in ASD are distinct from DCD. However, the etiology of motor impairments is not well understood in either disorder. Clarifying comorbidities in ASD is important to determine different etiopathological phenotyping clusters in ASD and to understand the variety of genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the disorder. Furthermore, this distinction has important therapeutic relevance. Here we explore the current neuroimaging findings in ASD and DCD and discusses possible neural mechanisms that underlie similarities and differences between the disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kilroy
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Sharon A Cermak
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Lisa Aziz-Zadeh
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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7
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Hippmann B, Kuhlemann I, Bäumer T, Bahlmann J, Münte TF, Jessen S. Boosting the effect of reward on cognitive control using TMS over the left IFJ. Neuropsychologia 2019; 125:109-115. [PMID: 30721740 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although an enhancing effect of reward on cognitive performance has been observed consistently, its neural underpinnings remain elusive. Recent evidence suggests that the inferior frontal junction (IFJ) may be a key player underlying such an enhancement by integrating motivational processes and cognitive control. However, its exact role and in particular a potential causality of IFJ activation is still unclear. In the present study, we therefore investigated the causal contributions of the left IFJ in motivated task switching by temporarily disrupting its activity using continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS, Exp.1) or 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS, Exp.2). After TMS application over the left IFJ or a control site (vertex), participants performed a switch task in which numbers had to be judged by magnitude or parity. Different amounts of monetary rewards (high vs low) were used to manipulate the participants' motivational states. We measured reaction times and error rates. Irrespective of TMS stimulation, participants exhibited slower responses following task switches compared to task repeats. This effect was reduced in high reward trials. Importantly, we found that disrupting the IFJ improved participants' behavioral performance in the high reward condition. For high reward trials exclusively, error rates decreased when the IFJ was modulated with cTBS or 1 Hz rTMS but not after vertex stimulation. Our results suggest that the left IFJ is causally related to the increase in cognitive performance through reward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivo Kuhlemann
- Institute for Robotics and Cognitive Systems, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tobias Bäumer
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jörg Bahlmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sarah Jessen
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
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8
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BAS-drive trait modulates dorsomedial striatum activity during reward response-outcome associations. Brain Imaging Behav 2017; 10:869-79. [PMID: 26489979 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
According to the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, behavioral studies have found that individuals with stronger reward sensitivity easily detect cues of reward and establish faster associations between instrumental responses and reward. Neuroimaging studies have shown that processing anticipatory cues of reward is accompanied by stronger ventral striatum activity in individuals with stronger reward sensitivity. Even though establishing response-outcome contingencies has been consistently associated with dorsal striatum, individual differences in this process are poorly understood. Here, we aimed to study the relation between reward sensitivity and brain activity while processing response-reward contingencies. Forty-five participants completed the BIS/BAS questionnaire and performed a gambling task paradigm in which they received monetary rewards or punishments. Overall, our task replicated previous results that have related processing high reward outcomes with activation of striatum and medial frontal areas, whereas processing high punishment outcomes was associated with stronger activity in insula and middle cingulate. As expected, the individual differences in the activity of dorsomedial striatum correlated positively with BAS-Drive. Our results agree with previous studies that have related the dorsomedial striatum with instrumental performance, and suggest that the individual differences in this area may form part of the neural substrate responsible for modulating instrumental conditioning by reward sensitivity.
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9
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Korponay C, Pujara M, Deming P, Philippi C, Decety J, Kosson DS, Kiehl KA, Koenigs M. Impulsive-antisocial dimension of psychopathy linked to enlargement and abnormal functional connectivity of the striatum. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2017; 2:149-157. [PMID: 28367514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychopathy is a mental health disorder characterized by callous and impulsive antisocial behavior, and is associated with a high incidence of violent crime, substance abuse, and recidivism. Recent studies suggest that the striatum may be a key component of the neurobiological basis for the disorder, though structural findings have been mixed and functional connectivity of the striatum in psychopathy has yet to be fully examined. METHODS We performed a multimodal neuroimaging study of striatum volume and functional connectivity in psychopathy, using a large sample of adult male prison inmates (N=124). We conducted volumetric analyses in striatal subnuclei, and subsequently assessed resting-state functional connectivity in areas where volume was related to psychopathy severity. RESULTS Total PCL-R and Factor 2 scores (which index the impulsive/antisocial traits of psychopathy) were associated with larger striatal subnuclei volumes and increased volume in focal areas throughout the striatum, particularly in the nucleus accumbens and putamen bilaterally. Furthermore, at many of the striatal areas where volume was positively associated with Factor 2 scores, psychopathy severity was also associated with abnormal functional connectivity with other brain regions, including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventral midbrain and other areas of the striatum. The results were not attributable to age, race, IQ, substance use history, or intracranial volume. CONCLUSION These findings associate the impulsive/antisocial dimension of psychopathy with enlarged striatal subnuclei and aberrant functional connectivity between the striatum and other brain regions. Furthermore, the co-localization of volumetric and functional connectivity findings suggests that these neural abnormalities may be pathophysiologically linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Korponay
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, 53719, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Maia Pujara
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, 53719, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Philip Deming
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, 53719, USA
| | - Carissa Philippi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, 53719, USA; Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Jean Decety
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, 5848 South University Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - David S Kosson
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Kent A Kiehl
- The non-profit MIND Research Network, an affiliate of Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, 1101 Yale C NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA; Departments of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Law, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico MSC03 2220, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Michael Koenigs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, 53719, USA
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Fuentes-Claramonte P, Ávila C, Rodríguez-Pujadas A, Costumero V, Ventura-Campos N, Bustamante JC, Rosell-Negre P, Barrós-Loscertales A. Inferior frontal cortex activity is modulated by reward sensitivity and performance variability. Biol Psychol 2016; 114:127-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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11
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Ambrosini E, Vallesi A. Asymmetry in prefrontal resting-state EEG spectral power underlies individual differences in phasic and sustained cognitive control. Neuroimage 2016; 124:843-857. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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12
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Characterizing individual differences in reward sensitivity from the brain networks involved in response inhibition. Neuroimage 2015; 124:287-299. [PMID: 26343318 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A "disinhibited" cognitive profile has been proposed for individuals with high reward sensitivity, characterized by increased engagement in goal-directed responses and reduced processing of negative or unexpected cues, which impairs adequate behavioral regulation after feedback in these individuals. This pattern is manifested through deficits in inhibitory control and/or increases in RT variability. In the present work, we aimed to test whether this profile is associated with the activity of functional networks during a stop-signal task using independent component analysis (ICA). Sixty-one participants underwent fMRI while performing a stop-signal task, during which a manual response had to be inhibited. ICA was used to mainly replicate the functional networks involved in the task (Zhang and Li, 2012): two motor networks involved in the go response, the left and right fronto-parietal networks for stopping, a midline error-processing network, and the default-mode network (DMN), which was further subdivided into its anterior and posterior parts. Reward sensitivity was mainly associated with greater activity of motor networks, reduced activity in the midline network during correct stop trials and, behaviorally, increased RT variability. All these variables explained 36% of variance of the SR scores. This pattern of associations suggests that reward sensitivity involves greater motor engagement in the dominant response, more distractibility and reduced processing of salient or unexpected events, which may lead to disinhibited behavior.
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Calcott RD, Berkman ET. Neural Correlates of Attentional Flexibility during Approach and Avoidance Motivation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127203. [PMID: 26000735 PMCID: PMC4441475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic, momentary approach or avoidance motivational states have downstream effects on eventual goal success and overall well being, but there is still uncertainty about how those states affect the proximal neurocognitive processes (e.g., attention) that mediate the longer-term effects. Attentional flexibility, or the ability to switch between different attentional foci, is one such neurocognitive process that influences outcomes in the long run. The present study examined how approach and avoidance motivational states affect the neural processes involved in attentional flexibility using fMRI with the aim of determining whether flexibility operates via different neural mechanisms under these different states. Attentional flexibility was operationalized as subjects' ability to switch between global and local stimulus features. In addition to subjects' motivational state, the task context was manipulated by varying the ratio of global to local trials in a block in light of recent findings about the moderating role of context on motivation-related differences in attentional flexibility. The neural processes involved in attentional flexibility differ under approach versus avoidance states. First, differences in the preparatory activity in key brain regions suggested that subjects' preparedness to switch was influenced by motivational state (anterior insula) and the interaction between motivation and context (superior temporal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule). Additionally, we observed motivation-related differences the anterior cingulate cortex during switching. These results provide initial evidence that motivation-induced behavioral changes may arise via different mechanisms in approach versus avoidance motivational states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca D. Calcott
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America
| | - Elliot T. Berkman
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America
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Fuentes-Claramonte P, Ávila C, Rodríguez-Pujadas A, Ventura-Campos N, Bustamante JC, Costumero V, Rosell-Negre P, Barrós-Loscertales A. Reward sensitivity modulates brain activity in the prefrontal cortex, ACC and striatum during task switching. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123073. [PMID: 25875640 PMCID: PMC4395363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current perspectives on cognitive control acknowledge that individual differences in motivational dispositions may modulate cognitive processes in the absence of reward contingencies. This work aimed to study the relationship between individual differences in Behavioral Activation System (BAS) sensitivity and the neural underpinnings involved in processing a switching cue in a task-switching paradigm. BAS sensitivity was hypothesized to modulate brain activity in frontal regions, ACC and the striatum. Twenty-eight healthy participants underwent fMRI while performing a switching task, which elicited activity in fronto-striatal regions during the processing of the switch cue. BAS sensitivity was negatively associated with activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and the ventral striatum. Combined with previous results, our data indicate that BAS sensitivity modulates the neurocognitive processes involved in task switching in a complex manner depending on task demands. Therefore, individual differences in motivational dispositions may influence cognitive processing in the absence of reward contingencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fuentes-Claramonte
- Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - César Ávila
- Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Aina Rodríguez-Pujadas
- Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Noelia Ventura-Campos
- Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Juan C. Bustamante
- Departamento de Psicología y Sociología, Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Víctor Costumero
- Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Patricia Rosell-Negre
- Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Alfonso Barrós-Loscertales
- Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
- * E-mail:
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15
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Reward anticipation enhances brain activation during response inhibition. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015; 14:621-34. [PMID: 24867712 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-014-0292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The chance to achieve a reward starts up the required neurobehavioral mechanisms to adapt our thoughts and actions in order to accomplish our objective. However, reward does not equally reinforce everybody but depends on interindividual motivational dispositions. Thus, immediate reward contingencies can modulate the cognitive process required for goal achievement, while individual differences in personality can affect this modulation. We aimed to test the interaction between inhibition-related brain response and motivational processing in a stop signal task by reward anticipation and whether individual differences in sensitivity to reward (SR) modulate such interaction. We analyzed the cognitive-motivational interaction between the brain pattern activation of the regions involved in correct and incorrect response inhibition and the association between such brain activations and SR scores. We also analyzed the behavioral effects of reward on both reaction times for the "go" trials before and after correct and incorrect inhibition in order to test error prediction performance and postinhibition adjustment. Our results show enhanced activation during response inhibition under reward contingencies in frontal, parietal, and subcortical areas. Moreover, activation of the right insula and the left putamen positively correlates with the SR scores. Finally, the possibility of reward outcome affects not only response inhibition performance (e.g., reducing stop signal reaction time), but also error prediction performance and postinhibition adjustment. Therefore, reward contingencies improve behavioral performance and enhance brain activation during response inhibition, and SR is related to brain activation. Our results suggest the conditions and factors that subserve cognitive control strategies in cognitive motivational interactions during response inhibition.
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16
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Stocco A, Prat CS. Bilingualism trains specific brain circuits involved in flexible rule selection and application. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2014; 137:50-61. [PMID: 25156160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bilingual individuals have been shown to outperform monolinguals on a variety of tasks that measure non-linguistic executive functioning, suggesting that some facets of the bilingual experience give rise to generalized improvements in cognitive performance. The current study investigated the hypothesis that such advantage in executive functioning arises from the need to flexibly select and apply rules when speaking multiple languages. Such flexible behavior may strengthen the functioning of the fronto-striatal loops that direct signals to the prefrontal cortex. To test this hypothesis, we compared behavioral and brain data from proficient bilinguals and monolinguals who performed a Rapid Instructed Task Learning paradigm, which requires behaving according to ever-changing rules. Consistent with our hypothesis, bilinguals were faster than monolinguals when executing novel rules, and this improvement was associated with greater modulation of activity in the basal ganglia. The implications of these findings for language and executive function research are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Stocco
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, University of Washington, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Washington, United States.
| | - Chantel S Prat
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, University of Washington, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Washington, United States
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17
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Stock AK, Heintschel von Heinegg E, Köhling HL, Beste C. Latent Toxoplasma gondii infection leads to improved action control. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 37:103-8. [PMID: 24231154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The parasite Toxoplasma gondii has been found to manipulate the behavior of its secondary hosts to increase its own dissemination which is commonly believed to be to the detriment of the host (manipulation hypothesis). The manipulation correlates with an up-regulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission. In humans, different pathologies have been associated with T. gondii infections but most latently infected humans do not seem to display overt impairments. Since a dopamine plus does not necessarily bear exclusively negative consequences in humans, we investigated potential positive consequences of latent toxoplasmosis (and the presumed boosting of dopaminergic neurotransmission) on human cognition and behavior. For this purpose, we focused on action cascading which has been shown to be modulated by dopamine. Based on behavioral and neurophysiological (EEG) data obtained by means of a stop-change paradigm, we were able to demonstrate that healthy young humans can actually benefit from latent T. gondii infection as regards their performance in this task (as indicated by faster response times and a smaller P3 component). The data shows that a latent infection which is assumed to affect the dopaminergic system can lead to paradoxical improvements of cognitive control processes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Dresden, Schubertstrasse 42, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Evelyn Heintschel von Heinegg
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, Robert-Koch-Haus, Virchowstraße 179, D-45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Hedda-Luise Köhling
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, Robert-Koch-Haus, Virchowstraße 179, D-45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Dresden, Schubertstrasse 42, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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18
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Glenn AL, Yang Y. The potential role of the striatum in antisocial behavior and psychopathy. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:817-22. [PMID: 22672927 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we examine the functions of the striatum and the evidence that this brain region may be compromised in antisocial individuals. The striatum is involved in the processing of reward-related information and is thus important in reward-based learning. We review evidence from a growing number of brain imaging studies that have identified differences in the structure or functioning of the striatum either in antisocial groups or in relation to personality traits that are associated with antisocial behavior such as impulsivity and novelty seeking. Evidence from structural imaging studies suggests that the volume of the striatum is increased in antisocial populations, although evidence of localization to specific subregions is inconsistent. Functional imaging studies, which similarly tend to find increased functioning in the striatum, suggest that the striatum is not necessarily hypersensitive to the receipt of reward in antisocial individuals but instead may not be appropriately processing the absence of a reward, resulting in continuous responding to a stimulus that is no longer rewarding. This may impair the ability of individuals to flexibly respond to the environment, thus contributing to impulsivity and antisocial behavior. We conclude by discussing genetic and environmental factors that may affect the development of the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Glenn
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore.
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19
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Kennis M, Rademaker AR, Geuze E. Neural correlates of personality: an integrative review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 37:73-95. [PMID: 23142157 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the neural correlates of Gray's model (Gray and McNaughton, 2000; McNaughton and Corr, 2004), supplemented by a fourth dimension: constraint (Carver, 2005). The purpose of this review is to summarize findings from fMRI studies that tap on neural correlates of personality aspects in healthy subjects, in order to provide insight into the neural activity underlying human temperament. BAS-related personality traits were consistently reported to correlate positively to activity of the ventral and dorsal striatum and ventral PFC in response to positive stimuli. FFFS and BIS-related personality traits are positively correlated to activity in the amygdala in response to negative stimuli. There is limited evidence that constraint is associated with PFC and ACC activity. In conclusion, functional MRI research sheds some light on the specific neural networks underlying personality. It is clear that more sophisticated task paradigms are required, as well as personality questionnaires that effectively differentiate between BAS, FFFS, BIS, and constraint. Further research is proposed to potentially reveal new insight in the neural subsystems governing basic human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzy Kennis
- Research Centre-Military Mental Healthcare, Lundlaan 1, 3584 EZ Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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