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Murphy J, Zierotin A, Mongan D, Healy C, Susai SR, O'Donoghue B, Clarke M, O'Connor K, Cannon M, Cotter DR. Associations between soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) concentration and psychiatric disorders - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 120:327-338. [PMID: 38857636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is some evidence of an association between inflammation in the pathogenesis of mental disorders. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a biomarker of chronic inflammation, which provides a more stable index of systemic inflammation than more widely used biomarkers. This review aims to synthesise studies that measured suPAR concentrations in individuals with a psychiatric disorder, to determine if these concentrations are altered in comparison to healthy participants. METHOD Comprehensive literature searches from inception to October 2023 were conducted of five relevant databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, APA PsychInfo). Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to compare the standardised mean difference of blood suPAR levels (i.e. plasma or serum) for individuals with any psychiatric disorder relative to controls. Separate meta-analyses of suPAR levels were conducted for individuals with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder and depressive disorder. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Post-hoc sensitivity analyses included excluding studies at high risk of bias, and analyses of studies that measured suPAR concentrations either in serum or in plasma separately. RESULTS The literature search identified 149 records. Ten full-text studies were screened for eligibility and 9 studies were included for review. Primary analyses revealed no significant difference in suPAR levels between individuals with any psychiatric disorder compared to controls (k = 7, SMD = 0.42, 95 % CI [-0.20, 1.04]). However, those with depressive disorder had elevated suPAR levels relative to controls (k = 3, SMD = 0.61, 95 % CI [0.34, 0.87]). Similarly, secondary analyses showed no evidence of a significant difference in suPAR levels in individuals with any psychiatric disorder when studies at high risk of bias were excluded (k = 6, SMD = 0.54, 95 % CI [-0.14, 1.22]), but elevated suPAR concentrations for those with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder were found (k = 3, SMD = 0.98, 95 % CI [0.39, 1.58]). Furthermore, studies that analysed plasma suPAR concentrations found elevated plasma suPAR levels in individuals with any psychiatric disorder relative to controls (k = 5, SMD = 0.84, 95 % CI [0.38, 1.29]), while studies measuring serum suPAR levels in any psychiatric disorder did not find a difference (k = 2, SMD = -0.61, 95 % CI [-1.27, 0.04]). For plasma, elevated suPAR concentrations were also identified for those with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder (k = 3, SMD = 0.98, 95 % CI [0.39, 1.58]). DISCUSSION When studies measuring either only serum or only plasma suPAR were considered, no significant difference in suPAR levels were observed between psychiatric disorder groups, although significantly elevated suPAR levels were detected in those with moderate to severe depressive disorder. However, plasma suPAR levels were significantly elevated in those with any psychiatric disorder relative to controls, while no difference in serum samples was found. A similar finding was reported for schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder. The plasma findings suggest that chronic inflammatory dysregulation may contribute to the pathology of schizophrenia and depressive disorder. Future longitudinal studies are required to fully elucidate the role of this marker in the psychopathology of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Anna Zierotin
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Mongan
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Colm Healy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Subash R Susai
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; SFI FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian O'Donoghue
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Dublin, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mary Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Dublin, Ireland; DETECT Early Intervention for Psychosis Service, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen O'Connor
- RISE, Early Intervention in Psychosis Team, South Lee Mental Health Services, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mary Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; SFI FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David R Cotter
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; SFI FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Mongan D, Raj Susai S, Föcking M, Byrne JF, Zammit S, Cannon M, Cotter DR. Associations between plasma inflammatory markers and psychotic disorder, depressive disorder and generalised anxiety disorder in early adulthood: A nested case-control study. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 111:90-100. [PMID: 37004760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-grade inflammation may occur in association with several mental disorders of early adulthood, though associations with markers of chronic inflammation such as soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) are less well-established. We aimed to examine associations between acute and chronic inflammatory markers and mental disorders, as well as psychiatric co-morbidity, in young adults aged 24 years in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. METHODS Included were 781 participants (of 4019 who attended at age 24 years) who completed psychiatric assessments and provided plasma samples. Of these, 377 met criteria for psychotic disorder, depressive disorder or generalised anxiety disorder and 404 did not. Plasma concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, CRP, sVCAM1, sICAM1, suPAR and alpha-2-macroglobulin were measured using immunoassays. Logistic regression compared standardised inflammatory marker levels in cases and controls. Negative binomial regression evaluated associations between inflammatory markers and co-morbidity (number of mental disorders). Models were adjusted for sex, body mass index, cigarette smoking, cannabis use and employment status, then additionally for childhood trauma. RESULTS For psychotic disorder, there was evidence for associations with IL-6 (odds ratio[OR] 1.68, 95 %CI 1.20-2.34) and suPAR (OR 1.74, 95 %CI 1.17-2.58). There was weaker evidence for an association between suPAR and depressive disorder (OR 1.31, 95 %CI 1.05-1.62). There was little evidence for associations between inflammatory markers and generalised anxiety disorder. There was weak evidence for an association between suPAR and co-morbidity (β 0.10, 95 %CI 0.01-0.19). There was little evidence for additional confounding by childhood trauma. CONCLUSIONS There was evidence that 24-year-olds with psychotic disorder had raised plasma IL-6 and suPAR concentrations compared to controls. These findings have implications regarding the role of inflammation in mental disorders in early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mongan
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Subash Raj Susai
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Melanie Föcking
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jonah F Byrne
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stan Zammit
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David R Cotter
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Bigseth TT, Engh JA, Andersen E, Bang-Kittilsen G, Egeland J, Falk RS, Holmen TL, Mordal J, Nielsen J, Ueland T, Vang T, Fredriksen M. Alterations in inflammatory markers after a 12-week exercise program in individuals with schizophrenia-a randomized controlled trial. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1175171. [PMID: 37265560 PMCID: PMC10231033 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1175171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In individuals with schizophrenia, inflammation is associated with depression, somatic comorbidity and reduced quality of life. Physical exercise is known to reduce inflammation in other populations, but we have only limited knowledge in the field of schizophrenia. We assessed inflammatory markers in plasma samples from individuals with schizophrenia participating in an exercise intervention randomized controlled trial. We hypothesized that (i) physical exercise would reduce levels of inflammatory markers and (ii) elevated inflammatory status at baseline would be associated with improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) following intervention. Method Eighty-two individuals with schizophrenia were randomized to a 12-week intervention of either high-intensity interval training (HIIT, n = 43) or active video gaming (AVG, n = 39). Participants were assessed at baseline, post intervention and four months later. The associations between exercise and the inflammatory markers soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, c-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), soluble TNF receptor 1 and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were estimated using linear mixed effect models for repeated measures. For estimating associations between baseline inflammation and change in CRF, we used linear regression models. Results Our main findings were (i) TNF and IL-6 increased during the intervention period for both groups. Other inflammatory markers did not change during the exercise intervention period; (ii) baseline inflammatory status did not influence change in CRF during intervention, except for a positive association between baseline IL-6 levels and improvements of CRF to post intervention for both groups. Conclusion In our study, HIIT and AVG for 12-weeks had no reducing effect on inflammatory markers. Patients with high baseline IL-6 levels had a positive change in CRF during intervention. In order to increase our knowledge regarding association between inflammatory markers and exercise in individuals with schizophrenia, larger studies with more frequent and longer exercise bout duration are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Torgersen Bigseth
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - John Abel Engh
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Eivind Andersen
- Faculty of Humanities, Sports and Educational Science, University of Southeast Norway, Horten, Norway
| | - Gry Bang-Kittilsen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Jens Egeland
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Sørum Falk
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Research Support Services, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom Langerud Holmen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Jon Mordal
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Jimmi Nielsen
- Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thor Ueland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway
| | - Torkel Vang
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mats Fredriksen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
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Rasmussen LJH, Petersen JEV, Eugen-Olsen J. Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor (suPAR) as a Biomarker of Systemic Chronic Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:780641. [PMID: 34925360 PMCID: PMC8674945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.780641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic chronic inflammation (SCI) is persistent, health-damaging, low-grade inflammation that plays a major role in immunosenescence and in development and progression of many diseases. But currently, there are no recognized standard biomarkers to assess SCI levels alone, and SCI is typically measured by combining biomarkers of acute inflammation and infection, e.g., CRP, IL-6, and TNFα. In this review, we highlight 10 properties and characteristics that are shared by the blood protein soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) and SCI, supporting the argument that suPAR is a biomarker of SCI: (1) Expression and release of suPAR is upregulated by immune activation; (2) uPAR and suPAR exert pro-inflammatory functions; (3) suPAR is associated with the amount of circulating immune cells; (4) Blood suPAR levels correlate with the levels of established inflammatory biomarkers; (5) suPAR is minimally affected by acute changes and short-term influences, in contrast to many currently used markers of systemic inflammation; (6) Like SCI, suPAR is non-specifically associated with multiple diseases; (7) suPAR and SCI both predict morbidity and mortality; (8) suPAR and SCI share the same risk factors; (9) suPAR is associated with risk factors and outcomes of inflammation above and beyond other inflammatory biomarkers; (10) The suPAR level can be reduced by anti-inflammatory interventions and treatment of disease. Assessing SCI has the potential to inform risk for morbidity and mortality. Blood suPAR is a newer biomarker which may, in fact, be a biomarker of SCI since it is stably associated with inflammation and immune activation; shares the same risk factors as many age-related diseases; is both elevated by and predicts age-related diseases. There is strong evidence that suPAR is a prognostic marker of adverse events, morbidity, and mortality. It is associated with immune activity and prognosis across diverse conditions, including kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and inflammatory disorders. Thus, we think it likely represents a common underlying disease-process shared by many diseases; that is, SCI. We review the supporting literature and propose a research agenda that can help test the hypothesis that suPAR indexes SCI, with the potential of becoming the new gold standard for measuring SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Jee Hartmann Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jens Emil Vang Petersen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jesper Eugen-Olsen
- Department of Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
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Trotta A, Arseneault L, Danese A, Mondelli V, Rasmussen LJH, Fisher HL. Associations between childhood victimization, inflammatory biomarkers and psychotic phenomena in adolescence: A longitudinal cohort study. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 98:74-85. [PMID: 34390805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to victimization in childhood has been linked to the development of psychosis. However, little is known about how childhood victimization is translated into biological risk for psychosis. One possibility is via increased inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the association between childhood victimization, psychotic experiences (PEs) in adolescence and inflammatory markers using data from a general population cohort. Participants were 1,419 British-born children followed from birth to age 18 years as part of the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study. Childhood victimization was measured prospectively using multiple sources from birth to age 12 years. PEs were assessed during private interviews with participants at age 18 years for the period since age 12. Plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) levels were measured from plasma samples collected from participants at 18 years. Young people with both PEs and childhood victimization were more likely to belong to a group with elevated suPAR, CRP and IL-6 levels at 18 years of age (OR = 3.34, 95% CI 1.69-6.59, p = 0.001) than those with no childhood victimization and without PEs. However, this association was attenuated when adjusted for other risk factors for elevated inflammation at age 18 (OR = 1.94, 95% CI 0.94-4.04, p = 0.075). In contrast, presence of PEs without childhood victimization was not significantly associated with age-18 inflammatory markers and neither was childhood victimization without PEs (all p's greater than 0.05). The current study highlights that inflammatory dysregulation is mostly present in adolescents reporting PEs who also experienced childhood victimization, though this seemed to be largely due to concurrent inflammation-related risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Trotta
- King's College London, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK; Lambeth Directorate, South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Louise Arseneault
- King's College London, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Andrea Danese
- King's College London, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK; King's College London, Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK; National and Specialist CAMHS Trauma, Anxiety, and Depression Clinic, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- King's College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Line J H Rasmussen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Helen L Fisher
- King's College London, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK; ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK.
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Bigseth TT, Engh JA, Egeland J, Andersen E, Andreassen OA, Bang-Kittilsen G, Falk RS, Holmen TL, Lindberg M, Mordal J, Nielsen J, Steen NE, Ueland T, Vang T, Fredriksen M. Exploring low grade inflammation by soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor levels in schizophrenia: a sex-dependent association with depressive symptoms. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:527. [PMID: 34702245 PMCID: PMC8547032 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence of increased low grade inflammation (LGI) in schizophrenia patients. However, the inter-individual variation is large and the association with demographic, somatic and psychiatric factors remains unclear. Our aim was to explore whether levels of the novel LGI marker soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) were associated with clinical factors in schizophrenia and if such associations were sex-dependent. METHOD In this observational study a total of 187 participants with schizophrenia (108 males, 79 females) underwent physical examination and assessment with clinical interviews (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), and Drug Use Disorder Identification Test (DUDIT)). Blood levels of suPAR, glucose, lipids, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were determined and body mass index (BMI) calculated. Multivariable linear regression analyses were used adjusting for confounders, and sex interaction tested in significant variables. RESULTS Adjusting for sex, age, current tobacco smoking and BMI, we found that levels of hsCRP and depressive symptoms (CDSS) were positively associated with levels of suPAR (p < 0.001). The association between suPAR and CDSS score was significant in females (p < 0.001) but not in males. Immune activation measured by hsCRP was not associated with depressive symptoms after adjusting for BMI. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that increased suPAR levels are associated with depressive symptoms in females with schizophrenia, suggesting aberrant immune activation in this subgroup. Our results warrant further studies, including longitudinal follow-up of suPAR levels in schizophrenia and experimental studies of mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Torgersen Bigseth
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Sykehuset i Vestfold, PO Box 2168, 3103, Tonsberg, Norway.
| | - John Abel Engh
- grid.417292.b0000 0004 0627 3659Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Sykehuset i Vestfold, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway
| | - Jens Egeland
- grid.417292.b0000 0004 0627 3659Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Sykehuset i Vestfold, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1094, Blindern 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Andersen
- grid.463530.70000 0004 7417 509XFaculty of Humanities, Sports and Educational Science, University of South-Eastern Norway, PO Box 235, 3603 Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Ole Andreas Andreassen
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Psychosis Research Unit/TOP, Ullevaal Hospital, building 49, PO Box 4956, Nydalen 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gry Bang-Kittilsen
- grid.417292.b0000 0004 0627 3659Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Sykehuset i Vestfold, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Sørum Falk
- grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom Langerud Holmen
- grid.417292.b0000 0004 0627 3659Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Sykehuset i Vestfold, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway
| | - Morten Lindberg
- grid.417292.b0000 0004 0627 3659Department of Laboratory Medicine, Vestfold Hospital Trust, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway
| | - Jon Mordal
- grid.417292.b0000 0004 0627 3659Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Sykehuset i Vestfold, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway
| | - Jimmi Nielsen
- grid.4973.90000 0004 0646 7373Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Psychosis Research Unit/TOP, Ullevaal Hospital, building 49, PO Box 4956, Nydalen 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, Nydalen 0424 Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Faculty of Health Sciences, PO Box 1171, Blindern 0318 Oslo, Norway ,grid.10919.300000000122595234K.G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromso, 9037 Tromso, Norway
| | - Torkel Vang
- grid.417292.b0000 0004 0627 3659Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Sykehuset i Vestfold, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway ,grid.4973.90000 0004 0646 7373Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mats Fredriksen
- grid.417292.b0000 0004 0627 3659Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Sykehuset i Vestfold, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway
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Bigseth TT, Fredriksen M, Egeland J, Andersen E, Andreassen OA, Bang-Kittilsen G, Falk RS, Holmen TL, Martinsen EW, Mordal J, Nielsen J, Steen NE, Ueland T, Vang T, Engh JA. Elevated levels of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor as a low-grade inflammation marker in schizophrenia: A case-control study. Schizophr Res 2021; 228:190-192. [PMID: 33450603 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Therese Torgersen Bigseth
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold, Hospital Trust, Postboks 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway.
| | - Mats Fredriksen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold, Hospital Trust, Postboks 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway
| | - Jens Egeland
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold, Hospital Trust, Postboks 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, P.O box 1094, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Andersen
- Faculty of Humanities, Sports and Educational Science, University College of South-Eastern Norway, Post office box 235, 3603 Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Ole Andreas Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Psychosis Research Unit/TOP, Ullevaal Hospital, Building 49, P.O Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gry Bang-Kittilsen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold, Hospital Trust, Postboks 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Sorum Falk
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Pb 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom Langerud Holmen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold, Hospital Trust, Postboks 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway
| | - Egil Wilhelm Martinsen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1072, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon Mordal
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold, Hospital Trust, Postboks 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway
| | - Jimmi Nielsen
- Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Copenhagen University Hospital, Kristineberg 3, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Psychosis Research Unit/TOP, Ullevaal Hospital, Building 49, P.O Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Faculty of Health Sciences, P.O box 1171, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromso, 9037 Tromso, Norway
| | - Torkel Vang
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold, Hospital Trust, Postboks 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway; Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Copenhagen University Hospital, Kristineberg 3, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - John Abel Engh
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold, Hospital Trust, Postboks 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway
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Hansen TF, Banasik K, Erikstrup C, Pedersen OB, Westergaard D, Chmura PJ, Nielsen K, Thørner L, Hjalgrim H, Paarup H, Larsen MAH, Petersen M, Jennum P, Andersen S, Nyegaard M, Jemec GBE, Olesen J, Werge T, Johansson PI, Sørensen E, Brunak S, Ullum H, Burgdorf KS. DBDS Genomic Cohort, a prospective and comprehensive resource for integrative and temporal analysis of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors affecting health of blood donors. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e028401. [PMID: 31182452 PMCID: PMC6561431 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish a cohort that enables identification of genomic factors that influence human health and empower increased blood donor health and safe blood transfusions. Human health is complex and involves several factors, a major one being the genomic aspect. The genomic era has resulted in many consortia encompassing large samples sizes, which has proven successful for identifying genetic factors associated with specific traits. However, it remains a big challenge to establish large cohorts that facilitate studies of the interaction between genetic factors, environmental and life-style factors as these change over the course of life. A major obstacle to such endeavours is that it is difficult to revisit participants to retrieve additional information and obtain longitudinal, consecutive measurements. PARTICIPANTS Blood donors (n=110 000) have given consent to participate in the Danish Blood Donor Study. The study uses the infrastructure of the Danish blood banks. FINDINGS TO DATE The cohort comprises extensive phenotype data and whole genome genotyping data. Further, it is possible to retrieve additional phenotype data from national registries as well as from the donors at future visits, including consecutive measurements. FUTURE PLANS To provide new knowledge on factors influencing our health and thus provide a platform for studying the influence of genomic factors on human health, in particular the interaction between environmental and genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Folkmann Hansen
- Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- Center for Protein Research, Kobenhavns Universitet Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Karina Banasik
- Center for Protein Research, Kobenhavns Universitet Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | | | | | - David Westergaard
- Center for Protein Research, Kobenhavns Universitet Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Piotr Jaroslaw Chmura
- Center for Protein Research, Kobenhavns Universitet Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Kaspar Nielsen
- Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik Hjalgrim
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helene Paarup
- Immunology, Odense Universitetshospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Poul Jennum
- Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Ageing, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Jes Olesen
- Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- Clinical Medicine, Kobenhavns Universitet Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet, Kobenhavn, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Pär I Johansson
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Brunak
- Center for Protein Research, Kobenhavns Universitet Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet, Kobenhavn, Denmark
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9
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Ozpercin PU, Kendirlioglu BK, Sozen S, Yuksel O, Cihnioğlu R, Kalelioglu T, Karamustafalioglu N. Decreased circulating urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) concentration in acute episodes of bipolar disorder; could it be a reflection of axonal injury? Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 90:122-126. [PMID: 29482134 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of Bipolar Disorder (BD) has been studied thoroughly. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is one of the molecules, whose concentration is of predictive value with regards to an ongoing inflammation and tissue regeneration, and it is hypothesized that it may also be altered in Bipolar Disorder. In this study, it is aimed to compare the levels of serum soluble uPAR during the manic, depressive and euthymic states of cases diagnosed with bipolar disorder, with healthy individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-four BD patients at manic state (BD-m), 35 BD patients at depressive state (BD-d), 42 euthymic patients (BD-e) and 41 healthy controls (HC) who were similar with the diseased subjects regarding age and smoking status included in the study. Serum soluble uPAR levels of patients and healthy controls were measured. RESULTS The main finding of our study is that serum soluble uPAR levels are lower in patients diagnosed with BD either in depressive (BD-d) or in manic state (BD-m) than in BD patients in euthymic state (BD-e) or in healthy controls (HC). There was no significant difference in serum soluble uPAR concentrations between BD-m and BD-d s or between BD-e and HC with regards to serum soluble uPAR concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Urokinase-type plasminogen (uPA) is a molecule which is an element of uPAR system and the molecules collectively take role in inflammation, tissue regeneration and axonal regeneration within the Central Nervous System (CNS). It has previously suggested in some studies that there may be a decrease in axonal density or axonal dysfunction in CNS in bipolar individuals. Accordingly, one may say that the low concentrations of soluble uPAR measured in our bipolar patients either at depressive or at manic state is due to the diminished regulatory role of soluble uPAR on axonal regeneration in CNS of BD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Unalan Ozpercin
- Department of Psychiatry, Iskenderun State Hospital, Iskenderun, 31240, Hatay, Turkey.
| | - Burcu Kok Kendirlioglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Research and Training Hospital, 34752, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sule Sozen
- Department of Psychiatry, Tatvan State Hospital, 13200, Bitlis, Turkey
| | - Ozge Yuksel
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakırköy Mental Health Research and Teaching Hospital, 34147, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Refik Cihnioğlu
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakırköy Mental Health Research and Teaching Hospital, 34147, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tevfik Kalelioglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakırköy Mental Health Research and Teaching Hospital, 34147, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Karamustafalioglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakırköy Mental Health Research and Teaching Hospital, 34147, Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Effect of a physical activity intervention on suPAR levels: A randomized controlled trial. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:286-290. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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11
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Afshari P, Yao WD, Middleton FA. Reduced Slc1a1 expression is associated with neuroinflammation and impaired sensorimotor gating and cognitive performance in mice: Implications for schizophrenia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183854. [PMID: 28886095 PMCID: PMC5590851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported a 84-Kb hemi-deletion copy number variant at the SLC1A1 gene locus that reduces its expression and appeared causally linked to schizophrenia. In this report, we characterize the in vivo and in vitro consequences of reduced expression of Slc1a1 in mice. Heterozygous (HET) Slc1a1+/- mice, which more closely model the hemi-deletion we found in human subjects, were examined in a series of behavioral, anatomical and biochemical assays. Knockout (KO) mice were also included in the behavioral studies for comparative purposes. Both HET and KO mice exhibited evidence of increased anxiety-like behavior, impaired working memory, decreased exploratory activity and impaired sensorimotor gating, but no changes in overall locomotor activity. The magnitude of changes was approximately equivalent in the HET and KO mice suggesting a dominant effect of the haploinsufficiency. Behavioral changes in the HET mice were accompanied by reduced thickness of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Whole transcriptome RNA-Seq analysis detected expression changes of genes and pathways involved in cytokine signaling and synaptic functions in both brain and blood. Moreover, the brains of Slc1a1+/- mice displayed elevated levels of oxidized glutathione, a trend for increased oxidative DNA damage, and significantly increased levels of cytokines. This latter finding was further supported by SLC1A1 knockdown and overexpression studies in differentiated human neuroblastoma cells, which led to decreased or increased cytokine expression, respectively. Taken together, our results suggest that partial loss of the Slc1a1 gene in mice causes haploinsufficiency associated with behavioral, histological and biochemical changes that reflect an altered redox state and may promote the expression of behavioral features and inflammatory states consistent with those observed in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Afshari
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY United States of America
| | - Wei-Dong Yao
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY United States of America.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Frank A Middleton
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY United States of America.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
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12
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Klemettilä JP, Kampman O, Seppälä N, Viikki M, Hämäläinen M, Moilanen E, Leinonen E. Resistin as an inflammatory marker in patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine. Nord J Psychiatry 2017; 71:89-95. [PMID: 27658459 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2016.1230649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is associated with excess cardiovascular comorbidity and mortality related to lifestyle factors, such as lack of physical activity, poor diet, and smoking. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increased among patients with schizophrenia, with the highest rates among patients on clozapine treatment. Smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, airway inflammation and obstruction, and adipose tissue and inflammatory marker activation are related in systemic inflammation. Low-grade inflammation is also associated with schizophrenia. Adipokine resistin is a biomarker involving several acute and chronic inflammatory states. However, the inflammatory role of resistin is so far inconclusive and studies in schizophrenia are scanty. AIMS The aim of the present study was to explore the role of serum resistin as an inflammatory marker in patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment. METHODS Associations between serum levels of resistin and some other selected cytokines/adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, adipsin, IL-6, IL-1Ra, TNF-α, hs-CRP) and metabolic markers in 190 patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment were studied using a cross-sectional study design. RESULTS Among male patients especially, smokers had higher levels of resistin than non-smokers, and among smokers resistin levels were associated with IL-1Ra and hs-CRP levels. In the whole patient group levels of resistin associated with levels of IL-1Ra, and among male patients with low HDL-cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS Resistin is a biomarker of systemic inflammation associated with smoking among patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment. Resistin might have a role as a marker of cardiovascular comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari-Pekka Klemettilä
- a Tampere University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry , Pitkäniemi Hospital , Pitkäniemi , Finland
| | - Olli Kampman
- b School of Medicine, University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.,c Department of Psychiatry , Seinäjoki Hospital District , Seinäjoki , Finland
| | - Niko Seppälä
- a Tampere University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry , Pitkäniemi Hospital , Pitkäniemi , Finland
| | - Merja Viikki
- b School of Medicine, University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.,d Tampere Mental Health Center , Tampere , Finland
| | - Mari Hämäläinen
- e The Immunopharmacology Research Group , University of Tampere, School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
| | - Eeva Moilanen
- e The Immunopharmacology Research Group , University of Tampere, School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
| | - Esa Leinonen
- a Tampere University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry , Pitkäniemi Hospital , Pitkäniemi , Finland.,b School of Medicine, University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
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13
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Serum soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor levels in male patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2016; 236:179-181. [PMID: 26774189 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory abnormalities have been shown in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a protein that is measurable in the circulating blood and reflects the inflammation in the body. We aimed to investigate serum suPAR levels in patients with schizophrenia who were in acute state and to compare with healthy controls. Forty five patients and 43 healthy controls were included in the study. We found no significant difference in suPAR levels between patients and controls, suggesting that suPAR as an inflammatory marker does not have a role in the inflammatory process of acute schizophrenia.
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14
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Ventorp F, Gustafsson A, Träskman-Bendz L, Westrin Å, Ljunggren L. Increased Soluble Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor (suPAR) Levels in Plasma of Suicide Attempters. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140052. [PMID: 26451727 PMCID: PMC4599802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The soluble form of the urokinase receptor, suPAR, has been suggested as a novel biomarker of low-grade inflammation. Activation of the immune system has been proposed to contribute to the development of depression and suicidal behavior. In order to identify depressed and suicidal individuals who could benefit from an anti-inflammatory treatment, a reliable biomarker of low-grade inflammation is vital. This study evaluates plasma suPAR levels as a biomarker of low-grade inflammation in patients with major depressive disorder and in patients who recently attempted suicide. The plasma suPAR and an established biomarker, C reactive protein (CRP) of suicide attempters (n = 54), depressed patients (n = 19) and healthy controls (n = 19) was analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The biomarker attributes of sensitivity and sensibility were evaluated using ROC curve analysis. Both the depressed patients and suicide attempters had increased plasma suPAR. The levels of suPAR discriminated better between controls and suicide attempters than did CRP. In the future, plasma suPAR might be a superior prognosticator regarding outcome of treatment applying conventional antidepressants in conjunction with anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Ventorp
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Gustafsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lil Träskman-Bendz
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Åsa Westrin
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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15
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Afshari P, Myles-Worsley M, Cohen OS, Tiobech J, Faraone SV, Byerley W, Middleton FA. Characterization of a Novel Mutation in SLC1A1 Associated with Schizophrenia. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2015; 1:125-44. [PMID: 26380821 DOI: 10.1159/000433599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have recently described a hemi-deletion on chromosome 9p24.2 at the SLC1A1 gene locus and its co-segregation with schizophrenia in an extended Palauan pedigree. This finding represents a point of convergence for several pathophysiological models of schizophrenia. The present report sought to characterize the biological consequences of this hemi-deletion. Dual luciferase assays demonstrated that the partially deleted allele (lacking exon 1 and the native promoter) can drive expression of a 5'-truncated SLC1A1 using sequence upstream of exon 2 as a surrogate promoter. However, confocal microscopy and electrophysiological recordings demonstrate that the 5'-truncated SLC1A1 lacks normal membrane localization and glutamate transport ability. To identify downstream consequences of the hemi-deletion, we first used a themed qRT-PCR array to compare expression of 84 GABA and glutamate genes in RNA from peripheral blood leukocytes in deletion carriers (n = 11) versus noncarriers (n = 8) as well as deletion carriers with psychosis (n = 5) versus those without (n = 3). Then, targeted RNA-Seq (TREx) was used to quantify expression of 375 genes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders in HEK293 cells subjected to either knockdown of SLC1A1 or overexpression of full-length or 5'-truncated SLC1A1. Expression changes of several genes strongly implicated in schizophrenia pathophysiology were detected (e.g. SLC1A2, SLC1A3, SLC1A6, SLC7A11, GRIN2A, GRIA1 and DLX1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Afshari
- Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y., USA
| | - Marina Myles-Worsley
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y., USA
| | - Ori S Cohen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y., USA
| | | | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y., USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y., USA
| | - William Byerley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif., USA
| | - Frank A Middleton
- Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y., USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y., USA; Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y., USA
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