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Emma Sarles S, Hensel EC, Terry J, Nuss C, Robinson RJ. Flow Rate and Wall Shear Stress Characterization of a Biomimetic Aerosol Exposure System. J Biomech Eng 2024; 146:045001. [PMID: 38270928 PMCID: PMC10983703 DOI: 10.1115/1.4064549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Current in vitro emissions and exposure systems lack biomimicry, use unrealistic flow conditions, produce unrealistic dose, and provide inaccurate biomechanical cues to cell cultures, limiting ability to correlate in vitro outcomes with in vivo health effects. A biomimetic in vitro system capable of puffing aerosol and clean air inhalation may empower researchers to investigate complex questions related to lung injury and disease. A biomimetic aerosol exposure system (BAES), including an electronic cigarette adapter, oral cavity module (OCM), and bifurcated exposure chamber (BEC) was designed and manufactured. The fraction of aerosol deposited in transit to a filter pad or lost as volatiles was 0.116±0.021 in a traditional emissions setup versus 0.098 ± 0.015 with the adapter. The observed flowrate was within 5% of programed flowrate for puffing (25 mL/s), puff-associated respiration (450 mL/s), and tidal inhalation (350 mL/s). The maximum flowrate observed in the fabricated BAES was 450 mL/s, exceeding the lower target nominal wall shear stress of 0.025 Pa upstream of the bifurcation and fell below the target of 0.02 Pa downstream. This in vitro system addresses several gaps observed in commercially available systems and may be used to study many inhaled aerosols. The current work illustrates how in silico models may be used to correlate results of an in vitro study to in vivo conditions, rather than attempting to design an in vitro system that performs exactly as the human respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Emma Sarles
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 77 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623
| | - Edward C. Hensel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 77 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623
| | - Janessa Terry
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 77 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623
| | - Caleb Nuss
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 77 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623
| | - Risa J. Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 77 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623
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Talih S, Karaoghlanian N, Salman R, Hilal E, Patev A, Bell A, Fallah S, El-Hage R, Saliba NA, Cobb C, Barnes A, Shihadeh A. Effects of Aftermarket Electronic Cigarette Pods on Device Power Output and Nicotine, Carbonyl, and ROS Emissions. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1930-1937. [PMID: 38032319 PMCID: PMC10731641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Aftermarket pods designed to operate with prevalent electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) products such as JUUL are marketed as low-cost alternatives that allow the use of banned flavored liquids. Subtle differences in the design or construction of aftermarket pods may intrinsically modify the performance of the ENDS device and the resulting nicotine and toxicant emissions relative to the original equipment manufacturer's product. In this study, we examined the electrical output of a JUUL battery and the aerosol emissions when four different brands of aftermarket pods filled with an analytical-grade mixture of propylene glycol, glycerol, and nicotine were attached to it and puffed by machine. The aerosol emissions examined included total particulate matter (TPM), nicotine, carbonyl compounds (CCs), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We also compared the puff-resolved power and TPM outputs of JUUL and aftermarket pods. We found that all aftermarket pods drew significantly greater electrical power from the JUUL battery during puffing and had different electrical resistances and resistivity. In addition, unlike the case with the original pods, we found that with the aftermarket pods, the power provided by the battery did not vary greatly with flow rate or puff number, suggesting impairment of the temperature control circuitry of the JUUL device when used with the aftermarket pods. The greater power output with the aftermarket pods resulted in up to three times greater aerosol and nicotine output than the original product. ROS and CC emissions varied widely across brands. These results highlight that the use of aftermarket pods can greatly modify the performance and emissions of ENDS. Consumers and public health authorities should be made aware of the potential increase in the level of toxicant exposure when aftermarket pods are employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha Talih
- Mechanical
Engineering Department, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, PO. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- Center
for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 821 West Franklin Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Nareg Karaoghlanian
- Mechanical
Engineering Department, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, PO. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- Center
for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 821 West Franklin Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Rola Salman
- Mechanical
Engineering Department, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, PO. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- Center
for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 821 West Franklin Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Elissa Hilal
- Mechanical
Engineering Department, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, PO. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Alison Patev
- Center
for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 821 West Franklin Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Ashlynn Bell
- Center
for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 821 West Franklin Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Sacha Fallah
- Center
for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 821 West Franklin Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, PO. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Rachel El-Hage
- Center
for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 821 West Franklin Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, PO. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Najat Aoun Saliba
- Center
for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 821 West Franklin Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, PO. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Caroline Cobb
- Center
for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 821 West Franklin Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Andrew Barnes
- Center
for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 821 West Franklin Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
- Department
of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia
Commonwealth University, 830 E. Main St., Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Alan Shihadeh
- Mechanical
Engineering Department, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, PO. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- Center
for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 821 West Franklin Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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