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Sarles SE, Hensel EC, Nuss C, Terry J, Robinson R. Characterization of mass distribution in a biomimetic aerosol exposure system. Inhal Toxicol 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38669189 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2341995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lack of biomimicry in geometry and flow conditions of emissions systems for analytical testing and biological exposure has led to fundamental limitations, including a poor understanding of dose delivered to specific airway locations. This work characterizes mass distribution of a JUUL® brand e-cigarette in a Biomimetic Aerosol Exposure System (BAES). MATERIALS AND METHODS A combination of mass balance, direct measurements, and inferences based on direct measurements were used to characterize regional and local dose as a function of system flow path configuration and emissions topography profile. RESULTS Doses produced by the emissions topography profile with only puffing were significantly different from profiles with clean air inhalation following puffs. Mass characterization results support that dose can be manipulated using flow path geometry. Local and regional deposition was mapped throughout the system. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS We estimate the fraction of yield to the mouth deposited at several locations throughout the system for a variety of puffing and respiration topographies and show that emissions topography profile and system flow path geometry affect dose. This work provides proof-of-concept for assessing mass distribution as a function of aerosol generator (e-cigarette product), user airway geometry, and inhalation and puffing topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Emma Sarles
- Biomedical and Chemical Engineering PhD Program, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Edward C Hensel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Caleb Nuss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Janessa Terry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Risa Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
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Emma Sarles S, Hensel EC, Terry J, Nuss C, Robinson RJ. Flow Rate and Wall Shear Stress Characterization of a Biomimetic Aerosol Exposure System. J Biomech Eng 2024; 146:045001. [PMID: 38270928 PMCID: PMC10983703 DOI: 10.1115/1.4064549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Current in vitro emissions and exposure systems lack biomimicry, use unrealistic flow conditions, produce unrealistic dose, and provide inaccurate biomechanical cues to cell cultures, limiting ability to correlate in vitro outcomes with in vivo health effects. A biomimetic in vitro system capable of puffing aerosol and clean air inhalation may empower researchers to investigate complex questions related to lung injury and disease. A biomimetic aerosol exposure system (BAES), including an electronic cigarette adapter, oral cavity module (OCM), and bifurcated exposure chamber (BEC) was designed and manufactured. The fraction of aerosol deposited in transit to a filter pad or lost as volatiles was 0.116±0.021 in a traditional emissions setup versus 0.098 ± 0.015 with the adapter. The observed flowrate was within 5% of programed flowrate for puffing (25 mL/s), puff-associated respiration (450 mL/s), and tidal inhalation (350 mL/s). The maximum flowrate observed in the fabricated BAES was 450 mL/s, exceeding the lower target nominal wall shear stress of 0.025 Pa upstream of the bifurcation and fell below the target of 0.02 Pa downstream. This in vitro system addresses several gaps observed in commercially available systems and may be used to study many inhaled aerosols. The current work illustrates how in silico models may be used to correlate results of an in vitro study to in vivo conditions, rather than attempting to design an in vitro system that performs exactly as the human respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Emma Sarles
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 77 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623
| | - Edward C. Hensel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 77 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623
| | - Janessa Terry
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 77 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623
| | - Caleb Nuss
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 77 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623
| | - Risa J. Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 77 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623
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Hensel EC, Sarles SE, Nuss CJ, Terry JN, Polgampola Ralalage CR, DiFrancesco AG, Walton K, Eddingsaas NC, Robinson RJ. Effect of third-party components on emissions from a pod style electronic cigarette. Toxicol Sci 2023; 197:104-109. [PMID: 37725389 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have been associated with a dramatic increase in youth becoming addicted to nicotine following decades-long decline in cigarette smoking uptake. The United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products (FDA/CTP) is responsible for regulating devices and consumable materials associated with ENDS. State and federal regulations regarding flavoring compounds in ENDS liquids (e-liquids) may be circumvented when vendors market refillable reservoirs side-by-side with noncompliant e-liquids. This study investigated the effect of third-party refillable versus manufacturer-supplied single-use reservoirs on total particulate matter (TPM) and nicotine emissions. The maximum TPM yield per puff was 5.6 times higher for the third-party (Blankz) reservoir (12.4 mg/puff) in comparison with the manufacturer's (JUUL) reservoir (2.2 mg/puff), whereas the maximum TPM concentration was over 7 times higher for third party (0.200 mg/ml) versus manufacturer (0.028 mg/ml) pod. The third-party pod was tested with nicotine concentrations ranging from 0% to 4%. The mass ratio of nicotine present in the aerosol (mg Nic/mg TPM) was found to be approximately the same as the mass ratio of the e-liquid (mg Nic/mg e-liquid) for both pods and all 3 nicotine laden e-liquids tested. Toxicant exposure may increase when consumers use third-party pods with ENDS devices. Refillable reservoirs are a significant barrier to regulatory restrictions on potentially toxic additives to e-liquids. It is recommended FDA/CTP require emissions characterization of third-party reservoirs used with each ENDS they are compatible with and should be required to demonstrate no increased potential toxicant exposure in comparison with manufacturer-provided reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Hensel
- Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Emma Sarles
- Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Caleb J Nuss
- Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Janessa N Terry
- Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | | | - A Gary DiFrancesco
- Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Katherine Walton
- Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Nathan C Eddingsaas
- Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Risa J Robinson
- Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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Hensel EC, Robinson RJ. A proposed cigarette emissions topography protocol reflecting smokers' natural environment use behavior. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266230. [PMID: 35381044 PMCID: PMC8982845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The FTC, in 2008, rescinded its 1966 guidance regarding use of the Cambridge Filter Method, noting the yields from the method are relatively poor indicators of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide exposure. This article proposes a set of puffing conditions for cigarette emissions testing, with the goal of developing product-specific emissions characterizations which can subsequently be used to realistically model the yield of particulate matter and constituents to the mouth of a smoker, while accounting for the actual puffing behavior of the smoker. METHODS Synthesis of data was conducted on data collected from a prior one-week observation of 26 adult cigarette smokers, using their usual brand cigarette in each smokers' natural environment including the puff flow rate, duration, volume and time of day of each puff taken were recorded with a cigarette topography monitor. Data was analyzed to determine the empirical joint probability function and cumulative distribution function of mean puff flow rate and puff duration. The joint CDF was used to define an emissions topography protocol using concepts common to computational grid generation. RESULTS Analysis of 8,250 cigarette puffs indicated the middle 95% of mean puff flow rates varied between 15 and 121 [mL/s] while the middle 95% of puff duration varied from 0.55 to 3.42 [s]. CONCLUSIONS Thirteen conditions of varying mean puff flow rate and puff duration are proposed for a comprehensive cigarette emissions topography protocol. The proposed protocol addresses inadequacies associated with common machine-puffing profiles used for generating cigarette emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C. Hensel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Risa J. Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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Hensel EC, Eddingsaas NC, Saleh QM, Jayasekera S, Sarles SE, Thomas M, Myers BT, DiFrancesco G, Robinson RJ. Nominal Operating Envelope of Pod and Pen Style Electronic Cigarettes. Front Public Health 2021; 9:705099. [PMID: 34485231 PMCID: PMC8415835 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.705099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) employ integrated sensors to detect user puffing behavior and activate the heating coil to initiate aerosol generation. The minimum puff flow rate and duration at which the ENDS device begins to generate aerosol are important parameters in quantifying the viable operating envelope of the device and are essential to formulating a design of experiments for comprehensive emissions characterization. An accurate and unbiased method for quantifying the flow condition operating envelope of ENDS is needed to quantify product characteristics across research laboratories. This study reports an accurate, unbiased method for measuring the minimum and maximum aerosolization puff flow rate and duration of seven pod-style, four pen-style and two disposable ENDS. The minimum aerosolization flow rate ranged from 2.5 to 23 (mL/s) and the minimum aerosolization duration ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 (s) across the ENDS studied. The maximum aerosolization flow rate was defined to be when the onset of liquid aspiration was evident, at flow rates ranging from 50 to 88 (mL/s). Results are presented which provide preliminary estimates for the effective maximum aerosolization flow rate and duration envelope of each ENDS. The variation in operating envelope observed between ENDS products of differing design by various manufacturers has implications for development of standardized emissions testing protocols and data reporting required for regulatory approval of new products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Hensel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Nathan C Eddingsaas
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Qutaiba M Saleh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Shehan Jayasekera
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - S Emma Sarles
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Mahagani Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Bryan T Myers
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Gary DiFrancesco
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Risa J Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
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Saleh QM, Hensel EC, Eddingsaas NC, Robinson RJ. Effects of Manufacturing Variation in Electronic Cigarette Coil Resistance and Initial Pod Mass on Coil Lifetime and Aerosol Generation. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:4380. [PMID: 33924226 PMCID: PMC8074776 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This work investigated the effects of manufacturing variations, including coil resistance and initial pod mass, on coil lifetime and aerosol generation of Vuse ALTO pods. Random samples of pods were used until failure (where e-liquid was consumed, and coil resistance increased to high value indicating a coil break). Initial coil resistance, initial pod mass, and e-liquid net mass ranged between 0.89 to 1.14 [Ω], 6.48 to 6.61 [g], and 1.88 to 2.00 [g] respectively. Coil lifetime was µ (mean) = 158, σ (standard deviation) = 21.5 puffs. Total mass of e-liquid consumed until coil failure was µ = 1.93, σ = 0.035 [g]. TPM yield per puff of all test pods for the first session (brand new pods) was µ = 0.0123, σ = 0.0003 [g]. Coil lifetime and TPM yield per puff were not correlated with either variation in initial coil resistance or variation in initial pod mass. The absence of e-liquid in the pod is an important factor in causing coil failure. Small bits of the degraded coil could be potentially introduced to the aerosol. This work suggests that further work is required to investigate the effect of e-liquid composition on coil lifetime and TPM yield per puff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qutaiba M. Saleh
- Department of Computer Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA;
| | - Edward C. Hensel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA;
| | - Nathan C. Eddingsaas
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA;
| | - Risa J. Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA;
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Sarles SE, Hensel EC, Robinson RJ. Surveillance of U.S. Corporate Filings Provides a Proactive Approach to Inform Tobacco Regulatory Research Strategy. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:3067. [PMID: 33809725 PMCID: PMC8002354 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The popularity of electronic cigarettes in the United States and around the world has led to a startling rise in youth nicotine use. The Juul® e-cigarette was introduced in the U.S. market in 2015 and had captured approximately 13% of the U.S. market by 2017. Unlike many other contemporary electronic cigarette companies, the founders behind the Juul® e-cigarette approached their product launch like a traditional high-tech start-up company, not like a tobacco company. This article presents a case study of Juul's corporate and product development history in the context of US regulatory actions. The objective of this article is to demonstrate the value of government-curated archives as leading indicators which can (a) provide insight into emergent technologies and (b) inform emergent regulatory science research questions. A variety of sources were used to gather data about the Juul® e-cigarette and the corporations that surround it. Sources included government agencies, published academic literature, non-profit organizations, corporate and retail websites, and the popular press. Data were disambiguated, authenticated, and categorized prior to being placed on a timeline of events. A timeline of four significant milestones, nineteen corporate filings and events, twelve US regulatory actions, sixty-four patent applications, eighty-seven trademark applications, twenty-three design patents and thirty-two utility patents related to Juul Labs and its associates is presented, spanning the years 2004 through 2020. This work demonstrates the probative value of findings from patent, trademark, and SEC filing literature in establishing a premise for emergent regulatory science research questions which may not yet be supported by traditional archival research literature. The methods presented here can be used to identify key aspects of emerging technologies before products actually enter the market; this shifting policy formulation and problem identification from a paradigm of being reactive in favor of becoming proactive. Such a proactive approach may permit anticipatory regulatory science research and ultimately shorten the elapsed time between market technology innovation and regulatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Emma Sarles
- Engineering Ph.D. Program, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA;
| | - Edward C. Hensel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA;
| | - Risa J. Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA;
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Robinson RJ, Jayasekera S, DiFrancesco G, Hensel EC. Characterization and Validation of the Second-generation wPUM Topography Monitors. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:390-396. [PMID: 32804236 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little is known about the natural use behavior of new and emerging tobacco products due to the limited availability of reliable puff topography monitors suitable for ambulatory deployment. An understanding of use behavior is needed to assess the health impact of emerging tobacco products and inform realistic standardized topography profiles for emissions studies. The purpose of this study is to validate four monitors: the wPUM cigalike, vapepen, hookah, and cigarette monitors. AIMS AND METHODS Each wPUM monitor was characterized and validated for range, accuracy, and resolution for puff flow rate, duration, volume, and interpuff gap in a controlled laboratory environment. Monitor repeatability was assessed for each wPUM monitor using four separate week-long natural environment monitoring studies including cigalike, vapepen, hookah, and cigarette users. RESULTS The valid flow rate range was 10 to 100 mL/s for cigalike and cigarette monitors, 10 to 95 mL/s for vapepen monitors, and 50 to 400 mL/s hookah monitors. Flow rate accuracy was within ±2 mL/s for cigalike, vapepen, and cigarette monitors and ±6 mL/s for the hookah monitor. Durations and interpuff gaps as small as 0.2 s were measured to within ±0.07 s. Monitor calibrations changed by 4.7% (vapepen), 1.5% (cigarette), 0.5% (cigalike), and 0.1% (hookah) after 1 week of natural environment use. CONCLUSIONS The wPUM topography monitors were demonstrated to be reliable when deployed in the natural environment for a range of emerging tobacco products. IMPLICATIONS The current study addresses the lack of available techniques to reliably monitor topography in the natural environment, across multiple emerging tobacco products. Natural environment topography data will inform standardized puffing protocols for premarket tobacco product applications. The ability to quantify topography over extended periods of time will lead to a better understanding of use behavior and better-informed regulations to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa J Robinson
- Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Shehan Jayasekera
- Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Gary DiFrancesco
- Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Edward C Hensel
- Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
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Robinson RJ, Sarles SE, Jayasekera S, al Olayan A, Difrancesco AG, Eddingsaas NC, Hensel EC. A Comparison between Cigarette Topography from a One-Week Natural Environment Study to FTC/ISO, Health Canada, and Massachusetts Department of Public Health Puff Profile Standards. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17103444. [PMID: 32429116 PMCID: PMC7277227 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Standardized topography protocols for testing cigarette emissions include the Federal Trade Commission/International Standard Organization (FTC/ISO), the Massachusetts Department of Health (MDPH), and Health Canada (HC). Data are lacking for how well these protocols represent actual use behavior. This study aims to compare puff protocol standards to actual use topography measured in natural environments across a range of cigarette brands. Current smokers between 18 and 65 years of age were recruited. Each participant was provided with a wPUM™ cigarette topography monitor and instructed to use the monitor with their usual brand cigarette ad libitum in their natural environment for one week. Monitors were tested for repeatability, and data were checked for quality and analyzed with the TAP™ topography analysis program. Data from n = 26 participants were analyzed. Puff flow rates ranged from 17.2 to 110.6 mL/s, with a mean (STD) of 40.4 (21.7) mL/s; durations from 0.7 to 3.1 s, with a mean (STD) of 1.5 ± 0.5 s; and volumes from 21.4 to 159.2 mL, with a mean (STD) of 54.9 (29.8) mL. Current topography standards were found to be insufficient to represent smoking across the wide range of real behaviors. These data suggest updated standards are needed such that emissions tests will provide meaningful risk assessments.
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Robinson RJ, Hensel EC. Behavior-based yield for electronic cigarette users of different strength eliquids based on natural environment topography. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 31:484-491. [PMID: 31994941 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1718804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The extent to which electronic cigarette users will compensate for lower nicotine eliquids has implications on the risk associated with regulating eliquid composition. This article elucidates topography as a compensatory mechanism by investigating the impact of nicotine strength on total particulate matter (TPM) and nicotine consumed per puff.Methods: Thirty-three experienced vape pen users were assigned an NJOY™ VapePen and AVAIL™ brand Tobacco Row eliquid with their usual nicotine strength (L = 6 mg/mL, M = 12 mg/mL, H = 18 mg/mL) and vaped through RIT's wPUMTM vape pen monitor to record every puff during 1 week. Nicotine and TPM yield per puff was determined accounting for the impact of topography characteristics on emissions and used to compute participant-specific mean yield per puff.Results: Nicotine yields ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 mg/puff and varied widely within each group (L, M, and H nicotine strength). Group-wise mean flow rate was lower for L compared to M (p = 0.2) and duration was higher compared to M (p = 0.09). Larger TPM was consumed per puff for L compared to M (p = 0.07), yet nicotine per puff for L was less than M (p = 0.3). H users took smaller volumes than L (p = 0.1) or M (p = 0.17), and there was little difference between L and M (p = 0.47).Conclusions: Evidence was provided for topography as a compensatory mechanism. Use of low nicotine strength eliquids can increase TPM, which can lead to increase in HPHC. Regulatory review of new products should consider natural use topography and realistic use exposures to nicotine, TPM and HPHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa J Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Edward C Hensel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
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Hensel EC, Sarles SE, al-Olayan A, DiFrancesco AG, Jayasekera S, Eddingsaas NC, Robinson RJ. A Proposed Waterpipe Emissions Topography Protocol Reflecting Natural Environment User Behaviour. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 17:ijerph17010092. [PMID: 31877722 PMCID: PMC6981362 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Usage of waterpipes is growing in popularity around the world. Limited waterpipe natural environment topography data reduces the ability of the research community to accurately assess emissions and user exposure to toxicants. A portable ergonomic waterpipe monitor was provided to study participants to use every time they smoked their own waterpipe during a one-week monitoring period in conjunction with their own choice shisha tobacco. Users provided demographic information and logged their product use to supplement electronic monitor data. A total of 44 prospective study participants were invited to an intake appointment following an on-line pre-screening survey. Of these, 34 individuals were invited to participate in the study and data for 24 individuals who completed all aspects of the 1-week monitoring protocol is presented. 7493 puffs were observed during 74 waterpipe sessions accumulating over 48 h of waterpipe usage. The 95% CI on mean puff flow rate, duration, volume and interval are presented, yielding grand means of 243 [mL/s], 3.5 [s], 850 [mL], and 28 [s] respectively. The middle 95% of puff flow rates ranged between 62 to 408 [mL/s], durations from 0.8 to 6.8 [s], and puff volumes from 87 to 1762 [mL]. A waterpipe emissions topography protocol consisting of 13 flow conditions is proposed to reflect 93% of the observed range of puff flow rate, puff duration and puff volume with representative inter-puff interval, cumulative session time and aerosol volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C. Hensel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA; (S.E.S.); (A.G.D.); (S.J.); (R.J.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-585-475-7684
| | - Samantha Emma Sarles
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA; (S.E.S.); (A.G.D.); (S.J.); (R.J.R.)
| | - Abdulaziz al-Olayan
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA;
| | - A. Gary DiFrancesco
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA; (S.E.S.); (A.G.D.); (S.J.); (R.J.R.)
| | - Shehan Jayasekera
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA; (S.E.S.); (A.G.D.); (S.J.); (R.J.R.)
| | - Nathan C. Eddingsaas
- Rochester Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester, NY 14623, USA;
| | - Risa J. Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA; (S.E.S.); (A.G.D.); (S.J.); (R.J.R.)
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Lee YO, Morgan-Lopez AA, Nonnemaker JM, Pepper JK, Hensel EC, Robinson RJ. Latent Class Analysis of E-cigarette Use Sessions in Their Natural Environments. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:1408-1413. [PMID: 30107462 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delivery of nicotine and substances from electronic nicotine delivery systems, or e-cigarettes, depends in part on how users puff on the devices. Little is known about variation in puffing behavior to inform testing protocols or understand whether puffing behaviors result in increased exposure to emissions. METHODS We analyzed puff topography data collected using a wireless portable use monitor (wPUM) continuously over 2 weeks among 34 current second-generation e-cigarette users in their everyday lives. For each puff, the wPUM recorded date, time, duration, volume, flow rate, and inter-puff interval. RESULTS We defined use session and classes at the session level using multilevel latent profile analysis, resulting in two session classes and three person types. Session class 1 ("light") was characterized by 14.7 puffs per session (PPS), low puff volume (59.9 ml), flow rate (28.7 ml/s), and puff duration (202.7 s × 100). Session class 2 ("heavy") was characterized by 16.7 PPS with a high puff volume (290.9 ml), flow rate (71.5 ml/s), and puff duration (441.1 s × 100). Person class 1 had almost exclusively "light" sessions (98.0%), whereas person class 2 had a majority of "heavy" sessions (60.7%) and person class 3 had a majority of "light" sessions (75.3%) but some "heavy" sessions (24.7%). CONCLUSION Results suggest there are different session topography patterns among e-cigarette users. Further assessment is needed to determine whether some users have increased exposure to constituents and/or health risks because of e-cigarettes. IMPLICATIONS Our study examines topography characteristics in a users' natural setting to identify two classes of e-cigarette session behavior and three classes of users. These results suggest that it is important for studies on the health effects of e-cigarettes to take variation in user topography into account. It is crucial to accurately understand the topography profiles of session and user types to determine whether some users are at greater exposure to harmful or potentially harmful constituents and risks from e-cigarettes as they are used by consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Ok Lee
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | | | | | - Edward C Hensel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY
| | - Risa J Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY
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Lee YO, Nonnemaker JM, Bradfield B, Hensel EC, Robinson RJ. Examining Daily Electronic Cigarette Puff Topography Among Established and Nonestablished Cigarette Smokers in their Natural Environment. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 20:1283-1288. [PMID: 29059416 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Understanding exposures and potential health effects of e-cigarettes is complex. Users' puffing behavior, or topography, affects function of e-cigarette devices (eg, coil temperature) and composition of their emissions. Users with different topographies are likely exposed to different amounts of any harmful or potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs). In this study, we compare e-cigarette topographies of established cigarette smokers and nonestablished cigarette smokers. Methods Data measuring e-cigarette topography were collected using a wireless hand-held monitoring device in users' everyday lives over 1 week. Young adult (aged 18-25) participants (N = 20) used disposable e-cigarettes with the monitor as they normally would and responded to online surveys. Topography characteristics of established versus nonestablished cigarette smokers were compared. Results On average, established cigarette smokers in the sample had larger first puff volume (130.9 mL vs. 56.0 mL, p < .05) and larger puff volume per session (1509.3 mL vs. 651.7 mL, p < .05) compared with nonestablished smokers. At marginal significance, they had longer sessions (566.3 s vs. 279.7 s, p = .06) and used e-cigarettes more sessions per day (5.3 s vs. 3.5 s, p = .14). Established cigarette smokers also used e-cigarettes for longer puff durations (3.3 s vs. 1.8 s, p < .01) and had larger puff volume (110.3 mL vs. 54.7 mL, p < .05) compared with nonestablished smokers. At marginal significance, they had longer puff interval (38.1 s vs. 21.7 s, p = .05). Conclusions Our results demonstrate that topography characteristics differ by level of established cigarette smoking. This suggests that exposure to constituents of e-cigarettes depends on user characteristics and that specific topography parameters may be needed for different user populations when assessing e-cigarette health effects. Implications A user's topography affects his or her exposure to HPHCs. As this study demonstrates, user characteristics, such as level of smoking, can influence topography. Thus, it is crucial to understand the topography profiles of different user types to assess the potential for population harm and to identify potentially vulnerable populations. This study only looked at topography of cigarette smokers using disposable e-cigarettes. Further research is needed to better understand potential variation in e-cigarette topography and resulting exposures to HPHCs among users of different e-cigarette devices and liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Ok Lee
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | | | - Edward C Hensel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY
| | - Risa J Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY
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Eddingsaas NC, Hensel EC, O'Dea S, Kunselman P, DiFrancesco AG, Robinson RJ. Effect of user puffing topography on total particulate matter, nicotine and volatile carbonyl emissions from narghile waterpipes. Tob Control 2019; 29:s117-s122. [DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-054966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ObjectivesPuffing topographies of waterpipe users vary widely as does the puff-to-puff topography of an individual user. The aim of this study was to determine if puff duration and flow rate have an effect on the characteristics of the mainstream emission from waterpipes, including total particulate matter (TPM), mass ratio of nicotine and mass concentration of volatile carbonyls.MethodsPuffing parameters were chosen to encompass a significant portion of the perimeter space observed from a natural environment study. Tested conditions were 150, 200 and 250 mL sec-1; each run at 2, 3.5 and 5 s durations; 25 s interpuff duration and ~100 puffs per session. Each session was run in quadruplicate using the Programmable Emissions System-2 (PES-2) emissions capture system under identical conditions. Particulate matter, for quantification of TPM and nicotine, was collected on filter pads every ~5 L of aerosol resulting in 6 to 25 samples per session. Volatile carbonyls were sampled using 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-coated silica.ResultsMass concentration of TPM linearly decreased with increased flow rate, with no dependency on puff duration. Nicotine mass ratio was independent of topography, with average mass ratio of nicotine to TPM of 0.0027±0.0002 (mg/mg). The main carbonyls observed were acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. Puff duration increased emissions of some carbonyls (eg, formaldehyde) but not others (eg, acetaldehyde).ConclusionsThe results presented here highlight that topographies influence the emissions generated from waterpipes including TPM, total nicotine and volatile carbonyls. For laboratory studies to be representative of user exposure, a range of topographies must be studied. Using a range of topographies within a controlled laboratory environment will better inform regulatory policy.
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Hensel EC, Eddingsaas NC, DiFrancesco AG, Jayasekera S, O'Dea S, Robinson RJ. Framework to Estimate Total Particulate Mass and Nicotine Delivered to E-cig Users from Natural Environment Monitoring Data. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8752. [PMID: 31217477 PMCID: PMC6584794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44983-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A framework describing the joint effect of user topography behavior and product characteristics of one exemplar device on the total particulate mass (TPM) and aerosol constituent yield delivered to a user is presented and validated against seven user-specific 'playback' emissions observations. A pen-style e-cig was used to collect emissions across puff flow rates and durations spanning the range observed in the natural environment. Emissions were analyzed with GC-MS and used to construct empirical correlations for TPM concentration and nicotine mass ratio. TPM concentration was demonstrated to depend upon both puff flow rate and duration, while nicotine mass ratio was not observed to be flow-dependent under the conditions presented. The empirical model for TPM and nicotine yield demonstrated agreement with experimental observations, with Pearson correlation coefficients of r = 0.79 and r = 0.86 respectively. The mass of TPM and nicotine delivered to the mouth of an e-cig user are dependent upon the puffing behavior of the user. Product-specific empirical models of emissions may be used in conjunction with participant-specific topography observations to accurately quantify the mass of TPM and nicotine delivered to a user.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Hensel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, 14623, USA.
| | - Nathan C Eddingsaas
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, 14623, USA
| | - A Gary DiFrancesco
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, 14623, USA
| | - Shehan Jayasekera
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, 14623, USA
| | - Sean O'Dea
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, 14623, USA
| | - Risa J Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, 14623, USA
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Robinson RJ, Eddingsaas NC, DiFrancesco AG, Jayasekera S, Hensel EC. A framework to investigate the impact of topography and product characteristics on electronic cigarette emissions. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206341. [PMID: 30395620 PMCID: PMC6218035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Protocols for testing and reporting emissions of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHCs) from electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are lacking. The premise of this study is that multi-path relationships may be developed to describe interactions between product characteristics, use behavior and emissions to develop appropriate protocols for tobacco product regulatory compliance testing. METHODS This study proposes a framework consisting of three component terms: HPHC mass concentration, HPHC mass ratio and total particulate mass (TPM) concentration. The framework informs experiments to investigate dependence of aerosol emissions from five electronic cigarettes spanning several design generations and three e-liquids for six repeated trials at each of ten flow conditions. RESULTS Results are reported for TPM concentration as a function of flow conditions spanning the range of natural environment topography observed in prior studies. An empirical correlation describing TPM concentration as a function of flow conditions and coil power setting (6, 7.5 and 10 watts) for the Innokin iTaste MVP 2.0 vaporizer with Innokin iClear 30 dual coil tank is presented. Additional results document the impact of flow conditions and wick and coil design on TPM concentration through comparison of the Innokin iClear 30 (upper coil, capillary action wick) and the Innokin iClear X.I (lower coil, gravity fed wick) operated at 7.5 watts. The impact of e-liquid on TPM concentration is illustrated by comparing emissions from an NJOY Vape Pen filled with AVAIL Arctic Blast, Tobacco Row, and Mardi Gras e-liquids. TPM concentration is shown to depend upon flow conditions across a range of e-cigarette product designs including cig-a-like, pen-style, box-mod and emergent disposable-cartridge style devices. CONCLUSIONS A framework provides a foundation for reporting emissions across a variety of e-cigs, e-liquids and research laboratories. The study demonstrates TPM concentration is a function of topography behavior (i.e. puff flow rate and puff duration) for varying device operating power and product characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa J. Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Nathan C. Eddingsaas
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - A. Gary DiFrancesco
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Shehan Jayasekera
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Edward C. Hensel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States of America
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Hensel EC, Jayasekera S, Robinson RJ. Accounting for effects of system dynamics to improve accuracy of emissions reported in e-cig vaping machines. Inhal Toxicol 2018; 30:343-353. [PMID: 30328736 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2018.1526232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory emissions testing of electronic cigarettes continues to be a focus in the tobacco research community. In particular, to inform policy regarding appropriate test protocols to regulate the manufacture, marketing and sale of tobacco products. This study aims to enhance current understanding of the way laboratory systems used to generate topography profiles and capture resultant emissions from inhaled tobacco products may interact with the device under test. A programmable emission system (vaping machine) is introduced and characterized. The operating envelope of this system is presented. This study demonstrates that the performance of an emissions system may be influenced by various factors, resulting in discrepancies between command puff parameter inputs and the observed puffs generated. The study findings conclude that any emissions system should be characterized with the desired test device to determine the effective operating range of the system under "Load" conditions. Furthermore, reporting emissions from electronic cigarettes as a function of "command" puff flow rate and cumulative volume result in under-estimation bias and may give rise to incorrect conclusions regarding the impact of product characteristics on emissions. Conversely, reporting emissions in terms of "observed" puff flow rate and cumulative volume reduces bias errors and limits opportunity for intentional misrepresentation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Hensel
- a Department of Mechanical Engineering , Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - S Jayasekera
- a Department of Mechanical Engineering , Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - R J Robinson
- a Department of Mechanical Engineering , Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester , NY , USA
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Robinson RJ, Hensel EC, Morabito PN, Roundtree KA. Electronic Cigarette Topography in the Natural Environment. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26053075 DOI: 10.1371/jounal.pone.0129296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a clinical, observational, descriptive study to quantify the use patterns of electronic cigarette users in their natural environment. Previously published work regarding puff topography has been widely indirect in nature, and qualitative rather than quantitative, with the exception of three studies conducted in a laboratory environment for limited amounts of time. The current study quantifies the variation in puffing behaviors among users as well as the variation for a given user throughout the course of a day. Puff topography characteristics computed for each puffing session by each subject include the number of subject puffs per puffing session, the mean puff duration per session, the mean puff flow rate per session, the mean puff volume per session, and the cumulative puff volume per session. The same puff topography characteristics are computed across all puffing sessions by each single subject and across all subjects in the study cohort. Results indicate significant inter-subject variability with regard to puffing topography, suggesting that a range of representative puffing topography patterns should be used to drive machine-puffed electronic cigarette aerosol evaluation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - E C Hensel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - P N Morabito
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - K A Roundtree
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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