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Tian M, Li H, Wu S, Xi H, Wang YX, Lu YY, Wei L, Huang Q. Exposure to haloacetic acid disinfection by-products and male steroid hormones: An epidemiological and in vitro study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133796. [PMID: 38377905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are ubiquitous in drinking water and have been associated with impaired male reproductive health. However, epidemiological evidence exploring the associations between HAA exposure and reproductive hormones among males is scarce. In the current study, the urinary concentrations of dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), the internal exposure markers of HAAs, as well as sex hormones (testosterone [T], progesterone [P], and estradiol [E2]) were measured among 449 Chinese men. Moreover, in vitro experiments, designed to simulate the real-world scenarios of human exposure, were conducted to assess testosterone synthesis in the Leydig cell line MLTC-1 and testosterone metabolism in the hepatic cell line HepG2 in response to low-dose HAA exposure. The DCAA and TCAA urinary concentrations were found to be positively associated with urinary T, P, and E2 levels (all p < 0.001), but negatively associated with the ratio of urinary T to E2 (p < 0.05). Combined with in vitro experiments, the results suggest that environmentally-relevant doses of HAA stimulate sex hormone synthesis and steroidogenesis pathway gene expression in MLTC-1 cells. In addition, the inhibition of the key gene CYP3A4 involved in the testosterone phase Ⅰ catabolism, and induction of the gene UGT2B15 involved in testosterone phase Ⅱ glucuronide conjugation metabolism along with the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport genes (ABCC4 and ABCG2) in HepG2 cells could play a role in elevation of urinary hormone excretion upon low-dose exposure to HAAs. Our novel findings highlight that exposure to HAAs at environmentally-relevant concentrations is associated with increased synthesis and excretion of sex hormones in males, which potentially provides an alternative approach involving urinary hormones for the noninvasive evaluation of male reproductive health following exposure to DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiping Tian
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Huiru Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Shuangshan Wu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hanyan Xi
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yi-Xin Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Yan-Yang Lu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Liya Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Qingyu Huang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Zhang M, Liu XY, Deng YL, Liu C, Zeng JY, Miao Y, Wu Y, Li CR, Li YJ, Liu AX, Zhu JQ, Zeng Q. Associations between urinary biomarkers of exposure to disinfection byproducts and semen parameters: A repeated measures analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132638. [PMID: 37774606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological studies have demonstrated that disinfection byproducts (DBPs), particularly haloacetic acids, cause testicular toxicity. However, evidence from human studies is sparse and inconclusive. This study included 1230 reproductive-aged men from the Tongji Reproductive and Environmental (TREE) cohort to investigate the associations between repeated measures of DBP exposures and semen parameters. Urinary dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) as biomarkers of DBP exposures and semen parameters in up to three samples from each man were assessed. The linear mixed effect models were applied to explore the associations between urinary biomarkers of DBP exposures and semen parameters. We found inverse associations of urinary DCAA with sperm count, progressive motility, and total motility (e.g., -14.86%; 95% CI: -19.33%, -10.15% in sperm total motility for the highest vs. lowest quartiles; all P for trends < 0.05). Moreover, urinary TCAA modeled as a continuous variable was negatively associated with sperm progressive motility and total motility, while the inverse associations across increasing urinary TCAA quartiles were seen among leaner men (BMI < 25 kg/m2). Exposure to DBPs reflected by urinary DCAA and TCAA was inversely associated with sperm motility and such effects were more evident among leaner men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ying Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yan-Ling Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jia-Yue Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yu Miao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Cheng-Ru Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yang-Juan Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - A-Xue Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jin-Qin Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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Kim SY, Ha JH. Formation and speciation of hazardous trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids during chlorinated washing of brined kimchi cabbage in the presence of bromide. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 455:131557. [PMID: 37182460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs) may be generated in high concentrations during the chlorinated washing of brined kimchi cabbage (BKC) in kimchi manufacturing. However, the generation of these DBPs is not sufficiently understood. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the formation and speciation of the DBPs trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) during the chlorinated washing process. The average bromide content in 22 salt products sourced from various regions of Korea was 1600 ± 468 mg/kg. Increasing bromide content shifted the speciation of DBPs from chlorinated to mixed bromochloro to brominated species, which would be more harmful than their chlorinated analogs. DBP formation during the washing of BKC at average bromide levels changed based on the brine salinity, salting temperature, and disinfectant type. Based on our findings, we recommend that low salinity and low temperature should be maintained during the salting of KC and that NaOCl should be used as the disinfectant rather than slightly acidic electrolyzed water during the chlorinated washing of KC to alleviate the formation of Br-DBPs. Moreover, we recommend the use of salts with low bromide levels for the salting of KC and the addition of a rinse step after chlorinated washing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yeon Kim
- Hygienic Safety·Materials Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyuong Ha
- Hygienic Safety·Materials Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang M, Deng YL, Liu C, Lu WQ, Zeng Q. Impacts of disinfection byproduct exposures on male reproductive health: Current evidence, possible mechanisms and future needs. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138808. [PMID: 37121289 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are a class of ubiquitous chemicals in drinking water and inevitably result in widespread human exposures. Potentially adverse health effects of DBP exposures, including reproductive and developmental outcomes, have been increasing public concerns. Several reviews have focused on the adverse pregnancy outcomes of DBPs. This review summarized current evidence on male reproduction health upon exposure to DBPs from toxicological and epidemiological literature. Based on existing experimental studies, there are sufficient evidence showing that haloacetic acids (HAAs) are male reproductive toxicants, including reduced epididymal weight, decreased semen parameters and sperm protein 22, and declined testosterone levels. However, epidemiological evidence remains insufficient to support a link of DBP exposures with adverse male reproductive outcomes, despite that blood and urinary DBP biomarkers are associated with decreased semen quality. Eight potential mechanisms, including germ/somatic cell dysfunction, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, inflammation, endocrine hormones, folate metabolism, epigenetic alterations, and gut microbiota, are likely involved in male reproductive toxicity of DBPs. We also identified knowledge gaps in toxicological and epidemiological studies to enhance future needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yan-Ling Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wen-Qing Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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Liu C, Deng YL, Yuan XQ, Chen PP, Miao Y, Luo Q, Zhang M, Cui FP, Yao W, Zeng JY, Shi T, Lu TT, Li YF, Lu WQ, Zeng Q. Exposure to disinfection by-products and reproductive hormones among women: Results from the Tongji Reproductive and Environmental (TREE) study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112863. [PMID: 35123968 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been shown to impair female reproductive function. However, epidemiological evidence on reproductive hormones is scarce. OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations between DBP exposures and reproductive hormones among women undergoing assisted reproductive technology. METHODS We included 725 women from the Tongji Reproductive and Environmental (TREE) Study, an ongoing cohort conducted in Wuhan, China during December 2018 and January 2020. Urine samples collected at recruitment were quantified for dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) as biomarkers of DBP exposures. At day 2-5 of menstruation, serum reproductive hormones including luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), total testosterone (T), progesterone (PRGE), and prolactin (PRL) were determined. Multivariate linear regression models were performed to assess the associations of urinary DCAA and TCAA concentrations with reproductive hormone levels. Dose-response relationships were investigated using natural cubic spline (NCS) and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models. RESULTS After adjusting for relevant confounders, we observed that higher urinary DCAA levels were associated with increased serum PRGE (9.2%; 95% CI: -0.55%, 19.8% for the highest vs. lowest tertile; P for trend = 0.06). Based on NCS models, we observed U-shaped associations of urinary DCAA with serum PRGE and PRL; each ln-unit increment in urinary DCAA concentrations above 3.61 μg/L and 6.30 μg/L was associated with 18.9% (95% CI: 4.8%, 34.7%) and 23.3% (95% CI: -0.92%, 53.5%) increase in serum PRGE and PRL, respectively. The U-shaped associations were further confirmed in RCS models (P for overall association ≤0.01 and P for non-linear associations ≤0.04). We did not observe evidence of associations between urinary TCAA and reproductive hormones. CONCLUSION Urinary DCAA but not TCAA was associated with altered serum PRGE and PRL levels among women undergoing assisted reproductive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yan-Ling Deng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qiong Yuan
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Pan-Pan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yu Miao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qiong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Fei-Peng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wen Yao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jia-Yue Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Tian Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wen-Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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Zhang M, Liu C, Cui FP, Chen PP, Deng YL, Luo Q, Miao Y, Sun SZ, Li YF, Lu WQ, Zeng Q. The role of oxidative stress in association between disinfection by-products exposure and semen quality: A mediation analysis among men from an infertility clinic. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:128856. [PMID: 33189401 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological and epidemiologic evidence has suggested that exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) impairs semen quality, while the underlying biological mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to examine the mediating role of oxidative stress in association between DBP exposure and semen quality. We measured a urinary biomarker of DBP exposure [trichloroacetic acid (TCAA)] and three urinary biomarkers of oxidative stress [8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-isoPGF2α) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid (HNE-MA)] among men from an infertility clinic (n = 299). The associations of oxidative stress biomarkers with urinary TCAA and semen quality were evaluated using multivariable linear regression models, and the mediating role of oxidative stress biomarkers was assessed by a mediation analysis. Urinary TCAA was positively associated with urinary 8-OHdG and 8-isoPGF2α in a dose-response manner (both P for trend < 0.001). Significantly inverse dose-response associations were observed between urinary 8-isoPGF2α and sperm concentration and between urinary 8-OHdG and sperm motility (both P for trend < 0.05). The mediation analysis indicated a significant indirect effect of urinary 8-isoPGF2α in the association between urinary TCAA and decreased sperm concentration (P = 0.01). Our results suggest that lipid peroxidation may be an intermediate mechanism by which DBP exposure impairs semen quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Fei-Peng Cui
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Pan-Pan Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yan-Ling Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qiong Luo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yu Miao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Sheng-Zhi Sun
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wen-Qing Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.
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Font-Ribera L, Gràcia-Lavedan E, Aragonés N, Pérez-Gómez B, Pollán M, Amiano P, Jiménez-Zabala A, Castaño-Vinyals G, Roca-Barceló A, Ardanaz E, Burgui R, Molina AJ, Fernández-Villa T, Gómez-Acebo I, Dierssen-Sotos T, Moreno V, Fernandez-Tardon G, Peiró R, Kogevinas M, Villanueva CM. Long-term exposure to trihalomethanes in drinking water and breast cancer in the Spanish multicase-control study on cancer (MCC-SPAIN). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 112:227-234. [PMID: 29289867 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water has consistently been associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer, but evidence on other cancers including the breast is very limited. OBJECTIVES We assessed long-term exposure to THMs to evaluate the association with female breast cancer (BC) risk. METHODS A multi case-control study was conducted in Spain from 2008 to 2013. We included 1003 incident BC cases (women 20-85years old) recruited from 14 hospitals and 1458 population controls. Subjects were interviewed to ascertain residential histories and major recognized risk factors for BC. Mean residential levels of chloroform, brominated THMs (Br-THMs) and the sum of both as total THM (TTHMs) during the adult-lifetime were calculated. RESULTS Mean adult-lifetime residential levels ranged from 0.8 to 145.7μg/L for TTHM (median=30.8), from 0.2 to 62.4μg/L for chloroform (median=19.7) and from 0.3 to 126.0μg/L for Br-THMs (median=9.7). Adult-lifetime residential chloroform was associated with BC (adjusted OR=1.47; 95%CI=1.05, 2.06 for the highest (>24μg/L) vs. lowest (<8μg/L) quartile; p-trend=0.024). No association was detected for residential Br-THMs (OR=0.91; 95%CI=0.68, 1.23 for >31μg/L vs. <6μg/L) or TTHMs (OR=1.14; 95%CI=0.83, 1.57 for >48μg/L vs. <22μg/L). CONCLUSIONS At common levels in Europe, long-term residential total THMs were not related to female breast cancer. A moderate association with chloroform was suggested at the highest exposure category. This large epidemiological study with extensive exposure assessment overcomes several limitations of previous studies but further studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Font-Ribera
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Gràcia-Lavedan
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Aragonés
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pérez-Gómez
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Pollán
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain; Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Oncology and Hematology Area, IIS Puerta De Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Amiano
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ana Jiménez-Zabala
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Gemma Castaño-Vinyals
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aina Roca-Barceló
- Epidemiology Unit and Girona Cancer Registry, Oncology Coordination Plan, Department of Health, Autonomous Government of Catalonia, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rosana Burgui
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonio José Molina
- Grupo de Investigación en Interacciones Gen-Ambiente y Salud, Universidad de León, Spain
| | - Tania Fernández-Villa
- Grupo de Investigación en Interacciones Gen-Ambiente y Salud, Universidad de León, Spain
| | - Inés Gómez-Acebo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Trinidad Dierssen-Sotos
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Victor Moreno
- Unit of Biomarkers and Susceptibility, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Colorectal Cancer Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Rosana Peiró
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Centre for Research in Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina M Villanueva
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Parvez S, Rice GE, Teuschler LK, Simmons JE, Speth TF, Richardson SD, Miltner RJ, Hunter ES, Pressman JG, Strader LF, Klinefelter GR, Goldman JM, Narotsky MG. Method to assess component contribution to toxicity of complex mixtures: Assessment of puberty acquisition in rats exposed to disinfection byproducts. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 58:311-321. [PMID: 28774622 PMCID: PMC8343928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A method based on regression modeling was developed to discern the contribution of component chemicals to the toxicity of highly complex, environmentally realistic mixtures of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Chemical disinfection of drinking water forms DBP mixtures. Because of concerns about possible reproductive and developmental toxicity, a whole mixture (WM) of DBPs produced by chlorination of a water concentrate was administered as drinking water to Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats in a multigenerational study. Age of puberty acquisition, i.e., preputial separation (PPS) and vaginal opening (VO), was examined in male and female offspring, respectively. When compared to controls, a slight, but statistically significant delay in puberty acquisition was observed in females but not in males. WM-induced differences in the age at puberty acquisition were compared to those reported in S-D rats administered either a defined mixture (DM) of nine regulated DBPs or individual DBPs. Regression models were developed using individual animal data on age at PPS or VO from the DM study. Puberty acquisition data reported in the WM and individual DBP studies were then compared with the DM models. The delay in puberty acquisition observed in the WM-treated female rats could not be distinguished from delays predicted by the DM regression model, suggesting that the nine regulated DBPs in the DM might account for much of the delay observed in the WM. This method is applicable to mixtures of other types of chemicals and other endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Parvez
- Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IUPUI Campus, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Glenn E Rice
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
| | | | - Jane Ellen Simmons
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Thomas F Speth
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Richard J Miltner
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - E Sidney Hunter
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jonathan G Pressman
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Lillian F Strader
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Gary R Klinefelter
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jerome M Goldman
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Michael G Narotsky
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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9
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Zuo YT, Hu Y, Lu WW, Cao JJ, Wang F, Han X, Lu WQ, Liu AL. Toxicity of 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone and five regulated drinking water disinfection by-products for the Caenorhabditis elegans nematode. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 321:456-463. [PMID: 27669387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Scarce toxicological data are available for 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (DCBQ), an emerging water disinfection by-product (DBP) that is of potential public health concern. This study investigated the effects of DCBQ on the lethality, respiration rate, and DNA damage in the Caenorhabditis elegans nematode. Meanwhile, the toxic effects of five regulated DBPs, dichloroacetic acid (DCA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), monobromoacetic acid (MBA), dibromoacetic acid (DBA), and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), have also been evaluated. The tested DBPs increased the lethality and inhibited the respiration of C. elegans with an identical order of toxicity as follows: DCBQ>MBA>DBA>DCA>TCA>NDMA. The EC50 value (median concentration causing 50% reduction in respiration compared with untreated C. elegans) is at least 30-fold lower than the corresponding LC50 value (median lethal concentration). Exposure to DCBQ and NDMA, but not to MBA, DBA, DCA, or TCA, resulted in DNA damage to C. elegans. The study suggested that DCBQ was more potent in inducing general toxicity than some regulated DBPs, and it revealed the in vivo genotoxic effect of DCBQ. Furthermore, the C. elegans-based bioassays may provide potentially useful tools for the toxicology assessment and ranking of DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jing-Jing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Fan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xue Han
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wen-Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ai-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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10
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Effects of potassium bromate on male rat growth and testicular histology. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjr.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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11
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Gabrielsen JS, Tanrikut C. Chronic exposures and male fertility: the impacts of environment, diet, and drug use on spermatogenesis. Andrology 2016; 4:648-61. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Gabrielsen
- Department of Urology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
| | - C. Tanrikut
- Department of Urology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
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12
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Zeng Q, Zhou B, He DL, Wang YX, Wang M, Yang P, Huang Z, Li J, Lu WQ. Joint effects of trihalomethanes and trichloroacetic acid on semen quality: A population-based cross-sectional study in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 212:544-549. [PMID: 26975004 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) has been individually associated with adverse male reproductive effects; however, their joint male reproductive toxicity is largely unknown. This study aimed to explore the joint effects of THMs and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) on semen quality in a Chinese population. A total of 337 men presenting to the Reproductive Center of Tongjing Hospital, in Wuhan, China to seek semen analysis were included this study. Baseline blood THMs [chloroform (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and bromoform (TBM)] and urinary TCAA were analyzed and dichotomized at their median levels. The joint effects of THMs and TCAA on below-reference semen quality parameters were evaluated by calculating the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI). After adjusting for potential confounders, we found a suggestive synergistic effect between Br-THMs (sum of BDCM, DBCM, and TBM) and TCAA for below-reference sperm count (RERI = 2.14, 95% CI: -0.37, 4.91) (P = 0.076); men with high Br-THMs and TCAA levels (above the median) had 3.31 times (95% CI: 1.21, 9.07) elevated risk of having below-reference sperm count than men with low Br-THMs and TCAA levels (below the median). No apparent joint effects were observed between THMs and TCAA for other semen quality parameters. Our results suggest that co-exposure to Br-THMs and TCAA is associated with additive effects on decreased semen quality. However, further studies in a larger sample size and mechanistic studies are needed to confirm the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Bin Zhou
- College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Dong-Liang He
- College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yi-Xin Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Mu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Pan Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wen-Qing Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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13
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Ceko MJ, O'Leary S, Harris HH, Hummitzsch K, Rodgers RJ. Trace Elements in Ovaries: Measurement and Physiology1. Biol Reprod 2016; 94:86. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.137240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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14
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Villanueva CM, Cordier S, Font-Ribera L, Salas LA, Levallois P. Overview of Disinfection By-products and Associated Health Effects. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 2:107-15. [PMID: 26231245 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-014-0032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The presence of chemical compounds formed as disinfection by-products (DBPs) is widespread in developed countries, and virtually whole populations are exposed to these chemicals through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal absorption from drinking water and swimming pools. Epidemiological evidence has shown a consistent association between long-term exposure to trihalomethanes and the risk of bladder cancer, although the causal nature of the association is not conclusive. Evidence concerning other cancer sites is insufficient or mixed. Numerous studies have evaluated reproductive implications, including sperm quality, time to pregnancy, menstrual cycle, and pregnancy outcomes such as fetal loss, fetal growth, preterm delivery, and congenital malformation. The body of evidence suggests only minor effects from high exposure during pregnancy on fetal growth indices such as small for gestational age (SGA) at birth. Populations highly exposed to swimming pools such as pool workers and professional swimmers show a higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms and asthma, respectively, although the direction of the association, and thus causality, is not clear among professional swimmers. The risk of asthma, wheezing, eczema, and other respiratory outcomes among children attending swimming pools has been the object of extensive research. Early studies suggested a positive association, while subsequent larger studies found no correlations or showed a protective association. Future research should develop methods to evaluate the effects of the DBP mixture and the interaction with personal characteristics (e.g., genetics, lifestyle), clarify the association between swimming pools and respiratory health, evaluate the occurrence of DBPs in low- and middle-income countries, and evaluate outcomes suggested by animal studies that have not been considered in epidemiological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Villanueva
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain,
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15
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Narotsky MG, Klinefelter GR, Goldman JM, DeAngelo AB, Best DS, McDonald A, Strader LF, Murr AS, Suarez JD, George MH, Hunter ES, Simmons JE. Reproductive toxicity of a mixture of regulated drinking-water disinfection by-products in a multigenerational rat bioassay. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:564-70. [PMID: 25695961 PMCID: PMC4455591 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) are regulated disinfection by-products (DBPs); their joint reproductive toxicity in drinking water is unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate a drinking water mixture of the four regulated THMs and five regulated HAAs in a multigenerational reproductive toxicity bioassay. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed (parental, F1, and F2 generations) from gestation day 0 of the parental generation to postnatal day (PND) 6 of the F2 generation to a realistically proportioned mixture of THMs and HAAs at 0, 500×, 1,000×, or 2,000× of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's maximum contaminant levels (MCLs). RESULTS Maternal water consumption was reduced at ≥ 1,000×; body weights were reduced at 2,000×. Prenatal and postnatal survival were unaffected. F1 pup weights were unaffected at birth but reduced at 2,000× on PND6 and at ≥ 1,000× on PND21. Postweaning F1 body weights were reduced at 2,000×, and water consumption was reduced at ≥ 500×. Males at 2,000× had a small but significantly increased incidence of retained nipples and compromised sperm motility. Onset of puberty was delayed at 1,000× and 2,000×. F1 estrous cycles and fertility were unaffected, and F2 litters showed no effects on pup weight or survival. Histologically, P0 (parental) dams had nephropathy and adrenal cortical pathology at 2,000×. CONCLUSIONS A mixture of regulated DBPs at up to 2,000× the MCLs had no adverse effects on fertility, pregnancy maintenance, prenatal survival, postnatal survival, or birth weights. Delayed puberty at ≥ 1,000× may have been secondary to reduced water consumption. Male nipple retention and compromised sperm motility at 2,000× may have been secondary to reduced body weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Narotsky
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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16
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Keswani T, Mitra S, Bhattacharyya A. Copper-induced immunotoxicity involves cell cycle arrest and cell death in the liver. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:411-421. [PMID: 24170445 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic copper, such as that in drinking water and copper supplements, largely bypasses the liver and enters the free copper pool of the blood directly and that promote immunosuppression. According to our previous in vivo report, we evaluate the details of the apoptotic mechanism in liver, we have investigated how copper regulates apoptotic pathways in liver. We have analyzed different protein expression by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry expression. We have also have measured mitochondrial trans-membrane potential, Annexin V assay, ROS, and CD4(+) and CD8(+) population in hepatocyte cells by flow cytometry. Copper-treated mice evidenced immunotoxicity as indicated by dose-related, distinct histomorphological changes in liver. Flow cytometric analyses revealed a dose-related increase in the percentages of hepatocyte cells in the Sub-G0/G1 state, further confirmed by Annexin V binding assay. In addition, the copper treatments altered the expression of apoptotic markers, further ROS generation and mitochondrial trans-membrane potential changes promote intrinsic pathway of apoptosis that was p53 independent. Apart from the role of inflammation, our findings also have identified the role of other partially responsible apoptotic molecules p73 that differentially changed due to copper treatment. Our study demonstrates how apoptotic pathways regulate copper-induced immunosuppression in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Keswani
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India
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17
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Ceko MJ, Hummitzsch K, Hatzirodos N, Bonner W, James SA, Kirby JK, Rodgers RJ, Harris HH. Distribution and speciation of bromine in mammalian tissue and fluids by X-ray fluorescence imaging and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Metallomics 2015; 7:756-65. [PMID: 25675086 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00338a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bromine is one of the most abundant and ubiquitous trace elements in the biosphere and until recently had not been shown to perform any essential biological function in animals. A recent study demonstrated that bromine is required as a cofactor for peroxidasin-catalysed formation of sulfilimine crosslinks in Drosophila. In addition, bromine dietary deficiency is lethal in Drosophila, whereas bromine replenishment restores viability. The aim of this study was to examine the distribution and speciation of bromine in mammalian tissues and fluids to provide further insights into the role and function of this element in biological systems. In this study we used X-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to examine the distribution of bromine in bovine ovarian tissue samples, follicular fluid and aortic serum, as well as human whole blood and serum and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to identify the chemical species of bromine in a range of mammalian tissue (bovine, ovine, porcine and murine), whole blood and serum samples (bovine, ovine, porcine, murine and human), and marine samples (salmon (Salmo salar), kingfish (Seriola lalandi) and Scleractinian coral). Bromine was found to be widely distributed across all tissues and fluids examined. In the bovine ovary in particular it was more concentrated in the sub-endothelial regions of arterioles. Statistical comparison of the near-edge region of the X-ray absorption spectra with a library of bromine standards led to the conclusion that the major form of bromine in all samples analysed was bromide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Ceko
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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Botton J, Kogevinas M, Gracia-Lavedan E, Patelarou E, Roumeliotaki T, Iñiguez C, Santa Marina L, Ibarluzea J, Ballester F, Mendez MA, Chatzi L, Sunyer J, Villanueva CM. Postnatal weight growth and trihalomethane exposure during pregnancy. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:280-288. [PMID: 25460647 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired postnatal growth after chloroform exposure in utero has been observed in rodents without an effect on birth weight. We aimed to study the relationship between exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) during pregnancy and postnatal weight growth during infancy. METHODS We analysed 2216 mother-child pairs recruited in Gipuzkoa, Sabadell, Valencia (Spain, INMA Project, enrollment: 2003-2008) and Crete (Greece, RHEA Study, enrollment: 2007-2008). Drinking water habits and water-related activities ascertained through personal interviews were combined with THM measurements in drinking water to estimate THM exposure through different exposure routes during pregnancy. Weight measurements during the first year of life were used to fit postnatal weight growth curves from birth to one year and to predict weight at six months. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship between six months weight gain and interquartile range (IQR) increase in THM exposure adjusting for confounders. RESULTS Average weight gain at six months ranged from 4325 g (Gipuzkoa) to 4668 g (Crete). Median residential THM levels ranged from 1 μg/l (Crete) to 117 μg/l (Sabadell). No significant association was observed overall (-24.4 g [95% CI -78.8, 30.0] for an IQR increase in total residential uptake). A negative relationship was observed in Sabadell (-148 g [95% CI -282, -13.7]) for an IQR increase in ingestion THM uptake. CONCLUSIONS No consistent evidence of an association between THM exposure during pregnancy and postnatal growth was observed. The novelty of the hypothesis and the negative trend observed in the region with the highest levels warrants the replication in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Botton
- Inserm, UMR-S1018, CESP, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Epidemiology of diabetes, obesity and chronic kidney disease over the lifecourse Team, Villejuif, France; University Paris Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Esther Gracia-Lavedan
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Evridiki Patelarou
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece; Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Theano Roumeliotaki
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece
| | - Carmen Iñiguez
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Centre for Public Health Research (CSISP-FISABIO), Valencia, Spain; University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Loreto Santa Marina
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Subdirección de Salud Pública de Gipuzkoa, Spain; BIODONOSTIA Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jesús Ibarluzea
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Subdirección de Salud Pública de Gipuzkoa, Spain; BIODONOSTIA Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ferran Ballester
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Centre for Public Health Research (CSISP-FISABIO), Valencia, Spain; University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Michelle A Mendez
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Cristina M Villanueva
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
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Uibel F, Schwarz M. Prediction of embryotoxic potential using the ReProGlo stem cell-based Wnt reporter assay. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 55:30-49. [PMID: 25263227 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The ReProGlo assay was developed in 2009 to predict embryotoxic potential of drugs and chemicals by use of a stem cell-based in vitro system. It utilizes a luciferase reporter to detect drug-induced alterations in the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which is involved in regulation of early embryonic development. It allows the simultaneous determination of cell viability and luciferase reporter activity in a high throughput format. The present study was conducted within the framework of the EU ChemScreen-project. It (1) enlarges the original number of test-compounds from 17 to now 80, (2) introduces a new classification scheme and (3) anchors the results against a prediction scheme based on structural features of chemicals. The assay is applicable as stand-alone for priority setting or in a test battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Uibel
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
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Zeng Q, Wang YX, Xie SH, Xu L, Chen YZ, Li M, Yue J, Li YF, Liu AL, Lu WQ. Drinking-water disinfection by-products and semen quality: a cross-sectional study in China. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:741-6. [PMID: 24695319 PMCID: PMC4080533 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) has been demonstrated to impair male reproductive health in animals, but human evidence is limited and inconsistent. OBJECTIVE We examined the association between exposure to drinking-water DBPs and semen quality in a Chinese population. METHODS We recruited 2,009 men seeking semen analysis from the Reproductive Center of Tongji Hospital in Wuhan, China, between April 2011 and May 2012. Each man provided a semen sample and a urine sample. Semen samples were analyzed for sperm concentration, sperm motility, and sperm count. As a biomarker of exposure to drinking-water DBPs, trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) was measured in the urine samples. RESULTS The mean (median) urinary TCAA concentration was 9.58 (7.97) μg/L (interquartile range, 6.01-10.96 μg/L). Compared with men with urine TCAA in the lowest quartile, increased adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were estimated for below-reference sperm concentration in men with TCAA in the second and fourth quartiles (OR = 1.79; 95% CI: 1.19, 2.69 and OR = 1.51; 95% CI: 0.98, 2.31, respectively), for below-reference sperm motility in men with TCAA in the second and third quartiles (OR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.90 and OR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.70, respectively), and for below-reference sperm count in men with TCAA in the second quartile (OR 1.62; 95% CI: 1.04, 2.55). Nonmonotonic associations with TCAA quartiles were also estimated for semen parameters modeled as continuous outcomes, although significant negative associations were estimated for all quartiles above the reference level for sperm motility. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that exposure to drinking-water DBPs may contribute to decreased semen quality in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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Evaluation of exposure to trihalomethanes in tap water and semen quality: A prospective study in Wuhan, China. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 46:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Environmental pollutants and dysregulation of male puberty—A comparison among species. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 44:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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Narotsky MG, Klinefelter GR, Goldman JM, Best DS, McDonald A, Strader LF, Suarez JD, Murr AS, Thillainadarajah I, Hunter ES, Richardson SD, Speth TF, Miltner RJ, Pressman JG, Teuschler LK, Rice GE, Moser VC, Luebke RW, Simmons JE. Comprehensive assessment of a chlorinated drinking water concentrate in a rat multigenerational reproductive toxicity study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:10653-10659. [PMID: 23909560 DOI: 10.1021/es402646c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Some epidemiological studies report associations between drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and adverse reproductive/developmental effects, e.g., low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and birth defects. Using a multigenerational rat bioassay, we evaluated an environmentally relevant "whole" mixture of DBPs representative of chlorinated drinking water, including unidentified DBPs as well as realistic proportions of known DBPs at low-toxicity concentrations. Source water from a water utility was concentrated 136-fold, chlorinated, and provided as drinking water to Sprague-Dawley rats. Timed-pregnant females (P0 generation) were exposed during gestation and lactation. Weanlings (F1 generation) continued exposures and were bred to produce an F2 generation. Large sample sizes enhanced statistical power, particularly for pup weight and prenatal loss. No adverse effects were observed for pup weight, prenatal loss, pregnancy rate, gestation length, puberty onset in males, growth, estrous cycles, hormone levels, immunological end points, and most neurobehavioral end points. Significant, albeit slight, effects included delayed puberty for F1 females, reduced caput epidydimal sperm counts in F1 adult males, and increased incidences of thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy in adult females. These results highlight areas for future research, while the largely negative findings, particularly for pup weight and prenatal loss, are notable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Narotsky
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
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Maselli J, Hales BF, Chan P, Robaire B. Exposure to bleomycin, etoposide, and cis-platinum alters rat sperm chromatin integrity and sperm head protein profile. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:166, 1-10. [PMID: 22402960 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.098616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular cancer, currently the most common cancer affecting men of reproductive age, is one of the most curable malignancies due to the progress made in the early diagnosis and effective treatment of this disease. The coadministration of bleomycin, etoposide, and cis-platinum (BEP) has brought the 5-yr survival rate of testis cancer patients to over 90%. However, this treatment results in reproductive chemotoxic effects. We assessed the effect of BEP treatment on sperm chromatin integrity and sperm head protein profiles of adult male Brown Norway rats following 9 wk of treatment with BEP and in animals treated for 9 wk and then subjected to a 9-wk recovery period. Both the susceptibility of DNA to denaturation and the number of strand breaks were significantly increased in mature sperm following 9 wk of treatment with BEP; proteomic analysis revealed that the expression of several proteins, including HSP90AA1 and HSP90B1, was markedly affected. Following a 9-wk recovery period, mature sperm did not show significant DNA damage, indicating that repair had potentially occurred. Interestingly, the protamination level of the sperm of these animals was significantly decreased, while histones HIST1H1D (H1.2), HIST1H4B (H4), HIST2H2AA3 (H2A1), and HIST1H2BA (H2B1A) were concomitantly up-regulated; this was not observed in the sperm immediately following 9 wk of treatment. Thus, there are persistent effects on proteins in sperm heads from the cauda epididymidis 9 wk posttreatment, in the absence of DNA strand breaks. We suggest that these effects on the sperm head proteome may contribute to long-lasting adverse effects in the progeny of BEP-exposed males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Maselli
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Mitra S, Keswani T, Dey M, Bhattacharya S, Sarkar S, Goswami S, Ghosh N, Dutta A, Bhattacharyya A. Copper-induced immunotoxicity involves cell cycle arrest and cell death in the spleen and thymus. Toxicology 2012; 293:78-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Prospective power calculations for the Four Lab study of a multigenerational reproductive/developmental toxicity rodent bioassay using a complex mixture of disinfection by-products in the low-response region. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:4082-101. [PMID: 22073030 PMCID: PMC3210599 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8104082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In complex mixture toxicology, there is growing emphasis on testing environmentally representative doses that improve the relevance of results for health risk assessment, but are typically much lower than those used in traditional toxicology studies. Traditional experimental designs with typical sample sizes may have insufficient statistical power to detect effects caused by environmentally relevant doses. Proper study design, with adequate statistical power, is critical to ensuring that experimental results are useful for environmental health risk assessment. Studies with environmentally realistic complex mixtures have practical constraints on sample concentration factor and sample volume as well as the number of animals that can be accommodated. This article describes methodology for calculation of statistical power for non-independent observations for a multigenerational rodent reproductive/developmental bioassay. The use of the methodology is illustrated using the U.S. EPA's Four Lab study in which rodents were exposed to chlorinated water concentrates containing complex mixtures of drinking water disinfection by-products. Possible experimental designs included two single-block designs and a two-block design. Considering the possible study designs and constraints, a design of two blocks of 100 females with a 40:60 ratio of control:treated animals and a significance level of 0.05 yielded maximum prospective power (~90%) to detect pup weight decreases, while providing the most power to detect increased prenatal loss.
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Xie SH, Li YF, Tan YF, Zheng D, Liu AL, Xie H, Lu WQ. Urinary trichloroacetic acid levels and semen quality: a hospital-based cross-sectional study in Wuhan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:295-300. [PMID: 21238955 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological studies indicate an association between exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) and impaired male reproductive health in animals. However, epidemiological evidence in humans is still limited. We conducted a hospital-based cross-sectional study to investigate the effect of exposure to DBPs on semen quality in humans. Between May 2008 and July 2008, we recruited 418 male partners in sub-fertile couples seeking infertility medical instruction or assisted reproduction services from the Tongji Hospital in Wuhan, China. Major semen parameters analyzed included sperm concentration, motility, and morphology. Exposure to DBPs was estimated by their urinary creatinine-adjusted trichloroacetic (TCAA) concentrations that were measured with the gas chromatography/electron capture detection method. We used linear regression to assess the relationship between exposure to DBPs and semen quality. According to the World Health Organization criteria (<20 million/mL for sperm concentration and <50% motile for sperm motility) and threshold value recommended by Guzick (<9% for sperm morphology), there were 265 men with all parameters at or above the reference values, 33 men below the reference sperm concentration, 151 men below the reference sperm motility, and 6 men below the reference sperm morphology. The mean (median) urinary creatinine-adjusted TCAA concentration was 9.2 (5.1) μg/g creatinine. Linear regression analyses indicated no significant association of sperm concentration, sperm count, and sperm morphology with urinary TCAA levels. Compared with those in the lowest quartile of creatinine-adjusted urinary TCAA concentrations, subjects in the second and third quartiles had a decrease of 5.1% (95% CI: 0.6%, 9.7%) and 4.7% (95% CI: 0.2%, 9.2%) in percent motility, respectively. However, these associations were not significant after adjustment for age, abstinence time, and smoking status. The present study provides suggestive but inconclusive evidence of the relationship between decreased sperm motility and increased urinary TCAA levels. The effect of exposure to DBPs on human male reproductive health in Chinese populations still warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Xie
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, 430030 Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Role of cytochrome P450c17α in dibromoacetic acid-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Arch Toxicol 2010; 85:513-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Smith MJ, Germolec DR, Luebke RW, Sheth CM, Auttachoat W, Guo TL, White KL. Immunotoxicity of dibromoacetic acid administered via drinking water to female B₆C₃F₁ mice. J Immunotoxicol 2010; 7:333-43. [PMID: 20958156 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2010.519744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dibromoacetic acid (DBA) is a disinfection by-product commonly found in drinking water as a result of chlorination/ ozonation processes. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that more than 200 million people consume disinfected water in the United States. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential immunotoxicological effects of DBA exposure when administered for 28 days via drinking water to B₆C₃F₁ mice, at concentrations of 125, 500, and 1000 mg/L. Multiple endpoints were evaluated to assess innate, humoral, and cell-mediated immune components, as well as host resistance. Standard toxicological parameters were unaffected, with the exception of a dose-responsive increase in liver weight and a decrease in thymus weight at the two highest exposure levels. Splenocyte differentials were affected, although the effects were not dose-responsive. Exposure to DBA did not significantly affect humoral immunity (immunoglobulin M [IgM] plaque assay and serum IgM anti-sheep erythrocyte titers) or cell-mediated immunity (mixed-leukocyte response). No effects were observed on innate immune function in either interferon-γ-induced in vitro macrophage cytotoxic activity or basal natural killer (NK)-cell activity. Augmented NK-cell activity (following exposure to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid) was decreased at the low dose, however the effect was not dose-responsive. Finally, DBA exposure had no effect on resistance to infection with either Streptococcus pneumoniae or Plasmodium yoelii, or challenge with B16F10 melanoma cells. With the exception of changes in thymus weight, these results indicate that DBA exposure resulted in no immunotoxic effects at concentrations much larger than those considered acceptable in human drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Auger J, Eustache F, Maceiras P, Broussard C, Chafey P, Lesaffre C, Vaiman D, Camoin L, Auer J. Modified expression of several sperm proteins after chronic exposure to the antiandrogenic compound vinclozolin. Toxicol Sci 2010; 117:475-84. [PMID: 20616205 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the molecular impact of in vivo exposure to endocrine disruptors (EDs) on sperm structures and functions. We recently reported that the lifelong exposure of rats to the antiandrogenic compound vinclozolin results in low epididymal weight, changes in sperm kinematic parameters, and immature sperm chromatin condensation, together with the impairment of several fertility end points. These results led us to focus specifically on possible molecular abnormalities in sperm. Sperm samples were recovered from the frozen epididymides of rats exposed during the previous study. The proteins present in the samples from six exposed and six control rats were analyzed in pairs, by two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis, to investigate possible exposure-induced changes to sperm protein profiles. Twelve proteins, from the 380 matched spots observed in at least five gels, were present in larger or smaller amounts after vinclozolin exposure. These proteins were identified by mass spectrometry, and several are known to play a crucial role in the sperm fertilizing ability, among which, two mitochondrial enzymes, malate dehydrogenase 2 and aldehyde dehydrogenase (both of which were present in smaller amounts after treatment) and A-kinase anchor protein 4 (larger amounts of precursor after treatment). Finally, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed highly significant interactions between proteins over- and underexpressed after treatment. This is the first study to show an association between in vivo exposure to an ED and changes to the sperm protein profile. These modifications may be at least partly responsible for the reproductive abnormalities and impaired fertility recently reported in this rat model of vinclozolin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Auger
- Service d'Histologie-Embryologie, Biologie de la Reproduction/CECOS, 75014 Paris, France.
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Favareto APA, Rodello L, Taconeli CA, Bicudo SD, Klinefelter GR, Kempinas WG. Identification of the SP22 Sperm Protein in Santa Inês and Dorper Rams. Reprod Domest Anim 2010; 45:323-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Gao S, Wang Y, Zhang P, Dong Y, Li B. Subacute Oral Exposure to Dibromoacetic Acid Induced Immunotoxicity and Apoptosis in the Spleen and Thymus of the mice. Toxicol Sci 2008; 105:331-41. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Narotsky MG, Best DS, Rogers EH, McDonald A, Sey YM, Simmons JE. Integrated disinfection by-products mixtures research: assessment of developmental toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to concentrates of water disinfected by chlorination and ozonation/postchlorination. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2008; 71:1216-1221. [PMID: 18636393 DOI: 10.1080/15287390802182623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and animal toxicity studies have raised concerns regarding possible adverse health effects of disinfection by-products (DBPs) found in drinking water. The classes and concentrations of DBPs are influenced by the choice of disinfection process (e.g., chlorination, ozonation) as well as source water characteristics (e.g., pH, total organic carbon, bromide content). Disinfected waters were found to contain more than 500 compounds, many of which remain unidentified. Therefore, a "whole-mixture" approach was used to evaluate the toxic potential of alternative disinfection scenarios. An in vivo developmental toxicity screen was used to evaluate the adverse developmental effects of the complex mixtures produced by two different disinfection processes. Water was obtained from East Fork Lake, Ohio; spiked with iodide and bromide; and disinfected either by chlorination or by ozonation/postchlorination, producing finished drinking water suitable for human consumption. These waters were concentrated approximately 130-fold by reverse osmosis membrane techniques. To the extent possible, volatile DBPs lost in the concentration process were spiked back into the concentrates. These concentrates were then provided as drinking water to Sprague-Dawley rats on gestation days 6-16; controls received boiled, distilled, deionized water. The dams (19-20 per group) were allowed to deliver and their litters were examined on postnatal days (PD) 1 and 6. All dams delivered normally, with parturition occurring significantly earlier in the ozonation/postchlorination group. However, no effects on prenatal survival, postnatal survival, or pup weight were evident. Skeletal examination of the PD-6 pups also revealed no treatment effects. Thus, approximately 130-fold higher concentrates of both ozonated/postchlorinated and chlorinated water appeared to exert no adverse developmental effects in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Narotsky
- Reproductive Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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Rice G, Teuschler LK, Speth TF, Richardson SD, Miltner RJ, Schenck KM, Gennings C, Hunter ES, Narotsky MG, Simmons JE. Integrated disinfection by-products research: assessing reproductive and developmental risks posed by complex disinfection by-product mixtures. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2008; 71:1222-1234. [PMID: 18636394 DOI: 10.1080/15287390802182649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a toxicologically-based risk assessment strategy for identifying the individual components or fractions of a complex mixture that are associated with its toxicity. The strategy relies on conventional component-based mixtures risk approaches such as dose addition, response addition, and analyses of interactions. Developmental toxicity data from two drinking-water concentrates containing disinfection by-products (DBP) mixtures were used to illustrate the strategy. The results of this study showed that future studies of DBP concentrates using the Chernoff-Kavlock bioassay need to consider evaluating DBP that are concentrated more than 130-fold and using a rat strain that is more sensitive to chemically-induced pregnancy loss than Sprague-Dawley rats. The results support the planned experimental design of a multigeneration reproductive and developmental study of DBP concentrates. Finally, this article discusses the need for a systematic evaluation of DBP concentrates obtained from multiple source waters and treatment types. The development of such a database could be useful in evaluating whether a specific DBP concentrate is sufficiently similar to tested combinations of source waters and treatment alternatives so that health risks for the former may be estimated using data on the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Rice
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, USA.
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Schultz IR, Reed S, Pratt A, Skillman AD. Quantitative oral dosing of water soluble and lipophilic contaminants in the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 145:86-95. [PMID: 17188578 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative oral dosing in fish can be challenging, particularly with water soluble contaminants, which can leach into the aquarium water prior to ingestion. We applied a method of bioencapsulation using newly hatched brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) nauplii to study the toxicokinetics of five chlorinated and brominated halogenated acetic acids (HAAs), which are drinking water disinfection by-products. These results are compared to those obtained in a previous study using a polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE-47), a highly lipophilic chemical. The HAAs and PBDE-47 were bioencapsulated using freshly hatched A. franciscana nauplii after incubation in concentrated solutions of the study chemicals for 18 h. Aliquots of the brine shrimp were quantitatively removed for chemical analysis and fed to individual fish that were able to consume 400-500 nauplii in less than 5 min. At select times after feeding, fish were euthanized and the HAA or PBDE-47 content determined. The absorption of HAAs was quantitatively similar to previous studies in rodents: rapid absorption with peak body levels occurring within 1-2 h, then rapidly declining with elimination half-life of 0.3-3 h depending on HAA. PBDE-47 was more slowly absorbed with peak levels occurring by 18 h and very slowly eliminated with an elimination half-life of 281 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Schultz
- Battelle Pacific NW Division, Sequim, WA 98382, USA.
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Tardiff RG, Carson ML, Ginevan ME. Updated weight of evidence for an association between adverse reproductive and developmental effects and exposure to disinfection by-products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2006; 45:185-205. [PMID: 16624462 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBP) are produced when water is treated with chemical disinfectants. Some toxicological and epidemiological studies suggest an association between DBP exposure and adverse reproductive and developmental effects. In a previous critical review, [Graves, C.G., Matanoski, G.M., Tardiff, R.G., 2001. Weight of evidence for an association between adverse reproductive and developmental effects and exposure to disinfection by-products: a critical review. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 34, (2) 103-124] evaluated the weight of evidence for this exposure and these effects. This investigation updates the previous evaluation and considers all toxicological and epidemiological evidence since the earlier review and reassesses the weight-of-evidence for all of the data on the various effects, outcome by outcome. The updated toxicity weight of evidence found little indication of previously unreported reproductive or developmental toxicity. In particular, the recently published findings of an exceptionally well conducted cohort study of broad scope found no impact of chlorination by-products on the highly controversial outcome of spontaneous abortion, unlike predecessor studies of more limited methodology, leading the authors to recommend no further epidemiologic pursuit for this hypothesis since the cohort was scrutinized very closely and dispelled any concern of such an association. The updated epidemiologic weight of evidence demonstrated that no association with DBP exposure exists for over a dozen outcomes including low and very low birth weight, preterm delivery, some specific congenital anomalies, and neonatal death. The analysis found inconsistent or very weak results for all congenital anomalies/birth defects, all central nervous system anomalies, neural tube defects, and spontaneous abortion. As in the previous article, the updated weight of evidence suggested a positive association with DBP exposure and some measure of growth retardation such as intrauterine growth retardation, small for gestational age, term low birth weight, and small body length or head circumference. Exposure assessment in most epidemiological studies remains inadequate to definitively demonstrate any association of small magnitude.
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Weber NM, Sawyer HR, Legare ME, Veeramachaneni DNR. Sub-chronic exposure to dibromoacetic acid, a water disinfection by-product, does not affect gametogenic potential in mice. Toxicol Sci 2005; 89:325-30. [PMID: 16221964 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Water disinfection by-products, such as dibromoacetic acid (DBA), are formed when drinking water is treated with chlorination, bromination, or ozonation. Epidemiological studies have linked these byproducts to adverse effects in humans such as cancer, developmental defects, and reproductive toxicities. DBA has been shown to produce reproductive toxicity in rodents at relatively high doses. The present study used a mouse model to determine the developmental and reproductive effects of sub-chronic, low-dose exposure to DBA. Pregnant mice (10/dose group) were exposed with DBA in drinking water at 0, 5, or 50 mg/kg/day from gestation day 15 though nursing. Upon weaning at 3 weeks, one group of pups (pre-pubertal group: 7-10 pups of each gender/treatment group) were euthanized and weights of liver, paired kidneys, testes, and ovaries were measured. In the 50 mg dose group, weights of testes and liver in males and weights of liver and kidneys in females were significantly higher (p < 0.05). The remaining pups (15-17 of each gender/dose group) continued to be dosed similarly through adulthood. At 7 weeks of age (neo-pubertal group), animals were euthanized and tissues weighed and processed for evaluation of reproductive organs and gametogenic potential. Except for decreased (p < 0.05) testes and kidney weights in 50 mg dose group males, there were no differences in organ weights. No significant differences were noted between control and dosed animals in daily sperm production, testicular sperm counts, epididymal sperm reserves, morphology of seminiferous epithelium, or ovarian follicle counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Weber
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1683, USA
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