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Synergistic Uric Acid-Lowering Effects of the Combination of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne Flower and Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Persl Bark Extracts. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:9764843. [PMID: 28769989 PMCID: PMC5523311 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9764843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum indicum Linne flower (CF) and Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Persl bark (CB) extracts have served as the main ingredients in several prescriptions designed to treat hyperuricemia and gout in traditional Chinese and Korean medicine. However, little is known about the combination effects of a CF and CB (CC) mixture on hyperuricemia. In our study, we investigated the antihyperuricemic effects of CC mixture and the mechanisms underlying these effects in normal and potassium oxonate- (PO-) induced hyperuricemic rats. The CC mixture significantly decreased uric acid levels in normal and PO-induced hyperuricemic rats and showed the enhanced hypouricemic effect compared to CF or CB alone. Furthermore, the CC mixture increased renal uric acid excretion in PO-induced hyperuricemic rat. We found that CC mixture and its major components, chlorogenic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (isochlorogenic acid), coumarin, cinnamaldehyde, trans-cinnamic acid, and o-methoxycinnamaldehyde, inhibit the activity of xanthine oxidase (XOD) in vitro. The CC mixture exerts antihyperuricemic effects accompanied partially by XOD activity inhibition. Therefore, the CC mixture may have potential as a treatment for hyperuricemia and gout.
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Zennaro C, Tonon F, Zarattini P, Clai M, Corbelli A, Carraro M, Marchetti M, Ronda L, Paredi G, Rastaldi MP, Percudani R. The renal phenotype of allopurinol-treated HPRT-deficient mouse. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173512. [PMID: 28282408 PMCID: PMC5345830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess of uric acid is mainly treated with xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors, also called uricostatics because they block the conversion of hypoxanthine and xanthine into urate. Normally, accumulation of upstream metabolites is prevented by the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) enzyme. The recycling pathway, however, is impaired in the presence of HPRT deficiency, as observed in Lesch-Nyhan disease. To gain insights into the consequences of purine accumulation with HPRT deficiency, we investigated the effects of the XO inhibitor allopurinol in Hprt-lacking (HPRT-/-) mice. Allopurinol was administered in the drinking water of E12-E14 pregnant mothers at dosages of 150 or 75 μg/ml, and mice sacrificed after weaning. The drug was well tolerated by wild-type animals and heterozygous HPRT+/- mice. Instead, a profound alteration of the renal function was observed in the HPRT-/- model. Increased hypoxanthine and xanthine concentrations were found in the blood. The kidneys showed a yellowish appearance, diffuse interstitial nephritis, with dilated tubules, inflammatory and fibrotic changes of the interstitium. There were numerous xanthine tubular crystals, as determined by HPLC analysis. Oil red O staining demonstrated lipid accumulation in the same location of xanthine deposits. mRNA analysis showed increased expression of adipogenesis-related molecules as well as profibrotic and proinflammatory pathways. Immunostaining showed numerous monocyte-macrophages and overexpression of alpha-smooth muscle actin in the tubulointerstitium. In vitro, addition of xanthine to tubular cells caused diffuse oil red O positivity and modification of the cell phenotype, with loss of epithelial features and appearance of mesenchymal characteristics, similarly to what was observed in vivo. Our results indicate that in the absence of HPRT, blockade of XO by allopurinol causes rapidly developing renal failure due to xanthine deposition within the mouse kidney. Xanthine seems to be directly involved in promoting lipid accumulation and subsequent phenotype changes of tubular cells, with activation of inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zennaro
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Federica Tonon
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Zarattini
- Department of Life Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Milan Clai
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corbelli
- Unit of Bio-imaging, Department of Cardiovascular Research, IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Carraro
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Luca Ronda
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gianluca Paredi
- Department of Pharmacy and SITEIA, PARMA Interdepartmental Center, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Rastaldi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
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Sathisha KR, Gopal S, Rangappa KS. Antihyperuricemic effects of thiadiazolopyrimidin-5-one analogues in oxonate treated rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 776:99-105. [PMID: 26875636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for not only gout, but also to a variety of disorders that affect the vital organ systems of the human body. The xanthine oxidase (XO) is the key enzyme in the production of uric acid and its inhibition can inhibit hyperuricemia. Although, XO inhibitor allopurinol is widely prescribed antigout agent but its use is not without any side effects. Previously, we described the synthesis of four novel thiadiazolopyrimidin-5-one analogues as effective XO inhibitors and molecular docking studies also confirmed this. When these analogues were tested in potassium oxonate treated rats, their serum uric acid and creatinine levels were dropped significantly from 4.85±0.03 mg/dl to 1.21±0.01 mg/dl and 0.92±0.02 mg/dl to 0.40±0.02 mg/dl respectively. Among the pyrimidine analogues tested, 6a was most potent. Histological examinations of both liver and kidney tissues exhibited severe necrosis in oxonate treated rats and pyrimidine analogues could significantly attenuate this with a correlative inhibitory profile of hepatic XO from the same rats. Our results demonstrate antihyperuricemic effect of novel thiadiazolopyrimidin-5-one analogues in oxonate treated rats, which can be further explored not only as antigout therapeutics but also in other systems where hyperuricemia is the driving cause of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadanuru R Sathisha
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India; Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India
| | - Shubha Gopal
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India.
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Shimo T, Moto M, Ashizawa N, Matsumoto K, Iwanaga T, Saito K. Xanthine crystals induced by topiroxostat, a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, in rats, cause transitional cell tumors. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1035-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Shimo T, Moto M, Ashizawa N, Oba K, Nagata O. Study on toxicological aspects of crystal-mediated nephrotoxicity induced by FYX-051, a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2011; 34:192-8. [PMID: 21314469 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2010.500291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the toxicological aspects of crystal-mediated nephrotoxicity, we performed analysis concerning the correlation between representative kidney-related parameters and renal histopathology, using the individual data obtained from the 4-week toxicity studies of FYX-051, a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, by oral administration at 1 and 3 mg/kg to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and at 3 and 10 mg/kg to F344 rats. In SD rats, the correlation coefficient on histopathology between the right and left kidneys was 0.7826 and remained within a lower range of strong correlation (range: ±0.7 ∼ ±0.9). The correlation coefficient between body-weight gains, urinary volume, osmolarity, serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and relative kidney weights and renal histopathology was -0.6648, 0.7896, -0.7751, 0.8195, 0.8479, and 0.8969, respectively, showing a strong correlation, except a moderate correlation in body-weight gains (range: ±0.4 ∼ ±0.7). In F344 rats, the correlation coefficient on histopathology between the right and left kidneys was 0.8637, remaining within an upper range of strong correlation. The correlation coefficient between the above parameters and renal histopathology was -0.8175, 0.8616, -0.9045, 0.9010, 0.8991, and 0.9524, respectively, showing an extremely strong correlation in urinary osmolarity, serum BUN, and relative kidney weights (range: ±0.9 ∼ ±1.0). Therefore, the present study suggests that FYX-051-induced nephrotoxicity may occur with more inconsistency in the degree of nephropathy between the right and left kidneys in SD rats than in F344 rats, which would explain the above outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Shimo
- Research Laboratories, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan.
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Leigh M, Raines DJ, Castillo CE, Duhme-Klair AK. Inhibition of Xanthine Oxidase by Thiosemicarbazones, Hydrazones and Dithiocarbazates Derived from Hydroxy-Substituted Benzaldehydes. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1107-18. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ashizawa N, Shimo T, Matsumoto K, Taniguchi T, Moto M, Nagata O. Establishment of simultaneous treatment model with citrate for preventing nephropathy induced by FYX-051, a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2010; 34:151-61. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2010.494667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Matsumoto K, Okamoto K, Ashizawa N, Nishino T. FYX-051: A Novel and Potent Hybrid-Type Inhibitor of Xanthine Oxidoreductase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 336:95-103. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.174540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Shimo T, Ashizawa N, Moto M, Iwanaga T, Nagata O. Study on species differences in nephropathy induced by FYX-051, a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor. Arch Toxicol 2010; 85:505-12. [PMID: 20936465 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the toxicological aspects of FYX-051, a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, which is currently being developed as a therapeutic agent against gout and hyperuricemia, we performed the study focused on species differences in FYX-051-induced nephropathy. In the repeated toxicology testing by oral administration, nephropathy was seen at 1 mg/kg and more in rats and at 100 mg/kg in dogs, in contrast to no toxicity even at the practical maximum dose (300 mg/kg) in monkeys. The HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses of intrarenal deposits in dogs have proven that the entity was xanthine. The study on dose dependency of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, urinary xanthine excretion, and kidney xanthine content by oral administration at 0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg to rats revealed the involvement of xanthine in the occurrence of nephropathy, thus suggesting that plasma concentrations of FYX-051 can contribute to species differences. Regarding the possible factors of species differences, the daily urinary excretion of total purine metabolites was 30.5- and 6.3-fold greater in rats and dogs, respectively, than in monkeys. Urinary xanthine solubility was 2.3- and 6.3-fold higher in dogs and monkeys, respectively, than in rats. Plasma concentrations of FYX-051 were fivefold higher in rats than in dogs and monkeys, without differences between the latter two species. Therefore, the present study indicated that species differences in nephropathy were produced by the combined effects of purine metabolism, urinary xanthine solubility, and plasma concentrations of FYX-051.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Shimo
- Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Iidashinden, Nishi-ku, Saitama, Japan.
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Shimo T, Ashizawa N, Moto M, Matsumoto K, Iwanaga T, Nagata O. FYX-051, a Xanthine Oxidoreductase Inhibitor, Induces Nephropathy in Rats, but not in Monkeys. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 37:438-45. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623309332995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present studies were performed to investigate the possible mechanism of marked species differences on nephropathy found in the long-term toxicity study of FYX-051, a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor. In the twenty-six-week dose toxicity study in the rat, in which FYX-051 was administered by oral gavage at 0.04, 0.2, and 1 mg/kg, xanthine-mediated nephropathy was seen only at 1 mg/kg, despite the presence of xanthine crystals in urine at 0.2 mg/kg and more; however, in the fifty-two-week dose toxicity study in the monkey, in which FYX-051 was administered by oral gavage at 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg, no toxicities were seen, even at 300 mg/kg. These outcomes showed there would be 1500-fold or more differences in the mode of intrarenal xanthine deposition between rats and monkeys. Thus we performed the mechanistic study, and the following outcomes were obtained. First, the amount of urinary purine metabolites was thirty-fold higher in rats than in monkeys. Second, urinary xanthine solubility was sixfold higher in monkeys than in rats. Third, exposure levels of FYX-051 were five-fold higher in rats than in monkeys. Therefore, the present study indicated that the combined effects of purine metabolism, urinary xanthine solubility, and toxicokinetics would contribute to species differences in nephropathy, that is, absence of xanthine-mediated nephropathy in monkeys even at the highest dose of FYX-051.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Shimo
- Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Nishi-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoki Ashizawa
- Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Nishi-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Moto
- Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Nishi-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koji Matsumoto
- Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Nishi-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Iwanaga
- Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Nishi-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Osamu Nagata
- Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Nishi-ku, Saitama, Japan
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Wang SY, Yang CW, Liao JW, Zhen WW, Chu FH, Chang ST. Essential oil from leaves of Cinnamomum osmophloeum acts as a xanthine oxidase inhibitor and reduces the serum uric acid levels in oxonate-induced mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 15:940-945. [PMID: 18693097 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitory activity and anti-hyperuricemia effect in mice of Cinnamomum osmophloeum, which is an endemic tree in Taiwan, were evaluated in this study. The results demonstrated that the essential oil of C. osmophloeum leaves presented the strongest XOD inhibition activity (IC(50)=16.3 μg/ml); however, no significant XOD inhibition activities were found in ethanolic and hot water extracts. Furthermore, among the main compounds of essential oil, the cinnamaldehyde exhibited the potent XOD inhibition activity with an IC(50)=8.4 μg/ml. Besides, the reducing serum uric acid levels in oxonate-induced mice by cinnamaldehyde were further investigated. The hyperuricemic mice were oral administrated cinnamaldehyde at a dosage of 150 mg/kg, the uric acid value in serum was reduced from 5.25±0.63 to 2.10±0.04 mg/dl, the levels of serum uric acid in mice was lowered down by 84.48% as compared to the hyperuricemic control group. Based on the results obtained in this study, cinnamaldehyde may be a potential lead compound for developing the pharmaceutic for anti-hyperuricemia agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Wang
- Department of Forestry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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Kügler S, Hahnewald R, Garrido M, Reiss J. Long-term rescue of a lethal inherited disease by adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer in a mouse model of molybdenum-cofactor deficiency. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80:291-7. [PMID: 17236133 PMCID: PMC1785341 DOI: 10.1086/511281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Molybdenum cofactor (MoCo) deficiency is a progressive neurological disorder that inevitably leads to early childhood death because of the lack of any effective therapy. In a mouse model of MoCo deficiency type A, the most frequent form of this autosomal recessively inherited disease, the affected animals show the biochemical characteristics of sulphite and xanthine intoxication and do not survive >2 wk after birth. We have constructed a recombinant-expression cassette for the gene MOCS1, which, via alternative splicing, facilitates the expression of the proteins MOCS1A and MOCS1B, both of which are necessary for the formation of a first intermediate, cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate (cPMP), within the biosynthetic pathway leading to active MoCo. A recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector was used to express the artificial MOCS1 minigene, in an attempt to cure the lethal MOCS1-deficient phenotype. The vector was used to transduce Mocs1-deficient mice at both 1 and 4 d after birth or, after a pretreatment with purified cPMP, at 40 d after birth. We report here that all Mocs1-deficient animals injected with a control AAV-enhanced green fluorescent protein vector died approximately 8 d after birth or after withdrawal of cPMP supplementation, whereas AAV-MOCS1-transduced animals show significantly increased longevity. A single intrahepatic injection of AAV-MOCS1 resulted in fertile adult animals without any pathological phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kügler
- Neurologische Universitätsklinik, Abteilung Allgemeine Neurologie, OFG Research Center for the Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany
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Ashizawa N, Shimo T, Matsumoto K, Oba K, Nakazawa T, Nagata O. Strain differences in the responsiveness between Sprague-Dawley and Fischer rats to nephropathy induced by FYX-051, a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 217:260-5. [PMID: 17084874 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To determine a rat strain appropriate for carcinogenicity testing of FYX-051, a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, we performed a 4-week oral toxicity study by administering 0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg, and 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg of FYX-051 to male Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Fischer (F344) rats, respectively. Histopathology revealed that the degree of FYX-051-induced nephropathy was 3-fold stronger in SD rats than in F344 rats. Our previous study demonstrated that the key factor of species differences in FYX-051-induced nephropathy is purine metabolism. This observation led us to examine the involvement of purine metabolism in differences among two strains of rats. However, purine metabolism was proven not to be implicated as an important factor. Subsequently, other factors responsible for the strain differences were examined. FYX-051-induced increases in plasma xanthine concentrations were higher in SD rats than in F344 rats, suggesting more remarkable effects on pharmacodynamics in the former than the latter. Urinary volume was greater in F344 rats administered 10 mg/kg of FYX-051 (6.8 ml/h/kg) than in SD rats administered 3 mg/kg of FYX-051 (5.0 ml/h/kg), implying easier xanthine excretion in the former. Urinary xanthine solubility was 55 mg/dl in F344 rats aged 6 weeks, in contrast to 38 mg/dl in SD rats of the same age. Also, there were no significant differences in exposure levels at the same dose between SD and F344 rats. The outcomes of exposure levels and renal histopathology in both rats suggest the possibility that F344 rats could be exposed to a 3-fold higher amount of drug than SD rats in a carcinogenicity bioassay. The present study, therefore, suggested that strain differences of nephrotoxicity were caused by the combined effects of pharmacodynamics, xanthine excretion capacity, and urinary xanthine solubility. Furthermore, these results indicate that F344 rats would be a suitable strain for the carcinogenicity study of FYX-051.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ashizawa
- Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., 636-1 Iidashinden, Nishi-ku, Saitama 331-0068, Japan.
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