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Mirabolghasemi G, Kamyab Z. Changes of The Uterine Tissue in Rats with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Induced by Estradiol Valerate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2016; 11:47-55. [PMID: 28367305 PMCID: PMC5215711 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2016.4794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common hormonal
disorders that can lead to irregular menstrual cycles and hyperandrogenism. Reduced
levels of progesterone and increased estrogen in these women can perpetually stimulate
the endometrial tissue of the uterus. In this study, we assess the effect of PCOS induction
by estradiol valerate (EV) in a rat model. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, adult female Wistar rats that weighed
approximately 200 g were divided into control, sham, and experimental groups (n=6 per
group). The experimental group received subcutaneous injections of 2 mg EV for induction
of PCOS. We confirmed the presence of PCOS in the experimental group rats. Rats from all
groups were subsequently killed, after which their uteri were removed and fixed for histological and cytological analyses. The uterine tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin
and eosin (H&E) and iron hematoxylin (iron-H). We examined epithelium height, thickness
of the uterus wall, and frequency of the mitotic cells. The data were assessed at α=0.05. Results Uterine tissue findings from the experimental group showed significant increases
in the height of the uterus luminal epithelium, the thickness of the uterus wall, and the frequency of eosinophils in the endometrial stroma. We observed an increased frequency of
mitotic cells in the experimental group in both luminal and glandular epithelia of the uterus.
An increased rate of the glandular epithelium region was noticeable and significant. Conclusion Induction of PCOS by EV could change the proliferation rate in the endo-
metrial tissue of the uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadire Mirabolghasemi
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Kamyab
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
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Argeri R, Nishi EE, Volpini RA, Palma BD, Tufik S, Gomes GN. Sleep restriction during pregnancy and its effects on blood pressure and renal function among female offspring. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/16/e12888. [PMID: 27796270 PMCID: PMC5002907 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of sleep restriction (SR) during pregnancy on blood pressure and renal function among female adult offspring was investigated. Pregnant Wistar rats were distributed into control and SR groups. The SR was performed between the 14th and 20th days of pregnancy (multiple platforms method for 20 h/day). At 2 months of age, half of the offspring from both groups were subjected to an ovariectomy (ovx), and the other half underwent sham surgery. The groups were as follows: control sham (Csham), control ovx (Covx), SR sham (SRsham), and SR ovx (SRovx). Renal function markers and systolic blood pressure (BPi, indirect method) were evaluated at 4, 6, and 8 months. Subsequently, the rats were euthanized, kidneys were removed, and processed for morphological analyses of glomerular area (GA), number of glomeruli per mm3 (NG), and kidney mass (KM). Increased BPi was observed in the Covx, SRsham, and SRovx groups compared to Csham at all ages. Increased plasma creatinine concentration and decreased creatinine clearance were observed in the SRsham and SRovx groups compared to the Csham and Covx groups. The SRovx group showed higher BPi and reduced creatinine clearance compared to all other groups. The SRovx group showed reduced values of GA and KM, as well as increased NG, macrophage infiltration, collagen deposit, and ACE1 expression at the renal cortex. Therefore, SR during pregnancy might be an additional risk factor for developing renal dysfunction and increasing BP in female adult offspring. The absence of female hormones exacerbates the changes caused by SR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Argeri
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika E Nishi
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rildo A Volpini
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz D Palma
- Basic Research Laboratory - LIM12, Nephrology - Faculty of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro Universitário São Camilo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Basic Research Laboratory - LIM12, Nephrology - Faculty of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guiomar N Gomes
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Naciff JM, Khambatta ZS, Carr GJ, Tiesman JP, Singleton DW, Khan SA, Daston GP. Dose- and Time-Dependent Transcriptional Response of Ishikawa Cells Exposed to Genistein. Toxicol Sci 2016; 151:71-87. [PMID: 26865667 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To further define the utility of the Ishikawa cells as a reliable in vitro model to determine the potential estrogenic activity of chemicals of interest, transcriptional changes induced by genistein (GES) in Ishikawa cells at various doses (10 pM, 1 nM, 100 nM, and 10 μM) and time points (8, 24, and 48 h) were identified using a comprehensive microarray approach. Trend analysis indicated that the expression of 5342 unique genes was modified by GES in a dose- and time-dependent manner (P ≤ 0.0001). However, the majority of gene expression changes induced in Ishikawa cells were elicited by the highest dose of GES evaluated (10 μM). The GES' estrogenic activity was identified by comparing the Ishikawa cells' response to GES versus 17 α-ethynyl estradiol (EE, at equipotent doses, ie, 10 μM vs 1 μM, respectively) and was defined by changes in the expression of 284 unique genes elicited by GES and EE in the same direction, although the magnitude of the change for some genes was different. Further, comparing the response of the Ishikawa cells exposed to high doses of GES and EE versus the response of the juvenile rat uterus exposed to EE, we identified 66 unique genes which were up- or down regulated in a similar manner in vivo as well as in vitro Genistein elicits changes in multiple molecular pathways affecting various biological processes particularly associated with cell organization and biogenesis, regulation of translation, cell proliferation, and intracellular transport; processes also affected by estrogen exposure in the uterus of the rat. These results indicate that Ishikawa cells are capable of generating a biologically relevant estrogenic response and offer an in vitro model to assess this mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M Naciff
- *Mason Business Center, The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Zubin S Khambatta
- *Mason Business Center, The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Gregory J Carr
- *Mason Business Center, The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Jay P Tiesman
- *Mason Business Center, The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - David W Singleton
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Sohaib A Khan
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - George P Daston
- *Mason Business Center, The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040
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4
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Qin L, Shi H, Xia H, Chen L, Yao Q, Chen K. Comparative proteomic analysis of midgut proteins from male and female Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:ieu088. [PMID: 25502033 PMCID: PMC5633941 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Many biological phenotypes of male and female silkworms (Bombyx mori) are quite different, and one of the major differences is the growth rate at various larval stages. Nutrient utilization by midgut varies with sexes. However, the molecular basis of this variation is not clear. To understand the molecular mechanism, comparative proteomic approach was employed to investigate the variation of midgut proteomes between male and female silkworms. Totally, 32 proteins that were grouped into four categories were differentially expressed and subsequently identified by mass spectrometry. Gene ontology analysis revealed that these proteins were attributed with biological functions such as binding, catalytic, and transporter, and these proteins were involved in biological process such as cellular process, localization, and metabolic process. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis revealed that these proteins were involved in pathways such as glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and purine metabolism. At transcription level, the expressional variation was confirmed for six identified proteins including muscle glycogen phosphorylase, uridine 5'-monophosphate synthase, cone cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit alpha, ATP synthase, thiol peroxiredoxin, and serpin-2. This study provides useful information for understanding the mechanisms of nutrient absorption and the protein-protein interaction in the silkworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvgao Qin
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Shi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengchuan Xia
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Yao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Keping Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Murata T, Narita K, Ichimaru T. Rat uterine oxytocin receptor and estrogen receptor α and β mRNA levels are regulated by estrogen through multiple estrogen receptors. J Reprod Dev 2013; 60:55-61. [PMID: 24334513 PMCID: PMC3963296 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2012-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen action is mediated through several types of receptors (ERs), such as ERα, ERβ
and putative membrane ERs. Oxytocin receptor (OTR) and ER expression levels in the rat
uterus are regulated by estrogen; however, which types of ERs are involved has not been
elucidated. This study examined OTR, ERα and ERβ levels in ovariectomized rats treated
with 17β-estradiol (E2), an ERα agonist (PPT), an ERβ agonist (DPN) or estren (Es). E2 and
PPT increased OTR mRNA levels and decreased ERα and ERβ mRNA levels 3 and 6 h
posttreatment. DPN decreased ERα and ERβ mRNA levels at 3 and 6 h, while OTR mRNA levels
increased at 3 h and decreased at 6 h. OTR mRNA levels increased 3 h after the Es
treatment and then declined until 6 h. ERα and ERβ mRNA levels decreased by 3 h and
remained low until 6 h posttreatment with Es. The ER antagonist ICI182,780 (ICI)
suppressed the increases in OTR mRNA levels induced 3 h after the Es treatment. However,
ICI and tamoxifen (Tam) had no significant effect on ERα and ERβ mRNA levels in the
Es-treated or vehicle-treated group. In intact rats, proestrus-associated increases in OTR
mRNA levels were antagonized by both ICI and Tam. However, decreases in ERα and ERβ mRNA
levels were not antagonized by Tam and ICI, respectively. Therefore, uterine OTR gene
expression is upregulated by estrogen through the classical nuclear (or non-nuclear) ERs,
ERα and ERβ, while the levels of these ERs are downregulated by estrogen through multiple
pathways including Es-sensitive nonclassical ERs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Murata
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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Chalmey C, Giton F, Chalmel F, Fiet J, Jégou B, Mazaud-Guittot S. Systemic compensatory response to neonatal estradiol exposure does not prevent depletion of the oocyte pool in the rat. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82175. [PMID: 24358151 PMCID: PMC3864944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of ovarian follicles is a finely tuned process that takes place within a narrow time-window in rodents. Multiple factors and pathways have been proposed to contribute to the mechanisms triggering this process but the role of endocrine factors, especially estrogens, remains elusive. It is currently hypothesized that removal from the maternal hormonal environment permits follicle formation at birth. However, experimentally-induced maintenance of high 17β-estradiol (E2) levels leads to subtle, distinct, immediate effects on follicle formation and oocyte survival depending on the species and dose. In this study, we examined the immediate effects of neonatal E2 exposure from post-natal day (PND) 0 to PND2 on the whole organism and on ovarian follicle formation in rats. Measurements of plasma E2, estrone and their sulfate conjugates after E2 exposure showed that neonatal female rats rapidly acquire the capability to metabolize and clear excessive E2 levels. Concomitant modifications to the mRNA content of genes encoding selected E2 metabolism enzymes in the liver and the ovary in response to E2 exposure indicate that E2 may modify the neonatal maturation of these organs. In the liver, E2 treatment was associated with lower acquisition of the capability to metabolize E2. In the ovary, E2 depleted the oocyte pool in a dose dependent manner by PND3. In 10 µg/day E2-treated ovaries, apoptotic oocytes were observed in newly formed follicles in addition to areas of ovarian cord remodeling. At PND6, follicles without any visible oocyte were present and multi-oocyte follicles were not observed. Our study reveals a major species-difference. Indeed, neonatal exposure to E2 depletes the oocyte pool in the rat ovary, whereas in the mouse it is well known to increase oocyte survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Chalmey
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1085 Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 140, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Franck Giton
- AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor - A. Chenevier, service de Biochimie et de Génétique, Créteil, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U955 Équipe 07, Créteil, France
| | - Frédéric Chalmel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1085 Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 140, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Jean Fiet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U955 Équipe 07, Créteil, France
| | - Bernard Jégou
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1085 Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 140, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- Ecole des Hautes Études en Santé Publique, Rennes, France
| | - Séverine Mazaud-Guittot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1085 Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 140, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- * E-mail:
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7
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Louis GW, Hallinger DR, Stoker TE. The effect of triclosan on the uterotrophic response to extended doses of ethinyl estradiol in the weanling rat. Reprod Toxicol 2013; 36:71-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Winuthayanon W, Piyachaturawat P, Suksamrarn A, Burns KA, Arao Y, Hewitt SC, Pedersen LC, Korach KS. The natural estrogenic compound diarylheptanoid (D3): in vitro mechanisms of action and in vivo uterine responses via estrogen receptor α. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:433-9. [PMID: 23552522 PMCID: PMC3620745 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarylheptanoid (D3) isolated from the medicinal plant, Curcuma comosa, has estrogenic activity. OBJECTIVE We aimed to elucidate the mechanism(s) of D3 action and compare it with that of 17β-estradiol (E2) using both in vitro and in vivo uterine models. METHODS We used human uterine (Ishikawa) cells to determine the estrogenic action of D3 on the activation and nuclear translocation of estrogen receptor α (ERα). In addition, we further characterized the uterine response to D3 treatment in vivo. RESULTS D3 activated an estrogen responsive element (ERE) luciferase reporter through ERα, and molecular modeling suggested that D3 could be accommodated in the ERα binding pocket. Using modified ERα to assay ligand-dependent nuclear translocation, we observed D3-dependent ERα interaction and translocation. In mouse uteri, early- and late-phase estrogen-regulated gene responses were increased in D3-treated ovariectomized wild-type animals, in a manner similar to that of E2; no response was seen in ERα knockout animals. We observed a divergence in estrogen responses after D3 treatment: D3 induced robust DNA synthesis in uterine epithelial cells, linked to an increase in cell-cycle-related genes; however, no increase in uterine weight was observed 24 hr after treatment. D3 also affected uterine progesterone receptor expression patterns similar to E2. When D3 and E2 were administered together, we observed no additive or antagonistic effects of D3 on E2. Our findings suggest that D3 is a weak estrogenic agonist compound. CONCLUSION D3 is a weakly acting phytoestrogen that mimics the mitogenic responses produced by E2 in an ERα-dependent manner, but it is unable to increase uterine weight or enhance or antagonize the effects of estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wipawee Winuthayanon
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Intapad S, Tull FL, Brown AD, Dasinger JH, Ojeda NB, Fahling JM, Alexander BT. Renal denervation abolishes the age-dependent increase in blood pressure in female intrauterine growth-restricted rats at 12 months of age. Hypertension 2013; 61:828-34. [PMID: 23424240 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal insults program sex differences in blood pressure, with males more susceptible than females. Aging may augment developmental programming of chronic disease, but the mechanisms involved are not clear. We previously reported that female growth-restricted offspring are normotensive after puberty. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that age increases susceptibility to hypertension in female growth-restricted offspring. Blood pressure remained similar at 6 months of age; however, blood pressure was significantly elevated in female growth-restricted offspring relative to control by 12 months of age (137±3 vs 117±4 mm Hg; P<0.01, respectively). Body weight did not differ at 6 or 12 months of age; however, total fat mass and visceral fat were significantly increased at 12 months in female growth-restricted offspring (P<0.05 vs control). Glomerular filtration rate remained normal, yet renal vascular resistance was increased at 12 months of age in female growth-restricted offspring (P<0.05 vs control). Plasma leptin, which can increase sympathetic nerve activity, did not differ at 6 months but was increased at 12 months of age in female growth-restricted offspring (P<0.05 vs control). Because of the age-dependent increase in leptin, we hypothesized that the renal nerves may contribute to the age-dependent increase in blood pressure. Bilateral renal denervation abolished the elevated blood pressure in female growth-restricted offspring normalizing it relative to denervated female control offspring. Thus, these data indicate that age induces an increase in visceral fat and circulating leptin associated with a significant increase in blood pressure in female growth-restricted offspring, with the renal nerves serving as an underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suttira Intapad
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Vivacqua A, Romeo E, De Marco P, De Francesco EM, Abonante S, Maggiolini M. GPER mediates the Egr-1 expression induced by 17β-estradiol and 4-hydroxitamoxifen in breast and endometrial cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 133:1025-35. [PMID: 22147081 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early growth response-1 (Egr-1) is an immediate early gene involved in relevant biological events including the proliferation of diverse types of cell tumors. In a microarray analysis performed in breast cancer cells, 17β-estradiol (E2) and the estrogen receptor antagonist 4-hydroxitamoxifen (OHT) up-regulated Egr-1 through the G protein-coupled receptor named GPR30/GPER. Hence, in this study, we aimed to provide evidence regarding the ability of E2, OHT and the selective GPER ligand G-1 to regulate Egr-1 expression and function through the GPER/EGFR/ERK transduction pathway in both Ishikawa (endometrial) and SkBr3 (breast) cancer cells. Interestingly, we demonstrate that Egr-1 is involved in the transcription of genes regulating cell proliferation like CTGF and cyclin D1 and required for the proliferative effects induced by E2, OHT, and G-1 in both Ishikawa and SkBr3 cells. In addition, we show that GPER mediates the expression of Egr-1 also in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Our data suggest that Egr-1 may represent an important mediator of the biological effects induced by E2 and OHT through GPER/EGFR/ERK signaling in breast and endometrial cancer cells. The results obtained in CAFs provide further evidence regarding the potential role exerted by the GPER-dependent Egr-1 up-regulation in tumor development and progression. Therefore, Egr-1 may be included among the bio-markers of estrogen and antiestrogen actions and may be considered as a further therapeutic target in both breast and endometrial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Vivacqua
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, University of Calabria, 87030 Rende, CS, Italy.
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11
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Goetz AK, Singh BP, Battalora M, Breier JM, Bailey JP, Chukwudebe AC, Janus ER. Current and future use of genomics data in toxicology: Opportunities and challenges for regulatory applications. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 61:141-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Harada T, Ochi Y, Ochi H. [Pharmacology profile and clinical findings of Viviant(®) (bazedoxifene acetate) tablet ]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2011; 138:68-78. [PMID: 21828941 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.138.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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13
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Aenlle KK, Foster TC. Aging alters the expression of genes for neuroprotection and synaptic function following acute estradiol treatment. Hippocampus 2011; 20:1047-60. [PMID: 19790252 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study used microarray analysis to examine age-related changes in gene expression 6 and 12 h following a single estradiol injection in ovariectomized mice. Estradiol-responsive gene expression at the 6 h time point was reduced in aged (18 months) animals compared with young (4 months) and middle-aged (MA, 12 months) mice. Examination of gene clustering within biological and functional pathways indicated that young and MA mice exhibited increased expression of genes for cellular components of the synapse and decreased expression of genes related to oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial dysfunction. At the 12 h time point, estradiol-responsive gene expression increased in aged animals and decreased in young and MA mice compared with the 6 h time point. Gene clustering analysis indicated that aged mice exhibited increased expression of genes for signaling pathways that are rapidly influenced by estradiol. The age differences in gene expression for rapid signaling pathways may relate to disparity in basal pathway activity and estradiol mediated activation of rapid signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina K Aenlle
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Tsubota K, Kanki M, Noto T, Shiraki K, Takeuchi A, Nakatsuji S, Seki J, Oishi Y, Matsumoto M, Nakayama H. Transitional gene expression profiling in ovarian follicle during ovulation in normal-cycle rats. Toxicol Pathol 2011; 39:641-52. [PMID: 21551027 DOI: 10.1177/0192623311406932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of ovarian toxicity requires an understanding of the physiological changes related to the estrous cycle in the ovary. The authors investigated the transitional gene expression profile of ovulatory follicles in rats that show normal estrous cyclicity. Ovaries were collected at 10:00 and 22:00 on the proestrus day and at 10:00 on the estrus day. Ovarian follicles or early corpora lutea were isolated using laser microdissection, and extracted total RNA was analyzed using microarray technology. Clustering analysis revealed four different expression patterns: transient up- or down-regulation only at 22:00 on the proestrus day (pattern 1), up- or down-regulation only at 10:00 on the estrus day (pattern 2), continuous increase at 22:00 on the proestrus day and at 10:00 on the estrus day (pattern 3), and up- or down-regulation at 22:00 on the proestrus day and level maintenance at 10:00 on the estrus day (pattern 4). In addition, these probe sets were functionally categorized in each pattern using the Ingenuity Pathways Analysis database. These data will aid in understanding the physiology of ovulation and may be useful in assessing ovarian toxicity and its mechanism, such as in investigations of chemical-induced ovulatory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Tsubota
- Toxicologic Pathology, Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., Osaka, Japan.
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15
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Afshari CA, Hamadeh HK, Bushel PR. The evolution of bioinformatics in toxicology: advancing toxicogenomics. Toxicol Sci 2010; 120 Suppl 1:S225-37. [PMID: 21177775 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As one reflects back through the past 50 years of scientific research, a significant accomplishment was the advance into the genomic era. Basic research scientists have uncovered the genetic code and the foundation of the most fundamental building blocks for the molecular activity that supports biological structure and function. Accompanying these structural and functional discoveries is the advance of techniques and technologies to probe molecular events, in time, across environmental and chemical exposures, within individuals, and across species. The field of toxicology has kept pace with advances in molecular study, and the past 50 years recognizes significant growth and explosive understanding of the impact of the compounds and environment to basic cellular and molecular machinery. The advancement of molecular techniques applied in a whole-genomic capacity to the study of toxicant effects, toxicogenomics, is no doubt a significant milestone for toxicological research. Toxicogenomics has also provided an avenue for advancing a joining of multidisciplinary sciences including engineering and informatics in traditional toxicological research. This review will cover the evolution of the field of toxicogenomics in the context of informatics integration its current promise, and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Afshari
- Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA.
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Daston GP, Naciff JM. Predicting developmental toxicity through toxicogenomics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 90:110-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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BOOBIS ALANR, DASTON GEORGEP, PRESTON RJULIAN, OLIN STEPHENS. Application of key events analysis to chemical carcinogens and noncarcinogens. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; 49:690-707. [PMID: 19690995 PMCID: PMC2840875 DOI: 10.1080/10408390903098673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The existence of thresholds for toxicants is a matter of debate in chemical risk assessment and regulation. Current risk assessment methods are based on the assumption that, in the absence of sufficient data, carcinogenesis does not have a threshold, while noncarcinogenic endpoints are assumed to be thresholded. Advances in our fundamental understanding of the events that underlie toxicity are providing opportunities to address these assumptions about thresholds. A key events dose-response analytic framework was used to evaluate three aspects of toxicity. The first section illustrates how a fundamental understanding of the mode of action for the hepatic toxicity and the hepatocarcinogenicity of chloroform in rodents can replace the assumption of low-dose linearity. The second section describes how advances in our understanding of the molecular aspects of carcinogenesis allow us to consider the critical steps in genotoxic carcinogenesis in a key events framework. The third section deals with the case of endocrine disrupters, where the most significant question regarding thresholds is the possible additivity to an endogenous background of hormonal activity. Each of the examples suggests that current assumptions about thresholds can be refined. Understanding inter-individual variability in the events involved in toxicological effects may enable a true population threshold(s) to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- ALAN R. BOOBIS
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Toxicology, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - GEORGE P. DASTON
- Miami Valley Laboratories, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R. JULIAN PRESTON
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Rouquié D, Friry-Santini C, Schorsch F, Tinwell H, Bars R. Standard and Molecular NOAELs for Rat Testicular Toxicity Induced by Flutamide. Toxicol Sci 2009; 109:59-65. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Zhou T, Chou J, Watkins PB, Kaufmann WK. Toxicogenomics: transcription profiling for toxicology assessment. EXS 2009; 99:325-66. [PMID: 19157067 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8336-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Toxicogenomics, the application of transcription profiling to toxicology, has been widely used for elucidating the molecular and cellular actions of chemicals and other environmental stressors on biological systems, predicting toxicity before any functional damages, and classification of known or new toxicants based on signatures of gene expression. The success of a toxicogenomics study depends upon close collaboration among experts in different fields, including a toxicologist or biologist, a bioinformatician, statistician, physician and, sometimes, mathematician. This review is focused on toxicogenomics studies, including transcription profiling technology, experimental design, significant gene extraction, toxicological results interpretation, potential pathway identification, database input and the applications of toxicogenomics in various fields of toxicological study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhou
- Center for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Naciff JM, Khambatta ZS, Thomason RG, Carr GJ, Tiesman JP, Singleton DW, Khan SA, Daston GP. The genomic response of a human uterine endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line to 17alpha-ethynyl estradiol. Toxicol Sci 2008; 107:40-55. [PMID: 18936297 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have determined the gene expression profile induced by 17 alpha-ethynyl estradiol (EE) in Ishikawa cells, a human uterine-derived estrogen-sensitive cell line, at various doses (1 pM, 100 pM, 10 nM, and 1 microM) and time points (8, 24, and 48 h). The transcript profiles were compared between treatment groups and controls (vehicle-treated) using high-density oligonucleotide arrays to determine the expression level of approximately 38,500 human genes. By trend analysis, we determined that the expression of 2560 genes was modified by exposure to EE in a dose- and time-dependent manner (p </= 0.0001). The annotation available for the genes affected indicates that EE exposure results in changes in multiple molecular pathways affecting various biological processes, particularly associated with development, morphogenesis, organogenesis, cell proliferation, cell organization, and biogenesis. All of these processes are also affected by estrogen exposure in the uterus of the rat. Comparison of the response to EE in both the rat uterus and the Ishikawa cells showed that 71 genes are regulated in a similar manner in vivo as well as in vitro. Further, some of the genes that show a robust response to estrogen exposure in Ishikawa cells are well known to be estrogen responsive, in various in vivo studies, such as PGR, MMP7, IGFBP3, IGFBP5, SOX4, MYC, EGR1, FOS, CKB, and CCND2, among others. These results indicate that transcript profiling can serve as a viable tool to select reliable in vitro systems to evaluate potential estrogenic activities of target chemicals and to identify genes that are relevant for the estrogen response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M Naciff
- Miami Valley Innovation Center, The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45253, USA
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Daston GP. Gene expression, dose-response, and phenotypic anchoring: applications for toxicogenomics in risk assessment. Toxicol Sci 2008; 105:233-4. [PMID: 18684776 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- George P Daston
- Central Product Safety, Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati, Ohio 45253, USA.
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Buck WR, Waring JF, Blomme EA. Use of traditional end points and gene dysregulation to understand mechanisms of toxicity: toxicogenomics in mechanistic toxicology. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 460:23-44. [PMID: 18449481 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-048-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microarray technologies can be used to generate massive amounts of gene expression information as an initial step to decipher the molecular mechanisms of toxicologic changes. Identifying genes whose expression is associated with specific toxic end points is an initial step in predicting, characterizing, and understanding toxicity. Analysis of gene function and the chronology of gene expression changes represent additional methods to generate hypotheses of the mechanisms of toxicity. Follow-up experiments are typically required to confirm or refute hypotheses derived from toxicogenomic data. Understanding the mechanism of toxicity for a compound is a critical step in forming a rational plan for developing counterscreens for toxicity and for increasing productivity of research and development while decreasing the risk of late-stage failure in pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne R Buck
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
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Abstract
By regulating activities and expression levels of key signaling molecules, estrogens control mechanisms that are responsible for crucial cellular functions. Ligand binding to estrogen receptor (ER) leads to conformational changes that regulate the receptor activity, its interaction with other proteins and DNA. In the cytoplasm, receptor interactions with kinases and scaffolding molecules regulate cell signaling cascades (extranuclear/nongenomic action). In the nucleus, estrogens control a repertoire of coregulators and other auxiliary proteins that are associated with ER, which in turn determines the nature of regulated genes and level of their expression (genomic action). The combination of genomic and nongenomic actions of estrogens ultimately confers the cell-type and tissue-type selectivity. Recent studies have revealed some important new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying ER action, which may help to explain the functional basis of existing selective ER modulators (SERMs) and provide evidence into how ER might be selectively targeted to achieve specific therapeutic goals. In this review, we will summarize some new molecular details that relate to estrogen signaling. We will also discuss some new strategies that may potentially lead to the development of functionally selective ER modulators that can separate between the beneficial, prodifferentiative effects in bone, the cardiovascular system and the CNS as well as the "detrimental," proliferative effects in reproductive tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris J Cheskis
- Women's Health and Musculoskeletal Biology, Wyeth Research, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.
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