1
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Sharma V, Singh TG. Drug induced nephrotoxicity- A mechanistic approach. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:6975-6986. [PMID: 37378746 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The main goal of the treatment of patients is its effectiveness and safety. However, all currently prescribed drugs being used also have certain adverse effects, which might be seen as an unavoidable but necessary cost of pharmacotherapy. The kidney is the primary organ for xenobiotics elimination, making it particularly susceptible to the harmful effects of drugs and their metabolites during their excretion from the body. Moreover, certain medications have a preferential nephrotoxicity potential, which means that using them increases the risk of kidney injury. Drug nephrotoxicity is, therefore, both a significant problem and a complication of pharmacotherapy. It should be noted that, there is presently no accepted definition of drug-induced nephrotoxicity and no established diagnostic criteria. The current review briefly describes the pathogenic mechanism of drug-induced nephrotoxicity, the various basic drugs with nephrotoxicity potential and the renal biomarkers for the treatment of the drug-related kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerta Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India, 140401
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India, 140401.
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2
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Novak R, Salai G, Hrkac S, Vojtusek IK, Grgurevic L. Revisiting the Role of NAG across the Continuum of Kidney Disease. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10040444. [PMID: 37106631 PMCID: PMC10136202 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10040444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic kidney diseases are an evolving continuum for which reliable biomarkers of early disease are lacking. The potential use of glycosidases, enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, in kidney disease detection has been under investigation since the 1960s. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) is a glycosidase commonly found in proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs). Due to its large molecular weight, plasma-soluble NAG cannot pass the glomerular filtration barrier; thus, increased urinary concentration of NAG (uNAG) may suggest injury to the proximal tubule. As the PTECs are the workhorses of the kidney that perform much of the filtration and reabsorption, they are a common starting point in acute and chronic kidney disease. NAG has previously been researched, and it is widely used as a valuable biomarker in both acute and chronic kidney disease, as well as in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, heart failure, and other chronic diseases leading to kidney failure. Here, we present an overview of the research pertaining to uNAG’s biomarker potential across the spectrum of kidney disease, with an additional emphasis on environmental nephrotoxic substance exposure. In spite of a large body of evidence strongly suggesting connections between uNAG levels and multiple kidney pathologies, focused clinical validation tests and knowledge on underlining molecular mechanisms are largely lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruder Novak
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department of Proteomics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Grgur Salai
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stela Hrkac
- Department of of Clinical Immunology, Allergology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Kovacevic Vojtusek
- Department of Nephrology, Arterial Hypertension, Dialysis and Transplantation, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lovorka Grgurevic
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department of Proteomics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Anatomy, “Drago Perovic”, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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3
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Ráduly Z, Szabó A, Mézes M, Balatoni I, Price RG, Dockrell ME, Pócsi I, Csernoch L. New perspectives in application of kidney biomarkers in mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity, with a particular focus on domestic pigs. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1085818. [PMID: 37125184 PMCID: PMC10140568 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1085818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The gradual spread of Aspergilli worldwide is adding to the global shortage of food and is affecting its safe consumption. Aspergillus-derived mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, and fumonisins (members of the fusariotoxin group) can cause pathological damage to vital organs, including the kidney or liver. Although the kidney functions as the major excretory system in mammals, monitoring and screening for mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity is only now a developmental area in the field of livestock feed toxicology. Currently the assessment of individual exposure to mycotoxins in man and animals is usually based on the analysis of toxin and/or metabolite contamination in the blood or urine. However, this requires selective and sensitive analytical methods (e.g., HPLC-MS/MS), which are time consuming and expensive. The toxicokinetic of mycotoxin metabolites is becoming better understood. Several kidney biomarkers are used successfully in drug development, however cost-efficient, and reliable kidney biomarkers are urgently needed for monitoring farm animals for early signs of kidney disease. β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) are the dominant biomarkers employed routinely in environmental toxicology research, while kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) are also emerging as effective markers to identify mycotoxin induced nephropathy. Pigs are exposed to mycotoxins due to their cereal-based diet and are particularly susceptible to Aspergillus mycotoxins. In addition to commonly used diagnostic markers for nephrotoxicity including plasma creatinine, NAG, KIM-1 and NGAL can be used in pigs. In this review, the currently available techniques are summarized, which are used for screening mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity in farm animals. Possible approaches are considered, which could be used to detect mycotoxin induced nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Ráduly
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-DE Cell Physiology Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Zsolt Ráduly,
| | - András Szabó
- Agrobiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár, Hungary
- ELKH-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Miklós Mézes
- ELKH-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár, Hungary
- Department of Food Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | | | - Robert G. Price
- Department of Nutrition, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E. Dockrell
- SWT Institute of Renal Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St. George’s University, London, United Kingdom
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Mei Y, Yang G, Guo Y, Zhao K, Wu S, Xu Z, Zhou S, Yan C, Seeliger E, Niendorf T, Xu Y, Feng Y. Parametric MRI Detects Aristolochic Acid Induced Acute Kidney Injury. Tomography 2022; 8:2902-2914. [PMID: 36548535 PMCID: PMC9786286 DOI: 10.3390/tomography8060243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to aristolochic acid (AA) is of increased concern due to carcinogenic and nephrotoxic effects, and incidence of aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) is increasing. This study characterizes renal alterations during the acute phase of AAN using parametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). An AAN and a control group of male Wistar rats received administration of aristolochic acid I (AAI) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), respectively, for six days. Both groups underwent MRI before and 2, 4 and 6 days after AAI or PEG administration. T2 relaxation times and apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) were determined for four renal layers. Serum creatinine levels (sCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured. Tubular injury scores (TIS) were evaluated based on histologic findings. Increased T2 values were detected since day 2 in the AAN group, but decreased ADCs and increased sCr levels and BUN were not detected until day 4. Significant linear correlations were observed between T2 of the cortex and the outer stripe of outer medulla and TIS. Our results demonstrate that parametric MRI facilitates early detection of renal injury induced by AAI in a rat model. T2 mapping may be a valuable tool for assessing kidney injury during the acute phase of AAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Mei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Guixiang Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yihao Guo
- Department of Radiology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou 570311, China
| | - Kaixuan Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shuyu Wu
- Radiotherapy Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Zhongbiao Xu
- Radiotherapy Center, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chenggong Yan
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Erdmann Seeliger
- Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thoralf Niendorf
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yikai Xu
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yanqiu Feng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence & Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Radiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde, Foshan), Foshan 528399, China
- Correspondence:
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Chae SA, Pyo MC, Yoo HJ, Lee KW. Ochratoxin a induces hepatic fibrosis through TGF-β receptor I/Smad2/3 signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:2084-2095. [PMID: 35543154 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin generated by Penicillium and Aspergillus species. It is often found in cereals. We hypothesized that OTA exposure induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), leading to liver fibrosis. In this research, we explored whether the TGF-β receptor I (TGF-β RI)/Smad2/3 signaling pathway is related to EMT-induced hepatic fibrosis. In vitro and in vivo experiments, mRNA and protein expression of liver fibrosis-related markers such as fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and E-cadherin were assessed. The levels of alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin, which are used to assess damage, increased. We also confirmed the increase in mRNA and protein expression of TGF-β RI, Smad2, and Smad3. The expression of liver fibrosis-related markers was decreased by siRNA-mediated silencing of Smad2/3, as well as TGF-RI suppression. Liver cells exposed to OTA showed enhanced TGF-β RI expression on the cell membrane. These results demonstrated that OTA induces hepatic fibrosis through TGF-β RI and Smad2/3 pathways in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung A Chae
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Cheol Pyo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Joon Yoo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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6
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Dev I, Pal S, Lugun O, Singh N, Ansari KM. Ochratoxin A treated rat derived urinary exosomes enhanced cell growth and extracellular matrix production in normal kidney cells through modulation of TGF-β1/smad2/3 signaling pathway. Life Sci 2022; 298:120506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bejoy J, Qian ES, Woodard LE. Tissue Culture Models of AKI: From Tubule Cells to Human Kidney Organoids. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:487-501. [PMID: 35031569 PMCID: PMC8975068 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021050693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
AKI affects approximately 13.3 million people around the world each year, causing CKD and/or mortality. The mammalian kidney cannot generate new nephrons after postnatal renal damage and regenerative therapies for AKI are not available. Human kidney tissue culture systems can complement animal models of AKI and/or address some of their limitations. Donor-derived somatic cells, such as renal tubule epithelial cells or cell lines (RPTEC/hTERT, ciPTEC, HK-2, Nki-2, and CIHP-1), have been used for decades to permit drug toxicity screening and studies into potential AKI mechanisms. However, tubule cell lines do not fully recapitulate tubular epithelial cell properties in situ when grown under classic tissue culture conditions. Improving tissue culture models of AKI would increase our understanding of the mechanisms, leading to new therapeutics. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be differentiated into kidney organoids and various renal cell types. Injury to human kidney organoids results in renal cell-type crosstalk and upregulation of kidney injury biomarkers that are difficult to induce in primary tubule cell cultures. However, current protocols produce kidney organoids that are not mature and contain off-target cell types. Promising bioengineering techniques, such as bioprinting and "kidney-on-a-chip" methods, as applied to kidney nephrotoxicity modeling advantages and limitations are discussed. This review explores the mechanisms and detection of AKI in tissue culture, with an emphasis on bioengineered approaches such as human kidney organoid models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bejoy
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Eddie S. Qian
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lauren E. Woodard
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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8
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Urinary Biomarkers of Mycotoxin Induced Nephrotoxicity-Current Status and Expected Future Trends. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120848. [PMID: 34941686 PMCID: PMC8708607 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intensifying world-wide spread of mycotoxigenic fungal species has increased the possibility of mycotoxin contamination in animal feed and the human food chain. Growing evidence shows the deleterious toxicological effects of mycotoxins from infants to adults, while large population-based screening programs are often missing to identify affected individuals. The kidney functions as the major excretory system, which makes it particularly vulnerable to nephrotoxic injury. However, few studies have attempted to screen for kidney injury biomarkers in large, mycotoxin-exposed populations. As a result, there is an urgent need to screen them with sensitive biomarkers for potential nephrotoxicity. Although a plethora of biomarkers have been tested to estimate the harmful effects of a wide spectrum of toxicants, β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) are currently the dominant biomarkers employed routinely in environmental toxicology research. Nevertheless, kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) are also emerging as useful and informative markers to reveal mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity. In this opinion article we consider the nephrotoxic effects of mycotoxins, the biomarkers available to detect and quantify the kidney injuries caused by them, and to recommend biomarkers to screen mycotoxin-exposed populations for renal damage.
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Bauer B, Liedtke D, Jarzina S, Stammler E, Kreisel K, Lalomia V, Diefenbacher M, Klopocki E, Mally A. Exploration of zebrafish larvae as an alternative whole-animal model for nephrotoxicity testing. Toxicol Lett 2021; 344:69-81. [PMID: 33722575 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to an increasing demand for testing of new and existing chemicals and legal restrictions for the use of animals, there is a strong need for alternative approaches to assess systemic toxicity. Embryonic and larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) are increasingly recognized as a promising alternative whole-animal model that may be able to overcome limitations of cell-based in vitro assays and bridge the gap between high-throughput in vitro screening and low-throughput in vivo tests in animals. Despite the relatively simple anatomical structure of the zebrafish larval kidney (pronephros) - composed of only two nephrons - the pronephros shares major functions and cell types with mammalian nephrons. Glomerular filtration begins at 48 h post fertilization. The aim of the present study was to investigate if early zebrafish larvae might be a suitable model for nephrotoxicity testing. On day 3 post fertilization, larval zebrafish were treated with selected nephrotoxins (aristolochic acid, cadmium chloride, potassium bromate, ochratoxin A, gentamicin) for 48 h. Histological evaluation of zebrafish larvae exposed to model nephrotoxins revealed tubule injury as evidenced by dilated tubules with loss of the brush border, tubule cell necrosis and disorganization of the tubular epithelium. These changes were most severe after treatment with gentamicin, which also impaired pronephros function as evidenced by reduced clearance of FITC-dextran. Whole-mount in situ hybridization showing loss of cdh17 expression revealed site-specific injury to the proximal tubule segment. Analysis of genes previously identified as novel biomarkers of kidney injury in mammals showed upregulation of the kidney injury marker genes heme oxygenase 1 (hmox1), clusterin (clu), secreted phosphoprotein/osteopontin (spp1), connective tissue growth factor (ctgf) and kim-1 (havcr-1) in response to nephrotoxin treatment, although the response of individual genes varied across compounds. Consistent with the severity of lesions and impaired kidney function, the most prominent gene expression changes occurred in larvae exposed to gentamicin. Overall, our results suggest that larval zebrafish may be a suitable alternative model organism for nephrotoxicity screening, yet further improvements and integration with quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation will be needed to predict human toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Bauer
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Liedtke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jarzina
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Emilia Stammler
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Kreisel
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Viola Lalomia
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Diefenbacher
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva Klopocki
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.
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Liu X, Wu P, Jiang WD, Liu Y, Jiang J, Kuang SY, Tang L, Zhou XQ, Feng L. Effects of Dietary Ochratoxin A on Growth Performance and Intestinal Apical Junctional Complex of Juvenile Grass Carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella). Toxins (Basel) 2020; 13:toxins13010011. [PMID: 33374276 PMCID: PMC7823973 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination widely occurs in various feed ingredients and food crops, potentially posing a serious health threat to animals. In this research, 1260 juvenile grass carp were separately fed with seven distinct experimental diets (0, 406, 795, 1209, 1612, 2003 and 2406 µg of OTA/kg of diet) for 60 consecutive days to evaluate OTA’s toxic effect on the intestinal apical junctional complex (including the tight junction (TJ) and the adherents junction (AJ)) and the underlying action mechanisms. Our experiment firstly confirmed that OTA caused fish growth retardation and disrupted the intestinal structural integrity. The detailed results show that OTA (1) depressed the feed efficiency, percentage weight gain and specific growth rate; (2) accumulated in the intestine; (3) caused oxidative damage and increased intestinal permeability; and (4) induced the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway, destroying intestinal apical junctional complexes. Notably, OTA intervention did not result in changes in the gene expression of claudin-3c (in the proximal intestine (PI)), claudin-b and ZO-2b (in the mid intestine (MI) and distal intestine (DI)) in the fish intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.L.); (P.W.); (W.-D.J.); (Y.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.L.); (P.W.); (W.-D.J.); (Y.L.); (J.J.)
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.L.); (P.W.); (W.-D.J.); (Y.L.); (J.J.)
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.L.); (P.W.); (W.-D.J.); (Y.L.); (J.J.)
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.L.); (P.W.); (W.-D.J.); (Y.L.); (J.J.)
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Sichuan Animtech Feed. Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610066, China; (S.-Y.K.); (L.T.)
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Sichuan Animtech Feed. Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610066, China; (S.-Y.K.); (L.T.)
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.L.); (P.W.); (W.-D.J.); (Y.L.); (J.J.)
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistance Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (X.-Q.Z.); (L.F.)
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.L.); (P.W.); (W.-D.J.); (Y.L.); (J.J.)
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistance Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (X.-Q.Z.); (L.F.)
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11
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Imaoka T, Yang J, Wang L, McDonald MG, Afsharinejad Z, Bammler TK, Van Ness K, Yeung CK, Rettie AE, Himmelfarb J, Kelly EJ. Microphysiological system modeling of ochratoxin A-associated nephrotoxicity. Toxicology 2020; 444:152582. [PMID: 32905824 PMCID: PMC7560959 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most abundant mycotoxin contaminants in food stuffs and possesses carcinogenic, nephrotoxic, teratogenic, and immunotoxic properties. Specifically, a major concern is severe nephrotoxicity, which is characterized by degeneration of epithelial cells of the proximal tubules and interstitial fibrosis. However, the mechanism of OTA toxicity, as well as the genetic risk factors contributing to its toxicity in humans has been elusive due to the lack of adequate models that fully recapitulate human kidney function in vitro. The present study attempts to evaluate dose-response relationships, identify the contribution of active transport proteins that govern the renal disposition of OTA, and determine the role of metabolism in the bioactivation and detoxification of OTA using a 3D human kidney proximal tubule microphysiological system (kidney MPS). We demonstrated that LC50 values of OTA in kidney MPS culture (0.375-1.21 μM) were in agreement with clinically relevant toxic concentrations of OTA in urine. Surprisingly, no enhancement of kidney injury biomarkers was evident in the effluent of the kidney MPS after OTA exposure despite significant toxicity observed by LIVE/DEAD staining. Instead, these biomarkers decreased in an OTA concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the effect of 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) and 6-(7-Nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-ylthio) hexanol (NBDHEX), pan-inhibitors of P450 and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes, respectively, on OTA-induced toxicity in kidney MPS was examined. These studies revealed significant enhancement of OTA-induced toxicity by NBDHEX (3 μM) treatment, whereas ABT (1 mM) treatment decreased OTA-induced toxicity, suggesting roles for GSTs and P450 enzymes in the detoxification and bioactivation of OTA, respectively. Analysis of transcriptional changes using RNA-sequencing of kidney MPS treated with different concentrations of OTA revealed downregulation of several nuclear factor (erythroid derived-2)-like 2 (NRF2)-regulated genes by OTA treatment, including GSTs. The transcriptional repression of GSTs is likely playing a key role in OTA toxicity via attenuation of glutathione conjugation/detoxification. The sequential molecular events may explain the mechanism of toxicity associated with OTA. Additionally, OTA transport studies using kidney MPS in the presence and absence of probenecid (1 mM) suggested a role for organic anionic membrane transporter(s) in the kidney specific disposition of OTA. Our findings provide a clearer understanding of the mechanism of OTA-induced kidney injury, which may support changes in risk assessment, regulatory agency policies on allowable exposure levels, and determination of the role of genetic factors in populations at risk for OTA nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Imaoka
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Jade Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Matthew G McDonald
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Zahra Afsharinejad
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Theo K Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Kirk Van Ness
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Catherine K Yeung
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, 98195, USA; Kidney Research Institute, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98104, USA
| | - Allan E Rettie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- Kidney Research Institute, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98104, USA
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA; Kidney Research Institute, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98104, USA.
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12
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Karaman E, Ariman I, Ozden S. Responses of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines after zearalenone exposure in human kidney cells. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone is a mycotoxin widely found worldwide that is produced by several fungal species. Due to its similarity to estradiol, it has been shown to have toxic effects on the reproductive system. Although various animal studies have been conducted to investigate the toxic effects of zearalenone, the mechanisms of toxicity have not been fully elucidated. The aim of the study was to investigate the dose-dependent toxic effects of zearalenone exposure in human kidney cells. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of zearalenone in HK-2 cells were found to be 133.42 and 101.74 µM in MTT- and NRU-tests, respectively. Zearalenone exposure at concentrations of 1, 10 and 50 µM decreased cell proliferation by 2.1, 11.07 and 24.34%, respectively. Reactive oxygen species levels increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner. A significant increase was observed in the expressions of MGMT, α-GST, Hsp70 and HO-1 genes, which are associated with oxidative damage, while a significant decrease in L-Fabp gene expression was observed. Moreover, zearalenone increased gene expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-8, TNFα and MAPK8. Significant increases were observed at the level of global DNA methylation and expression of DNMT1 in all exposure groups. These results indicate that changes in DNA methylation and oxidative damage may play an important role in the toxicity of zearalenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.F. Karaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116-Beyazit, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biruni University, 34010-Topkapi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - I. Ariman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116-Beyazit, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S. Ozden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116-Beyazit, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Qiu X, Miao Y, Geng X, Zhou X, Li B. Evaluation of biomarkers for in vitro prediction of drug-induced nephrotoxicity in RPTEC/TERT1 cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2020; 9:91-100. [PMID: 32440340 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been intensive efforts to identify in vivo biomarkers that can be used to monitor drug-induced kidney damage before significant impairment occurs. Kidney injury molecule-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, clusterin, β2-microglobulin and cystatin C (CysC) have been validated as clinical or preclinical biomarkers in urinary and plasma predictive of acute and chronic kidney injuries and diseases. A high-throughput in vitro assay predictive of nephrotoxicity could potentially be implemented in early drug discovery stage to reduce attrition at later stages of drug development. To assess the potential of these known in vivo biomarkers for in vitro evaluation of drug-induced nephrotoxicity, we selected four nephrotoxic agents (cisplatin, cyclosporin, aristolochic acid I and gentamicin) and detected their effects on the protein levels of nephrotoxic biomarkers in RPTEC/TERT1 cells. The protein levels of clusterin, CysC, GSTπ and TIMP-1 significantly increased in the conditioned media of RPTEC/TERT1 cells treated with cisplatin, cyclosporin, aristolochic acid I and gentamicin. The messenger RNA levels of clusterin, CysC, GSTπ and TIMP-1 also increased in RPTEC/TERT1 cells treated with cisplatin, cyclosporin, aristolochic acid I and gentamicin, indicating that drug-induced upregulation involves transcriptional activation. Taken together, the results clearly demonstrate that among the known in vivo nephrotoxic biomarkers, clusterin, CysC, GSTπ and TIMP-1 can be effectively used as in vitro biomarkers for drug-induced nephrotoxicity in RPTEC/TERT1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Qiu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 9, Dongdan Santiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China.,National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, A8 Hongda Middle Street, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yufa Miao
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, A8 Hongda Middle Street, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xingchao Geng
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, A8 Hongda Middle Street, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xiaobing Zhou
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, A8 Hongda Middle Street, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Bo Li
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 9, Dongdan Santiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China.,National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, A8 Hongda Middle Street, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing 100176, China
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14
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Schrenk D, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Alexander J, Dall'Asta C, Mally A, Metzler M, Binaglia M, Horváth Z, Steinkellner H, Bignami M. Risk assessment of ochratoxin A in food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06113. [PMID: 37649524 PMCID: PMC10464718 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update their 2006 opinion on ochratoxin A (OTA) in food. OTA is produced by fungi of the genus Aspergillus and Penicillium and found as a contaminant in various foods. OTA causes kidney toxicity in different animal species and kidney tumours in rodents. OTA is genotoxic both in vitro and in vivo; however, the mechanisms of genotoxicity are unclear. Direct and indirect genotoxic and non-genotoxic modes of action might each contribute to tumour formation. Since recent studies have raised uncertainty regarding the mode of action for kidney carcinogenicity, it is inappropriate to establish a health-based guidance value (HBGV) and a margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied. For the characterisation of non-neoplastic effects, a BMDL 10 of 4.73 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day was calculated from kidney lesions observed in pigs. For characterisation of neoplastic effects, a BMDL 10 of 14.5 μg/kg bw per day was calculated from kidney tumours seen in rats. The estimation of chronic dietary exposure resulted in mean and 95th percentile levels ranging from 0.6 to 17.8 and from 2.4 to 51.7 ng/kg bw per day, respectively. Median OTA exposures in breastfed infants ranged from 1.7 to 2.6 ng/kg bw per day, 95th percentile exposures from 5.6 to 8.5 ng/kg bw per day in average/high breast milk consuming infants, respectively. Comparison of exposures with the BMDL 10 based on the non-neoplastic endpoint resulted in MOEs of more than 200 in most consumer groups, indicating a low health concern with the exception of MOEs for high consumers in the younger age groups, indicating a possible health concern. When compared with the BMDL 10 based on the neoplastic endpoint, MOEs were lower than 10,000 for almost all exposure scenarios, including breastfed infants. This would indicate a possible health concern if genotoxicity is direct. Uncertainty in this assessment is high and risk may be overestimated.
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15
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Udawatte NS, Kang SW, Wang Y, Arumugam TV, Seneviratne CJ. Predictive Nephrotoxicity Profiling of a Novel Antifungal Small Molecule in Comparison to Amphotericin B and Voriconazole. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:511. [PMID: 32390849 PMCID: PMC7193989 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Candida albicans is the major fungal species associated with superficial mucosal infections such as oral candidiasis as well as systemic mycoses with high morbidity and mortality. On top of the rising drug resistance, currently available antifungal agents have significant adverse effects. Nephrotoxicity is the major treatment complication associated with antifungal agents.Recently, we discovered a novel antifungal small molecule SM21 with promising antifungal activity. The present study aimed to comparatively evaluate the in vivo and in vitro nephrotoxicity of SM21 comparing with Amphotericin B and voriconazole. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Nephrotoxicity of SM21 and its analogue were comparatively evaluated with Amphotericin B (AmB) and voriconazole. Immortalized human kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells (HK-2) were used for in vitro analysis of nephrotoxicity using cytotoxicity assays and qPCR gene expression analysis (Kim-1/HAVcr-1, CASP3). Sprague Dawley (SD) rat model was used to evaluate the nephrotoxicity in vivo using classical (SCr and BUN) and next-generation kidney injury urinary biomarkers (Kim-1, CLU, ALB, NGAL, β2M, and Cys C) alongside histopathological and immunohistochemical standards. KEY RESULTS AmB treatment showed a stronger cytotoxic impact on HK-2 viability and gene expression of cell death markers (Kim-1/HAVcr-1, CASP3) compared with SM21 and SM21 analogue in vitro (P < 0.01). In vivo data further demonstrated that SM21 did not significantly increase classical as well as novel nephrotoxic biomarkers, and minimal renal tubular necrosis and abnormalities were observed (15 mg kg-1 BW/day). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS SM21 had a significantly better safety profile in terms of nephrotoxicity with no major tubular epithelial abnormalities observed in kidney cells and no augmentation of kidney injury biomarkers compared to AmB. Kim-1 and CLU were the most sensitive biomarkers for detection of AmB-induced kidney damage. Future clinical trials should consider inclusion of these novel biomarkers as early indicators of acute kidney injury in antifungal-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeeka S. Udawatte
- National Dental Centre Singapore, Oral Health ACP, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sung Wook Kang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiruma V. Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chaminda J. Seneviratne
- National Dental Centre Singapore, Oral Health ACP, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Abstract
Drug attrition related to kidney toxicity remains a challenge in drug discovery and development. In vitro models established over the past 2 decades to supplement in vivo studies have improved the throughput capacity of toxicity evaluation, but usually suffer from low predictive value. To achieve a paradigm shift in the prediction of drug-induced kidney toxicity, two aspects are fundamental: increased physiological relevance of the kidney model, and use of appropriate toxicity end points. Recent studies have suggested that increasing the physiological relevance of kidney models can improve their sensitivity to drug-induced damage. Here, we discuss how advanced culture models, including modified cell lines, induced pluripotent stem cells, kidney organoid cultures, and microfluidic devices enhance in vivo similarity. To this end, culture models aim to increase the proximal tubule epithelial phenotype, reconstitute multiple tissue compartments and extracellular matrix, allow exposure to fluid shear stress, and enable interaction between multiple cell types. Applying computation-aided end points and novel biomarkers to advanced culture models will further improve sensitivity and clinical relevance of in vitro drug-induced toxicity prediction. Implemented at the right stage of drug discovery and development and coupled to high-content evaluation techniques, these models have the potential to reduce attrition and aid the selection of candidate drugs with an appropriate safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom T G Nieskens
- CVRMSafety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Sjögren
- CVRMSafety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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17
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Mosa IF, Youssef M, Kamel M, Mosa OF, Helmy Y. Synergistic antioxidant capacity of CsNPs and CurNPs against cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and pro-inflammatory mediators induced by hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in male rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:939-952. [PMID: 32206303 DOI: 10.1039/c9tx00221a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their dynamic characteristics, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAP-NPs) have been employed numerous times in nanomedicine and in tissue engineering, particularly as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. However, there are outstanding findings from various studies that question whether these NPs are safe when they are used in the human body. Therefore, a more in-depth toxicity assessment should be carried out to give a clear answer regarding the fate of these particles. Here we aim to investigate the possible cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and inflammation induced by HAP-NPs, as well as predict the synergistic antioxidative effect of chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs) and curcumin nanoparticles (CurNPs) in mitigating this pronounced toxicity. The present study was conducted on eighty Wistar male rats, divided into eight equal groups. The results showed that, at the molecular level, HAP-NPs significantly induced gene expression of tumor suppressor protein p53, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and also Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) and Lipocalin-2 (LCN2). In addition, kidney biochemical parameters (total bilirubin, urea, uric acid and creatinine) increased, but albumin levels decreased in the group treated with HAP-NPs alone. Meanwhile, co-treatment with CsNPs and/or CurNPs with HAP-NPs showed an improvement in the activities of the kidney parameters and reduced inflammation. This study shows that the nephrotoxicity mechanism of HAP-NPs may involve various signaling pathways including alterations in biochemical parameters, gene expression of KIM-1 and LCN2 and disturbing the production of cytokines and p53. Furthermore, these insights showed that the combined effect of both CsNPs and CurNPs was more pronounced than the effect of each one on its own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israa F Mosa
- Department of Environmental Studies , Institute of Graduate Studies and Research , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt . ; Tel: +201024680746
| | - Mokhtar Youssef
- Department of Environmental Studies , Institute of Graduate Studies and Research , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt
| | - Maher Kamel
- Department of Biochemistry , Medical Research Institute , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt
| | - Osama F Mosa
- Department of Public health , Health Sciences College at Leith , Umm Al Qura University , Al-Leith , Makkah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser Helmy
- Department of BioMaterials , Institute of Graduate Studies and Research , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt
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18
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Screening of Early Diagnostic Markers of Gentamicin-induced Acute Kidney Injury in Canines. J Vet Res 2019; 63:405-411. [PMID: 31572822 PMCID: PMC6749733 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The value of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1), and liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) was assessed in early diagnosis of gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs. Material and Methods Subcutaneous gentamicin injection in 16 healthy adult beagles made the AKI model. Blood was sampled every 6 h to detect NGAL, Kim-1, L-FABP, and serum creatinine (SCr) concentrations. Kidney tissue of two dogs was taken before the injection, as soon as SCr was elevated (78 μmol/L), and when it had risen to 1.5 times the baseline, and haematoxylin-eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to observe changes. Results NGAL, Kim-1, and SCr levels were significantly increased (P < 0.05) at 18, 30, and 78 h post injection, but L-FABP concentration was not associated with renal injury. At the earliest SCr elevation stage, findings were mild oedema, degeneration, and vacuolisation in renal tubular epithelial cells in pathology, and mild cytoplasmic and mitochondrial oedema in TEM. At this time point, NGAL and Kim-1 concentrations were significantly increased (P < 0.05), indicating that these two molecules biomark early kidney injury in dogs. Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, their warning levels were > 25.31 ng/mL and > 48.52 pg/mL. Conclusion Plasma NGAL and Kim-1 above warning levels are early indicators of gentamicin-induced AKI in dogs.
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19
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Shin HS, Lee HJ, Pyo MC, Ryu D, Lee KW. Ochratoxin A-Induced Hepatotoxicity through Phase I and Phase II Reactions Regulated by AhR in Liver Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E377. [PMID: 31261931 PMCID: PMC6669489 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widespread mycotoxin produced by several species of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. OTA exists in a variety of foods, including rice, oats, and coffee and is hepatotoxic, with a similar mode of action as aflatoxin B1. The precise mechanism of cytotoxicity is not yet known, but oxidative damage is suspected to contribute to its cytotoxic effects. In this study, human hepatocyte HepG2 cells were treated with various concentrations of OTA (5-500 nM) for 48 h. OTA triggered oxidative stress as demonstrated by glutathione depletion and increased reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde level, and nitric oxide production. Apoptosis was observed with 500 nM OTA treatment. OTA increased both the mRNA and protein expression of phase I and II enzymes. The same results were observed in an in vivo study using ICR mice. Furthermore, the relationship between phase I and II enzymes was demonstrated by the knockdown of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) with siRNA. Taken together, our results show that OTA induces oxidative stress through the phase I reaction regulated by AhR and induces apoptosis, and that the phase II reaction is activated by Nrf2 in the presence of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Soo Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- School of Food Science, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, MS 2312, USA
| | - Min Cheol Pyo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Dojin Ryu
- School of Food Science, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, MS 2312, USA
| | - Kwang-Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
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20
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Sharma R, Battu P, Singla M, Goyal N, Sharma VL. Expression profile of markers of oxidative stress, injury and apoptosis in anti-tuberculosis drugs induced nephrotoxicity. Nephrology (Carlton) 2019; 24:689-695. [PMID: 29737591 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Isoniazid (INH), Rifampicin (RIF) and Pyrazinamide (PZA) are part of first-line anti-tuberculosis therapy used against infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, these drugs are known to be potentially harmful as these are associated with numerous side effects and when taken together their harmful outcomes are elevated in a synergistic manner. Identification of possible mechanism underlying RIF + INH + PZA induced nephrotoxicity may be advantageous in developing strategies to prevent their toxic implications. METHODS In this study rats were distributed in two groups of six each: Control (tap water) and Toxicant (INH + RIF + PZA) in dosage derived through extrapolation from human dosage for 28 days once in a day. Antioxidant activity and histology of kidney were examined. In addition, apoptosis was also studied using pro and anti-apoptotic markers and TUNEL staining to check nephrotoxicity. RESULTS Findings indicated that combined (INH, RIF and PZA) 28 day exposure in Wistar rats caused increase in number of free radicals/ reactive oxygen species which further cause changes in levels of enzymatic antioxidants such as glutathione, Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, and Glutathione-s-transferase. Altered content of pro (BAD&BAX) and anti-apoptotic genes (BCL-2&BCL2L1) genes, TUNEL positive cells and DNA fragmentation emphasized involvement of apoptosis. CONCLUSION This study concluded that nephrotoxicity is accompanied during combinational anti-tuberculosis drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Sharma
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.,Department of Zoology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi, India
| | - Priya Battu
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mandakini Singla
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neha Goyal
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vijay L Sharma
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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21
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Díaz de León-Martínez L, Díaz-Barriga F, Barbier O, Ortíz DLG, Ortega-Romero M, Pérez-Vázquez F, Flores-Ramírez R. Evaluation of emerging biomarkers of renal damage and exposure to aflatoxin-B 1 in Mexican indigenous women: a pilot study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:12205-12216. [PMID: 30835068 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04634-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus which frequently contaminate maize. These compounds are considered toxic, especially AFB1 which has been classified as a human carcinogen, due to its relationship with the generation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Studies in vivo, in animal models, prove that chronic consumption of AFB1 has an association with renal adverse effects, but evidence in humans is scarce. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to conduct a pilot study to evaluate the correlation between exposure to AFB1 and early-stage renal damage in indigenous women of San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Exposure to AFB1 was measured through the biomarker AFB1-lysine and renal damage through kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and cystatin-C (Cys-C). AFB1-Lys was measured by HPLC-FLD. The method was validated with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 and limit of detection and quantification of 3.5 and 4.7 pg mL-1, respectively. Levels of NGAL, KIM-1, and Cys-C were determined (median (P25-P75), 5.96 (3.16-15.91), 0.137 (0.137-0.281), and 18.49 (5.76-29.57) ng mL-1, respectively). Additionally, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (83.3 (59.8-107.4) mL/min/1.73 m2) and serum creatinine (SCr) (0.88 (0.72-1.22) mg dL-1) were obtained. The median concentrations for AFB1-Lys were 2.08 (1.89-5.8) pg mg-1 of albumin. Statistically significant correlations between AFB1-Lys/KIM-1 (Rho = 0.498, p = 0.007) and AFB1/Cys-C (Rho = 0.431, p = 0.014) were found. Our results indicate that women are exposed to AFB1, due to the fact that the AFB1-Lys biomarker was found in a high percentage of the study population (83%). In addition, the results of exposure to AFB1 show a strong significant correlation between KIM-1 and Cys-C that may indicate the toxic renal effect. These results are alarming because of the high toxicity of this compound and require adequate intervention to reduce AFB1 exposure in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Fernando Díaz-Barriga
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados-Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dora Linda Guzmán Ortíz
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del -Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Campus Guanajuato, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Manolo Ortega-Romero
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados-Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Pérez-Vázquez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
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22
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McDuffie JE. Brief Overview: Assessment of Compound-induced Acute Kidney Injury Using Animal Models, Biomarkers, and In Vitro Platforms. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:978-990. [PMID: 30392454 DOI: 10.1177/0192623318807679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The inability to unequivocally predict translatable drug-induced kidney injury in nonclinical studies during pharmacological development is evidenced by drug attrition in human clinical trials. Eight urinary proteins have been qualified as renal safety biomarkers for limited context of use in nonclinical drug development studies in rats. Formal qualification of human renal safety biomarkers is pending the submission of data from prospective clinical trials and analyses of biomarker performance to the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health and Predictive Safety Testing Consortium's Nephrotoxicity Working Group. In vitro kidney platforms may be leveraged to investigate the potential risk of compound-induced acute kidney injury and/or dysfunction. The early assessment of drug-related kidney safety profiles using biomarker-level changes in animal models and in vitro platforms could significantly reduce renal safety-related drug attrition; yet, there are no well-validated in vitro systems to enable comprehensive investigations of compound-induced nephrotoxicity. Thus, histopathology remains the gold standard for diagnosing nephron-specific damage. Traditional and emerging biomarker panels should be combined with histopathology and/or cytopathology to enable early identification of compound-induced kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E McDuffie
- Mechanistic & Investigative Toxicology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
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23
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Wang H, Zhai N, Chen Y, Fu C, Huang K. OTA induces intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and tight junction disruption in IPEC-J2 cells through ROS/Ca 2+-mediated MLCK activation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:106-112. [PMID: 29966834 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a frequent contaminant of feed and food worldwide. The toxicity of OTA on intestinal barrier was investigated in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). We observed that OTA induced intestinal barrier dysfunction as indicated by the reduction in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and elevation in paracellular permeability to 4 kDa dextran. The barrier dysfunction was accompanied with tight junction disruption including a down-regulation in ZO-1 expression and redistribution of Occludin and ZO-1. Moreover, OTA exposure increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, elevated the intracellular calcium level ([Ca2+]c) and activated myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Simultaneously, NAC, a ROS scavenger, blocked OTA-induced ROS generation, [Ca2+]c elevation, barrier dysfunction and tight junction disruption, suggesting that OTA-induced ROS generation may act as a trigger. Next, we found that OTA-induced MLCK activation was inhibited by BAPTA-AM, the cytosolic Ca2+ chelator, demonstrating that OTA-induced MLCK activation is dependent on [Ca2+]c elevation. Furthermore, inhibition of MLCK with ML-7 or inhibition of [Ca2+]c elevation with BAPTA-AM markedly prevented OTA-induced barrier dysfunction and tight junction disruption. Taken together, our results indicated that OTA induces ROS generation, and then elevates the [Ca2+]c and MLCK activity in turn, which finally induces barrier dysfunction and disrupts tight junction in IPEC-J2 cell monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Nianhui Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chongyang Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
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24
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Vettorazzi A, Pastor L, Guruceaga E, López de Cerain A. Sex-dependent gene expression after ochratoxin A insult in F344 rat kidney. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 123:337-348. [PMID: 30449730 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent rodent nephrocarcinogen; being males more sensitive than females. The objective was to study the response between sexes at gene expression level (whole genome transcriptomics) in kidneys of F344 rats treated with 0.21 or 0.50 mg/kg bw OTA for 21 days. DNA methylation analysis of selected genes was also studied (MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry). OTA-induced response was dose-dependent in males and females, although clearer in males. Females showed a higher number of altered genes than males but functional analysis revealed a higher number of significantly enriched toxicity lists in 0.21 mg/kg treated males. OTA modulated damage, signaling and metabolism related lists, as well as inflammation, proliferation and oxidative stress in both sexes. Eleven toxicity lists (damage, fibrosis, cell signaling and metabolism) were exclusively altered in males while renal safety biomarker and biogenesis of mitochondria lists were exclusively enriched in females. A high number of lists (39) were significantly enriched in both sexes. However, they contained many sex-biased OTA-modulated genes, mainly phase I and II, transporters and nuclear receptors, but also others related to cell proliferation/apoptosis. No biologically relevant changes were observed in the methylation of selected genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Vettorazzi
- University of Navarra, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Laura Pastor
- University of Navarra, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Elizabeth Guruceaga
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain; Bioinformatics Platform, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- University of Navarra, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain.
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25
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Mitigation of cell apoptosis induced by ochratoxin A (OTA) is possibly through organic cation transport 2 (OCT2) knockout. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:15-23. [PMID: 30120945 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a secondary metabolite of fungi such as Aspergillus ochraceus, A. niger and A. carbonarius, Penicillium verrucosum, and various other Penicillium, Petromyces, and Neopetromyces species. Various foods can be contaminated with OTA, potentially causing several toxic effects such as nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Typically, OTA is excreted by organic anion transporters (OATs). There is no research indicating organic cation transporters (OCTs) are involved in OTA nephrotoxicity. In our study, NRK-52E cells and rats were treated with OTA. OTA changed the expression of OCT1, OCT2 and OCT3 in NRK-52E cells and rat kidneys. TEA alleviated OTA-induced cell death, apoptosis, and DNA damage, and increased ROS. The OCT2 knockout cell line was constructed by the CRISPR/Cas 9 system. OCT2 knockout did not change the gene expression of OCT1, OAT1 and OAT3. OCT2 knockout alleviated the increase of Caspase 3 and CDK1 induced by OTA, leading to a reduction of apoptosis. In addition, OCT2 overexpression increased cell toxicity and expression of Caspase 3. In short, our findings indicate that OCT2 knockout possibly mitigate OTA-induced apoptosis by preventing the increase of Caspase 3 and CDK1.
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26
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Soo JYC, Jansen J, Masereeuw R, Little MH. Advances in predictive in vitro models of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14:378-393. [PMID: 29626199 PMCID: PMC6013592 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In vitro screens for nephrotoxicity are currently poorly predictive of toxicity in humans. Although the functional proteins that are expressed by nephron tubules and mediate drug susceptibility are well known, current in vitro cellular models poorly replicate both the morphology and the function of kidney tubules and therefore fail to demonstrate injury responses to drugs that would be nephrotoxic in vivo. Advances in protocols to enable the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into multiple renal cell types and the development of microfluidic and 3D culture systems have opened a range of potential new platforms for evaluating drug nephrotoxicity. Many of the new in vitro culture systems have been characterized by the expression and function of transporters, enzymes, and other functional proteins that are expressed by the kidney and have been implicated in drug-induced renal injury. In vitro platforms that express these proteins and exhibit molecular biomarkers that have been used as readouts of injury demonstrate improved functional maturity compared with static 2D cultures and represent an opportunity to model injury to renal cell types that have hitherto received little attention. As nephrotoxicity screening platforms become more physiologically relevant, they will facilitate the development of safer drugs and improved clinical management of nephrotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Y-C Soo
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jitske Jansen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Melissa H Little
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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27
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Tao Y, Xie S, Xu F, Liu A, Wang Y, Chen D, Pan Y, Huang L, Peng D, Wang X, Yuan Z. Ochratoxin A: Toxicity, oxidative stress and metabolism. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 112:320-331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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28
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Kokura K, Kuromi Y, Endo T, Anzai N, Kazuki Y, Oshimura M, Ohbayashi T. A kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1) gene reporter in a mouse artificial chromosome: the responsiveness to cisplatin toxicity in immortalized mouse kidney S3 cells. J Gene Med 2018; 18:273-281. [PMID: 27591740 PMCID: PMC5095820 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Kidney injury molecule‐1 (Kim‐1) has been validated as a urinary biomarker for acute and chronic renal damage. The expression of Kim‐1 mRNA is also activated by acute kidney injury induced by cisplatin in rodents and humans. To date, the measurement of Kim‐1 expression has not fully allowed the detection of in vitro cisplatin nephrotoxicity in immortalized culture cells, such as human kidney‐2 cells and immortalized proximal tubular epithelial cells. Methods We measured the augmentation of Kim‐1 mRNA expression after the addition of cisplatin using immortalized S3 cells established from the kidneys of transgenic mice harboring temperature‐sensitive large T antigen from Simian virus 40. Results A mouse Kim‐1 gene luciferase reporter in conjunction with an Hprt gene reporter detected cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity in S3 cells. These two reporter genes were contained in a mouse artificial chromosome, and two luciferases that emitted different wavelengths were used to monitor the respective gene expression. However, the Kim‐1 reporter gene failed to respond to cisplatin in A9 fibroblast cells that contained the same reporter mouse artificial chromosome, suggesting cell type‐specificity for activation of the reporter. Conclusions We report the feasibility of measuring in vitro cisplatin nephrotoxicity using a Kim‐1 reporter gene in S3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kokura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.,Division of Human Genome Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kuromi
- Tottori Industrial Promotion Organization, Tottori, Tottori, Japan.,Division of Laboratory Animal Science, Research Center for Bioscience and Technology, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Tottori Industrial Promotion Organization, Tottori, Tottori, Japan
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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29
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Shin YJ, Kim KA, Kim ES, Kim JH, Kim HS, Ha M, Bae ON. Identification of aldo-keto reductase (AKR7A1) and glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP1) as novel renal damage biomarkers following exposure to mercury. Hum Exp Toxicol 2018; 37:1025-1036. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327117751234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The kidney is one of the main targets for toxicity induced by xenobiotics. Sensitive detection of early impairment is critical to assess chemical-associated renal toxicity. The aim of this study was to identify potential nephrotoxic biomarkers in rat kidney tissues after exposure to mercury (Hg), a representative nephrotoxicant, and to evaluate these new biomarkers employing in vivo and in vitro systems. Mercuric chloride was administered orally to Sprague-Dawley rats for 2 weeks. Proteomic analysis revealed that aldo-keto reductase (AKR7A1) and glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP1) were significantly elevated in kidney after Hg exposure. While the levels of conventional nephrotoxic clinical markers including blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were not elevated, the mRNA and protein levels of AKR7A1 and GSTP1 were increased upon Hg exposure in a dose-dependent manner. The increases in AKR7A1 and GSTP1 were also observed in rat kidneys after an extended exposure for 6 weeks to low-dose Hg. In in vitro rat kidney proximal tubular cells, changes in AKR7A1 and GSTP1 levels correlated well with the extent of cytotoxicity induced by Hg, cadmium, or cisplatin. AKR7A1 and GSTP1 were identified as new candidates for Hg-induced nephrotoxicity, suggesting that these biomarkers have potential for evaluating or predicting nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-J Shin
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - K-A Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - E-S Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - J-H Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - H-S Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - M Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - O-N Bae
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
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30
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Effect of curcumin on glycerol-induced acute kidney injury in rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10114. [PMID: 28860665 PMCID: PMC5579036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10693-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective role and underlying mechanisms of curcumin on glycerol-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in rats. Glycerol (10 ml/kg BW, 50% v/v in sterile saline, i.m.) was used to induce AKI, followed by curcumin (200 mg/kg/day, p.o.) administration for 3 days. To confirm renal damage and the effects of curcumin on AKI, serum BUN, Scr, and CK as well as renal SOD, MDA, GSH-Px were measured. Additionally, morphological changes were identified by H&E staining and transmission electron microscopy. The expression of several factors including chemotactic factor MCP-1, proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6, as well as the kidney injury markers, as Kim-1 and Lipocalin-2 were also assessed using q-PCR. Finally, cell apoptosis in renal tissue was detected using in situ TUNEL apoptosis fluorescence staining and expression of proteins associated with apoptotic, oxidative stress and lipid oxidative related signaling pathways were detected using immunohistochemical staining and western blot. The results showed that curcumin exerts renoprotective effects by inhibiting oxidative stress in rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI through regulation of the AMPK and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways, and also ameliorated RM-associated renal injury and cell apoptosis by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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31
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Marin DE, Pistol GC, Gras MA, Palade ML, Taranu I. Comparative effect of ochratoxin A on inflammation and oxidative stress parameters in gut and kidney of piglets. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:224-231. [PMID: 28760389 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi of Aspergillus and Penicillium genra. OTA is mainly nephrotoxic but can also cause hepatotoxicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity. As recent studies have highlighted the close relationship between gastrointestinal tract and kidney, as principal organs involved in absorption and respective excretion of xenobiotics, the aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of a subchronic exposure (30 days) to 0.05 mg/kg OTA on immune response and oxidative stress parameters at the level of intestine and kidney of young swine. The experiment was realised on twelve crossbred weaned piglets randomly allotted to both control group or toxin group fed 0.050 mg OTA/kg feed. Our results have shown that a subchronic intoxication with a low dose of OTA for 30 days affected the immune response and the anti-oxidant self-defense at gut and kidney level. The gene expression of both markers of signaling pathways involved in inflammation and inflammatory cytokines were affected in a much higher extent in the gut than in the kidney Of OTA intoxicated piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela E Marin
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania.
| | - Gina C Pistol
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania
| | - Mihai A Gras
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania
| | - Mihai L Palade
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania
| | - Ionelia Taranu
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania
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32
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Tiwari R, Singh RD, Khan H, Gangopadhyay S, Mittal S, Singh V, Arjaria N, Shankar J, Roy SK, Singh D, Srivastava V. Oral subchronic exposure to silver nanoparticles causes renal damage through apoptotic impairment and necrotic cell death. Nanotoxicology 2017; 11:671-686. [PMID: 28617070 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1343874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most widely used nanomaterials. Following oral exposure, AgNPs can accumulate in various organs including kidneys where they show gender specific accumulation. There is limited information on their effect on renal system following long-term animal exposure especially at the ultramicroscopic and molecular level. In this study, we have assessed the effect of 60 days oral AgNPs treatment on kidneys of female Wistar rats at doses of 50 ppm and 200 ppm that are below previously reported lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL). AgNPs treatment led to decrease in kidney weight and some loss of renal function as seen by increased levels of serum creatinine and early toxicity markers such as KIM-1, clusterin and osteopontin. We also observed significant mitochondrial damage, loss of brush border membranes, pronounced swelling of podocytes and degeneration of their foot processes using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These symptoms are similar to those seen in nephrotic syndrome and 'Minimal change disease' of kidney where few changes are visible under light microscopy but significant ultrastructural damage is observed. Prolonged treatment of AgNPs also led to the activation of cell proliferative, survival and proinflammatory factors (Akt/mTOR, JNK/Stat and Erk/NF-κB pathways and IL1β, MIP2, IFN-γ, TNF-α and RANTES) and dysfunction of normal apoptotic pathway. Our study shows how long term AgNPs exposure may promote ultrastructural damage to kidney causing inflammation and expression of cell survival factors. These changes, in the long term, could lead to inhibition of the beneficial apoptotic pathway and promotion of necrotic cell death in kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnakar Tiwari
- a Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhavan , Lucknow, India.,g Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Sciences , Babu Banarasi Das University Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Radha Dutt Singh
- a Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhavan , Lucknow, India
| | - Hafizurrahman Khan
- a Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhavan , Lucknow, India
| | - Siddhartha Gangopadhyay
- a Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhavan , Lucknow, India
| | - Sandeep Mittal
- b Nanomaterials Toxicology Laboratory, Nanotherapeutics and Nanomaterial Toxicology Group,CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhavan , Lucknow, India
| | - Vikas Singh
- c Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Food Drug and Chemical Toxicology group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhavan , Lucknow, India
| | - Nidhi Arjaria
- d Advanced Imaging Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhavan , Lucknow, India
| | - Jai Shankar
- d Advanced Imaging Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhavan , Lucknow, India
| | - Somendu Kumar Roy
- e Analytical Chemistry Laboratory , Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhavan , Lucknow, India
| | - Dhirendra Singh
- f Animal House Facility, Regulatory Toxicology Group , CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhavan , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Vikas Srivastava
- a Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhavan , Lucknow, India
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33
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Abudayyak M, Öztaş E, Arici M, Özhan G. Investigation of the toxicity of bismuth oxide nanoparticles in various cell lines. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 169:117-123. [PMID: 27870932 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have been drawn attention in various fields ranging from medicine to industry because of their physicochemical properties and functions, which lead to extensive human exposure to nanoparticles. Bismuth (Bi)-based compounds have been commonly used in the industrial, cosmetic and medical applications. Although the toxicity of Bi-based compounds was studied for years, there is a serious lack of information concerning their toxicity and effects in the nanoscale on human health and environment. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the toxic effects of Bi (III) oxide (Bi2O3) nanoparticles in liver (HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cell), kidney (NRK-52E kidney epithelial cell), intestine (Caco-2 colorectal adenocarcinoma cell), and lung (A549 lung carcinoma cell) cell cultures. Bi2O3 nanoparticles (∼149.1 nm) were easily taken by all cells and showed cyto- and genotoxic effects. It was observed that the main cell death pathways were apoptosis in HepG2 and NRK-52E cells and necrosis in A549 and Caco-2 cells exposed to Bi2O3 nanoparticles. Also, the glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and 8-hydroxy deoxyguanine (8-OHdG) levels were significantly changed in HepG2, NRK-52E, and Caco-2 cells, except A549 cell. The present study is the first to evaluate the toxicity of Bi2O3 nanoparticles in mammalian cells. Bi2O3 nanoparticles should be thoroughly assessed for their potential hazardous effects to human health and the results should be supported with in vivo studies to fully understand the mechanism of their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Abudayyak
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Beyazit, 34116, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Öztaş
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Beyazit, 34116, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Arici
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Beyazit, 34116, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gül Özhan
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Beyazit, 34116, Istanbul, Turkey.
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34
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Limited Link between Oxidative Stress and Ochratoxin A-Induced Renal Injury in an Acute Toxicity Rat Model. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8120373. [PMID: 27983637 PMCID: PMC5198567 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8120373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) displays nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. However, in the acute toxicity rat model, there is no evidence on the relationship between OTA and nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Based on this, the integrated analysis of physiological status, damage biomarkers, oxidative stress, and DNA damage were performed. After OTA treatment, the body weight decreased and AST, ALP, TP, and BUN levels in serum increased. Hydropic degeneration, swelling, vacuolization, and partial drop occurred in proximal tubule epithelial cells. PCNA and Kim-1 were dose-dependently increased in the kidney, but Cox-2 expression and proliferation were not found in the liver. In OTA-treated kidneys, the mRNA expressions of Kim-1, Cox-2, Lcn2, and Clu were dose-dependently increased. The mRNA expressions of Vim and Cox-2 were decreased in OTA-treated livers. Some oxidative stress indicators were altered in the kidneys (ROS and SOD) and livers (SOD and GSH). DNA damage and oxidative DNA damage were not found. In conclusion, there is a limited link between oxidative stress and OTA-induced renal injury in an acute toxicity rat model.
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35
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Nayeri H, Babaknejad N. Evaluation of novel biomarkers in nephrotoxicity. Biomark Med 2016; 10:1209-1213. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2016-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hashem Nayeri
- Department of Biochemistry, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nasim Babaknejad
- Department of Biochemistry, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
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36
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Andreucci M, Faga T, Riccio E, Sabbatini M, Pisani A, Michael A. The potential use of biomarkers in predicting contrast-induced acute kidney injury. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2016; 9:205-21. [PMID: 27672338 PMCID: PMC5024777 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s105124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is a problem associated with the use of iodinated contrast media, causing kidney dysfunction in patients with preexisting renal failure. It accounts for 12% of all hospital-acquired kidney failure and increases the length of hospitalization, a situation that is worsening with increasing numbers of patients with comorbidities, including those requiring cardiovascular interventional procedures. So far, its diagnosis has relied upon the rise in creatinine levels, which is a late marker of kidney damage and is believed to be inadequate. Therefore, there is an urgent need for biomarkers that can detect CI-AKI sooner and more reliably. In recent years, many new biomarkers have been characterized for AKI, and these are discussed particularly with their use in known CI-AKI models and studies and include neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, cystatin C (Cys-C), kidney injury molecule-1, interleukin-18, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, and L-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP). The potential of miRNA and metabolomic technology is also mentioned. Early detection of CI-AKI may lead to early intervention and therefore improve patient outcome, and in future any one or a combination of several of these markers together with development in technology for their analysis may prove effective in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Andreucci
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro
| | - Teresa Faga
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro
| | - Eleonora Riccio
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Sabbatini
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ashour Michael
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro
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37
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Abudayyak M, Guzel EE, Özhan G. Copper (II) Oxide Nanoparticles Induced Nephrotoxicity In Vitro Conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2016.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Abudayyak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - E. Elif Guzel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gül Özhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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38
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Abd El-Twab SM, Hozayen WG, Hussein OE, Mahmoud AM. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid protects against methotrexate-induced kidney injury by up-regulating the Nrf2/ARE/HO-1 pathway and endogenous antioxidants. Ren Fail 2016; 38:1516-1527. [DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2016.1216722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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39
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Zhao J, Qi X, Dai Q, He X, Dweep H, Guo M, Luo Y, Gretz N, Luo H, Huang K, Xu W. Toxicity study of ochratoxin A using HEK293 and HepG2 cell lines based on microRNA profiling. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:8-22. [PMID: 26893291 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116632048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) induced DNA damage, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis in mammalian cell lines. Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are involved in physiological and developmental processes and contribute to cancer development and progression. In our study, high-throughput miRNA profiling and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis were applied to comparatively study the toxicity of OTA in HEK293 cells and HepG2 cells treated with 25 μM OTA for 24 h. In these two cells, the same changing miRNAs were mostly related to signal transduction pathways, whereas the different changing miRNAs were mostly related to human cancer pathways. DGCR8, Dicer1, and Drosha were significantly suppressed in HEK293 cells, indicating an impairment of miRNA biogenesis. The damage seemed more extensive in HEK293 cells. Cell models and in vivo models were also compared. Many miRNAs in vitro were markedly different from those in vivo; however, OTA toxicity was observed both in vitro and in vivo. The classification of deregulated pathways is similar. The biogenesis of miRNA was impaired in both lines. In conclusion, deregulated miRNAs in vitro are mostly related to human cancer and signal transduction pathways. The deregulated pathways in vivo are similar to those in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhao
- 1 Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - X Qi
- 1 Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Q Dai
- 1 Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - X He
- 1 Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - H Dweep
- 2 Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Guo
- 1 Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Y Luo
- 1 Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - N Gretz
- 2 Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - H Luo
- 3 State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - K Huang
- 1 Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - W Xu
- 1 Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,4 Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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40
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Heussner A, Paget T. Evaluation of renal in vitro models used in ochratoxin research. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) induces renal carcinomas in rodents with a specific localisation in the S3 segment of proximal tubules and distinct early severe tissue alterations, which have been observed also in other species. Pronounced species- and sex-specific differences in toxicity occur and similar effects cannot be excluded in humans, however precise mechanism(s) remain elusive until today. In such cases, the use of in vitro models for mechanistic investigations can be very useful; in particular if a non-genotoxic mechanism of cancer formation is assumed which include cytotoxic effects. However, potential genotoxic mechanisms can also be investigated in vitro. A crucial issue of in vitro research is the choice of the appropriate cell model. Apparently, the cellular target of OTA is the renal proximal tubular cell; therefore cells from this tissue area are the most reasonable model. Furthermore, cells from affected species should be used and can be compared to cells of human origin. Another important parameter is whether to use primary cultures or to choose a cell line from the huge variety of cell lines available. In any case, important characteristics and quality controls need to be verified beforehand. Therefore, this review discusses the renal in vitro models that have been used for the investigation of renal ochratoxin toxicity. In particular, we discuss the choice of the models and the essential parameters making them suitable models for ochratoxin research together with exemplary results from this research. Furthermore, new promising models such as hTERT-immortalised cells and 3D-cultures are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.H. Heussner
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Pharmacy Health and Well-being, University of Sunderland, Sciences Complex, Wharncliffe Street, Sunderland SR1 3SD, United Kingdom
| | - T. Paget
- Pharmacy Health and Well-being, University of Sunderland, Sciences Complex, Wharncliffe Street, Sunderland SR1 3SD, United Kingdom
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41
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Jacobo-Estrada T, Cardenas-Gonzalez M, Santoyo-Sánchez M, Parada-Cruz B, Uria-Galicia E, Arreola-Mendoza L, Barbier O. Evaluation of kidney injury biomarkers in rat amniotic fluid after gestational exposure to cadmium. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:1183-93. [PMID: 26815315 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium is a well-characterized nephrotoxic agent that is also capable of accumulating and diffusing across the placenta; however, only a few studies have addressed its effects over fetal kidneys and none of them has used a panel of sensitive and specific biomarkers for the detection of kidney injury. The goal of this study was to determine cadmium renal effects in rat fetuses by the quantification of early kidney injury biomarkers. Pregnant Wistar rats were exposed by inhalation to an isotonic saline solution or to CdCl2 solution (DDel =1.48 mg Cd kg(-1) day(-1) ) during gestational days (GD) 8-20. On GD 21, dams were euthanized and samples obtained. Kidney injury biomarkers were quantified in amniotic fluid samples and fetal kidneys were microscopically evaluated to search for histological alterations. Our results showed that cadmium exposure significantly raised albumin, osteopontin, vascular endothelial growth factor and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 levels in amniotic fluid, whereas it decreased creatinine. Clusterin, calbindin and IFN-inducible protein 10 did not show any change. Accordingly, histological findings showed tubular damage and precipitations in the renal pelvis. In conclusion, gestational exposure to cadmium induces structural alterations in fetal renal tissue that can be detected by some kidney injury biomarkers in amniotic fluid samples. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Jacobo-Estrada
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, México, D.F., México
| | - Mariana Cardenas-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, México, D.F., México
| | - Mitzi Santoyo-Sánchez
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, México, D.F., México
| | - Benjamín Parada-Cruz
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, México, D.F., México
| | - Esther Uria-Galicia
- Departamento de Morfología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340, México, D.F., México
| | - Laura Arreola-Mendoza
- Departamento de Biociencias e Ingeniería, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 30 de Junio de 1520 s/n, Col. Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, CP 07340, México, D.F., México
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, México, D.F., México
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42
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Ochratoxin A-induced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and reactive oxygen species in kidney cells: An integrative approach of complementary endpoints. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 87:65-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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43
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Kuwata K, Nakamura I, Ide M, Sato H, Nishikawa S, Tanaka M. Comparison of changes in urinary and blood levels of biomarkers associated with proximal tubular injury in rat models. J Toxicol Pathol 2015. [PMID: 26441477 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2014-0039.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate useful biomarkers associated with proximal tubular injury, we assessed changes in levels of a focused set of biomarkers in urine and blood. Male rats administered a single dose or four doses of gentamicin (GM, 240 mg/kg/day) or a single dose of cisplatin (CDDP, 5 mg/kg) were euthanized on days 2 (the day after initial dosing) 5, or 12. At each time point, histopathological examination of the kidney and immunohistochemistry for biomarkers, kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1), lipocalin (NGAL), clusterin (CLU), cystatin C (CysC) and β2-microglobulin (β2M) were performed. Biomarker levels were measured in urine and blood. In both treatment groups, degenerated/necrotic proximal tubules and regenerated tubules were mainly observed on days 5 and 12, respectively. At the same time as these tubular injuries, urinary Kim-1, CysC and β2M levels were increased. Moreover, urinary levels of CysC and β2M in GM-treated animals and Kim-1 in CDDP-treated animals increased (on day 2) prior to tubular injury on day 5. This was considered to reflect the characteristics of drug toxicity. Although almost all of the biomarkers in blood were not sufficiently sensitive to detect proximal tubular injury, urinary and plasma β2M levels simultaneously increased. Therefore, in addition to urinary Kim-1, CysC and β2M levels, plasma β2M levels were also considered useful for detecting proximal tubular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Kuwata
- Safety Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1-1-1 Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Itsuko Nakamura
- Safety Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50 Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Mika Ide
- Research Strategy & Planning Department, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50 Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroko Sato
- Safety Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1-1-1 Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Satomi Nishikawa
- Safety Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1-1-1 Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Masaharu Tanaka
- Safety Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1-1-1 Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
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44
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Cheli F, Giromini C, Baldi A. Mycotoxin mechanisms of action and health impact: ‘in vitro’ or ‘in vivo’ tests, that is the question. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present examples of in vitro and in vivo tests for mycotoxin mechanisms of action and evaluation of health effects, with a focus on the gut environment and toxicity testing. In vivo investigations may provide information on the net effects of mycotoxins in whole animals, whereas in vitro models represent effective tools to perform simplified experiments under uniform and well-controlled conditions and a suitable alternative to in vivo animal testing providing insights not achievable with animal studies. The main limits of in vitro models are the lack of interactions with other cells and extracellular factors, lack of hormonal or immunological influences, and lack or different levels of in vitro expression of genes involved in the overall response to mycotoxins. The translation of in vitro data into meaningful in vivo effects remains an unsolved problem. The main issues to be considered are the mycotoxin concentration range in accordance with levels encountered in realistic situations, the identification of reliable biomarkers of mycotoxin toxicity, the measurement of the chronic toxicity, the evaluation of single- or multi-toxin challenge. The gastrointestinal wall is the first barrier preventing the entry of undesirable substances. The intestinal epithelium can be exposed to high concentrations of mycotoxins upon ingestion of contaminated food and the amount of mycotoxin consumed via food does not always reflect the amount available to exert toxic actions in a target organ. In vitro digestion models in combination with intestinal epithelial cells are powerful tools to screen and predict the in vivo bioavailability and digestibility of mycotoxins in contaminated food and correctly estimate health effects. In conclusion, in vitro and in vivo tests are complementary approaches for providing a more accurate picture of the health impact of mycotoxins and improved understanding and evaluation of relevant dietary exposure and risk scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Cheli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milano, Italy
| | - C. Giromini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milano, Italy
| | - A. Baldi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milano, Italy
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45
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Elnaggar YSR, Etman SM, Abdelmonsif DA, Abdallah OY. Novel piperine-loaded Tween-integrated monoolein cubosomes as brain-targeted oral nanomedicine in Alzheimer's disease: pharmaceutical, biological, and toxicological studies. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:5459-73. [PMID: 26346130 PMCID: PMC4556290 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s87336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most patient devastating central nervous system diseases with no curative therapy. An effective oral therapy with brain-targeting potential is required that is hampered by blood-brain barrier. Piperine (PIP) is a natural alkaloid with memory enhancing potentials. Oral PIP delivery suffers from its hydrophobicity and first-pass metabolism. In this study, novel Tween-modified monoolein cubosomes (T-cubs) were elaborated as bioactive nanocarriers for brain-targeted oral delivery of PIP. Seven liquid crystalline nanoparticles (cubosomes) were prepared testing different bioactive surfactants (Tween 80, poloxamer, and Cremophor). Full in vitro characterization was carried out based on particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release. Morphological examination and structure elucidation were performed using transmission and polarizing microscopes. Sporadic dementia of Alzheimer's type was induced in 42 male Wistar rats on which full behavioral and biochemical testing was conducted. Brain toxicity was assessed based on Caspase-3 assay for apoptosis and tumor necrosis factor-α for inflammation. Liver and kidney toxicity studies were conducted as well. Among others, T-cubs exhibited optimum particle size (167.00±10.49 nm), polydispersity index (0.18±0.01), and zeta potential (-34.60±0.47 mv) with high entrapment efficiency (86.67%±0.62%). Cubs could significantly sustain PIP in vitro release. In vivo studies revealed T-cubs potential to significantly enhance PIP cognitive effect and even restore cognitive function to the normal level. Superiority of T-cubs over others suggested brain-targeting effect of Tween. Toxicological studies contended safety of cubs on kidney, liver, and even brain. T-cubs exhibited potential anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activity of loaded PIP, indicating potential to stop AD progression that was first suggested in this article. Novel oral nanoparticles elaborated possess promising in vitro and in vivo characteristics with high safety for effective chronic treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra S R Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Samar M Etman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Abdelmonsif
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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46
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Kim SY, Lee HM, Kim KS, Kim HS, Moon A. Noninvasive Biomarker Candidates for Cadmium-Induced Nephrotoxicity by 2DE/MALDI-TOF-MS and SILAC/LC-MS Proteomic Analyses. Toxicol Sci 2015; 148:167-82. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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47
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Cárdenas-González M, Jacobo Estrada T, Rodríguez-Muñoz R, Barrera-Chimal J, Bobadilla NA, Barbier OC, Del Razo LM. Sub-chronic exposure to fluoride impacts the response to a subsequent nephrotoxic treatment with gentamicin. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:309-19. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Cárdenas-González
- Departamento de Toxicología; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN); México D. F. Mexico
| | - Tania Jacobo Estrada
- Departamento de Toxicología; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN); México D. F. Mexico
| | - Rafael Rodríguez-Muñoz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN); México D. F. Mexico
| | - Jonatan Barrera-Chimal
- Unidad de Fisiología Molecular. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán; México D. F. Mexico
| | - Norma A. Bobadilla
- Unidad de Fisiología Molecular. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán; México D. F. Mexico
| | - Olivier C. Barbier
- Departamento de Toxicología; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN); México D. F. Mexico
| | - Luz M. Del Razo
- Departamento de Toxicología; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN); México D. F. Mexico
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48
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Kuwata K, Nakamura I, Ide M, Sato H, Nishikawa S, Tanaka M. Comparison of changes in urinary and blood levels of biomarkers associated with proximal tubular injury in rat models. J Toxicol Pathol 2015; 28:151-64. [PMID: 26441477 PMCID: PMC4588209 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2014-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate useful biomarkers associated with proximal tubular injury, we assessed
changes in levels of a focused set of biomarkers in urine and blood. Male rats
administered a single dose or four doses of gentamicin (GM, 240 mg/kg/day) or a single
dose of cisplatin (CDDP, 5 mg/kg) were euthanized on days 2 (the day after initial dosing)
5, or 12. At each time point, histopathological examination of the kidney and
immunohistochemistry for biomarkers, kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1), lipocalin (NGAL),
clusterin (CLU), cystatin C (CysC) and β2-microglobulin (β2M) were performed. Biomarker
levels were measured in urine and blood. In both treatment groups, degenerated/necrotic
proximal tubules and regenerated tubules were mainly observed on days 5 and 12,
respectively. At the same time as these tubular injuries, urinary Kim-1, CysC and β2M
levels were increased. Moreover, urinary levels of CysC and β2M in GM-treated animals and
Kim-1 in CDDP-treated animals increased (on day 2) prior to tubular injury on day 5. This
was considered to reflect the characteristics of drug toxicity. Although almost all of the
biomarkers in blood were not sufficiently sensitive to detect proximal tubular injury,
urinary and plasma β2M levels simultaneously increased. Therefore, in addition to urinary
Kim-1, CysC and β2M levels, plasma β2M levels were also considered useful for detecting
proximal tubular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Kuwata
- Safety Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1-1-1 Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Itsuko Nakamura
- Safety Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50 Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Mika Ide
- Research Strategy & Planning Department, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50 Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroko Sato
- Safety Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1-1-1 Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Satomi Nishikawa
- Safety Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1-1-1 Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Masaharu Tanaka
- Safety Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1-1-1 Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
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49
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Huang JX, Kaeslin G, Ranall MV, Blaskovich MA, Becker B, Butler MS, Little MH, Lash LH, Cooper MA. Evaluation of biomarkers for in vitro prediction of drug-induced nephrotoxicity: comparison of HK-2, immortalized human proximal tubule epithelial, and primary cultures of human proximal tubular cells. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00148. [PMID: 26171227 PMCID: PMC4492764 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been intensive effort to identify in vivo biomarkers that can be used to monitor drug-induced kidney damage and identify injury before significant impairment occurs. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and human macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) have been validated as urinary and plasma clinical biomarkers predictive of acute and chronic kidney injury and disease. Similar validation of a high throughput in vitro assay predictive of nephrotoxicity could potentially be implemented early in drug discovery lead optimization to reduce attrition at later stages of drug development. To assess these known in vivo biomarkers for their potential for in vitro screening of drug-induced nephrotoxicity, we selected a panel of nephrotoxic agents and examined their effects on the overexpression of nephrotoxicity biomarkers in immortalized (HK-2) and primary (commercially available and freshly in-house produced) human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. Traditional cytotoxicity was contrasted with expression levels of KIM-1, NGAL, and M-CSF assessed using ELISA and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Traditional cytotoxicity assays and biomarker assays using HK-2 cells were both unsuitable for prediction of nephrotoxicity. However, increases in protein levels of KIM-1 and NGAL in primary cells were well correlated with dose levels of known nephrotoxic compounds, with limited correlation seen in M-CSF protein and mRNA levels. These results suggest that profiling compounds against primary cells with monitoring of biomarker protein levels may have potential as in vitro predictive assays of drug-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny X Huang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Geraldine Kaeslin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Max V Ranall
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Bernd Becker
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Mark S Butler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Lawrence H Lash
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan, 48201
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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50
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Koči J, Jeffery B, Riviere JE, Monteiro-Riviere NA. In vitro safety assessment of food ingredients in canine renal proximal tubule cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:289-98. [PMID: 25458622 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In vitro models are useful tools to initially assess the toxicological safety hazards of food ingredients. Toxicities of cinnamaldehyde (CINA), cinnamon bark oil, lemongrass oil (LGO), thymol, thyme oil (TO), clove leaf oil, eugenol, ginger root extract (GRE), citric acid, guanosine monophosphate, inosine monophosphate and sorbose (SORB) were assessed in canine renal proximal tubule cells (CPTC) using viability assay and renal injury markers. At LC50, CINA was the most toxic (0.012mg/ml), while SORB the least toxic (>100mg/ml). Toxicities (LC50) of positive controls were as follows: 4-aminophenol (0.15mg/ml in CPTC and 0.083mg/ml in human PTC), neomycin (28.6mg/ml in CPTC and 27.1mg/ml in human PTC). XYL displayed lowest cytotoxic potency (LC50=82.7mg/ml in CPTC). In vivo renal injury markers in CPTC were not significantly different from controls. The LGO toxicity mechanism was analyzed using qPCR and electron microscopy. Out of 370 genes, 57 genes (15.4%) were significantly up (34, 9.1%) or down (23, 6.2%) regulated, with the most upregulated gene gsta3 (∼200-fold) and the most affected pathway being oxidative stress. LGO induced damage of mitochondria, phospholipid accumulation and lack of a brush border. Viability assays along with mechanistic studies in the CPTC model may serve as a valuable in vitro toxicity screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Koči
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - B Jeffery
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Yanqi Economic Development Zone, Huairou, 101407 Beijing, PR China
| | - J E Riviere
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - N A Monteiro-Riviere
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States.
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