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Strupp C, Corvaro M, Cohen SM, Corton JC, Ogawa K, Richert L, Jacobs MN. Increased Cell Proliferation as a Key Event in Chemical Carcinogenesis: Application in an Integrated Approach for the Testing and Assessment of Non-Genotoxic Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13246. [PMID: 37686053 PMCID: PMC10488128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to genotoxic carcinogens, there are currently no internationally agreed upon regulatory tools for identifying non-genotoxic carcinogens of human relevance. The rodent cancer bioassay is only used in certain regulatory sectors and is criticized for its limited predictive power for human cancer risk. Cancer is due to genetic errors occurring in single cells. The risk of cancer is higher when there is an increase in the number of errors per replication (genotoxic agents) or in the number of replications (cell proliferation-inducing agents). The default regulatory approach for genotoxic agents whereby no threshold is set is reasonably conservative. However, non-genotoxic carcinogens cannot be regulated in the same way since increased cell proliferation has a clear threshold. An integrated approach for the testing and assessment (IATA) of non-genotoxic carcinogens is under development at the OECD, considering learnings from the regulatory assessment of data-rich substances such as agrochemicals. The aim is to achieve an endorsed IATA that predicts human cancer better than the rodent cancer bioassay, using methodologies that equally or better protect human health and are superior from the view of animal welfare/efficiency. This paper describes the technical opportunities available to assess cell proliferation as the central gateway of an IATA for non-genotoxic carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samuel M. Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - J. Christopher Corton
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA;
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | | | - Miriam N. Jacobs
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UK HSA), Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Harwell Innovation Campus, Dicot OX11 0RQ, UK
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2
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Chêne C, Jeljeli MM, Rongvaux-Gaïda D, Thomas M, Rieger F, Batteux F, Nicco C. A Fenton-like cation can improve arsenic trioxide treatment of sclerodermatous chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease in mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:917739. [PMID: 36016953 PMCID: PMC9395715 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.917739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus Host Disease (GvHD) is a major complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplant. GvHD is characterized by the chronic activation of immune cells leading to the development of systemic inflammation, autoimmunity, fibrosis and eventually death. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is a therapeutic agent under clinical trial for the treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and chronic GvHD (cGvHD). This therapy is admittedly rather safe although adverse effects can occur and may necessitate short interruptions of the treatment. The aim of this study was to combine ATO with a divalent cation, to generate a Fenton or Fenton-like reaction in order to potentiate the deletion of activated immune cells through the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated effects of ATO in a mouse model, and thereby enabling the use of lower and safer ATO concentrations to treat patients with cGvHD. In vitro, among the various combinations of divalent cations tested, we observed that the combination of ATO and CuCl2 (copper chloride) induced a high level of oxidative stress in HL-60 and A20 cells. In addition, this co-treatment also decreased the proliferation of CD4+ T lymphocytes during a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). In vivo, in a cGvHD mouse model, daily injections of ATO 2.5 µg/g + CuCl2 0.5 µg/g induce a decrease in lymphocyte activation and fibrosis that was equivalent to that induced by ATO 5 µg/g. Our results show that the addition of CuCl2 improved the effects of ATO and significantly limited the development of the disease. This co-treatment could be a real benefit in human patients to substantially decrease the known ATO side effects and optimize ATO treatment in pathologies characterized by activated cells sensitive to an increase in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Chêne
- Département 3I Infection, Immunité et Inflammation , Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- MEDSENIC SAS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mohamed Maxime Jeljeli
- Département 3I Infection, Immunité et Inflammation , Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP-Centre Université de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service d’immunologie biologique, Paris, France
| | | | - Marine Thomas
- Département 3I Infection, Immunité et Inflammation , Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Frédéric Batteux
- Département 3I Infection, Immunité et Inflammation , Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP-Centre Université de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service d’immunologie biologique, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Frédéric Batteux, ; Carole Nicco,
| | - Carole Nicco
- Département 3I Infection, Immunité et Inflammation , Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Frédéric Batteux, ; Carole Nicco,
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3
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Sharma V, Gangopadhyay S, Shukla S, Chauhan A, Singh S, Singh RD, Tiwari R, Singh D, Srivastava V. Prenatal exposure to arsenic promotes sterile inflammation through the Polycomb repressive element EZH2 and accelerates skin tumorigenesis in mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 443:116004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Zheng X, Zhang Z, Chen J, Liang H, Chen X, Qin Y, Shohag MJI, Wei Y, Gu M. Comparative evaluation of in vivo relative bioavailability and in vitro bioaccessibility of arsenic in leafy vegetables and its implication in human exposure assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:126909. [PMID: 34454790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) contamination in vegetables is a severe threat to human health. However, the evaluation of As relative bioavailability (As-RBA) or bioaccessibility in vegetables is still unexplored. The study sought to evaluate the As-RBA in commonly consumed ten leaf vegetables collected from As-polluted farmlands. Additionally, the As-RBA was determined using rat bioassay and compared with As bioaccessibility through five commonly used in vitro methods, including UBM (Unified BARGE Method), SBRC (Solubility Bioavailability Research Consortium), DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.), IVG (In Vitro Gastrointestinal), and PBET (Physiologically Based Extraction Test). Results showed that the As-RBA values were 14.3-54.0% among different vegetables. Notably, significant in vivo-in vitro correlations (IVIVC) were observed between the As-RBA and the As bioaccessibility determined by the PBET assay (r2 = 0.763-0.847). However, the other assays (r2 = 0.417-0.788) showed a comparatively weaker relationship. The estimation of As-RBA using derived IVIVC to assess As exposure risk via vegetable consumption confirmed that As exposure risk based on As-RBA was lower than that the total As concentrations. Therefore, it was concluded that PBET could better predict the As-RBA in vegetables than other in vitro assays. Furthermore, As-RBA values should be considered for accurate health risk assessment of As in vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Zheng
- Cultivation Base of Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zengyu Zhang
- Cultivation Base of Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jiancheng Chen
- Cultivation Base of Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Huanting Liang
- Cultivation Base of Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Cultivation Base of Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Cultivation Base of Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - M J I Shohag
- Department of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Yanyan Wei
- Cultivation Base of Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Minghua Gu
- Cultivation Base of Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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5
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Jing N, Wang X, Yang X, Liu Q, Wang H, Dong F, He K, Wang N. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Complex Compounds in Serum and Its Application in Accurate Detection of Early Arsenic Exposure. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:28326-28333. [PMID: 34723029 PMCID: PMC8552457 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the acceleration of industrialization, environmental arsenic pollution is threatening human health. However, by the time clinical symptoms appear, arsenic toxicity has usually caused irreversible damage to the body, so it is important to establish a rapid and accurate screening method for early arsenic exposure. In this work, 32 female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to different concentrations of inorganic arsenic in drinking water for a week. By analyzing the changes in serum, more than 20 compounds were detected to increase or decrease with the increase of arsenic intake. The abnormal increase in inosine, xanthine, xanthosine, and hypoxanthine and the abnormal purine pathway were found at the same time. Dimethylarsenic acid, an important inorganic arsenic metabolite in the body, was also found in serum. Combined with statistical analysis, early arsenic exposure can be easily and quickly detected, and the potential health risks of short-term exposure can be revealed simultaneously.
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Ghosh S, Basu M, Banerjee K, Chaudhury SP, Paul T, Bera DK, Pal DK, Sk UH, Panda CK, Ghosh A. Arsenic level in bladder tumor of patients from an exposed population: association with progression and prognosis. Future Oncol 2021; 17:1311-1323. [PMID: 33648348 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: To elucidate the impact of arsenic on progression and prognosis of bladder cancer. Patients & methods: Total arsenic in 145 tumors (80 non-muscle-invasive [NMIBC] and 65 muscle-invasive bladder cancer [MIBC]) was measured and associated with Ki67 expression, tumor-clinicopathological parameters and patient outcome. Results: Tumor arsenic concentration was higher in exposed than unexposed patients (256 μg/kg vs 77 μg/kg; p < 0.0001) and positively correlated (r = 0.65; p < 0.0001) with arsenic content of patient's drinking water. Arsenic concentration showed significant association with Ki67-overexpression (p = 0.001) and advanced tumor stages (NMIBC vs MIBC; p = 0.0009). In NMIBC, high tumor arsenic (>100 μg/kg) and Ki67 overexpression was established as predictors for recurrence (hazard ratio [HR]: 4.68; p = 0.005 and HR: 3.91; p = 0.018) and progression (HR: 6.04; p = 0.023 and HR: 6.87; p = 0.013). In MIBC, association of high arsenic remained significant with increased risk of recurrence (HR: 4.58; p = 0.04). Conclusion: In NMIBC, high arsenic and Ki67 overexpression and in MIBC, only high arsenic showed prognostic importance in predicting poor patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabnam Ghosh
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700073, India
| | - Mukta Basu
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Kalyan Banerjee
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700073, India
| | | | - Tanmoy Paul
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Bera
- Department of Urology, IPGME&R, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700020, India
| | - Dilip Kumar Pal
- Department of Urology, IPGME&R, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700020, India
| | - Ugir Hossain Sk
- Department of Clinical & Translational Research, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Chinmay Kumar Panda
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Amlan Ghosh
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700073, India
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7
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Suzuki S, Gi M, Toyoda T, Kato H, Naiki-Ito A, Kakehashi A, Ogawa K, Takahashi S, Wanibuchi H. Role of γ-H2AX as a biomarker for detection of bladder carcinogens in F344 rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2020; 33:279-285. [PMID: 33239845 PMCID: PMC7677623 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2020-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of histone H2AX at serine 139 (γ-H2AX) is known to be induced by direct DNA damage or cellular metabolic imbalances and malfunctions. Previous studies have reported that γ-H2AX is a useful biomarker for early detection of genotoxic bladder carcinogens in rats. The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of γ-H2AX as a biomarker for detection of non-genotoxic bladder carcinogens in rats. Six-week-old male F344 rats were treated with 15 different chemicals for 4 weeks. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that all three genotoxic bladder carcinogens and six out of seven non-genotoxic bladder carcinogens significantly increased γ-H2AX formation in the bladder urothelium of rats. In addition, four out of five rat bladder noncarcinogens did not increase γ-H2AX formation in the bladder urothelium regardless of genotoxicity. These results suggest that γ-H2AX is a useful biomarker for detection of both genotoxic and non-genotoxic bladder carcinogens in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University
Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho,
Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Min Gi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University
Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
- Department of Environmental Risk Assessment, Osaka City
University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585,
Japan
| | - Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health
Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho,
Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Aya Naiki-Ito
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho,
Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Anna Kakehashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University
Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health
Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho,
Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University
Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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8
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Lipid Metabolism Alterations in a Rat Model of Chronic and Intergenerational Exposure to Arsenic. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4978018. [PMID: 31737665 PMCID: PMC6815581 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4978018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to arsenic (As), whether directly through the consumption of contaminated drinking water or indirectly through the daily intake of As-contaminated food, is a health threat for more than 150 million people worldwide. Epidemiological studies found an association between chronic consumption of As and several pathologies, the most common being cancer-related disorders. However, As consumption has also been associated with metabolic disorders that could lead to diverse pathologies, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and obesity. Here, we used ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to electrospray ionization/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-QToF) to assess the effect of chronic intergenerational As exposure on the lipid metabolism profiles of serum from 4-month-old Wistar rats exposed to As prenatally and also during early life in drinking water (3 ppm). Significant differences in the levels of certain identified lysophospholipids, phosphatidylcholines, and triglycerides were found between the exposed rats and the control groups, as well as between the sexes. Significantly increased lipid oxidation determined by the malondialdehyde (MDA) method was found in exposed rats compared with controls. Chronic intergenerational As exposure alters the rat lipidome, increases lipid oxidation, and dysregulates metabolic pathways, the factors associated with the chronic inflammation present in different diseases associated with chronic exposure to As (i.e., keratosis, Bowen's disease, and kidney, liver, bladder, and lung cancer).
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9
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Tsuji JS, Chang ET, Gentry PR, Clewell HJ, Boffetta P, Cohen SM. Dose-response for assessing the cancer risk of inorganic arsenic in drinking water: the scientific basis for use of a threshold approach. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:36-84. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1573804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen T. Chang
- Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Paolo Boffetta
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel M. Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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10
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Chen B, Lu X, Arnold LL, Cohen SM, Le XC. Identification of Methylated Dithioarsenicals in the Urine of Rats Fed with Sodium Arsenite. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1480-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baowei Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
- Analytical and Environmental Toxicology Division, Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative
Innovation Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiufen Lu
- Analytical and Environmental Toxicology Division, Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Lora L. Arnold
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135, United States
| | - Samuel M. Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135, United States
| | - X. Chris Le
- Analytical and Environmental Toxicology Division, Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
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11
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Garry MR, Santamaria AB, Williams AL, DeSesso JM. In utero arsenic exposure in mice and early life susceptibility to cancer. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:378-90. [PMID: 26239692 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In its review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's toxicological review of inorganic arsenic (iAs), the National Academy of Sciences identified carcinogenic endpoints among the highest priority health effects of concern and stated the need to consider evidence that early life exposures may increase the risk of adverse health effects. Recent studies in mice suggest that in utero exposure to arsenic increases susceptibility to cancer later in life. These data are striking in light of the general lack of evidence for carcinogenicity in rodents exposed to iAs. To evaluate the transplacental carcinogenic potential of iAs, a detailed analysis of the toxicology literature evaluating the role of in utero arsenic exposure in carcinogenesis was conducted. Bladder, lung, and skin tumors, which are the tumor types most consistently reported in humans exposed to high arsenic levels, were not consistently increased in mouse studies. There was also a lack of concordance across studies for other tumor types not typically reported in humans. Therefore, we considered methodological and other critical issues that may have contributed to variable results and we suggest additional studies to address these issues. It was concluded that the available data do not provide evidence of a causal link between in utero arsenic exposure and cancer or indicate early life-stage susceptibility to arsenic-induced cancer, particularly at environmentally relevant doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Garry
- Exponent, 15375 SE 30th Place, Suite 250, Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA.
| | | | - Amy L Williams
- Exponent, 1800 Diagonal Road, Suite 500, Alexandria, VA, 22314, USA.
| | - John M DeSesso
- Exponent, 1800 Diagonal Road, Suite 500, Alexandria, VA, 22314, USA.
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12
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Mechanisms of action for arsenic in cardiovascular toxicity and implications for risk assessment. Toxicology 2015; 331:78-99. [PMID: 25771173 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of an association between inorganic arsenic (iAs) exposure and cardiovascular outcomes has received increasing attention in the literature over the past decade. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) is currently revising its Integrated Risk Assessment System (IRIS) review of iAs, and one of the non-cancer endpoints of interest is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite the increased interest in this area, substantial gaps remain in the available information, particularly regarding the mechanism of action (MOA) by which iAs could cause or exacerbate CVD. Few studies specifically address the plausibility of an association between iAs and CVD at the low exposure levels which are typical in the United States (i.e., below 100 μg As/L in drinking water). We have conducted a review and evaluation of the animal, mechanistic, and human data relevant to the potential MOAs of iAs and CVD. Specifically, we evaluated the most common proposed MOAs, which include disturbance of endothelial function and hepatic dysfunction. Our analysis of the available evidence indicates that there is not a well-established MOA for iAs in the development or progression of CVD. Few human studies of the potential MOAs have addressed plausibility at low doses and the applicability of extrapolation from animal studies to humans is questionable. However, the available evidence indicates that regardless of the specific MOA, the effects of iAs on physiological processes at the cellular level appear to operate via a threshold mechanism. This finding is consistent with the lack of association of CVD with iAs exposure in humans at levels below 100 μg/L, particularly when considering important exposure and risk modifiers such as nutrition and genetics. Based on this analysis, we conclude that there are no data supporting a linear dose-response relationship between iAs and CVD, indicating this relationship has a threshold.
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13
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Dezfouli MGZ, Eissazadeh S, Zade SMAS. Histological and histometrical study of the protective role of α-tocopherol against sodium arsenite toxicity in rat ovaries. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:1167-1179. [PMID: 24735566 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614000701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study examines histometrical changes induced by sodium arsenite (SA), as an environmental pollutant, and investigates the protective effect of α-tocopherol on ovaries of SA-treated rats during the prenatal stage until sexual maturity. Rats were classified into groups: control, SA (8 ppm/day), α-tocopherol (100 ppm/day), and SA+α-tocopherol. Treatment was performed from pregnancy until maturation when the rats and ovaries were weighed. The Cavalieri method was used to estimate volume of the ovaries, cortex, medulla, and corpus luteum. The mean diameter of oocytes, granulosa cells, and nuclei were measured and volume was estimated using the Nucleator method. The number of oocytes and thickness of the zona pellucida (ZP) were determined using an optical dissector and orthogonal intercept method, respectively. SA reduced the body and ovary weight, the number of secondary, antral and Graafian oocytes, volume of the ovaries, cortex, medulla and corpus luteum, mean diameter and volume of oocytes in primordial and primary follicles, mean diameter and volume of oocyte nuclei in all types of follicles, and mean thickness of the ZP in secondary and antral follicles. Also, the mean diameter and volume of granulosa cells and their nuclei in antral and Graafian follicles decreased significantly. Vacuolization and vascular congestion in the corpus luteum and an increase in the number of atretic oocytes were seen in the SA group. Most of these parameters were unchanged from the control level in the SA+α-tocopherol group. It was concluded that α-tocopherol supplementation reduced the toxic effects of SA exposure on ovarian tissue in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghandi Zadeh Dezfouli
- 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science,Arak University,Shahid Beheshti Street,Arak,Markazi Province,3945-5-38138Iran
| | - Samira Eissazadeh
- 2Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science,Serding,Selangor,Darul Ehsan,43400Malaysia
| | - Sayed Mohammad Ali Shariat Zade
- 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science,Arak University,Shahid Beheshti Street,Arak,Markazi Province,3945-5-38138Iran
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14
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The impact of recent advances in research on arsenic cancer risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 69:91-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Dodmane PR, Arnold LL, Muirhead DE, Suzuki S, Yokohira M, Pennington KL, Dave BJ, Lu X, Le XC, Cohen SM. Characterization of intracellular inclusions in the urothelium of mice exposed to inorganic arsenic. Toxicol Sci 2013; 137:36-46. [PMID: 24097667 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is a known human carcinogen at high exposures, increasing the incidences of urinary bladder, skin, and lung cancers. In most mammalian species, ingested iAs is excreted mainly through urine primarily as dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)). In wild-type (WT) mice, iAs, DMA(V), and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) exposures induce formation of intramitochondrial urothelial inclusions. Arsenite (iAs(III)) also induced intranuclear inclusions in arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase knockout (As3mt KO) mice. The arsenic-induced formation of inclusions in the mouse urothelium was dose and time dependent. The inclusions do not occur in iAs-treated rats and do not appear to be related to arsenic-induced urothelial cytotoxicity. Similar inclusions in exfoliated urothelial cells from humans exposed to iAs have been incorrectly identified as micronuclei. We have characterized the urothelial inclusions using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), DNA-specific 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and non-DNA-specific Giemsa staining and determined the arsenical content. The mouse inclusions stained with Giemsa but not with the DAPI stain. Analysis of urothelial mitochondrial- and nuclear-enriched fractions isolated from WT (C57BL/6) and As3mt KO mice exposed to arsenate (iAs(V)) for 4 weeks showed higher levels of iAs(V) in the treated groups. iAs(III) was the major arsenical present in the enriched nuclear fraction from iAs(V)-treated As3mt KO mice. In conclusion, the urothelial cell inclusions induced by arsenicals appear to serve as a detoxifying sequestration mechanism similar to other metals, and they do not represent micronuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puttappa R Dodmane
- * Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135
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16
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Cohen SM, Arnold LL, Beck BD, Lewis AS, Eldan M. Evaluation of the carcinogenicity of inorganic arsenic. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43:711-52. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.827152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Hinck JE, Linder G, Otton JK, Finger SE, Little E, Tillitt DE. Derivation of soil-screening thresholds to protect the chisel-toothed kangaroo rat from uranium mine waste in northern Arizona. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 65:332-344. [PMID: 23604138 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-013-9893-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chemical data from soil and weathered waste material samples collected from five uranium mines north of the Grand Canyon (three reclaimed, one mined but not reclaimed, and one never mined) were used in a screening-level risk analysis for the Arizona chisel-toothed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys microps leucotis); risks from radiation exposure were not evaluated. Dietary toxicity reference values were used to estimate soil-screening thresholds presenting risk to kangaroo rats. Sensitivity analyses indicated that body weight critically affected outcomes of exposed-dose calculations; juvenile kangaroo rats were more sensitive to the inorganic constituent toxicities than adult kangaroo rats. Species-specific soil-screening thresholds were derived for arsenic (137 mg/kg), cadmium (16 mg/kg), copper (1,461 mg/kg), lead (1,143 mg/kg), nickel (771 mg/kg), thallium (1.3 mg/kg), uranium (1,513 mg/kg), and zinc (731 mg/kg) using toxicity reference values that incorporate expected chronic field exposures. Inorganic contaminants in soils within and near the mine areas generally posed minimal risk to kangaroo rats. Most exceedances of soil thresholds were for arsenic and thallium and were associated with weathered mine wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Ellen Hinck
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
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18
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Cytotoxicity and gene expression changes induced by inorganic and organic trivalent arsenicals in human cells. Toxicology 2013; 312:18-29. [PMID: 23876855 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is a human urinary bladder, skin and lung carcinogen. iAs is metabolized to methylated arsenicals, with trivalent arsenicals more cytotoxic than pentavalent forms in vitro. In this study, cytotoxicity and gene expression changes for arsenite (iAs(III)), monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) were evaluated in three human cell types, urothelial (1T1), keratinocyte (HEK001) and bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells, corresponding to target organs for iAs-induced cancer. Cells were exposed to arsenicals to determine cytotoxicity and to study gene expression changes. Affymetrix chips were used to determine differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by statistical analysis. Lethal concentrations (LC50) for trivalent arsenicals in all cells ranged from 1.6 to 10μM. MMA(III) and DMA(III) had 4-12-fold greater potency compared to iAs. Increasing concentrations of iAs(III) induced more genes and additional signaling pathways in HBE cells. At equivalent cytotoxic concentrations, greater numbers of DEGs were induced in 1T1 cells compared to the other cells. Each arsenical altered slightly different signaling pathways within and between cell types, but when altered pathways from all three arsenicals were combined, they were similar between cell types. The major signaling pathways altered included NRF2-mediated stress response, interferon, p53, cell cycle regulation and lipid peroxidation. These results show a similar process qualitatively and quantitatively for all three cell types, and support a mode of action involving cytotoxicity and regenerative proliferation.
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19
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Chen B, Lu X, Shen S, Arnold LL, Cohen SM, Le XC. Arsenic Speciation in the Blood of Arsenite-Treated F344 Rats. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:952-62. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400123q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Baowei Chen
- Division of Analytical and Environmental
Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty
of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xiufen Lu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental
Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty
of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Shengwen Shen
- Division of Analytical and Environmental
Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty
of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Lora L. Arnold
- Department of Pathology and
Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135, United States
| | - Samuel M. Cohen
- Department of Pathology and
Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135, United States
| | - X. Chris Le
- Division of Analytical and Environmental
Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty
of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
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20
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Arnold LL, Suzuki S, Yokohira M, Kakiuchi-Kiyota S, Pennington KL, Cohen SM. Time course of urothelial changes in rats and mice orally administered arsenite. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 42:855-62. [PMID: 23690446 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313489778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic (arsenite and arsenate) at high exposures is a known human carcinogen, inducing tumors of the urinary bladder, skin, and lungs. In two experiments, we examined the urothelial proliferative effects of treatment with 173 ppm sodium arsenite (100 ppm arsenic) in the drinking water for 6 and 24 hr, and 3, 7, and 14 days in female F344 rats and 43.3 ppm sodium arsenite (25 ppm arsenic) in female C57BL/6 wild-type and arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase knockout (As3mt KO) mice that are unable to methylate arsenicals. In the rat and both mouse genotypes, scanning electron microscopy showed cytotoxic urothelial changes as early as 6 hr after the start of arsenic exposure. The severity of As(III)-induced cytotoxic urothelial changes increased over time in the rat and in the As3mt KO mouse. Light microscopy showed an increase in urothelial hyperplasia in the rat. No significant increases in bromodeoxyuridine-labeling index were observed. The data support the hypothesis that the sequence of events in the mode of action for urothelial effects of orally administered inorganic arsenic in the rat and mouse involves superficial cytotoxicity with consequent regenerative increased cell proliferation similar to the findings associated with the administration of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)) in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora L Arnold
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and the Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and the Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masanao Yokohira
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and the Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA Department of Pathology and Host-Defence, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Satoko Kakiuchi-Kiyota
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and the Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA Compound Safety Prediction, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Karen L Pennington
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and the Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and the Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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21
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Membrane lipids and proteins as modulators of urothelial endocytic vesicles pathways. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:507-20. [PMID: 23624723 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The increased studies on urinary bladder umbrella cells as an important factor for maintaining the permeability barrier have suggested new pathways for the discoidal/fusiform endocytic vesicles which is one of the main features of the umbrella cells. The biological role of these vesicles was defined, for many years, as a membrane reservoir for the umbrella cell apical plasma membrane which are subject to an increased tension during the filling phase of the micturition cycle and, therefore, the vesicles are fused with the apical membrane. Upon voiding, the added membrane is reinserted via a non-clathrin or caveolin-dependant endocytosis thereby restoring the vesicle cytoplasmic pool. However, in the last decade, new evidence appeared indicating alternative pathways of the endocytic vesicles different than the cycling process of exocytosis/endocytosis. The purpose of this review is to analyze the molecular modulators, such as membrane lipids and proteins, in the permeability of endocytic vesicles, the sorting of endocytosed material to lysosomal degradation pathway and recycling of both membrane and fluid phases.
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22
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Suzuki S, Arnold LL, Pennington KL, Kakiuchi-Kiyota S, Chen B, Lu X, Le XC, Cohen SM. Effects of co-administration of dietary sodium arsenate and 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonic acid (DMPS) on the rat bladder epithelium. Toxicology 2012; 299:155-9. [PMID: 22664484 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is a known human carcinogen, inducing tumors of the skin, urinary bladder and lung. It is metabolized to organic methylated arsenicals. 2,3-Dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonic acid (DMPS), a chelating agent, is capable of reducing pentavalent arsenicals to the trivalent state and binding to the trivalent species, and it has been used in the treatment of heavy metal poisoning in humans. Therefore, we investigated the ability of DMPS to inhibit the cytotoxicity and regenerative urothelial cell proliferation induced by arsenate administration in vivo. Female rats were treated for 4 weeks with 100 ppm As(V). DMPS (2800 ppm) co-administered in the diet significantly reduced the As(V)-induced cytotoxicity of superficial cells detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the incidence of simple hyperplasia observed by light microscopy and the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling index. It also reduced the total concentration of arsenicals in the urine and the methylation of arsenic. There were no differences in oxidative stress as assessed by immunohistochemical staining for 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) of the bladder urothelium. No differences were detected in urine sediments between groups. These data suggest that DMPS has the ability to inhibit both arsenate-induced acute toxicity and regenerative proliferation of the rat bladder epithelium, most likely by decreasing exposure of the urothelium to trivalent arsenicals excreted in the urine. These data provide additional evidence that the effects of arsenate exposure in vivo do not appear to be related to oxidative effects on dG in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and the Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3135, United States
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23
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Cohen SM. Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis by DNA Reactive and Non-Reactive Chemicals: Non-Linearities and Thresholds. Genes Environ 2012. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.34.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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24
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Vykhovanets EV, MacLennan GT, Vykhovanets OV, Cherullo EE, Ponsky LE, Gupta S. Molecular imaging of nuclear factor-κB in bladder as a primary regulator of inflammatory response. J Urol 2012; 187:330-7. [PMID: 22099998 PMCID: PMC3714865 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nuclear factor-κB activation is implicated in chronic inflammatory disorders and it is a key regulator of genes involved in the response to infection, inflammation and stress. Interstitial cystitis and painful bladder syndrome are common inflammatory disorders of the bladder characterized by frequent urination and bladder pain. The role of nuclear factor-κB activation in bladder inflammation is not well defined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female transgenic nuclear factor-κB-luciferase Tag mice (The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine) were used to perform serial, noninvasive in vivo and ex vivo molecular imaging of nuclear factor-κB activation in the whole body after administering arsenic trioxide (5 mg/kg), lipopolysaccharide (2 mg/kg) or cyclophosphamide (Sigma®) (200 mg/kg) to initiate acute transient bladder inflammation. Pretreatment with dexamethasone (Sigma) (10 mg/kg) was used to modulate cyclophosphamide induced nuclear factor-κB dependent luminescence in vivo. RESULTS Treatment of nuclear factor-κB-luciferase Tag mice with chemicals increased luminescence in a time and organ specific manner in vivo and ex vivo. The highest levels of bladder nuclear factor-κB dependent luminescence were observed 4 hours after cyclophosphamide administration. Pretreatment with dexamethasone 1 hour before cyclophosphamide injection significantly down-regulated cyclophosphamide induced bladder nuclear factor-κB dependent luminescence, ameliorated the grossly evident pathological features of acute inflammation and decreased cellular immunostaining for nuclear factor-κB in the bladder. CONCLUSIONS Nuclear factor-κB activity may have an important role in the pathophysiology of bladder inflammation. Nuclear factor-κB-luciferase mice can serve as a useful model in which to screen potential candidate drugs for cystitis associated with aberrant nuclear factor-κB activity. Such screening may significantly aid the development of therapeutic strategies to manage inflammatory bladder disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene V. Vykhovanets
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University & The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio-44106
| | - Gregory T. MacLennan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University & The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio-44106
| | - Olena V. Vykhovanets
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University & The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio-44106
| | - Edward E Cherullo
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University & The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio-44106
| | - Lee E Ponsky
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University & The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio-44106
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University & The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio-44106
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25
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Clewell HJ, Thomas RS, Kenyon EM, Hughes MF, Adair BM, Gentry PR, Yager JW. Concentration- and Time-dependent Genomic Changes in the Mouse Urinary Bladder Following Exposure to Arsenate in Drinking Water for up to 12 Weeks. Toxicol Sci 2011; 123:421-32. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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26
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Grasso E, Bongiovanni G, Pérez R, Calderón R. Pre-cancerous changes in urothelial endocytic vesicle leakage, fatty acid composition, and As and associated element concentrations after arsenic exposure. Toxicology 2011; 284:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Rocha R, Gimeno-Alcañiz J, Martín-Ibañez R, Canals J, Vélez D, Devesa V. Arsenic and fluoride induce neural progenitor cell apoptosis. Toxicol Lett 2011; 203:237-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Yokohira M, Arnold LL, Pennington KL, Suzuki S, Kakiuchi-Kiyota S, Herbin-Davis K, Thomas DJ, Cohen SM. Effect of sodium arsenite dose administered in the drinking water on the urinary bladder epithelium of female arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase knockout mice. Toxicol Sci 2011; 121:257-66. [PMID: 21385732 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase (As3mt) catalyzes reactions converting inorganic arsenic to methylated metabolites, some of which are highly cytotoxic. In a previous study, female As3mt knockout (KO) mice treated with diet containing 100 or 150 ppm arsenic as arsenite showed systemic toxicity and significant effects on the urothelium. In the present study, we showed that the cytotoxic and proliferative effects of arsenite administration on the urothelium are dose dependent. Female wild-type C57BL/6 mice and As3mt KO mice were divided into five groups (n = 7) with free access to drinking water containing 0, 1, 10, 25, or 50 ppm arsenic as arsenite for 4 weeks. At sacrifice, urinary bladders of both As3mt KO and wild-type mice showed hyperplasia by light microscopy; however, the hyperplasia was more severe in the As3mt KO mice. Intracytoplasmic granules were detected in the urothelium of As3mt KO and wild-type mice at arsenic doses ≥ 10 ppm but were more numerous, more extensive, and larger in the KO mice. A no effect level for urothelial effects was identified at 1 ppm arsenic in the wild-type and As3mt KO mice. In As3mt KO mice, livers showed mild acute inflammation and kidneys showed hydronephrosis. The present study shows a dose-response for the effects of orally administered arsenite on the bladder urothelium of wild-type and As3mt KO mice, with greater effects in the KO strain but with a no effect level of 1 ppm for both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanao Yokohira
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135, USA
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29
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Suzuki S, Arnold LL, Pennington KL, Chen B, Naranmandura H, Le XC, Cohen SM. Dietary administration of sodium arsenite to rats: relations between dose and urinary concentrations of methylated and thio-metabolites and effects on the rat urinary bladder epithelium. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 244:99-105. [PMID: 20045014 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Based on epidemiological data, chronic exposure to high levels of inorganic arsenic in drinking water is carcinogenic to humans, inducing skin, urinary bladder and lung tumors. In vivo, inorganic arsenic is metabolized to organic methylated arsenicals including the highly toxic dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) and monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)). Short-term treatment of rats with 100 microg/g trivalent arsenic (As(III)) as sodium arsenite in the diet or in drinking water induced cytotoxicity and necrosis of the urothelial superficial layer, with increased cell proliferation and hyperplasia. The objectives of this study were to determine if these arsenic-induced urothelial effects are dose responsive, the dose of arsenic at which urothelial effects are not detected, and the urinary concentrations of the arsenical metabolites. We treated female F344 rats for 5 weeks with sodium arsenite at dietary doses of 0, 1, 10, 25, 50, and 100 ppm. Cytotoxicity, cell proliferation and hyperplasia of urothelial superficial cells were increased in a dose-responsive manner, with maximum effects found at 50 ppm As(III). There were no effects at 1 ppm As(III). The main urinary arsenical in As(III)-treated rats was the organic arsenical dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)). The thio-metabolites dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTA(V)) and monomethylmonothioarsinic acid (MMMTA(V)) were also found in the urine of As(III)-treated rats. The LC(50) concentrations of DMMTA(V) for rat and human urothelial cells in vitro were similar to trivalent oxygen-containing arsenicals. These data suggest that dietary As(III)-induced urothelial cytotoxicity and proliferation are dose responsive, and the urothelial effects have a threshold corresponding to the urinary excretion of measurable reactive metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135, USA
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31
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Suzuki S, Arnold LL, Pennington KL, Chen B, Le XC, Cohen SM. Effects of an epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor on arsenic associated toxicity in the rat bladder epithelium. Toxicol Lett 2009; 187:124-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Suzuki S, Arnold LL, Pennington KL, Kakiuchi-Kiyota S, Cohen SM. Effects of co-administration of dietary sodium arsenite and an NADPH oxidase inhibitor on the rat bladder epithelium. Toxicology 2009; 261:41-6. [PMID: 19397947 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Arsenite (As(III)), an inorganic arsenical, is a known human carcinogen, inducing tumors of the skin, urinary bladder and lung. It is metabolized to organic methylated arsenicals. Oxidative stress has been suggested as a mechanism for arsenic-induced carcinogenesis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be important factors for carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is known to produce intracellular ROS, therefore, we investigated the ability of apocynin (acetovanillone), an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, to inhibit the cytotoxicity and regenerative cell proliferation of arsenic in vitro and in vivo. Apocynin had similar effects in reducing the cytotoxicity of As(III) and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) in rat urothelial cells in vitro. When tested at the same concentrations as apocynin, other antioxidants, such as l-ascorbate and N-acetylcysteine, did not inhibit As(III)-induced cytotoxicity but they were more effective at inhibiting DMA(III)-induced cytotoxicity compared with apocynin. In vivo, female rats were treated for 3 weeks with 100ppm As(III). Immunohistochemical staining for 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) showed that apocynin reduced oxidative stress partially induced by As(III) treatment on rat urothelium, and significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of superficial cells detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). However, based on the incidence of simple hyperplasia and the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling index, apocynin did not inhibit As(III)-induced urothelial cell proliferation. These data suggest that the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, may have the ability to partially inhibit arsenic-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity of the rat bladder epithelium in vitro and in vivo. However, apocynin did not inhibit the regenerative cell proliferation induced by arsenite in a short-term study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and the Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3135, USA
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33
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Cohen SM. Thresholds in Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity: Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis. Genes Environ 2008. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.30.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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