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Poland CA, Duffin R, Weber K, Dekant W, Borm PJA. Is Pulmonary Inflammation a Valid Predictor of Particle Induced Lung Pathology? The Case of Amorphous and Crystalline silicas. Toxicol Lett 2023:S0378-4274(23)00226-6. [PMID: 37454774 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Although inflammation is a normal and beneficial response, it is also a key event in the pathology of many chronic diseases, including pulmonary and systemic particle-induced disease. In addition, inflammation is now considered as the key response in standard settings for inhaled particles and a critical endpoint in OECD-based sub-acute/ chronic animal inhalation testing protocols. In this paper, we discuss that whilst the role of inflammation in lung disease is undeniable, it is when inflammation deviates from normal parameters that adversity occurs. We introduce the importance of the time course and in particular, the reversibility of inflammation in the progression towards tissue remodelling and neoplastic changes as commonly seen in rat inhalation studies. For this purpose, we used chronic inhalation studies with synthetic amorphous silicas (SAS) and reactive crystalline silica (RCS) as a source of data to describe the time-course of inflammation towards and beyond adversity. Whilst amorphous silicas induce an acute but reversible inflammatory response, only RCS induces a persistent, progressive response after cessation of exposure, resulting in fibrosis and carcinogenicity in rodents and humans. This suggests that the use of inflammation as a fixed endpoint at the cessation of exposure may not be a reliable predictor of particle-induced lung pathology. We therefore suggest extending the current OECD testing guidelines with a recovery period, that allows inflammation to resolve or progress into altered structure and function, such as fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Poland
- Regulatory Compliance Limited, 6 Dryden Road, Loanhead, Midlothian, EH20 9TY, UK; Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Rodger Duffin
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Klaus Weber
- AnaPath Services GmbH, Hammerstrasse 49, 4410 Liestal/Switzerland
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2
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Leinardi R, Pochet A, Uwambayinema F, Yakoub Y, Quesniaux V, Ryffel B, Broz P, Pavan C, Huaux F. Gasdermin D membrane pores orchestrate IL-1α secretion from necrotic macrophages after NFS-rich silica exposure. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1001-1015. [PMID: 36840754 PMCID: PMC10025216 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03463-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
IL-1α is an intracellular danger signal (DAMP) released by macrophages contributing to the development of silica-induced lung inflammation. The exact molecular mechanism orchestrating IL-1α extracellular release from particle-exposed macrophages is still unclear. To delineate this process, murine J774 and bone-marrow derived macrophages were exposed to increasing concentrations (1-40 cm2/ml) of a set of amorphous and crystalline silica particles with different surface chemical features. In particular, these characteristics include the content of nearly free silanols (NFS), a silanol population responsible for silica cytotoxicity recently identified. We first observed de novo stocks of IL-1α in macrophages after silica internalization regardless of particle physico-chemical characteristics and cell stress. IL-1α intracellular production and accumulation were observed by exposing macrophages to biologically-inert or cytotoxic crystalline and amorphous silicas. In contrast, only NFS-rich reactive silica particles triggered IL-1α release into the extracellular milieu from necrotic macrophages. We demonstrate that IL-1α is actively secreted through the formation of gasdermin D (GSDMD) pores in the plasma membrane and not passively released after macrophage plasma membrane lysis. Our findings indicate that the GSDMD pore-dependent secretion of IL-1α stock from macrophages solely depends on cytotoxicity induced by NFS-rich silica. This new regulated process represents a key first event in the mechanism of silica toxicity, suitable to refine the existing adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for predicting the inflammatory activity of silicas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Leinardi
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Amandine Pochet
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Francine Uwambayinema
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yousof Yakoub
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valérie Quesniaux
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS, University of Orleans and Artimmune, Orléans, France
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS, University of Orleans and Artimmune, Orléans, France
| | - Petr Broz
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Pavan
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Chemistry, "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies On Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - François Huaux
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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3
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Pavan C, Escolano-Casado G, Bellomo C, Cananà S, Tomatis M, Leinardi R, Mino L, Turci F. Nearly free silanols drive the interaction of crystalline silica polymorphs with membranes: Implications for mineral toxicity. Front Chem 2023; 10:1092221. [PMID: 36726450 PMCID: PMC9884702 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1092221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Crystalline silica (CS) is a well-known hazardous material that causes severe diseases including silicosis, lung cancer, and autoimmune diseases. However, the hazard associated to crystalline silica is extremely variable and depends on some specific characteristics, including crystal structure and surface chemistry. The crystalline silica polymorphs share the SiO2 stoichiometry and differentiate for crystal structure. The different crystal lattices in turn expose differently ordered hydroxyl groups at the crystal surface, i.e., the silanols. The nearly free silanols (NFS), a specific population of weakly interacting silanols, have been recently advanced as the key surface feature that governs recognition mechanisms between quartz and cell membrane, initiating toxicity. We showed here that the nearly free silanols occur on the other crystalline silica polymorphs and take part in the molecular interactions with biomembranes. A set of crystalline silica polymorphs, including quartz, cristobalite, tridymite, coesite, and stishovite, was physico-chemically characterized and the membranolytic activity was assessed using red blood cells as model membranes. Infrared spectroscopy in highly controlled conditions was used to profile the surface silanol topochemistry and the occurrence of surface nearly free silanols on crystalline silica polymorphs. All crystalline silica polymorphs, but stishovite were membranolytic. Notably, pristine stishovite did not exhibited surface nearly free silanols. The topochemistry of surface silanols was modulated by thermal treatments, and we showed that the occurrence of nearly free silanols paralleled the membranolytic activity for the crystalline silica polymorphs. These results provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure-activity relationship between nearly free silanols and membranolytic activity of crystalline silica polymorphs, offering a possible clue for interpreting the molecular mechanisms associated with silica hazard and bio-minero-chemical interfacial phenomena, including prebiotic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,“G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guillermo Escolano-Casado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Bellomo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,“G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Cananà
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,“G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maura Tomatis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,“G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Riccardo Leinardi
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Mino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Turci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,“G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,*Correspondence: Francesco Turci,
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4
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Ale A, Gutierrez MF, Rossi AS, Bacchetta C, Desimone MF, Cazenave J. Ecotoxicity of silica nanoparticles in aquatic organisms: An updated review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 87:103689. [PMID: 34144182 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to (i) provide a current overview of the main characteristics of SiNP (physical and chemical properties, applications, and emissions), (ii) evaluate the scientific production up to date concerning SiNP, with focus on their toxic effects, through a bibliometric analysis, (iii) describe the main toxic mechanisms of SiNP, (iv) assess the current knowledge about ecotoxicity of SiNP on aquatic organisms (marine and freshwater), and (v) identify the main gaps in the knowledge of SiNP toxicity from an environmentally point of view. The scientific production of SiNP concerning their chemical and physical characteristics has increased exponentially. However, little information is available regarding their ecotoxicity. Particle functionalization is a key factor that reduces SiNP toxicity. Most of the studies employed standard species as test organisms, being the local/native ones poorly represented. Further studies employing long-term exposures and environmentally relevant concentrations are needed to deepen the knowledge about this emergent pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analía Ale
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, CONICET-UNL, Paraje El Pozo, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - María F Gutierrez
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, CONICET-UNL, Paraje El Pozo, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina; Escuela Superior de Sanidad "Dr. Ramón Carrillo" (FBCB-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Andrea S Rossi
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, CONICET-UNL, Paraje El Pozo, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, UNL, Paraje El Pozo, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carla Bacchetta
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, CONICET-UNL, Paraje El Pozo, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Martín F Desimone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena Cazenave
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, CONICET-UNL, Paraje El Pozo, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, UNL, Paraje El Pozo, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
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5
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Kokalari I, Keshavan S, Rahman M, Gazzano E, Barzan G, Mandrile L, Giovannozzi A, Ponti J, Antonello G, Monopoli M, Perrone G, Bergamaschi E, Riganti C, Fadeel B, Fenoglio I. Efficacy, biocompatibility and degradability of carbon nanoparticles for photothermal therapy of lung cancer. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:689-707. [PMID: 33851540 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate near infrared-induced phototoxicity toward lung cancer cells, and the biodegradability and effect on immune cells of glucose-derived carbon nanoparticles (CNPs). Methods: The human A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell line was used as a model to study the phototoxicity of CNPs. The biodegradability and the effect on immune cells was demonstrated in primary human neutrophils and macrophages. Results: Near infrared-activated CNPs elicited rapid cell death, characterized by the elevation of heat shock proteins and the induction of DNA damage. CNPs were found to be noncytotoxic toward primary human macrophages and were susceptible to biodegradation when cocultured with human neutrophils. Conclusions: Our results identify CNPs as promising platforms for photothermal therapy of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Kokalari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Sandeep Keshavan
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mizanur Rahman
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Gazzano
- Department of Life Sciences & Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Barzan
- National Institute of Metrological Research (INRiM), 10135, Torino, Italy.,Department of Electronics andTelecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa Mandrile
- National Institute of Metrological Research (INRiM), 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Giovannozzi
- National Institute of Metrological Research (INRiM), 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Jessica Ponti
- EuropeanCommission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027, Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Giulia Antonello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Monopoli
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Guido Perrone
- Department of Electronics & Telecommunications, Polytechnic of Torino, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Bergamaschi
- Department of Public Health & Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ivana Fenoglio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125, Torino, Italy
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6
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Dong X, Wu Z, Li X, Xiao L, Yang M, Li Y, Duan J, Sun Z. The Size-dependent Cytotoxicity of Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles: A Systematic Review of in vitro Studies. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:9089-9113. [PMID: 33244229 PMCID: PMC7683827 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s276105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing production and application of engineered amorphous silica nanoparticles (aSiNPs), people have more opportunities to be exposed to aSiNPs. However, the knowledge of its adverse health effects and related mechanisms is still limited, compared with the well-studied crystalline micron-sized silica. Since small differences in the physical–chemical properties of nanoparticles could cause significant differences in the toxic effect, it is important to distinguish how these variations influence the outcoming toxicity. Notably, particle size, as one of the essential characterizations of aSiNPs, is relevant to its biological activities. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to summarize the relationship between the particle size of aSiNPs and its adverse biological effects. In order to avoid the influence of complicated in vivo experimental conditions on the toxic outcome, only in vitro toxicity studies which reported on the cytotoxic effect of different sizes aSiNPs were included. After the systematic literature retrieval, selection, and quality assessment process, 76 eligible scientific papers were finally included in this review. There were 76% of the studies that concluded a size-dependent cytotoxicity of aSiNPs, in which smaller-sized aSiNPs possessed greater toxicity. However, this trend could be modified by certain influence factors, such as the synthetic method of aSiNPs, particle aggregation state in cell culture medium, toxicity endpoint detection method, and some other experimental conditions. The effects of these influence factors on the size-dependent cytotoxicity of aSiNPs were also discussed in detail in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemeng Dong
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Zehao Wu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuping Li
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyan Xiao
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Yang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchao Duan
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
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7
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Skočaj M, Bizjak M, Strojan K, Lojk J, Erdani Kreft M, Miš K, Pirkmajer S, Bregar VB, Veranič P, Pavlin M. Proposing Urothelial and Muscle In Vitro Cell Models as a Novel Approach for Assessment of Long-Term Toxicity of Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207545. [PMID: 33066271 PMCID: PMC7589566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies evaluated the short-term in vitro toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs); however, long-term effects are still not adequately understood. Here, we investigated the potential toxic effects of biomedical (polyacrylic acid and polyethylenimine coated magnetic NPs) and two industrial (SiO2 and TiO2) NPs following different short-term and long-term exposure protocols on two physiologically different in vitro models that are able to differentiate: L6 rat skeletal muscle cell line and biomimetic normal porcine urothelial (NPU) cells. We show that L6 cells are more sensitive to NP exposure then NPU cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed an uptake of NPs into L6 cells but not NPU cells. In L6 cells, we obtained a dose-dependent reduction in cell viability and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation after 24 h. Following continuous exposure, more stable TiO2 and polyacrylic acid (PAA) NPs increased levels of nuclear factor Nrf2 mRNA, suggesting an oxidative damage-associated response. Furthermore, internalized magnetic PAA and TiO2 NPs hindered the differentiation of L6 cells. We propose the use of L6 skeletal muscle cells and NPU cells as a novel approach for assessment of the potential long-term toxicity of relevant NPs that are found in the blood and/or can be secreted into the urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Skočaj
- Group for nano and biotechnological applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.S.); (M.B.); (K.S.); (J.L.); (V.B.B.)
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.M.); (S.P.)
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Maruša Bizjak
- Group for nano and biotechnological applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.S.); (M.B.); (K.S.); (J.L.); (V.B.B.)
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Strojan
- Group for nano and biotechnological applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.S.); (M.B.); (K.S.); (J.L.); (V.B.B.)
| | - Jasna Lojk
- Group for nano and biotechnological applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.S.); (M.B.); (K.S.); (J.L.); (V.B.B.)
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Erdani Kreft
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Katarina Miš
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Sergej Pirkmajer
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Vladimir Boštjan Bregar
- Group for nano and biotechnological applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.S.); (M.B.); (K.S.); (J.L.); (V.B.B.)
| | - Peter Veranič
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: (P.V.); (M.P.)
| | - Mojca Pavlin
- Group for nano and biotechnological applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.S.); (M.B.); (K.S.); (J.L.); (V.B.B.)
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (P.V.); (M.P.)
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8
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How Reversible Are the Effects of Fumed Silica on Macrophages? A Proteomics-Informed View. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10101939. [PMID: 33003391 PMCID: PMC7600894 DOI: 10.3390/nano10101939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic amorphous silica is one of the most used nanomaterials, and numerous toxicological studies have studied its effects. Most of these studies have used an acute exposure mode to investigate the effects immediately after exposure. However, this exposure modality does not allow the investigation of the persistence of the effects, which is a crucial aspect of silica toxicology, as exemplified by crystalline silica. In this paper, we extended the investigations by studying not only the responses immediately after exposure but also after a 72 h post-exposure recovery phase. We used a pyrolytic silica as the test nanomaterial, as this variant of synthetic amorphous silica has been shown to induce a more persistent inflammation in vivo than precipitated silica. To investigate macrophage responses to pyrolytic silica, we used a combination of proteomics and targeted experiments, which allowed us to show that most of the cellular functions that were altered immediately after exposure to pyrolytic silica at a subtoxic dose, such as energy metabolism and cell morphology, returned to normal at the end of the recovery period. However, some alterations, such as the inflammatory responses and some aldehyde detoxification proteins, were persistent. At the proteomic level, other alterations, such as proteins implicated in the endosomal/lysosomal pathway, were also persistent but resulted in normal function, thus suggesting cellular adaptation.
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9
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Pyrogenic and Precipitated Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles Differentially Affect Cell Responses to LPS in Human Macrophages. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10071395. [PMID: 32708373 PMCID: PMC7407657 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has demonstrated that precipitated (NM-200) and pyrogenic (NM-203) Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles (ASNPs) elicit the inflammatory activation of murine macrophages, with more pronounced effects observed with NM-203. Here, we compare the effects of low doses of NM-200 and NM-203 on human macrophage-like THP-1 cells, assessing how the pre-exposure to these nanomaterials affects the cell response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell viability was affected by NM-203, but not by NM-200, and only in the presence of LPS. While NM-203 stimulated mTORC1, neither ASNPs activated NFκB or the transcription of its target genes PTGS2 and IL1B. NM-200 and NM-203 caused a block of the autophagic flux and inhibited the LPS-dependent increase of Glutamine Synthetase (GS) expression. Both ASNPs suppressed the activation of caspase-1, delaying the LPS-dependent secretion of IL-1β. Thus, ASNPs modulate several important pathways in human macrophages, altering their response to LPS. NM-203 had larger effects on autophagy, mTORC1 activity and GS expression than NM-200, confirming the higher biological activity of pyrogenic ASNPs when compared with precipitated ASNPs.
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10
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Zijno A, Cavallo D, Di Felice G, Ponti J, Barletta B, Butteroni C, Corinti S, De Berardis B, Palamides J, Ursini CL, Fresegna AM, Ciervo A, Maiello R, Barone F. Use of a common European approach for nanomaterials' testing to support regulation: a case study on titanium and silicon dioxide representative nanomaterials. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1511-1525. [PMID: 32608137 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The European Union (EU) continuously takes ensuring the safe use of manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) in consumer products into consideration. The application of a common approach for testing MNMs, including the use of optimized protocols and methods' selection, becomes increasingly important to obtain reliable and comparable results supporting the regulatory framework. In the present study, we tested four representative MNMs, two titanium dioxides (NM100 and NM101) and two silicon dioxides (NM200 and NM203), using the EU FP7-NANoREG approach, starting from suspension and dispersion preparations, through to their characterization and final evaluation of biological effects. MNM dispersions were prepared following a refined NANOGENOTOX protocol and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) in water/bovine serum albumin and in media used for in vitro testing. Potential genotoxic effects were evaluated on human bronchial BEAS-2B cells using micronucleus and Comet assays, and pro-inflammatory effects by cytokines release. Murine macrophages RAW 264.7 were used to detect potential innate immune responses using two functional endpoints (pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide [NO] production). The interaction of MNMs with RAW 264.7 cells was studied by electron microscopy. No chromosomal damage and slight DNA damage and an oxidative effect, depending on MNMs, were observed in bronchial cells. In murine macrophages, the four MNMs directly induced tumor necrosis factor α or interleukin 6 secretion, although at very low levels; lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production was significantly decreased by the titania and one silica MNM. The application of this approach for the evaluation of MNM biological effects could be useful for both regulators and industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zijno
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Felice
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Jessica Ponti
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Bianca Barletta
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Butteroni
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Corinti
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara De Berardis
- National Centre for Innovative Technologies for Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Jessica Palamides
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia L Ursini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna M Fresegna
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Rome, Italy
| | - Aureliano Ciervo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffele Maiello
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Barone
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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11
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Han HY, Cho JW, Seong E, Park EJ, Lee GH, Kim DW, Yang YS, Oh JH, Yoon S, Lee TG, Kim TW, Park EJ. Amorphous silica nanoparticle-induced pulmonary inflammatory response depends on particle size and is sex-specific in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 390:114890. [PMID: 31972177 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.114890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Due to mass production and extensive use, the potential adverse health effects of amorphous silica nanoparticles (ASiNPs) have received a significant attention from the public and researchers. However, the relationship between physicochemical properties of ASiNPs and their health effects is still unclear. In this study, we manufactured two types of ASiNPs of different diameters (20 and 50 nm) and compared the toxic response induced in rats after intratracheal instillation (75, 150 or 300 μg/rat). There were no dose-related differences in mortality, body weight gain or organ weight between the groups. However both types of ASiNPs significantly decreased the proportion of neutrophils in male rats, whereas the levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit were markedly reduced only in female rats instilled with 20 nm-ASiNPs. ASiNPs-induced lung tissue damage seemed to be more evident in the 20 nm ASiNP-treated group and in female rats than male rats. Similarly, expression of caveolin-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 seemed to be most notably enhanced in female rats treated with 20 nm-ASiNPs. The total number of bronchial alveolar lavage cells significantly increased in rats instilled with 20 nm-ASiNPs, accompanying a decrease in the proportion of macrophages and an increase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Moreover, secretion of inflammatory mediators clearly increased in human bronchial epithelial cells treated with 20 nm-ASiNPs, but not in those treated with 50 nm-ASiNPs. These results suggest that pulmonary effects of ASiNPs depend on particle size. Sex-dependent differences should also be carefully considered in understanding nanomaterial-induced adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Yun Han
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Cho
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsol Seong
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jun Park
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Hee Lee
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Kim
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Yang
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Oh
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjoo Yoon
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Won Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Park
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Soddu L, Trinh DN, Dunne E, Kenny D, Bernardini G, Kokalari I, Marucco A, Monopoli MP, Fenoglio I. Identification of physicochemical properties that modulate nanoparticle aggregation in blood. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:550-567. [PMID: 32280579 PMCID: PMC7136551 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic materials are receiving significant interest in medicine given their usefulness for therapeutic applications such as targeted drug delivery, active pharmaceutical carriers and medical imaging. However, poor knowledge of the side effects related to their use is an obstacle to clinical translation. For the development of molecular drugs, the concept of safe-by-design has become an efficient pharmaceutical strategy with the aim of reducing costs, which can also accelerate the translation into the market. In the case of materials, the application these approaches is hampered by poor knowledge of how the physical and chemical properties of the material trigger the biological response. Hemocompatibility is a crucial aspect to take into consideration for those materials that are intended for medical applications. The formation of nanoparticle agglomerates can cause severe side effects that may induce occlusion of blood vessels and thrombotic events. Additionally, nanoparticles can interfere with the coagulation cascade causing both pro- and anti-coagulant properties. There is contrasting evidence on how the physicochemical properties of the material modulate these effects. In this work, we developed two sets of tailored carbon and silica nanoparticles with three different diameters in the 100-500 nm range with the purpose of investigating the role of surface curvature and chemistry on platelet aggregation, activation and adhesion. Substantial differences were found in the composition of the protein corona depending on the chemical nature of the nanoparticles, while the surface curvature was found to play a minor role. On the other hand, large carbon nanoparticles (but not small carbon nanoparticles or silica nanoparticles) have a clear tendency to form aggregates both in plasma and blood. This effect was observed both in the presence or absence of platelets and was independent of platelet activation. Overall, the results presented herein suggest the existence of independent modes of action that are differently affected by the physicochemical properties of the materials, potentially leading to vessel occlusion and/or formation of thrombi in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Soddu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St Stephen Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Duong N Trinh
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St Stephen Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eimear Dunne
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St Stephen Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Dermot Kenny
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St Stephen Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Giorgia Bernardini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St Stephen Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ida Kokalari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Arianna Marucco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco P Monopoli
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St Stephen Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ivana Fenoglio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
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13
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In vitro cytotoxicity study of virgin, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid- and hexamethylenetetramine-capped silica particles synthesized by precipitation method. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-019-01021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Marucco A, Aldieri E, Leinardi R, Bergamaschi E, Riganti C, Fenoglio I. Applicability and Limitations in the Characterization of Poly-Dispersed Engineered Nanomaterials in Cell Media by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12233833. [PMID: 31766412 PMCID: PMC6926523 DOI: 10.3390/ma12233833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dispersion protocol used to administer nanomaterials (NMs) in in vitro cellular tests might affect their toxicity. For this reason, several dispersion procedures have been proposed to harmonize the toxicological methods, allowing for the comparison of the data that were obtained by different laboratories. At the same time, several techniques and methods are available to monitor the identity of the NMs in the cell media. However, while the characterization of suspensions of engineered NMs having narrow size distribution may be easily performed, the description of aggregated NMs forming polydispersions is still challenging. In the present study, sub-micrometric/nanometric TiO2, SiO2, and CeO2 were dispersed in cell media by using two different dispersion protocols, with and without albumin (0.5%) and with different sonication procedures. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) was used to characterize NMs in stock solutions and culture media. Pitfalls that affect DLS measurements were identified and, guidance on a critical analysis of the results provided. The NMs were then tested for their cytotoxicity (LDH leakage) toward murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) and PMA-activated human monocytes (THP-1). As markers of pro-inflammatory response, nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine IL-1β production were measured on RAW 264.7 and THP-1 cells, respectively. The pre-treatment with albumin added to a strong sonication treatment increases the stability and homogeneity of the suspensions of nanometric samples, but not of the submicrometric-samples. Nevertheless, while TiO2 and CeO2 were non-cytotoxic in any conditions, differences in cytotoxicity, NO, and IL-1β releases were found for the SiO2, depending upon the protocol. Overall, the results suggest that there is no one-fits-all method valid for all NMs, since each class of NMs respond differently. The definition of validated procedures and parameters for the selection of the most appropriate method of dispersion for each class of NM appears to be a more efficacious strategy for the harmonization of the dispersion protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Marucco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (A.M.); (R.L.)
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Aldieri
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (E.A.); (C.R.)
| | - Riccardo Leinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (A.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Enrico Bergamaschi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (E.A.); (C.R.)
| | - Ivana Fenoglio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (A.M.); (R.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-6707506
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15
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Rubio L, Pyrgiotakis G, Beltran-Huarac J, Zhang Y, Gaurav J, Deloid G, Spyrogianni A, Sarosiek KA, Bello D, Demokritou P. Safer-by-design flame-sprayed silicon dioxide nanoparticles: the role of silanol content on ROS generation, surface activity and cytotoxicity. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:40. [PMID: 31665028 PMCID: PMC6819463 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amorphous silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) have been regarded as relatively benign nanomaterials, however, this widely held opinion has been questioned in recent years by several reports on in vitro and in vivo toxicity. Surface chemistry, more specifically the surface silanol content, has been identified as an important toxicity modulator for SiO2 NPs. Here, quantitative relationships between the silanol content on SiO2 NPs, free radical generation and toxicity have been identified, with the purpose of synthesizing safer-by-design fumed silica nanoparticles. RESULTS Consistent and statistically significant trends were seen between the total silanol content, cell membrane damage, and cell viability, but not with intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), in the macrophages RAW264.7. SiO2 NPs with lower total silanol content exhibited larger adverse cellular effects. The SAEC epithelial cell line did not show any sign of toxicity by any of the nanoparticles. Free radical generation and surface reactivity of these nanoparticles were also influenced by the temperature of combustion and total silanol content. CONCLUSION Surface silanol content plays an important role in cellular toxicity and surface reactivity, although it might not be the sole factor influencing fumed silica NP toxicity. It was demonstrated that synthesis conditions for SiO2 NPs influence the type and quantity of free radicals, oxidative stress, nanoparticle interaction with the biological milieu they come in contact with, and determine the specific mechanisms of toxicity. We demonstrate here that it is possible to produce much less toxic fumed silicas by modulating the synthesis conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rubio
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, 665 Huntington, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Georgios Pyrgiotakis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, 665 Huntington, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Juan Beltran-Huarac
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, 665 Huntington, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yipei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Joshi Gaurav
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Glen Deloid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, 665 Huntington, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Anastasia Spyrogianni
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristopher A Sarosiek
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dhimiter Bello
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, 665 Huntington, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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16
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Evidence for Nanoparticle-Induced Lysosomal Dysfunction in Lung Adenocarcinoma (A549) Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215253. [PMID: 31652767 PMCID: PMC6861930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Polystyrene nanoparticles (PNP) are taken up by primary rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers (RAECM) in a time-, dose-, and size-dependent manner without involving endocytosis. Internalized PNP in RAECM activate autophagy, are delivered to lysosomes, and undergo [Ca2+]-dependent exocytosis. In this study, we explored nanoparticle (NP) interactions with A549 cells. Methods: After exposure to PNP or ambient pollution particles (PM0.2), live single A549 cells were studied using confocal laser scanning microscopy. PNP uptake and egress were investigated and activation of autophagy was confirmed by immunolabeling with LC3-II and LC3-GFP transduction/colocalization with PNP. Mitochondrial membrane potential, mitophagy, and lysosomal membrane permeability (LMP) were assessed in the presence/absence of apical nanoparticle (NP) exposure. Results: PNP uptake into A549 cells decreased in the presence of cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of macropinocytosis. PNP egress was not affected by increased cytosolic [Ca2+]. Autophagy activation was indicated by increased LC3 expression and LC3-GFP colocalization with PNP. Increased LMP was observed following PNP or PM0.2 exposure. Mitochondrial membrane potential was unchanged and mitophagy was not detected after NP exposure. Conclusions: Interactions between NP and A549 cells involve complex cellular processes leading to lysosomal dysfunction, which may provide opportunities for improved nanoparticle-based therapeutic approaches to lung cancer management.
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17
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Gualtieri AF, Lusvardi G, Pedone A, Di Giuseppe D, Zoboli A, Mucci A, Zambon A, Filaferro M, Vitale G, Benassi M, Avallone R, Pasquali L, Lassinantti Gualtieri M. Structure Model and Toxicity of the Product of Biodissolution of Chrysotile Asbestos in the Lungs. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2063-2077. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro F. Gualtieri
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, The University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Gigliola Lusvardi
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, The University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Alfonso Pedone
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, The University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Dario Di Giuseppe
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, The University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zoboli
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, The University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Adele Mucci
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, The University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Alfonso Zambon
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, The University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Monica Filaferro
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neuro-Sciences, The University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vitale
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Monia Benassi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neuro-Sciences, The University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Rossella Avallone
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Pasquali
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, The University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Vivarelli 10, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Magdalena Lassinantti Gualtieri
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, The University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Vivarelli 10, I-41125 Modena, Italy
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18
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Schulte PA, Leso V, Niang M, Iavicoli I. Current state of knowledge on the health effects of engineered nanomaterials in workers: a systematic review of human studies and epidemiological investigations. Scand J Work Environ Health 2019; 45:217-238. [PMID: 30653633 PMCID: PMC6494687 DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.3800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The widespread application of nano-enabled products and the increasing likelihood for workplace exposures make understanding engineered nanomaterial (ENM) effects in exposed workers a public and occupational health priority. The aim of this study was to report on the current state of knowledge on possible adverse effects induced by ENM in humans to determine the toxicological profile of each type of ENM and potential biomarkers for early detection of such effects in workers. Methods A systematic review of human studies and epidemiological investigations of exposed workers relative to the possible adverse effects for the most widely used ENM was performed through searches of major scientific databases including Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. Results Twenty-seven studies were identified. Most of the epidemiological investigations were cross-sectional. The review found limited evidence of adverse effects in workers exposed to the most commonly used ENM. However, some biological alterations are suggestive for possible adverse impacts. The primary targets of some ENM exposures were the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Changes in biomarker levels compared with controls were also observed; however, limited exposure data and the relatively short period since the first exposure may have influenced the incidence of adverse effects found in epidemiological studies. Conclusions There is a need for longitudinal epidemiologic investigations with clear exposure characterizations for various ENM to discover potential adverse health effects and identify possible indicators of early biological alterations. In this state of uncertainty, precautionary controls for each ENM are warranted while further study of potential health effects continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Schulte
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1150 Tusculum Avenue, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA.
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19
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Kokalari I, Gassino R, Giovannozzi AM, Croin L, Gazzano E, Bergamaschi E, Rossi AM, Perrone G, Riganti C, Ponti J, Fenoglio I. Pro- and anti-oxidant properties of near-infrared (NIR) light responsive carbon nanoparticles. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:165-176. [PMID: 30639569 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Elemental carbon nanomaterials (ECNMs) are redox active agents that can be exploited to purposely modify the redox balance of cells. Both pro- or antioxidant properties have been reported. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are not comprehensive studies exploring both properties on the same material in view of a potential application in medicine. At the same time, the effect of the bulk structure on the pro/antioxidant properties is poorly known. Here, carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) derived by glucose with definite size and shape have been prepared, and their redox properties evaluated in cell free systems in the dark or following activation with a Near Infrared (NIR) laser beam (945 nm, 1.3 W/cm2). We found that, when irradiated with NIR, CNPs efficiently generate heat and singlet oxygen (1O2), a property that can be exploited for dual photo-thermal (PT)/photodynamic (PD) therapy in cancer. On the other hand, in the absence of photo-activation, CNPs react with both oxidant (hydroxyl radicals) and antioxidant (glutathione) species. When tested on a murine macrophages cell line (RAW 264.7) CNPs were clearly antioxidant. Furthermore, albeit efficiently internalized, CNPs do not exert cytotoxic effect up to 80 µg/ml and do not exacerbate TNF-α-mediated inflammation. Overall, the results reported herein suggest that CNPs may represent a new class of safe nanomaterials with potential applications in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Kokalari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Gassino
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Luca Croin
- National Institute of Metrological Research (INRiM), 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Gazzano
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Bergamaschi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea M Rossi
- National Institute of Metrological Research (INRiM), 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Guido Perrone
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Jessica Ponti
- Directorate F - Health, Consumers and Reference Materials Consumer Products Safety Unit (F.2), JRC, Ispra (Va), Italy
| | - Ivana Fenoglio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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Mülhopt S, Diabaté S, Dilger M, Adelhelm C, Anderlohr C, Bergfeldt T, Gómez de la Torre J, Jiang Y, Valsami-Jones E, Langevin D, Lynch I, Mahon E, Nelissen I, Piella J, Puntes V, Ray S, Schneider R, Wilkins T, Weiss C, Paur HR. Characterization of Nanoparticle Batch-To-Batch Variability. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8050311. [PMID: 29738461 PMCID: PMC5977325 DOI: 10.3390/nano8050311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A central challenge for the safe design of nanomaterials (NMs) is the inherent variability of NM properties, both as produced and as they interact with and evolve in, their surroundings. This has led to uncertainty in the literature regarding whether the biological and toxicological effects reported for NMs are related to specific NM properties themselves, or rather to the presence of impurities or physical effects such as agglomeration of particles. Thus, there is a strong need for systematic evaluation of the synthesis and processing parameters that lead to potential variability of different NM batches and the reproducible production of commonly utilized NMs. The work described here represents over three years of effort across 14 European laboratories to assess the reproducibility of nanoparticle properties produced by the same and modified synthesis routes for four of the OECD priority NMs (silica dioxide, zinc oxide, cerium dioxide and titanium dioxide) as well as amine-modified polystyrene NMs, which are frequently employed as positive controls for nanotoxicity studies. For 46 different batches of the selected NMs, all physicochemical descriptors as prioritized by the OECD have been fully characterized. The study represents the most complete assessment of NMs batch-to-batch variability performed to date and provides numerous important insights into the potential sources of variability of NMs and how these might be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Mülhopt
- Institute for Technical Chemistry (ITC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Silvia Diabaté
- Institute for Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Marco Dilger
- Institute for Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Christel Adelhelm
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Christopher Anderlohr
- Institute for Technical Thermodynamics and Refrigeration (ITTK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Thomas Bergfeldt
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Johan Gómez de la Torre
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Applied Materials Science, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Yunhong Jiang
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Claverton Down, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Eugenia Valsami-Jones
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Dominique Langevin
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS UMR 8502, Université Paris Sud 11, Université Paris Saclay, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France.
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Eugene Mahon
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Inge Nelissen
- Health Department, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Jordi Piella
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Victor Puntes
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sikha Ray
- Science and Technology of Nanosystems (STN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Schneider
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy (LEM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Terry Wilkins
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institute for Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Hanns-Rudolf Paur
- Institute for Technical Chemistry (ITC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Spyrogianni A, Herrmann IK, Keevend K, Pratsinis SE, Wegner K. The silanol content and in vitro cytolytic activity of flame-made silica. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 507:95-106. [PMID: 28780339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The surface chemistry of synthetic amorphous silicas is essential for their applicational performance and for understanding their interactions with biological matter. Synthesis of silica by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) allows to control the content and type of hydroxyl groups which also affects the cytolytic activity. EXPERIMENTS By controlling the FSP process variables, silica nanoparticles with the same specific surface area but different surface chemistry and content of internal silanols are prepared by combustion of hexamethyldisiloxane sprays, as characterized by Raman and infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and titration with lithium alanate. Cytolytic activity is assessed in terms of membrane damage in human blood monocytes in vitro. FINDINGS Unlike commercial fumed silica, FSP-made silicas contain a significant amount of internal silanol groups and a high surface hydroxyl density, up to ∼8OH/nm2, similar to silicas made by wet-chemistry. Increasing the residence time of particles at high temperature during their synthesis reduces the internal and surface hydroxyl content and increases the relative amount of isolated silanols. This suggests incomplete oxidation of the silica matrix especially in short and "cold" flames and indicates that the silica particle formation pathway involves Si(OH)4. The surface chemistry differences translate into lower cytolytic activity for "cold-" than "hot-flame" silicas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Spyrogianni
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Inge K Herrmann
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Kerda Keevend
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Sotiris E Pratsinis
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Karsten Wegner
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland; ParteQ GmbH, Sebastianstrasse 1, D-76456 Kuppenheim, Germany.
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Ζ potential evidences silanol heterogeneity induced by metal contaminants at the quartz surface: Implications in membrane damage. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017. [PMID: 28646781 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Among the physico-chemical features responsible for the so-called "variability of quartz hazard", a key role has been assigned to the silica surface charge, evaluated by means of ζ potential measurement. The ζ potential of silica describes the protonation state of silanols which, in turn, determine interactions with cell membranes. To gain a molecular understanding of the role of silanols in silica pathogenicity, we conducted a systematic investigation of the variation of the ζ potential as a function of pH (ζ plot titration curve) on a large set of respirable quartz particles with different levels of metal contaminants. The membranolytic activity of the particles on red blood cells, used as a readout of pathogenic activity, was assessed in parallel. Pure quartz surfaces showed sigmoid-shaped ζ plots suggesting the presence of silanol families with similar acidity, whereas contaminated dusts exhibited convex-shaped ζ plots, indicating a higher silanol heterogeneity on contaminated surfaces with respect to the pure ones. The quartz particles with a higher surface heterogeneity related to metal contamination showed a higher membranolytic activity. By removing structural defects and chemical heterogeneity, the ζ plot shifted towards the typical shape of pure quartz and the membranolytic activity was reduced. We conclude that the ζ plot is a useful readout to measure the acid-base behavior of quartz surfaces and to describe the chemical heterogeneity of quartz silanols. Surface heterogeneity, here induced by metal contamination, is proposed as the main cause of quartz membranolytic activity, further supporting the hypothesis that surface silanol disorganization determines silica pathogenicity.
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23
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Gallud A, Bondarenko O, Feliu N, Kupferschmidt N, Atluri R, Garcia-Bennett A, Fadeel B. Macrophage activation status determines the internalization of mesoporous silica particles of different sizes: Exploring the role of different pattern recognition receptors. Biomaterials 2016; 121:28-40. [PMID: 28063981 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica-based particles are promising candidates for biomedical applications. Here, we address the importance of macrophage activation status for internalization of AMS6 (approx. 200 nm in diameter) versus AMS8 (approx. 2 μm) mesoporous silica particles and the role of different phagocytosis receptors for particle uptake. To this end, FITC-conjugated silica particles were used. AMS8 were found to be non-cytotoxic both for M-CSF-stimulated (anti-inflammatory) and GM-CSF-stimulated (pro-inflammatory) macrophages, whereas AMS6 exhibited cytotoxicity towards M-CSF-stimulated, but not GM-CSF-stimulated macrophages; this toxicity was, however, mitigated in the presence of serum. AMS8 triggered the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in M-CSF-activated cells. Class A scavenger receptor (SR-A) expression was noted in both M-CSF and GM-CSF-stimulated macrophages, although the expression was higher in the former case, and gene silencing of SR-A resulted in a decreased uptake of AMS6 in the absence of serum. GM-CSF-stimulated macrophages expressed higher levels of the mannose receptor CD206 compared to M-CSF-stimulated cells, and uptake of AMS6, but not AMS8, was reduced following the downregulation of CD206 in GM-CSF-stimulated cells; particle uptake was also suppressed by mannan, a competitive ligand. These studies demonstrate that macrophage activation status is an important determinant of particle uptake and provide evidence for a role of different macrophage receptors for cell uptake of silica particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Gallud
- Nanosafety & Nanomedicine Laboratory, Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olesja Bondarenko
- Nanosafety & Nanomedicine Laboratory, Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Neus Feliu
- Nanosafety & Nanomedicine Laboratory, Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalia Kupferschmidt
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Alfonso Garcia-Bennett
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Nanosafety & Nanomedicine Laboratory, Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Pavan C, Fubini B. Unveiling the Variability of “Quartz Hazard” in Light of Recent Toxicological Findings. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:469-485. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
- “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental
Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Bice Fubini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
- “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental
Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Fruijtier-Pölloth C. The safety of nanostructured synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) as a food additive (E 551). Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2885-2916. [PMID: 27699444 PMCID: PMC5104814 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1850-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGES Particle sizes of E 551 products are in the micrometre range. The typical external diameters of the constituent particles (aggregates) are greater than 100 nm. E 551 does not break down under acidic conditions such as in the stomach, but may release dissolved silica in environments with higher pH such as the intestinal tract. E 551 is one of the toxicologically most intensively studied substances and has not shown any relevant systemic or local toxicity after oral exposure. Synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) meeting the specifications for use as a food additive (E 551) is and has always been produced by the same two production methods: the thermal and the wet processes, resulting in E 551 products consisting of particles typically in the micrometre size range. The constituent particles (aggregates) are typically larger than 100 nm and do not contain discernible primary particles. Particle sizes above 100 nm are necessary for E 551 to fulfil its technical function as spacer between food particles, thus avoiding the caking of food particles. Based on an in-depth review of the available toxicological information and intake data, it is concluded that the SAS products specified for use as food additive E 551 do not cause adverse effects in oral repeated-dose studies including doses that exceed current OECD guideline recommendations. In particular, there is no evidence for liver toxicity after oral intake. No adverse effects have been found in oral fertility and developmental toxicity studies, nor are there any indications from in vivo studies for an immunotoxic or neurotoxic effect. SAS is neither mutagenic nor genotoxic in vivo. In intact cells, a direct interaction of unlabelled and unmodified SAS with DNA was never found. Differences in the magnitude of biological responses between pyrogenic and precipitated silica described in some in vitro studies with murine macrophages at exaggerated exposure levels seem to be related to interactions with cell culture proteins and cell membranes. The in vivo studies do not indicate that there is a toxicologically relevant difference between SAS products after oral exposure. It is noted that any silicon dioxide product not meeting established specifications, and/or produced to provide new functionality in food, requires its own specific safety and risk assessment.
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26
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Turci F, Pavan C, Leinardi R, Tomatis M, Pastero L, Garry D, Anguissola S, Lison D, Fubini B. Revisiting the paradigm of silica pathogenicity with synthetic quartz crystals: the role of crystallinity and surface disorder. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:32. [PMID: 27286702 PMCID: PMC4902968 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to some - but not all - quartz particles is associated to silicosis, lung cancer and autoimmune diseases. What imparts pathogenicity to any single quartz source is however still unclear. Crystallinity and various surface features are implied in toxicity. Quartz dusts used so far in particle toxicology have been obtained by grinding rocks containing natural quartz, a process which affects crystallinity and yields dusts with variable surface states. To clarify the role of crystallinity in quartz pathogenicity we have grown intact quartz crystals in respirable size. METHODS Quartz crystals were grown and compared with a fractured specimen obtained by grinding the largest synthetic crystals and a mineral quartz (positive control). The key physico-chemical features relevant to particle toxicity - particle size distribution, micromorphology, crystallinity, surface charge, cell-free oxidative potential - were evaluated. Membranolysis was assessed on biological and artificial membranes. Endpoints of cellular stress were evaluated on RAW 264.7 murine macrophages by High Content Analysis after ascertaining cellular uptake by bio-TEM imaging of quartz-exposed cells. RESULTS Quartz crystals were grown in the submicron (n-Qz-syn) or micron (μ-Qz-syn) range by modulating the synthetic procedure. Independently from size as-grown quartz crystals with regular intact faces did not elicit cellular toxicity and lysosomal stress on RAW 264.7 macrophages, and were non-membranolytic on liposome and red blood cells. When fractured, synthetic quartz (μ-Qz-syn-f) attained particle morphology and size close to the mineral quartz dust (Qz-f, positive control) and similarly induced cellular toxicity and membranolysis. Fracturing imparted a higher heterogeneity of silanol acidic sites and radical species at the quartz surface. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the hypothesis that the biological activity of quartz dust is not due to crystallinity but to crystal fragmentation, when conchoidal fractures are formed. Besides radical generation, fracturing upsets the expected long-range order of non-radical surface moieties - silanols, silanolates, siloxanes - which disrupt membranes and induce cellular toxicity, both outcomes associated to the inflammatory response to quartz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Turci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy.
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy.
| | - Cristina Pavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Riccardo Leinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Maura Tomatis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Linda Pastero
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Torino, Via V. Caluso 35, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - David Garry
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Sergio Anguissola
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Dominique Lison
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 52 - bte B1.52.12, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Bice Fubini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
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27
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Pavan C, Polimeni M, Tomatis M, Corazzari I, Turci F, Ghigo D, Fubini B. Editor's Highlight: Abrasion of Artificial Stones as a New Cause of an Ancient Disease. Physicochemical Features and Cellular Responses. Toxicol Sci 2016; 153:4-17. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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28
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Di Cristo L, Movia D, Bianchi MG, Allegri M, Mohamed BM, Bell AP, Moore C, Pinelli S, Rasmussen K, Riego-Sintes J, Prina-Mello A, Bussolati O, Bergamaschi E. Proinflammatory Effects of Pyrogenic and Precipitated Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles in Innate Immunity Cells. Toxicol Sci 2015; 150:40-53. [PMID: 26612840 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous silica nanoparticles (ASNP) can be synthetized via several processes, 2 of which are the thermal route (to yield pyrogenic silica) and the wet route from a solution containing silicate salts (to obtain precipitated, colloidal, mesoporous silica, or silica gel). Both methods of synthesis lead to ASNP that are applied as food additive (E551). Current food regulation does not require that production methods of additives are indicated on the product label, and, thus, the ASNP are listed without mentioning the production method. Recent results indicate, however, that pyrogenic ASNP are more cytotoxic than ASNP synthesized through the wet route. The present study was aimed at clarifying if 2 representative preparations of ASNP, NM-203 (pyrogenic) and NM-200 (precipitated), of comparable size, specific surface area, surface charge, and hydrodynamic radius in complete growth medium, had different effects on 2 murine macrophage cell lines (MH-S and RAW264.7 cells). Our results show that, when incubated in protein-rich fluids, NM-203 adsorbed on their surface more proteins than NM-200 and, once incubated with macrophages, elicited a greater oxidative stress, assessed from Hmox1 induction and ROS production. Flow cytometry and helium ion microscopy indicated that pyrogenic NM-203 interacted with macrophages more strongly than the precipitated NM-200 and triggered a more evident inflammatory response, evaluated with Nos2 induction, NO production and the secretion of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. Moreover, both ASNP synergized macrophage activation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with a higher effect observed for NM-203. In conclusion, the results presented here demonstrate that, compared to precipitated, pyrogenic ASNP exhibit enhanced interaction with serum proteins and cell membrane, and cause a larger oxidative stress and stronger proinflammatory effects in macrophages. Therefore, these 2 nanomaterials should not be considered biologically equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisana Di Cristo
- *Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; School of Medicine and
| | - Dania Movia
- School of Medicine and AMBER centre (CRANN Institute), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Manfredi Allegri
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Alan P Bell
- Advanced Microscopy Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Silvana Pinelli
- *Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Kirsten Rasmussen
- Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Ispra, Italy
| | - Juan Riego-Sintes
- Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Ispra, Italy
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- School of Medicine and AMBER centre (CRANN Institute), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ovidio Bussolati
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy;
| | - Enrico Bergamaschi
- *Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Garcimartín A, Merino JJ, Santos-López JA, López-Oliva ME, González MP, Sánchez-Muniz FJ, Benedí J. Silicon as neuroprotector or neurotoxic in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 135:217-224. [PMID: 25957141 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is a trace element that has been considered to be an environmental contaminant for many years, although different studies have recently reported it is an essential element for living cells. The present study tested the ability of different concentrations of Si G57™ to induce neuroprotection or neurotoxicity over 24 h in the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line. Cell viability, cellular proliferation, LDH release, ROS, antioxidant capacity, TBARS, caspase-3, -8 and -9, DNA fragmentation, and TNF-α levels were evaluated. Low Si doses (50-250 ng mL(-1)) increased the cell viability and reduced caspase-3 and -8 activities and TNF-α level. The increase in cell viability was independent of any proliferative effect as there was no variation in cyclin E and PCNA levels. At higher concentrations, Si increased caspase-3, as well as TBARS, LDH, DNA fragmentation, and TNF-α releases. Altogether, these results suggest that Si could act either as a neuroprotector or a neurotoxic agent depending on the concentration tested. This study emphasizes the importance of developing new neuroprotective therapies based on low Si doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Garcimartín
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Joaquín Merino
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Arturo Santos-López
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Elvira López-Oliva
- Sección Departamental de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pilar González
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco José Sánchez-Muniz
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana Benedí
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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30
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Quantification of nanoparticle endocytosis based on double fluorescent pH-sensitive nanoparticles. Biomed Microdevices 2015; 17:42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-015-9947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Pavan C, Rabolli V, Tomatis M, Fubini B, Lison D. Why does the hemolytic activity of silica predict its pro-inflammatory activity? Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:76. [PMID: 25522817 PMCID: PMC4318150 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hemolytic activity of inhaled particles such as silica has been widely investigated in the past and represents a usual toxicological endpoint to characterize particle reactivity despite the fact that red blood cells (RBCs) are not involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammation or fibrosis caused by some inhaled particles. The inflammatory process induced by silica starts with the activation of the inflammasome, which leads to the release of mature IL-1β. One of the upstream mechanisms causing activation of the inflammasome is the labilization of the phagolysosomal membrane after particle phagocytosis. Considering RBC lysis as a model of membrane damage, we evaluated the relationship between hemolytic activity and inflammasome-dependent release of IL-1β for a panel of selected silica particles, in search of the toxicological significance of the hemolytic activity of an inhaled particle. METHODS Well-characterized silica particles, including four quartz samples and a vitreous silica, with different surface properties and hemolytic potential were tested for their capacity to induce inflammasome-dependent release of IL-1β in LPS-primed primary murine peritoneal macrophages by ELISA and Western blot analysis. The mechanisms of IL-1β maturation and release were clarified by using ASC-deficient cells and inhibitors of phagocytosis and cathepsin B. RESULTS The silica samples induced dose-dependent hemolysis and IL-1β release of different amplitudes. A significant correlation between IL-1β release and hemolytic activity was evidenced (r = 0.827) by linear regression analysis. IL-1β release was completely abolished in ASC-deficient cells and reduced by inhibitors, confirming the involvement of the inflammasome and the requirement of phagocytosis and cathepsin B for activation. CONCLUSIONS The same physico-chemical properties of silica particles which are relevant for the lysis of the RBC membrane also appear implicated in the labilization of the phagolysosome, leading to inflammasome activation and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. These findings strengthen the relevance of the hemolysis assay to predict the pro-inflammatory activity of silica dusts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pavan
- Department of Chemistry, "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Virginie Rabolli
- Louvain Center for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 52 - bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Maura Tomatis
- Department of Chemistry, "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Bice Fubini
- Department of Chemistry, "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Dominique Lison
- Louvain Center for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 52 - bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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Silica nanoparticles induced metabolic stress through EGR1, CCND, and E2F1 genes in human mesenchymal stem cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:1181-92. [PMID: 25374141 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1342-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The SiO2 synthesized in bulk form, adopting the conventional methods for application in food industry applications, may also contain nano-sized particles. On account of the unique physico-chemical properties, the SiO2 particulates, such as size and shape, cause metabolic toxicity in cells. Poor understanding of the molecular level nanotoxicity resulting from high-volume synthetic SiO2 exposures in humans is a serious issue, since these particles may also contribute to metabolic stress-mediated chronic diseases. In the present study, we examined the structural characteristics of these nano-sized silica particles adopting SEM and dynamic light scattering (DLS) and assessed the alterations in the cell cycle induced by these silica particles in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) adopting 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay, morphological changes in the cells adopting fluorescent microscopy, cell cycle analysis adopting flow cytometry, and the expression of genes linked to cell cycle (i.e., proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), early growth response protein (EGR1), E2F transcription factor (E2F1), cyclin D1, cyclin C, and cyclin D3) adopting qPCR. The SEM and DLS studies indicated that the commercial grade SiO2-NPs were in the nano-scale range. Alterations in the cytoplasmic organization, nuclear morphology, cell cycle progression, and expression of genes linked to cell cycle-dependent metabolic stress through EGR1, CCND, and E2F1 genes were the primary indicators of metabolic stress. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that synthetic SiO2 acutely affects hMSC through cell cycle-dependent oxidative stress gene network. The toxicity mechanisms (both acute and chronic) of food grade silica should be investigated in greater depth with special reference to food safety.
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Ambrosone A, Scotto di Vettimo MR, Malvindi MA, Roopin M, Levy O, Marchesano V, Pompa PP, Tortiglione C, Tino A. Impact of Amorphous SiO2 Nanoparticles on a Living Organism: Morphological, Behavioral, and Molecular Biology Implications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2014; 2:37. [PMID: 25325055 PMCID: PMC4179610 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2014.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that silica (SiO2) is not toxic. But the increasing use of silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) in many different industrial fields has prompted the careful investigation of their toxicity in biological systems. In this report, we describe the effects elicited by SiO2NPs on animal and cell physiology. Stable and monodisperse amorphous silica nanoparticles, 25 nM in diameter, were administered to living Hydra vulgaris (Cnidaria). The dose-related effects were defined by morphological and behavioral assays. The results revealed an all-or-nothing lethal toxicity with a rather high threshold (35 nM NPs) and a LT50 of 38 h. At sub lethal doses, the morphophysiological effects included: animal morphology alterations, paralysis of the gastric region, disorganization and depletion of tentacle specialized cells, increase of apoptotic and collapsed cells, and reduction of the epithelial cell proliferation rate. Transcriptome analysis (RNAseq) revealed 45 differentially expressed genes, mostly involved in stress response and cuticle renovation. Our results show that Hydra reacts to SiO2NPs, is able to rebalance the animal homeostasis up to a relatively high doses of SiO2NPs, and that the physiological modifications are transduced to gene expression modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ambrosone
- Istituto di Cibernetica "Eduardo Caianiello", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Pozzuoli , Italy
| | | | - Maria Ada Malvindi
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies@UNILE, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Arnesano , Italy
| | - Modi Roopin
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University , Ramat Gan , Israel
| | - Oren Levy
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University , Ramat Gan , Israel
| | - Valentina Marchesano
- Istituto di Cibernetica "Eduardo Caianiello", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Pozzuoli , Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Pompa
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies@UNILE, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Arnesano , Italy
| | - Claudia Tortiglione
- Istituto di Cibernetica "Eduardo Caianiello", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Pozzuoli , Italy
| | - Angela Tino
- Istituto di Cibernetica "Eduardo Caianiello", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Pozzuoli , Italy
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Rotoli BM, Guidi P, Bonelli B, Bernardeschi M, Bianchi MG, Esposito S, Frenzilli G, Lucchesi P, Nigro M, Scarcelli V, Tomatis M, Zanello PP, Fubini B, Bussolati O, Bergamaschi E. Imogolite: An Aluminosilicate Nanotube Endowed with Low Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1142-54. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500002d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrizia Guidi
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Bonelli
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology and INSTM, Unit of Torino Politecnico, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Serena Esposito
- Department
of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy
| | - Giada Frenzilli
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Lucchesi
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Nigro
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vittoria Scarcelli
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maura Tomatis
- Department
of Chemistry and “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Center
for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Bice Fubini
- Department
of Chemistry and “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Center
for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Ribeiro T, Motta A, Marcus P, Gaigeot MP, Lopez X, Costa D. Formation of the OOH radical at steps of the boehmite surface and its inhibition by gallic acid: A theoretical study including DFT-based dynamics. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 128:164-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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De Simone U, Manzo L, Profumo A, Coccini T. In vitro toxicity evaluation of engineered cadmium-coated silica nanoparticles on human pulmonary cells. J Toxicol 2013; 2013:931785. [PMID: 24194755 PMCID: PMC3806223 DOI: 10.1155/2013/931785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxicity of cadmium-containing silica nanoparticles Cd-SiO2NPs (0.05-100 µg/mL) versus SiO2NPs and CdCl2 was evaluated by an in vitro test battery in A549 by assessing (i) mitochondrial function, (ii) membrane integrity/cell morphology, (iii) cell growth/proliferation, (iv) apoptotic pathway, (v) oxidative stress, after short- (24-48 h) and long-term (10 days) exposure. Both Cd-SiO2NPs and CdCl2 produced dose-dependent cytotoxic effects: (i) MTT-assay: similar cytotoxicity pattern was observed at both 24 and 48 h, with a more Cd-SiO2NPs pronounced effect than CdCl2. Cd-SiO2NPs induced mortality (about 50%) at 1 μ g/mL, CdCl2 at 25 μ g/mL; (ii) calcein-AM/PI staining: decrease in cell viability, noticeable at 25 μ g/mL, enhanced markedly at 50 and 100 μ g/mL, after 24 h. Cd-SiO2NPs induced higher mortality than CdCl2 (25% versus 4%, resp., at 25 μ g/mL) with further exacerbation after 48h; (iii) clonogenic assay: exposure for longer period (10 days) compromised the A549 proliferative capacity at very low dose (0.05 μ g/mL); (iv) a progressive activation of caspase-3 immunolabelling was detected already at 1 μ g/mL; (v) GSH intracellular level was modified by all compounds. In summary, in vitro data demonstrated that both Cd-SiO2NPs and CdCl2 affected all investigated endpoints, more markedly after Cd-SiO2NPs, while SiO2NPs influenced GSH only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uliana De Simone
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luigi Manzo
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory of Clinical Toxicology, IRCCS Maugeri Foundation, Medical Institute of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Teresa Coccini
- Laboratory of Clinical Toxicology, IRCCS Maugeri Foundation, Medical Institute of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Pavan C, Tomatis M, Ghiazza M, Rabolli V, Bolis V, Lison D, Fubini B. In search of the chemical basis of the hemolytic potential of silicas. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1188-98. [PMID: 23819533 DOI: 10.1021/tx400105f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The membranolytic activity of silica particles toward red blood cells (RBCs) has been known for a long time and is sometimes associated with silica pathogenicity. However, the molecular mechanism and the reasons why hemolysis differs according to the silica form are still obscure. A panel of 15 crystalline (pure and commercial) and amorphous (pyrogenic, precipitated from aqueous solutions, vitreous) silica samples differing in size, origin, morphology, and surface chemical composition were selected and specifically prepared. Silica particles were grouped into six groups to compare their potential in disrupting RBC membranes so that one single property differed in each group, while other features were constant. Free radical production and crystallinity were not strict determinants of hemolytic activity. Particle curvature and morphology modulated the hemolytic effect, but silanols and siloxane bridges at the surface were the main actors. Hemolysis was unrelated to the overall concentration of silanols as fully rehydrated surfaces (such as those obtained from aqueous solution) were inert, and one pyrogenic silica also lost its membranolytic potential upon progressive dehydration. Overall results are consistent with a model whereby hemolysis is determined by a defined surface distribution of dissociated/undissociated silanols and siloxane groups strongly interacting with specific epitopes on the RBC membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pavan
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, Department of Chemistry, University of Torino , Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Carella E, Ghiazza M, Alfè M, Gazzano E, Ghigo D, Gargiulo V, Ciajolo A, Fubini B, Fenoglio I. Graphenic Nanoparticles from Combustion Sources Scavenge Hydroxyl Radicals Depending Upon Their Structure. BIONANOSCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-013-0077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wang X, Reece SP, Brown JM. Immunotoxicological impact of engineered nanomaterial exposure: mechanisms of immune cell modulation. Toxicol Mech Methods 2013; 23:168-77. [PMID: 23256453 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2012.757686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are increasingly being utilized in many consumer products and various medical applications, thereby leading to the potentiality of increased human exposures. Assessment of the adverse effects on the immune system is an important component for evaluating the overall health and safety of ENM. Tasked with eliminating pathogens and removing cancerous cells, the immune system is constantly functioning to maintain homeostasis. Small modifications to the immune system, which may occur following ENM exposure, could lead to impaired protection or an inappropriate immune response resulting in autoimmunity and damage to the host. This review seeks to survey and evaluate the current literature to better understand the impact of ENM exposure on cells critical to the innate and adaptive immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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Ghiazza M, Tomatis M, Doublier S, Grendene F, Gazzano E, Ghigo D, Fubini B. Carbon in Intimate Contact with Quartz Reduces the Biological Activity of Crystalline Silica Dusts. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 26:46-54. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300299v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Ghiazza
- “G. Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Maura Tomatis
- “G. Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Sophie Doublier
- “G. Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5/bis, 10126, Italy
| | - Francesca Grendene
- “G. Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Gazzano
- “G. Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5/bis, 10126, Italy
| | - Dario Ghigo
- “G. Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5/bis, 10126, Italy
| | - Bice Fubini
- “G. Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Italy
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Cytotoxic effects in 3T3-L1 mouse and WI-38 human fibroblasts following 72hour and 7day exposures to commercial silica nanoparticles. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 263:89-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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