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Huillet M, Lasserre F, Gratacap MP, Engelmann B, Bruse J, Polizzi A, Fougeray T, Martin CMP, Rives C, Fougerat A, Naylies C, Lippi Y, Garcia G, Rousseau-Bacquie E, Canlet C, Debrauwer L, Rolle-Kampczyk U, von Bergen M, Payrastre B, Boutet-Robinet E, Gamet-Payrastre L, Guillou H, Loiseau N, Ellero-Simatos S. Pharmacological activation of constitutive androstane receptor induces female-specific modulation of hepatic metabolism. JHEP Rep 2024; 6:100930. [PMID: 38149074 PMCID: PMC10749885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is a nuclear receptor that binds diverse xenobiotics and whose activation leads to the modulation of the expression of target genes involved in xenobiotic detoxification and energy metabolism. Although CAR hepatic activity is considered to be higher in women than in men, its sex-dependent response to an acute pharmacological activation has seldom been investigated. Methods The hepatic transcriptome, plasma markers, and hepatic metabolome, were analysed in Car+/+ and Car-/- male and female mice treated either with the CAR-specific agonist 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP) or with vehicle. Results Although 90% of TCPOBOP-sensitive genes were modulated in a sex-independent manner, the remaining 10% showed almost exclusive female liver specificity. These female-specific CAR-sensitive genes were mainly involved in xenobiotic metabolism, inflammation, and extracellular matrix organisation. CAR activation also induced higher hepatic oxidative stress and hepatocyte cytolysis in females than in males. Hepatic expression of flavin monooxygenase 3 (Fmo3) was almost abolished and was associated with a decrease in hepatic trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) concentration in TCPOBOP-treated females. In line with a potential role in the control of TMAO homeostasis, CAR activation decreased platelet hyper-responsiveness in female mice supplemented with dietary choline. Conclusions More than 10% of CAR-sensitive genes are sex-specific and influence hepatic and systemic responses such as platelet aggregation. CAR activation may be an important mechanism of sexually-dimorphic drug-induced liver injury. Impact and implications CAR is activated by many drugs and pollutants. Its pharmacological activation had a stronger impact on hepatic gene expression and metabolism in females than in males, and had a specific impact on liver toxicity and trimethylamine metabolism. Sexual dimorphism should be considered when testing and/or prescribing xenobiotics known to activate CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Huillet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Lasserre
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Gratacap
- INSERM, UMR-1297 and Université Toulouse III, Institut de Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), CHU-Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Beatrice Engelmann
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Justine Bruse
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Polizzi
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Tiffany Fougeray
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Marie Pauline Martin
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Clémence Rives
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Fougerat
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Naylies
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Lippi
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Géraldine Garcia
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Elodie Rousseau-Bacquie
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Canlet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Debrauwer
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Ulrike Rolle-Kampczyk
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernard Payrastre
- INSERM, UMR-1297 and Université Toulouse III, Institut de Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), CHU-Rangueil, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisa Boutet-Robinet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Gamet-Payrastre
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Hervé Guillou
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Loiseau
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Ellero-Simatos
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Cuko L, Duniec-Dmuchowski Z, Rondini EA, Pant A, Fallon JK, Wilson EM, Peraino NJ, Westrick JA, Smith PC, Kocarek TA. Negative Regulation of Human Hepatic Constitutive Androstane Receptor by Cholesterol Synthesis Inhibition: Role of Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Proteins. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:706-717. [PMID: 34011532 PMCID: PMC11025015 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The squalene synthase inhibitor squalestatin 1 (Squal1) is a potent and efficacious inducer of CYP2B expression in primary cultured rat hepatocytes and rat liver. To determine whether Squal1 is also an inducer of human CYP2B, the effects of Squal1 treatment were evaluated in primary cultured human hepatocytes, differentiated HepaRG cells, and humanized mouse livers. Squal1 treatment did not increase CYP2B6 mRNA levels in human hepatocytes or HepaRG cells and only slightly and inconsistently increased CYP2B6 mRNA content in humanized mouse liver. However, treatment with farnesol, which mediates Squal1's effect on rat CYP2B expression, increased CYP2B6 mRNA levels in HepaRG cells expressing the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), but not in cells with knocked-down CAR. To determine the impact of cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition on CAR activation, the effects of pravastatin (Prava) were determined on CITCO-mediated gene expression in primary cultured human hepatocytes. Prava treatment abolished CITCO-inducible CYP2B6 expression, but had less effect on rifampicin-mediated CYP3A4 induction, and CITCO treatment did not affect Prava-inducible HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) expression. Treatment with inhibitors of different steps of cholesterol biosynthesis attenuated CITCO-mediated CYP2B6 induction in HepaRG cells, and Prava treatment increased HMGCR expression and inhibited CYP2B6 induction with comparable potency. Transfection of HepG2 cells with transcriptionally active sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) reduced CAR-mediated transactivation, and inducible expression of transcriptionally active SREBP2 attenuated CITCO-inducible CYP2B6 expression in HepaRG cells. These findings suggest that Squal1 does not induce CYP2B6 in human hepatocytes because Squal1's inhibitory effect on cholesterol biosynthesis interferes with CAR activation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor squalestatin 1 induces rat hepatic CYP2B expression indirectly by causing accumulation of an endogenous isoprenoid that activates the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). This study demonstrates that squalestatin 1 does not similarly induce CYP2B6 expression in human hepatocytes. Rather, inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis interferes with CAR activity, likely by activating sterol regulatory element binding proteins. These findings increase our understanding of the endogenous processes that modulate human drug-metabolizing gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liberta Cuko
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (L.C., Z.D.-D., E.A.R., A.P., T.A.K.) and Department of Chemistry (N.J.P., J.A.W.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (E.M.W.)
| | - Zofia Duniec-Dmuchowski
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (L.C., Z.D.-D., E.A.R., A.P., T.A.K.) and Department of Chemistry (N.J.P., J.A.W.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (E.M.W.)
| | - Elizabeth A Rondini
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (L.C., Z.D.-D., E.A.R., A.P., T.A.K.) and Department of Chemistry (N.J.P., J.A.W.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (E.M.W.)
| | - Asmita Pant
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (L.C., Z.D.-D., E.A.R., A.P., T.A.K.) and Department of Chemistry (N.J.P., J.A.W.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (E.M.W.)
| | - John K Fallon
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (L.C., Z.D.-D., E.A.R., A.P., T.A.K.) and Department of Chemistry (N.J.P., J.A.W.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (E.M.W.)
| | - Elizabeth M Wilson
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (L.C., Z.D.-D., E.A.R., A.P., T.A.K.) and Department of Chemistry (N.J.P., J.A.W.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (E.M.W.)
| | - Nicholas J Peraino
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (L.C., Z.D.-D., E.A.R., A.P., T.A.K.) and Department of Chemistry (N.J.P., J.A.W.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (E.M.W.)
| | - Judy A Westrick
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (L.C., Z.D.-D., E.A.R., A.P., T.A.K.) and Department of Chemistry (N.J.P., J.A.W.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (E.M.W.)
| | - Philip C Smith
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (L.C., Z.D.-D., E.A.R., A.P., T.A.K.) and Department of Chemistry (N.J.P., J.A.W.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (E.M.W.)
| | - Thomas A Kocarek
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (L.C., Z.D.-D., E.A.R., A.P., T.A.K.) and Department of Chemistry (N.J.P., J.A.W.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (E.M.W.)
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CITCO as an Adjuvant Facilitates CHOP-Based Lymphoma Treatment in hCAR-Transgenic Mice. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112520. [PMID: 33233444 PMCID: PMC7700167 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is a malignant cancer originating in the lymphatic system with a 25-30% mortality rate. CHOP, consisting of cyclophosphamide (CPA), doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone, is a first-generation chemotherapy extensively used to treat NHL. However, poor survival rates among patients in advanced stages of NHL shows a need to improve this standard of care treatment. CPA, an integral component of CHOP, is a prodrug that requires CYP2B6-mediated bioactivation to 4-hydroxy-CPA (4-OH-CPA). The expression of CYP2B6 is transcriptionally regulated by the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NRi13). We have previously demonstrated that the induction of hepatic CYP2B6 by CITCO, a selective human CAR (hCAR) agonist, results in CHOP's enhanced antineoplastic effects in vitro. Here, we investigate the in vivo potential of CITCO as an adjuvant of CPA-based NHL treatment in a hCAR-transgenic mouse line. Our results demonstrate that the addition of CITCO to the CHOP regimen leads to significant suppression of the growth of EL-4 xenografts in hCAR-transgenic mice accompanied by reduced expression of cyclin-D1, ki67, Pcna, and increased caspase 3 fragmentation in tumor tissues. CITCO robustly induced the expression of cyp2b10 (murine ortholog of CYP2B6) through hCAR activation and increased plasma concentrations of 4-OH-CPA. Comparing to intraperitoneal injection, oral gavage of CITCO results in optimal hepatic cyp2b10 induction. Our in vivo studies have collectively uncovered CITCO as an effective facilitator for CPA-based NHL treatment with a pharmacokinetic profile favoring oral administration, promoting CITCO as a promising adjuvant candidate for CPA-based regimens.
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Prantner V, Cinnamon Y, Küblbeck J, Molnár F, Honkakoski P. Functional Characterization of a Novel Variant of the Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR, NR1I3). NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.32527/2018/101386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Prantner
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland. Present address: Neosmart Health Ltd., Aleksanterinkatu 13, FI-00100 Helsinki,
Finland
| | - Yuval Cinnamon
- The Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel. Present address: Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Sciences, Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O.Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Jenni Küblbeck
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ferdinand Molnár
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland. Present address: Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Technology, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Choudhuri S, Patton GW, Chanderbhan RF, Mattia A, Klaassen CD. From Classical Toxicology to Tox21: Some Critical Conceptual and Technological Advances in the Molecular Understanding of the Toxic Response Beginning From the Last Quarter of the 20th Century. Toxicol Sci 2018; 161:5-22. [PMID: 28973688 PMCID: PMC5837539 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxicology has made steady advances over the last 60+ years in understanding the mechanisms of toxicity at an increasingly finer level of cellular organization. Traditionally, toxicological studies have used animal models. However, the general adoption of the principles of 3R (Replace, Reduce, Refine) provided the impetus for the development of in vitro models in toxicity testing. The present commentary is an attempt to briefly discuss the transformation in toxicology that began around 1980. Many genes important in cellular protection and metabolism of toxicants were cloned and characterized in the 80s, and gene expression studies became feasible, too. The development of transgenic and knockout mice provided valuable animal models to investigate the role of specific genes in producing toxic effects of chemicals or protecting the organism from the toxic effects of chemicals. Further developments in toxicology came from the incorporation of the tools of "omics" (genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, interactomics), epigenetics, systems biology, computational biology, and in vitro biology. Collectively, the advances in toxicology made during the last 30-40 years are expected to provide more innovative and efficient approaches to risk assessment. A goal of experimental toxicology going forward is to reduce animal use and yet be able to conduct appropriate risk assessments and make sound regulatory decisions using alternative methods of toxicity testing. In that respect, Tox21 has provided a big picture framework for the future. Currently, regulatory decisions involving drugs, biologics, food additives, and similar compounds still utilize data from animal testing and human clinical trials. In contrast, the prioritization of environmental chemicals for further study can be made using in vitro screening and computational tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratim Choudhuri
- Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
| | - Geoffrey W Patton
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ronald F Chanderbhan
- Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
| | - Antonia Mattia
- Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Cheng SL, Bammler TK, Cui JY. RNA Sequencing Reveals Age and Species Differences of Constitutive Androstane Receptor-Targeted Drug-Processing Genes in the Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:867-882. [PMID: 28232382 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.075135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR/Nr1i3) is an important xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor that is highly expressed in the liver and is well known to have species differences. During development, age-specific activation of CAR may lead to modified pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics of drugs and environmental chemicals, leading to higher risks for adverse drug reactions in newborns and children. The goal of this study was to systematically investigate the age- and species-specific regulation of various drug-processing genes (DPGs) after neonatal or adult CAR activation in the livers of wild-type, CAR-null, and humanized CAR transgenic mice. At either 5 or 60 days of age, the three genotypes of mice were administered a species-appropriate CAR ligand or vehicle once daily for 4 days (i.p.). The majority of DPGs were differentially regulated by age and/or CAR activation. Thirty-six DPGs were commonly upregulated by CAR activation regardless of age or species of CAR. Although the cumulative mRNAs of uptake transporters were not readily altered by CAR, the cumulative phase I and phase II enzymes as well as efflux transporters were all increased after CAR activation in both species. In general, mouse CAR activation produced comparable or even greater fold increases of many DPGs in newborns than in adults; conversely, humanized CAR activation produced weaker induction in newborns than in adults. Western blotting and enzyme activity assays confirmed the age and species specificities of selected CAR-targeted DPGs. In conclusion, this study systematically compared the effect of age and species of CAR proteins on the regulation of DPGs in the liver and demonstrated that the regulation of xenobiotic biotransformation by CAR is profoundly modified by age and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Lihua Cheng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Theo K Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Hedrich WD, Hassan HE, Wang H. Insights into CYP2B6-mediated drug-drug interactions. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:413-425. [PMID: 27709010 PMCID: PMC5045548 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence demonstrates that CYP2B6 plays a much larger role in human drug metabolism than was previously believed. The discovery of multiple important substrates of CYP2B6 as well as polymorphic differences has sparked increasing interest in the genetic and xenobiotic factors contributing to the expression and function of the enzyme. The expression of CYP2B6 is regulated primarily by the xenobiotic receptors constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) in the liver. In addition to CYP2B6, these receptors also mediate the inductive expression of CYP3A4, and a number of important phase II enzymes and drug transporters. CYP2B6 has been demonstrated to play a role in the metabolism of 2%–10% of clinically used drugs including widely used antineoplastic agents cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide, anesthetics propofol and ketamine, synthetic opioids pethidine and methadone, and the antiretrovirals nevirapine and efavirenz, among others. Significant inter-individual variability in the expression and function of the human CYP2B6 gene exists and can result in altered clinical outcomes in patients receiving treatment with CYP2B6-substrate drugs. These variances arise from a number of sources including genetic polymorphism, and xenobiotic intervention. In this review, we will provide an overview of the key players in CYP2B6 expression and function and highlight recent advances made in assessing clinical ramifications of important CYP2B6-mediated drug–drug interactions.
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Key Words
- 4-OH-CPA, 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide
- C/EBP, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein
- CAR
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- CHOP, cyclophosphamide–doxorubicin–vincristine–prednisone
- CITCO, (6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde-O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime)
- COUP-TF, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor
- CPA, cyclophosphamide
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- CYP2B6
- Cyclophosphamide
- DDI, drug–drug interaction
- DEX, dexamethasone
- Drug–drug interaction
- E2, estradiol
- EFV, efavirenz
- ERE, estrogen responsive element
- Efavirenz
- GR, glucocorticoid receptor
- GRE, glucocorticoid responsive element
- HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy
- HNF, hepatocyte nuclear factor
- IFA, Ifosfamide
- MAOI, monoamine oxidase inhibitor
- NNRTI, non-nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitor
- NR1/2, nuclear receptor binding site 1/2
- NVP, nevirapine
- PB, phenobarbital
- PBREM, phenobarbital-responsive enhancer module
- PCN, pregnenolone 16 alpha-carbonitrile
- PXR
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- Polymorphism
- RIF, rifampin
- SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism
- TCPOBOP, 1,4-bis[3,5-dichloropyridyloxy]benzene
- UGT, UDP-glucuronosyl transferase
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hongbing Wang
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. Tel.: +1 410 706 1280; fax: +1 410 706 5017.
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Cave MC, Clair HB, Hardesty JE, Falkner KC, Feng W, Clark BJ, Sidey J, Shi H, Aqel BA, McClain CJ, Prough RA. Nuclear receptors and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:1083-1099. [PMID: 26962021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are transcription factors which sense changing environmental or hormonal signals and effect transcriptional changes to regulate core life functions including growth, development, and reproduction. To support this function, following ligand-activation by xenobiotics, members of subfamily 1 nuclear receptors (NR1s) may heterodimerize with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) to regulate transcription of genes involved in energy and xenobiotic metabolism and inflammation. Several of these receptors including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), the pregnane and xenobiotic receptor (PXR), the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), the liver X receptor (LXR) and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) are key regulators of the gut:liver:adipose axis and serve to coordinate metabolic responses across organ systems between the fed and fasting states. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease and may progress to cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is associated with inappropriate nuclear receptor function and perturbations along the gut:liver:adipose axis including obesity, increased intestinal permeability with systemic inflammation, abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance. Environmental chemicals may compound the problem by directly interacting with nuclear receptors leading to metabolic confusion and the inability to differentiate fed from fasting conditions. This review focuses on the impact of nuclear receptors in the pathogenesis and treatment of NAFLD. Clinical trials including PIVENS and FLINT demonstrate that nuclear receptor targeted therapies may lead to the paradoxical dissociation of steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and obesity. Novel strategies currently under development (including tissue-specific ligands and dual receptor agonists) may be required to separate the beneficial effects of nuclear receptor activation from unwanted metabolic side effects. The impact of nuclear receptor crosstalk in NAFLD is likely to be profound, but requires further elucidation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Xenobiotic nuclear receptors: New Tricks for An Old Dog, edited by Dr. Wen Xie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Cave
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; The Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA; The KentuckyOne Health Jewish Hospital Liver Transplant Program, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Heather B Clair
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Josiah E Hardesty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - K Cameron Falkner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Wenke Feng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Barbara J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jennifer Sidey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Hongxue Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Bashar A Aqel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ 85054, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; The Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA; The KentuckyOne Health Jewish Hospital Liver Transplant Program, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Russell A Prough
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Rondini EA, Duniec-Dmuchowski Z, Kocarek TA. Nonsterol Isoprenoids Activate Human Constitutive Androstane Receptor in an Isoform-Selective Manner in Primary Cultured Mouse Hepatocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:595-604. [PMID: 26798158 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory previously reported that accumulation of nonsterol isoprenoids following treatment with the squalene synthase inhibitor, squalestatin 1 (SQ1) markedly induced cytochrome P450 (CYP)2B1 mRNA and reporter activity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes, which was dependent on activation of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). The objective of the current study was to evaluate whether isoprenoids likewise activate murine CAR (mCAR) or one or more isoforms of human CAR (hCAR) produced by alternative splicing (SPTV, hCAR2; APYLT, hCAR3). We found that SQ1 significantly induced Cyp2b10 mRNA (∼3.5-fold) in primary hepatocytes isolated from both CAR-wild-type and humanized CAR transgenic mice, whereas the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor pravastatin had no effect. In the absence of CAR, basal Cyp2b10 mRNA levels were reduced by 28-fold and the effect of SQ1 on Cyp2b10 induction was attenuated. Cotransfection with an expression plasmid for hCAR1, but not hCAR2 or hCAR3, mediated SQ1-induced CYP2B1 and CYP2B6 reporter activation in hepatocytes isolated from CAR-knockout mice. This effect was also observed following treatment with the isoprenoid trans,trans-farnesol. The direct agonist CITCO increased interaction of hCAR1, hCAR2, and hCAR3 with steroid receptor coactivator-1. However, no significant effect on coactivator recruitment was observed with SQ1, suggesting an indirect activation mechanism. Further results from an in vitro ligand binding assay demonstrated that neither farnesol nor other isoprenoids are direct ligands for hCAR1. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that SQ1 activates CYP2B transcriptional responses through farnesol metabolism in an hCAR1-dependent manner. Further, this effect probably occurs through an indirect mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Rondini
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Thomas A Kocarek
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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